The Risk-based Financial Statement Audit – Client Acceptance, Audit Planning, Supervision and Monitoring Audit Evidence and Documentation Risk Response Conclusion & Reporting Risk-based Audit Process Preliminary Engagement Activities Responding to assessed risks on financial statements level Planning an Audit Considering materiality and audit risk Responding to assessed risks on assertions level Extent of testing Understanding the entity & its environment (including internal controls) Identify & assess risks of material misstatements Completing the audit & forming an opinion on the financial statements Frauds, errors, and noncompliance with laws & regulations Considering Other Specific Audit Areas Audit Quality Issuing the auditor’s report Post-audit responsibilities including final assembly of audit files Professional Judgment Professional Skepticism Risk Assessment The Risk-based Financial Statement Audit – Client Acceptance, Audit Planning, Supervision and Monitoring To accept/continue or not? ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Understanding client’s business &industry YOUR competence YOUR independence YOUR capability to serve the client The PROSPECTIVE CLIENT’S integrity New client/new engagement Identify independence threats Check your resources & client auditability. Articles, inquiry, previous auditor (RID) Use of acceptable FRF Request for a change in engagement? Reasonable Unreasonable Stop the old and start the new Continue the old; if not allowed, withdraw Agreement of management on audit premise Preconditions? Engagement letter Agree terms of engagement Recurring audit Should I send a new one every year? Audit of components Should I send a separate one to each? Audited FS Unaudited FS Evaluated by the auditor Audit opinion 4 Unaudited FS ASSERTIONS TRANSACTIONS • Completeness • Occurrence • Cut off • Accuracy • Classification Classes of transactions & events and related disclosures Account balances and related disclosures • Occurrence • Completeness • Existence • Completeness • Existence • Rights and obligations • Rights and obligations • Accuracy • Completeness • Valuation and allocation BALANCES • Cut off • Accuracy, valuation and allocation • Classification • Classification • Presentation • Presentation PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSURE Audited FS Evaluated by the auditor • Completeness • Occurrence • Classification and understandability • Accuracy and valuation A U D I T P R O C E D U R E S Audit opinion RAP TOC ST Inquiry a a a Inspection a a a Observation a a a Analytical procedures a a Recalculation a Reperformance a Confirmation a Accounting records • • • • • Journals, Ledgers and Worksheets Checks and records of EFTs Invoices Contracts Other adjustments not reflected in formal journal entries • Spreadsheets supporting cost allocations, etc. A U D I T Other information • • • • • Minutes of meetings Confirmation from 3rd parties Analyst report Benchmark information Information obtained from inquiry, observation, and inspection AUDIT DOCUMENTATION E V I D E N C E Audit files: Permanent Temporary Assembly: 60 days from audit report date Retention: No shorter than 7 years The Risk-based Financial Statement Audit – Client Acceptance, Audit Planning, Supervision and Monitoring AUDIT PLANNING Coordination | Assignment of work | Direction and supervision | Manage the audit | Attention to important areas | Potential problems Identifying and assessing ROMM Establishing overall overall Establishing audit strategy audit strategy Developingan anAudit Audit Plan Developing Plan Inquire, Inspect, Observe, Analytical Procedures M 3 Obtaining an understanding of the entity & its environment, including internal controls RAP Affected by both the size and/ nature of a misstatement Considering materiality Identifying and assessing RMM Applying the audit risk model Immaterial if trivial & inconsequential Must be considered by the auditor in both the PLANNING and COMPLETION phases Direction, Supervision, Review AUDIT PLANNING Coordination | Assignment of work | Direction and supervision | Manage the audit | Attention to important areas | Potential problems Identifying and assessing ROMM Overall Performance Developingan anAudit Audit Plan Developing Plan materiality materiality Establishing overall overall Establishing audit strategy audit strategy Other terms General materiality Inquire, Inspect, Observe, level; planning Analytical Procedures M 3 Obtaining an understanding of the entity & its environment, including internal controls Considering materiality materiality RAP Nature/definition Smallest aggregate amount of Affected by both the size and/ nature misstatement of a misstatement to all FS Immaterial if trivial &applicable inconsequential Must be considered by the auditor in both the PLANNING and COMPLETION phases Tolerable misstatement; scoping materiality Individual materiality Amount less than OM. Calculated as a certain percentage of OM in order to capture any uncorrected misstatements. Amount set by the auditor for particular/specific classes of transactions, account balances, or disclosures Importance/use Helps determine whether the PAJEs are significant Used in determining (scoping) FS line items to be tested. Used for specific items that the auditor deems to need its own materiality consideration Illustration Benchmark x % OM x % Where % is 100%Haircut or Cushion PM x % Identifying and assessing RMM Applying the audit risk model Specific Direction, Supervision, materiality Review AUDIT PLANNING Coordination | Assignment of work | Direction and supervision | Manage the audit | Attention to important areas | Potential problems Identifying and assessing ROMM Establishing overall overall Establishing audit strategy audit strategy Direction, Supervision, Review Developingan anAudit Audit Plan Developing Plan Inquire, Inspect, Observe, Analytical Procedures M 3 Obtaining an understanding of the entity & its environment, including internal controls RAP Affected by both the size and/ nature of a misstatement Considering materiality Immaterial if trivial & inconsequential Must be considered by the auditor in both the PLANNING and COMPLETION phases FS Level Control risk Identifying and assessing RMM Assertion level Applying the audit risk model Inherent risk High Medium Low High Lowest Lower Medium Medium Lower Medium Higher Low Medium Higher Highest AUDIT PLANNING Coordination | Assignment of work | Direction and supervision | Manage the audit | Attention to important areas | Potential problems Identifying and assessing ROMM Establishing overall overall Establishing audit strategy audit strategy Developingan anAudit Audit Plan Developing Plan Direction, Supervision, Review Efficient and effective audit. P S A 3 0 0 The auditor shall establish an overall overall audit strategythat thatsets sets audit strategy the scope, timingand and scope, timing direction theaudit, audit, direction ofofthe and that guides the development of the audit plan. audit plan. Audit strategy vs audit plan? Audit Strategy – sets out in GENERAL terms how the audit is to be conducted and sets the scope, timing, and direction of the audit. To establish audit strategy, consider: 1. Characteristics of the engagement 2. Reporting objectives of the engagement 3. Factors significant in directing ET 4. Results of PEA 5. Nature, timing, and extent of resources FRF used? Industry specific requirements? Coverage (locations, components)? Reporting frequency and deadlines? Expected communications? Materiality? High RMM areas? Substantive or nonsubstantive approach? Selection of audit team? Is EQCR needed? Are experts needed? How will budget be affected? Scope: What activities will be covered? Timing: When will audit work be performed? Direction: What are the focal areas? Resources: What resources are needed? Audit Plan – contains the detailed responses to the auditor’s risk assessment and determines how the audit will be performed at the assertion level. Nature Timing Extent RAP FAP Others AUDIT PLANNING Coordination | Assignment of work | Direction and supervision | Manage the audit | Attention to important areas | Potential problems Identifying and assessing ROMM Audit Plan – contains the detailed responses to the auditor’s risk assessment and determines how the audit will be performed at the assertion level. Establishing overall overall Establishing audit strategy audit strategy Nature Timing Extent RAP FAP Other Audit Procedures Sets out in broad terms the planned audit procedures. Audit Program – contains a detailed set of instructions to assistants involved in the audit. Developingan anAudit Audit Plan Plan Developing Direction, Supervision, Supervision, Direction, Review Review Affected by: 1. Size and complexity of the entity 2. Area of the audit 3. Assessed RMM 4. Capabilities and competence of team members OTHER AUDIT PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS Use of service organization 1. 2. 3. Understand services relevant to the audit, and the controls in place. Determine extent of reliance on service auditor’s report a. Type 1 - description and design b. Type 2 - description, design, and operating effectiveness No reference to the service auditor unless auditor’s opinion is modified. Audit of Group FS 1. 2. Determine whether to act as auditor of group FS Division of responsibility with other auditor(s) is not allowed Use of an auditor’s expert 1. 2. 3. 4. Determine need for expert Evaluate adequacy of expert’s work, including findings and conclusions, assumptions used, and sources of data Determine if any further audit work is required. No reference to work of expert, unless opinion is modified Let’s now go to the questions! 13 1. Before accepting an audit engagement, a successor auditor should make specific inquiries of the predecessor auditor regarding RID a. The degree of cooperation the predecessor received concerning the inquiry of the client’s lawyer b. The predecessor’s evaluation of matters of continuing accounting significance c. Disagreements the predecessor had with the client concerning auditing procedures and accounting principles d. The predecessor’s assessments of inherent risk and judgments about materiality 2. Which of the following factors most likely would cause a CPA to not accept a new audit engagement? a. The CPA lacks an understanding of the prospective client's operations and industry b. The prospective client is unwilling to make all financial records available to the CPA c. The prospective client has already completed its physical inventory count d. The CPA is unable to review the predecessor auditor's audit documentation 3. The auditor should design the written audit program so that a. Each account balance will be tested under either tests of controls or tests of transactions b. The audit procedures selected will achieve specific audit objectives c. All material transactions will be selected for substantive testing d. Substantive tests prior to the balance sheet date will be minimized 4. The following are considered by a CPA firm in deciding whether to accept a new client, except a. b. c. d. The client’s financial ability The client’s probability of achieving an unqualified opinion The client’s standing in the business community The client’s relations with its previous CPA firm 5. The in-charge auditor most likely would have a supervisory responsibility to explain to the staff assistants a. What benefits may be attained by the assistants' adherence to established time budgets b. How the results of various auditing procedures performed by the assistants should be evaluated c. That fraud is not to be reported to those charged with governance d. Why certain documents are being transferred from the current file to the permanent file 6. As the acceptable level of detection risk decreases, the assurance directly provided from a. b. c. d. Tests of controls should decrease Tests of controls should increase Substantive tests should increase Substantive tests should decrease 7. Which of the following factors most likely would lead a CPA to conclude that a potential audit engagement should be rejected? a. Management has a reputation for consulting with several accounting firms about significant accounting issues b. It is unlikely that sufficient appropriate evidence is available to support an opinion on the financial statements c. Internal control activities requiring the segregation of duties are subject to management override d. The details of most recorded transactions are not available after a specified period of time 8. In relation to audit planning, the auditor should document the following: a. b. c. d. The overall audit strategy The detailed audit plan Significant changes made during the audit engagement All of the above 9. An auditor should obtain sufficient knowledge of an entity's information system relevant to financial reporting to understand the: a. b. c. d. Safeguards used to limit access to computer facilities Process used to prepare significant accounting estimates Procedures used to assure proper authorization of transactions Policies used to detect the concealment of fraud 10. In using the work of a specialist, an auditor of a non-issuer may refer to the specialist in the auditor's report if, as a result of the specialist's findings, the auditor a. Becomes aware of conditions causing substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern b. Desires to disclose the specialist's findings, which imply that a more thorough audit was performed c. Discovers significant deficiencies in the design of the entity's internal control that management does not correct d. Is able to corroborate another specialist's earlier findings that were consistent with management's representations 11. An auditor is required to establish an understanding with a client regarding the services to be performed for each engagement. This understanding generally includes a. The auditor’s responsibility for ensuring that the audit committee is aware of any significant deficiencies in internal control that come to the auditor’s attention Expected communications b. The auditor’s responsibility for determining preliminary judgment about materiality and audit risk factors c. Management’s responsibility for errors and the illegal activities of employees that may cause material misstatement d. Management’s responsibility for providing the auditor with an assessment of the risk of material misstatement due to fraud 12. The work of internal auditors may affect the independent auditor’s: I. Procedures performed in obtaining an understanding of internal control; II. Procedures performed in assessing the risk of material misstatement; III. Substantive procedures performed in gathering direct evidence. a. b. c. d. I, II, and III II and Ill only I and II only I and III only 13. If a change in the type of engagement from higher to lower level of assurance is not justified, the auditor should a. Qualify the report on the original engagement b. Continue with the revised engagement, but make explicit reference about the original engagement c. Refuse to agree to management’s request on the change of engagement and continue with the original engagement d. Withdraw from the engagement 14. In connection with the examination of financial statements, an independent auditor could be responsible for failure to detect a material fraud if a. Statistical sampling techniques were not used on the audit engagement b. The fraud was perpetrated by one client employee, who circumvented the existing internal controls c. Accountants performing important parts of the work failed to discover a close relationship between the treasurer and the cashier d. The auditor planned the work in a hasty and inefficient manner 15. A retail entity uses electronic data interchange (EDI) in executing and recording most of its purchase transactions. The entity's auditor recognizes that the documentation of the transactions will be retained for only a short period of time. To compensate for this limitation, the auditor most likely would a. Increase the sample of EDI transactions to be selected for cutoff tests b. Plan to make a 100% count of the entity's inventory at or near the year-end c. Decrease the assessed level of control risk for the existence or occurrence assertions d. Perform tests several times during the year, rather than only at year-end 16. Reasons for discontinuing clients might include the following, except a. Client need for specialized services the current audit firm is unable or unwilling to provide b. Inability to negotiate an acceptable increase in the audit fee c. Difficulty in working with client personnel d. Evidence indicating a client’s management has integrity 17. Which of the following is required documentation in an audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards? a. An internal control questionnaire identifying controls that assure specific objectives will be achieved b. An audit plan setting forth in detail the procedures necessary to accomplish the engagement's objectives c. A flowchart or narrative of the information system relevant to financial reporting describing the recording and classification of transactions for financial reporting d. A planning memorandum establishing the timing of the audit procedures and coordinating the assistance of entity personnel 18. Which of the following is not considered by the CPA when he makes an overall audit plan? a. Identification of complex accounting areas including those involving accounting estimates. b. The nature and timing of reports and other communication with the entity that are expected under the engagement. c. The effect of information technology on the audit. d. The content of the representation letter. 19. Which of the following matters generally is included in an auditor's engagement letter? a. The auditor's responsibility to search for significant internal control deficiencies b. The factors to be considered in setting preliminary judgments about materiality c. Management's vicarious liability for illegal acts committed by its employees d. Management's responsibility for the entity's compliance with laws and regulations 20. Is there a need to send a new engagement letter every year? a. Definitely yes b. Definitely no c. No need to send new engagement letter every year except when there are revisions in the agreement or in the major parties to the agreement d. There is a need to send a new engagement letter every year especially if there are mutual understandings. 21. The existence of audit risk is recognized by the statement in the auditor's standard report that the a. Audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements b. Auditor obtains reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement c. Financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, in conformity with GAAP d. Auditor is responsible for expressing an opinion on the financial statements, which are the responsibility of management. 22. Which of the following procedures would an auditor most likely perform in planning a financial statement audit? a. Inquiring of the client's legal counsel concerning pending litigation b. Searching for unauthorized transactions that may aid in detecting unrecorded liabilities c. Comparing the financial statements to anticipated results d. Examining computer generated exception reports to verify the effectiveness of internal controls 23. The element of the audit planning process most likely to be agreed upon with the client before implementation of the audit strategy is the determination of the a. Procedures to be undertaken to discover litigation, claims, and assessments b. Evidence to be gathered to provide a sufficient basis for the auditor’s opinion c. Pending legal matters to be included in the inquiry of the client’s attorney d. Timing of inventory observation procedures to be performed 24. The audit program usually cannot be finalized until the a. Engagement letter has been signed by the auditor and the client b. Search for unrecorded liabilities has been performed and documented c. Reportable conditions have been communicated to the audit committee of the board of directors d. Consideration of the entity’s internal control has been completed 25. This is a listing of all the things which the auditor will use to gather sufficient appropriate audit evidence: a. b. c. d. Audit plan Audit program Audit risk model Audit procedure 26.This refers to the development of a general strategy and a detailed approach for the expected nature, timing and extent of audit refers to a. b. c. d. Audit planning Supervision Pre-engagement Direction 27. What is the objective of an audit team during the planning stage? a. b. c. d. To determine the scope of the audit procedures to be performed To be able to minimize the risk of material misstatement To be able to determine the extent of tests of controls To be able to produce the time budget 28. In obtaining an understanding of the entity and its environment, including its internal control, an auditor is required to obtain knowledge about the a. Consistency with which the internal controls are currently being applied b. Controls related to each principal transaction class and account balance c. Design of relevant internal controls pertaining to financial reporting in each of the five internal control components d. Effectiveness of the internal controls that have been implemented 29. This type of materiality is used in scoping in and out-scoping line items to be audited. a. b. c. d. Performance Materiality Overall Materiality Account Balance Materiality Planning Materiality 30. In determining the overall materiality, which of the following is the best choice for the audit engagement? a. b. c. d. Lowest materiality Highest materiality Either lowest or highest, depending on the audit team None of the choices 31. Consider the following statements: 1. Materiality is directly related to audit risk; the more material the account balance or transaction, the higher is the audit risk needed hence, more substantive tests and vice versa; 2. Materiality is directly related to detection risk; the more material the account balance or transaction is, the lower the detection risk is present. a. b. c. d. Both statements are correct Both statements are incorrect Only one statement is correct Only one statement is incorrect 32. When the auditors allocate the preliminary judgment about materiality to account balances, the materiality allocated to any given account balance is referred to as a. b. c. d. Tolerable misstatement The materiality range Tolerable materiality The error range 33. When a CPA is the auditor of a parent entity and also the auditor of its subsidiary, branch or division (component), which of the following factors need not be considered in deciding whether to send a separate engagement letter to the component? a. b. c. d. Number of reports to be prepared during the peak audit season Whether a separate audit report is to issued on the component Legal requirements Who appoints the auditor of the component 34. Analytical procedures used in planning an audit should focus on a. Assessing the adequacy of the available evidence b. Providing assurance that potential material misstatements will be identified c. Enhancing the auditor’s understanding of the client’s business d. Reducing the scope of tests of controls, and substantive tests 35. If the auditor anticipates reliance on the client’s internal controls, the auditor would a. Eliminate the need for performance of substantive tests b. No longer perform tests of controls and proceed immediately to substantive tests c. Perform tests of controls and increase the amount of substantive tests d. Test controls and use the results of testing as a basis for determining the nature, extent and timing of substantive tests 36. If a change in the type of engagement from higher to lower level of assurance is reasonably justified, the report based on the revised engagement a. Should refer to the original engagement in a separate paragraph preceding the opinion paragraph b. Should always refer to any procedures that may have been performed in the original engagement c. Should qualify the opinion due to a scope limitation d. Omits reference to the original engagement 37. On the basis of audit evidence gathered and evaluated, an auditor decides to increase the assessed risk of material misstatement from that originally planned. To achieve an overall audit risk level that is substantially the same as the planned audit risk level, the auditor would: a. b. c. d. Increase inherent risk Decrease detection risk Increase materiality levels Decrease substantive testing 38. Of the following nonfinancial information, what would an auditor most likely consider in performing analytical procedures during the planning phase of an audit? a. b. c. d. Turnover of personnel in the accounting department Square footage of selling space Management's plans to repurchase stock Objectivity of audit committee members 39. In designing audit programs, an auditor should establish specific audit objectives that related primarily to the a. b. c. d. Selected audit techniques Cost-benefit of gathering evidence Timing of audit procedures Financial statement assertions 40. In planning an audit of a new client, an auditor most likely would consider the methods used to process accounting information because such methods a. b. c. d. Affect the auditor's preliminary judgment about materiality levels Influence the design of internal control Determine the auditor's acceptable level of audit risk Assist in evaluating the planned audit objectives 41. Holding other planning consideration equal, a decrease in the amount of misstatement in a class of transactions that an auditor could tolerate most likely would cause the auditor to a. Decrease the extent of auditing procedures to be applied to the class of transactions b. Perform the planned auditing procedures closer to the balance sheet date c. Apply the planned substantive tests prior to the balance sheet date d. Increase the assessed level of control risk for relevant financial statements assertions 42. Which of the following procedures would an auditor least likely perform in planning a financial statement audit? a. Coordinating the assistance of entity personnel in data preparation b. Selecting a sample of vendor’s invoices for comparison to receiving reports c. Reading the current year’s interim financial statements d. Discussing matters that may affect the audit with firm personnel responsible for non-audit services to the entity 43. The establishment of the overall audit strategy involves a. Considering the important factors that will determine the focus of the engagement team’s efforts b. Determining the characteristics of the engagement that defines its scope c. Ascertaining the reporting objectives of the engagement to plan the timing of the audit and the nature of the communications required d. All of the answers 44. Which of the following auditor concerns most likely could be so serious that the auditor concludes that a financial statement audit cannot be performed? a. Management fails to modify prescribed internal controls for changes in information technology b. Internal control activities requiring segregation of duties are rarely monitored by management c. Management is dominated by one person who is also the majority stockholder d. There is a substantial risk of intentional misapplication of accounting principles 45. In allocating materiality, most practitioners choose to allocate to a. b. c. d. Other comprehensive income accounts Equity accounts Income statement accounts Balance sheet accounts 46. The following factors affect the inherent risk at the financial statement level, except a. b. c. d. Management integrity Management characteristics Operating characteristics Systemic characteristics 47. Risk assessment procedures include the following, except a. b. c. d. Confirmation of accounts receivable Observation and inspection Analytical procedures Inquiries of management 48. Which of the following factors most likely would influence an auditor's determination of the auditability of an entity's financial statements? a. b. c. d. The complexity of the information system relevant to financial reporting The operating effectiveness of controls The existence of related party transactions The adequacy of the accounting records 49. Which of the following statements would least likely appear in an auditor's engagement letter? a. After performing our preliminary analytical procedures we will discuss with you the other procedures we consider necessary to complete the engagement b. Our engagement is subject to the risk that material errors or fraud, including defalcations, if they exist, will not be detected c. During the course of our audit we may observe opportunities for economy in, or improved controls over, your operations d. Fees for our services are based on our regular per diem rates, plus travel and other out-of-pocket expenses 50. Which of the following would an auditor most likely use in determining the auditor's preliminary judgment about materiality? a. b. c. d. The contents of the management representation letter The results of the internal control questionnaire The anticipated sample size of the planned substantive tests The entity's annualized interim financial statements THANKS! 64 Credits Special thanks to all the people who made and released these awesome resources for free: ‐ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival ‐ Photographs by Unsplash 65 Free templates for all your presentation needs For PowerPoint and Google Slides 100% free for personal or commercial use Ready to use, professional and customizable Blow your audience away with attractive visuals