Unit 1 Challenge
第一单元挑战
Warming up
Why should we care about the ocean?
我们为什么要关心海洋？
Covering about 71% of the Earth’s surface, the ocean is the most prominent feature on the planet,
and plays a key role in many aspects.
海洋覆盖了地球表面的 71%，是地球上最突出的特征，在许多方面发挥着关键作用。
The ocean is vital to the planet’s ecology because it moderates the planetary climate by absorbing,
circulating, and releasing heat. Most of the Sun’s energy that arrives on the Earth will be taken up
by the ocean, and ocean currents will widely distribute it. Working with the atmosphere, the ocean
also functions as the Earth’s respiratory system. It absorbs the carbon dioxide in the air and
releases oxygen at the same time. Our blue ocean makes the Earth a hospitable place for diverse
forms of life.
海洋对地球的生态至关重要，因为它通过吸收、循环和释放热量来调节行星气候。太阳到达
地球的大部分能量将被海洋吸收，洋流将广泛分布。海洋与大气一起工作，也起着地球呼吸
系统的作用。它吸收空气中的二氧化碳，同时释放氧气。我们的蓝色海洋使地球成为各种生
命形式的适宜之地。
The ocean is vital to human socioeconomic well-being because it is a source of food, energy,
transportation, and recreation. It boosts the economy and enhances social well-being by providing
fishery resources. Fisheries and aquaculture supply 8.5% of the global consumption of animal
protein. Sea-based produce reached its highest level in 2018 when 96.4 million tons was harvested,
88% of it directly from the ocean, creating 39.98 million jobs worldwide. From the offshore ocean
bottom, an estimated one-third of all global oil and gas is extracted, and tides, waves, currents, and
offshore wind are also emerging sources of energy that have significant potential. The ocean’s
centuries-long role in transportation also continues. Today about 90% of global cargo moves by
marine transport. The ocean’s recreational function helps the global economy and social
well-being, too. Coastal tourism is a prominent market segment, comprising 5% of the global GDP
and 6% to 7% of global employment.
海洋对人类的社会经济福祉至关重要，因为它是食物、能源、交通和娱乐的来源。它通
过提供渔业资源来促进经济并增进社会福祉。渔业和水产养殖提供了全球动物蛋白消费量的
8.5%。2018 年，海产达到最高水平，收获了 9640 万吨，其中 88%直接来自海洋，在全球创
造了 3998 万个就业岗位。据估计，全球三分之一的石油和天然气是从近海海底开采的，潮
汐、海浪、海流和海上风也是具有巨大潜力的新兴能源。海洋在运输中的作用也持续了几个
世纪。如今，全球约 90%的货物通过海运运输。海洋的娱乐功能也有助于全球经济和社会
福祉。沿海旅游业是一个重要的细分市场，占全球 GDP 的 5%，占全球就业的 6%至 7%。
Despite the benefits from the ocean, humans face challenges from its powerful force. Disasters
caused by intense wave movements and underwater earthquakes such as tsunamis affect millions
of people. A combination of atmospheric and ocean activity in the form of hurricanes and
typhoons threatens the coast and inland area, and more than half of these disasters take place in the
Asia-Pacific region. In recent decades, natural disasters related to oceanic activity caused an
annual loss of 2 billion yuan in China alone, and they remain a major issue to be addressed.
尽管海洋给人类带来了好处，但人类面临着来自海洋强大力量的挑战。强烈的海浪运动
和海啸等水下地震造成的灾害影响着数百万人。飓风和台风形式的大气和海洋活动对海岸和
内陆地区构成威胁，其中一半以上的灾害发生在亚太地区。近几十年来，仅在中国，与海洋
活动有关的自然灾害每年就造成 20 亿元人民币的损失，而这仍然是一个需要解决的重大问
题。
Academic listening
Listening 1 The history of surfing
The history of surfing
冲浪的历史
HOST: Hello from a wet and windy beachfront, where we’re on location at the annual surfing
competition. Today, we have three guests, all surfing experts. First up, we have Oliwa Kalani, an
academic and the author of Catching the Wave, an exploration of the history and culture of surfing.
Hello, Oliwa, and thanks for coming on the show.
主持人：你好，在一个潮湿多风的海滨，我们正在这里举行一年一度的冲浪比赛。今天，我
们有三位客人，都是冲浪专家。首先，我们有学者奥利瓦·卡拉尼（Oliwa Kalani），他是《乘
风破浪》（Catching the Wave）一书的作者，该书探讨了冲浪的历史和文化。你好，奥利瓦，
谢谢你来参加节目。
OLIWA: My pleasure.
奥利瓦：很荣幸。
HOST: So your book, Catching the Wave, was a passion for you I believe. I must say I found it a
fascinating read.
主持人：所以我相信你的书《乘风破浪》对你来说是一种激情。我必须说我觉得这本书读起
来很迷人。
OLIWA: Thank you. Yes, it’s an interesting subject, and yes, I am passionate about it—probably
something to do with my own Hawaiian roots—surfing is part of our national identity! But, you
know, a lot of people, even surfers, have some strange ideas about where surfing came from. They
think it started in Australia, or California, sometime in the 1950s. In fact, it goes way back,
hundreds of years before then. And it’s certainly not Californian!
奥利瓦：谢谢。是的，这是一个有趣的话题，是的，我对它很感兴趣——也许与我自己的夏
威夷根有关——冲浪是我们国家身份的一部分！但是，你知道，很多人，甚至冲浪者，对冲
浪的起源有一些奇怪的想法。他们认为这始于 20 世纪 50 年代的澳大利亚或加利福尼亚州。
事实上，它可以追溯到几百年前。这肯定不是加州人！
HOST: So where did it start?
主持人：那它是从哪里开始的？
OLIWA: Well, some form of surfing has probably been practiced for as long as humans have been
swimming, but the modern art of surfing was first seen by Joseph Banks on board the HMS
Endeavour in the 18th century when the ship stopped in Tahiti in the Polynesian islands. That
seems to be the birthplace of surfing, and the activity certainly predates that first glimpse
foreigners had of it—Tahitians had been surfing for centuries. It had been a part of ancient
Polynesian culture. And it was practiced mainly by the ruling class—traditionally, the chief was
chosen because he was the best surfer, with the best board made of the best wood, on the best
beaches, which the ordinary Tahitians weren’t allowed to use. But it wasn’t so much a sport then
as a kind of spiritual event, almost a religion. They saw it as taming the ocean gods. Dicing with
death was an important part of the activity. Rich or not, they must have had nerves of steel, given
the size of the waves and the design of the boards, which were actually made to be difficult to
maneuver.
奥利瓦：嗯，某种形式的冲浪可能在人类游泳的时候就已经开始练习了，但现代冲浪艺术最
早由约瑟夫·班克斯在 18 世纪的“奋进号”（HMS Endeavor）上看到，当时该船停靠在波利尼
西亚群岛的塔希提岛。这似乎是冲浪的发源地，而且这项活动肯定早于外国人第一次看到塔
希提人已经冲浪好几个世纪了。它是古代波利尼西亚文化的一部分。这项运动主要由统治阶
级进行，传统上，酋长之所以被选中，是因为他是最好的冲浪者，最好的冲浪板由最好的木
材制成，在最好的海滩上，而普通的塔希提人是不允许使用的。但与其说这是一项运动，不
如说它是一种精神活动，几乎是一种宗教。他们认为这是驯服海洋之神。与死亡打赌是这项
活动的重要组成部分。不管富不富，考虑到海浪的大小和木板的设计，他们一定有钢铁般的
神经，而实际上这些木板很难操纵。
HOST: That’s fascinating. It’s funny how we see it as a more modern, fun teenage activity—I’ve
never heard about its mystical origins. I’d like now to introduce our second guest today, Jen
Docherty. Jen, you’re off in a few minutes to compete …
主持人：这太迷人了。有趣的是，我们认为这是一种更现代、更有趣的青少年活动——我从
未听说过它的神秘起源。现在我想介绍我们今天的第二位客人，珍·多赫蒂。珍，几分钟后
你就要比赛了…
JEN: That’s right. It’s a good day for it—some big waves!
简：没错。今天是个好天气，有大浪！
HOST: Yes, it should be a great spectacle. So, Jen, you’ve won over 20 international surfing titles
in a ten-year career. Can you tell the listeners what inspired you to make surfing a career?
主持人：是的，这应该是一个很棒的奇观。珍，你在十年的职业生涯中赢得了 20 多个国际
冲浪冠军。你能告诉听众是什么激励你把冲浪作为一项职业吗？
JEN: Well, I don’t know exactly, but it really started when my family moved to Cornwall in
England, a surfer’s paradise. Before that, I lived in a seaside town in Portugal, where there were
some good waves. Every summer, the town (was) filled to bursting with surfers from all over the
world: Australians, Swiss, everyone came to ride the waves. I loved to watch them and I suppose
that’s when the bug bit. Anyway, in Cornwall, whenever I could, I’d borrow a board and have a go.
At about that time I heard about Margo Oberg, who really inspired me—she became the first
female professional surfer in the same year that professional contests started, 1975. And I think
before that I’d read an article about the first superstar surfer, Kelly Slater, which kind of caught
my attention. So eventually, I persuaded my parents to let me have my own board and I started
entering competitions, but as there weren’t any for kids, I had to compete against adults, men, and
women actually. I got my first sponsor when I was 16, and since then I’ve spent all my time
chasing the waves all over the world.
JEN：嗯，我不太清楚，但这真的是从我的家人搬到英国康沃尔冲浪天堂开始的。在此之前，
我住在葡萄牙的一个海滨小镇，那里有一些好的海浪。每年夏天，小镇上都挤满了来自世界
各地的冲浪者：澳大利亚人、瑞士人，每个人都来冲浪。我很喜欢看他们，我想这就是虫子
咬的时候。不管怎样，在康沃尔，只要我能，我都会借一块木板试试。大约在那时，我听说
了玛戈·奥伯格，她真的激励了我，在职业比赛开始的同一年，1975 年，她成为了第一位女
性职业冲浪运动员。我想在那之前我读过一篇关于第一位超级冲浪运动员凯莉·斯莱特的文
章，这引起了我的注意。所以，最终，我说服了父母让我拥有自己的董事会，我开始参加比
赛，但由于没有针对孩子的比赛，我不得不与成年人、男性和女性进行比赛。我 16 岁时得
到了我的第一个赞助商，从那时起，我就把所有的时间都花在了全世界的海浪上。
HOST: Is there much money in the sport?
主持人：这项运动有很多钱吗？
JEN: Enough to get by, but it’s not like tennis or golf, only a handful of surfers ever strike it rich.
But basically, as long as you keep winning or getting on the podium, it’s viable as a profession.
You can find sponsors, and the prize money helps, too. But you’ll find 99% of us do it because we
wouldn’t want to do anything else. There’s nothing like the feeling of getting on a big roller and
riding it. The power of the water, the sense of being together with nature at its most awesome,
most dangerous … it’s a strange sport, in a way, because the more adverse the conditions, like
today, the happier we are! My family worry at times, and one of my friends says I’m crazy to take
the risks I do. But I say it feels so natural for us surfers to do it—so it would be wrong not to do
it … right? The feeling of throwing caution to the wind, getting on the biggest, most dangerous
waves—that’s when the adrenaline kicks in. Sure, we fall, we sometimes end up in the surf, and
that’s scary for sure, but we don’t cry over spilled milk. We wait for the next wave and we get
right back up again. That’s just how surfers are. I’d surf for free if necessary. But it’s a great career
because you spend all your time with fellow surfers, who are a friendly crowd. It’s competitive but
also a community. It’s thriving at all levels, actually, probably because it’s a comparatively cheap
hobby for beginners to take up, and it …
简：够了，但这不像网球或高尔夫，只有少数冲浪者能赚到钱。但基本上，只要你继续获胜
或登上领奖台，这是可行的职业。你可以找到赞助商，奖金也有帮助。但你会发现 99%的
人这样做是因为我们不想做任何其他事情。没有什么比坐上大过山车并骑着它的感觉更好的
了。水的力量，与大自然在最可怕、最危险的时候在一起的感觉……在某种程度上，这是一
项奇怪的运动，因为像今天这样的环境越恶劣，我们就越快乐！我的家人有时会担心，我的
一个朋友说我很想冒险。但我说我们冲浪者这样做感觉很自然，所以不这样做是不对的……
对吧？当肾上腺素爆发时，会有一种将谨慎抛到风中，登上最大、最危险的海浪的感觉。当
然，我们会摔倒，有时会在冲浪中结束，这确实很可怕，但我们不会为溢出的牛奶而哭泣。
我们等待下一波浪潮，然后我们再次站起来。冲浪者就是这样。如果有必要，我会免费冲浪。
但这是一个很棒的职业，因为你把所有的时间都花在冲浪同伴身上，他们是友好的人群。这
是一个竞争，但也是一个社区。事实上，它在各个层面都在蓬勃发展，这可能是因为它对初
学者来说是一个相对便宜的爱好，而且它…
HOST: How much does a board actually cost?
主持人：一个董事会的实际成本是多少？
JEN: They can cost an arm and a leg for professionals … I have a carbon fiber one, which is
amazing, and very expensive—well over $1,000, but the gains are pretty marginal really; a
polyurethane board covered in fiberglass cloth gets the job done just fine for about three or four
hundred dollars. The dimensions of boards vary a lot, which also affects the price, but for me, the
most important thing is to have a board I can absolutely rely on.
JEN：对于专业人士来说，它们可能要花费一条胳膊和一条腿……我有一个碳纤维的，这很
神奇，而且非常昂贵，超过 1000 美元，但收益真的很小；一块覆盖着玻璃纤维布的聚氨酯
板只需三四百美元就能完成这项工作。木板的尺寸变化很大，这也影响了价格，但对我来说，
最重要的是拥有一块我绝对可以信赖的木板。
HOST: But aren’t surfboards that are made of wood better? They’re more natural. That’s how
people have always done it, according to Oliwa, right?
主持人：但是用木头做的冲浪板不是更好吗？它们更自然。根据奥利瓦的说法，人们总是这
样做的，对吧？
JEN: No—I mean, you can still get a wooden board, but using artificial materials was a quantum
leap in surfboard construction—you ended up with stronger boards that were much lighter and
easier to maneuver. This massively changed the sport in recent years.
JEN：不，我的意思是，你仍然可以得到一块木板，但使用人造材料是冲浪板建造的一个巨
大飞跃，你最终得到了更坚固的木板，更轻，更容易操纵。这在近年来极大地改变了这项运
动。
HOST: I see. And one last question before you go. Are you going to win this afternoon?
主持人：我明白了。在你走之前还有最后一个问题。你今天下午会赢吗？
JEN: To be honest, your guess is as good as mine! Part of it is just the luck of the draw; who gets
the best waves. But I certainly hope to be in contention.
简：老实说，你的猜测和我的一样好！部分原因只是抽签的运气；谁能得到最好的海浪。但
我当然希望能参与其中。
HOST: Good luck, I’m sure you will be! We’ll certainly be cheering for you. Now, our third guest
is Bob Taylor; Bob is a music critic with a special interest in the music of the 1960s. Bob, why do
we associate surfing with the US, well California anyway, and Australia?
主持人：祝你好运，我相信你会的！我们一定会为你加油。现在，我们的第三位客人是鲍勃·泰
勒；鲍勃是一位音乐评论家，对 20 世纪 60 年代的音乐特别感兴趣。鲍勃，为什么我们把冲
浪与美国、加州和澳大利亚联系在一起？
BOB: Hi, there. Well, I guess the records by The Beach Boys have a lot to do with it. They
popularized the surfing sound in the early 1960s, where surfing served as a metaphor, if you like,
for a youthful, healthy cool, post-war younger generation … getting back in touch with nature …
鲍勃：你好。嗯，我想《海滩男孩》的唱片与此有很大关系。他们在 20 世纪 60 年代早期普
及了冲浪的声音，如果你愿意的话，冲浪是一种隐喻，对于一个年轻、健康、冷静、战后的
年轻一代……重新接触自然…
Words & tips
单词和提示
Words and Expressions
词汇和表达
Tahitian n. 塔希提人
Polynesian adj. 波利尼西亚的
predate v.（历史上）早于……发生（出现）
dice with death 冒生命危险；玩命
mystical adj. 神秘的
paradise n.（所需物一应俱全的）乐园，乐土
podium n. 表演台；讲台
viable adj. （想法、计划或方法）切实可行的
adrenaline n. 肾上腺素
polyurethane n. 聚氨酯
fiberglass n. 玻璃纤维，玻璃钢
a quantum leap 长足进步，飞跃，突飞猛进
in contention 有获胜机会
Proper names
Oliwa Kalani 奥利瓦·卡拉尼（人名）
Catching the Wave 《乘风破浪》（书名）
Joseph Banks 约瑟夫·班克斯（1743–1820）
HMS Endeavour 英国皇家海军考察船“奋进号”
Tahiti 塔希提岛（南太平洋岛屿）
Jen Docherty 珍·多彻蒂（人名）
Cornwall 康沃尔郡（位于英国英格兰西南端）
Margo Oberg 马戈·奥伯格（人名）
Kelly Slater 凯利·斯莱特（人名）
Bob Taylor 鲍勃·泰勒（人名）
The Beach Boys 沙滩男孩乐队（美国加州摇滚乐队）
Listening 2 Ocean problems
Ocean problems
海洋问题
We’re looking at two problems today, both very serious problems in ecological terms. The first is
overfishing and the second coral bleaching. I’ll introduce each issue, and then I’ll look in more
detail at our role as marine ecology engineers in mitigating the damage these issues are causing.
我们今天面临两个问题，都是生态方面非常严重的问题。第一是过度捕捞，第二是珊瑚
白化。我将介绍每一个问题，然后我将更详细地探讨我们作为海洋生态工程师在减轻这些问
题造成的损害方面的作用。
So starting with overfishing … and that’s a strange term, to some, when we think of fish as a
naturally healthy food—and fishing itself seems like the most natural thing in the world, hunting
in its most basic form. But this is no longer true, as we will see. In an industrialized age, there is
nothing good or natural about fishing.
因此，从过度捕捞开始……对一些人来说，这是一个奇怪的术语，当我们认为鱼是一种
天然健康的食物，而捕鱼本身似乎是世界上最自然的事情，以其最基本的形式进行狩猎。但
我们将看到，这不再是事实。在工业化时代，捕鱼没有什么好处或自然。
OK, so there are basically three types of overfishing; you can see them on this slide. The first is
called“recruitment overfishing.” This is simply when the amount of fish taken from the ocean is
greater than the amount that can be reproduced naturally, so the fish are no longer able to sustain
their population. That’s what most people think of as overfishing, but there are two more forms of
this problem, technically. The second form is “growth overfishing,” which is when fish are taken
that are not yet of an optimal size for maximum yield of fish. Finally, there is “ecosystem
overfishing,” which as the name suggests is fishing that damages the ecosystem, usually by fishing
the top predators, like tuna, resulting in too many of the smaller fish, like sardines. Together, these
three are thought to be the culprits in the damage done to our ocean ecosystems. So, just how
serious is this problem? Well, this next slide has some alarming figures. First of all, as reported in
World Ocean Review, estimates of the size of the catch from illegal fishing range from 11 to 26
million tons annually, which represents 14% to 33% of the world’s reported catch.
好的，所以基本上有三种类型的过度捕捞；你可以在这张幻灯片上看到它们。第一种情
况被称为“招募过度捕捞”。这只是因为从海洋中捕捞的鱼类数量超过了自然繁殖的数量，因
此这些鱼类不再能够维持其种群数量。这是大多数人认为的过度捕捞，但从技术上讲，这个
问题还有两种形式。第二种形式是“生长过度捕捞”，即捕捞的鱼类尚未达到最大产量的最佳
尺寸。最后，还有“生态系统过度捕捞”，顾名思义，这是一种破坏生态系统的捕捞活动，通
常是捕捞金枪鱼等顶级捕食者，导致沙丁鱼等小鱼数量过多。这三者加在一起被认为是造成
海洋生态系统破坏的罪魁祸首。那么，这个问题到底有多严重？下一张幻灯片中有一些令人
震惊的数字。首先，据《世界海洋评论》（World Ocean Review）报道，据估计，每年非法
捕捞的渔获量为 1100 万至 2600 万吨，占世界报告渔获量的 14%至 33%。
The next alarming fact is that, in just four decades, the number of marine species is thought to
have decreased by around 40%, with about a third of fish stocks, by the best estimations, being
overfished to varying degrees.
下一个令人担忧的事实是，在短短 40 年内，海洋物种的数量被认为减少了约 40%，据
最佳估计，约三分之一的鱼类种群在不同程度上被过度捕捞。
So yes, it’s an extremely serious problem, both for humans and nature. Coastal communities that
depend on fish are affected, as is the balance of ocean life, often catastrophically in both cases. Let
me give you an example, on this next slide. As you can see, it concerns the Eastern Canadian
cod-fishing industry off Newfoundland and Labrador. These pictures show how many fish there
were—you could practically pick them out of the water with your hands! For 500 years, they
sustained the local economy. But overfishing, recruitment, and growth overfishing to be precise
caused these huge cod stocks to almost disappear. To give you an idea of the scale of the disaster,
in 1992 the cod population was estimated to be only 1% of what it had been, a staggering loss that
many thought was insurmountable. It destroyed the entire economy of the coastal areas, which had
been built around the fishing industry—an estimated 35,000 people lost their jobs. The situation
looked bleak. But now, thankfully, the cod are viable again. Which moves us on to solutions. What
was the solution in this case? Simple: a complete ban for an initial duration of two years—later
extended—on cod fishing in the area.
所以，是的，这是一个极其严重的问题，对人类和自然都是如此。依赖鱼类的沿海社区
受到影响，海洋生物的平衡也受到影响，在这两种情况下往往都是灾难性的。让我在下一张
幻灯片上给你举个例子。正如你所看到的，这与纽芬兰和拉布拉多附近的加拿大东部鳕鱼捕
捞业有关。这些图片显示了有多少鱼，你几乎可以用手把它们从水中挑出来！500 年来，他
们维持了当地的经济。但过度捕捞、招募和增长——准确地说，过度捕捞导致这些巨大的鳕
鱼种群几乎消失。为了让你了解这场灾难的规模，1992 年，据估计，鳕鱼的数量仅为过去
的 1%，这是一个令人震惊的损失，许多人认为这是无法克服的。它摧毁了沿海地区的整个
经济，而沿海地区是围绕渔业而建立的，估计有 35000 人失业。情况看起来很糟糕。但现在，
谢天谢地，鳕鱼又活了。这使我们转向解决方案。这种情况下的解决方案是什么？简单：最
初为期两年的全面禁止在该地区捕捞鳕鱼。
And the good news is that it worked, by and large. The devastation was reversed, and by 2015 it
was estimated that the figure was back up to about two-thirds of the original stocks, or, to put it
another way, comparative safety … although some experts do now consider this to be an
overestimate. Even so, it was an extraordinary success that made many people optimistic that it
could be reproduced.
好消息是，总的来说，它奏效了。破坏被扭转了，到 2015 年，估计这一数字已恢复到
原始库存的三分之二左右，或者，换言之，相对安全性……尽管一些专家现在认为这是高估
了。即便如此，这是一次非凡的成功，让许多人乐观地认为它可以复制。
Now, there are those who will say that overfishing can’t be our fault, that other fish and animals
have always naturally hunted and it’s natural that these species get eaten. Well, it’s not natural if
you’re capable of getting 400 tons of mackerel on board in two hours. No animal can do that.
Solutions have to address the efficiency—and inefficiency—of the fishing industry. Efficiency in
the amount it can catch, but inefficiency in the fact that much of what is caught is unintentional, or,
even worse, it is of endangered species and is thrown back dead in the water.
现在，有人会说，过度捕捞不是我们的错，其他鱼类和动物一直都是自然捕猎的，这些
物种被吃掉是很自然的。嗯，如果你能在两个小时内把 400 吨鲭鱼带上船，这是不自然的。
没有动物能做到这一点。解决方案必须解决渔业的效率和效率低下问题。它能捕获的数量是
有效率的，但捕获的大部分是无意的，或者更糟的是，它是濒危物种，被扔回水中死了。
There are some solutions available for these problems, for example, government regulation has
increased net-hole size, allowing smaller species to escape. Reducing subsidies can also help avoid
these problems. But there’s always likely to be resistance against regulatory measures from a
fishing industry that feels that its workers’ livelihoods are threatened.
对于这些问题有一些解决方案，例如，政府监管增加了净洞的大小，允许较小的物种逃
脱。减少补贴也有助于避免这些问题。但是，渔业认为其工人的生计受到威胁，因此对监管
措施的抵制可能总是存在的。
So, what other solutions are possible? Well, one is aquaculture or farming fish in captivity. This
has been criticized in some quarters as being unnatural and bringing to fishing some of the
problems we see in farming animals on land. But so what if it isn’t natural? It can and does work.
Another solution is raising consumer awareness, with the aim of encouraging the consumption of
sustainable breeds of fish. I would guess we’ve all seen the writing on the supermarket pre-packed
fish, appealing to the educated consumer who doesn’t want to exacerbate the problems of
overfishing. Yes, we’ve all seen it, but I would estimate only about a fraction of us select our
pre-packed fish on that basis. Most of us, I would guess, are driven by price. Therefore, though a
great initiative, it is unlikely to solve the problem in the long term.
那么，还有什么其他的解决方案呢？一种是人工养殖或人工养殖鱼类。这在某些方面被
批评为不自然，并给捕鱼带来了我们在陆地上养殖动物时看到的一些问题。但如果这不是自
然的呢？它可以而且确实起作用。另一个解决方案是提高消费者的意识，目的是鼓励消费可
持续品种的鱼类。我想我们都看到过超市里预先包装好的鱼，吸引受过教育的消费者，他们
不想加剧过度捕捞的问题。是的，我们都看到了，但我估计只有一小部分人会在这个基础上
选择预先包装好的鱼。我想，我们大多数人都是受价格驱动的。因此，尽管这是一项伟大的
举措，但从长远来看，不太可能解决问题。
So, that’s enough input on overfishing for now. Let’s turn to the phenomenon known as “coral
bleaching.”
所以，这是目前关于过度捕捞的足够投入。让我们来谈谈被称为“珊瑚漂白”的现象
As you might expect, this refers to the phenomenon when coral reefs lose color and turn white.
However, it’s not just an aesthetic change—this change in color can kill them. The bleaching is a
result of stress to the coral caused by change—this could be a change of nutrients, of temperature,
or of light. The previously unspoiled coral rejects the algae that it contains and on which it
depends for approximately 90% of its energy. Again, there are those who will say that it’s a natural
phenomenon, that change is a part of nature, and therefore we shouldn’t worry about it … however,
to argue this is to ignore the hypothesis, if we can still call it a hypothesis, that humans are
increasing the temperature of the oceans, and also the fact that coral reefs are a vital part of the
marine ecosystem, but a very fragile one. The reefs take millions of years to grow, but a single
year can kill them. Bleaching is a destructive phenomenon that has already destroyed large
stretches of reef—in a single year, 2005, the US lost an estimated 50% of its Caribbean coral reef,
as evidenced from satellite imaging, while in parts of the Indian Ocean—off the Maldives and Sri
Lanka, for example—estimates of coral bleaching for 2016 were nearer to 90%. Yes, 90 … and
don’t think for one moment that this loss doesn’t affect us. It does. We suffer along with marine
life if the phenomenon is not controlled, as these ecosystems underlie our economies. And aside
from the cause suggested above, there is another, more clearly human cause. Mass tourism results
in massive use of sunscreens. We now know that sunscreens contain chemicals that cause stress to
coral reef systems. And it’s thought that that between 6,000 and 14,000 tons of sunscreen are
released into coral reefs each year. One hypothesis is that sunscreen may harm the reefs just as
much as increased temperature.
正如你所料，这是指珊瑚礁变色变白的现象。然而，这不仅仅是一种审美上的改变，这
种颜色的改变会杀死它们。漂白是珊瑚受到压力的结果，这种变化可能是营养物质、温度或
光照的变化。以前未被破坏的珊瑚拒绝了它所含的藻类，而它 90%的能量都依赖于藻类。
同样，有些人会说这是一种自然现象，变化是自然的一部分，因此我们不应该担心它……然
而，如果我们仍然可以称之为假设，那么这就是忽视了这个假设，即人类正在增加海洋的温
度，以及珊瑚礁是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分，但非常脆弱。珊瑚礁需要数百万年才能生
长，但一年就能杀死它们。漂白是一种破坏性现象，已经在一年内摧毁了大片珊瑚礁。据卫
星图像显示，2005 年，美国损失了约 50%的加勒比海珊瑚礁，而在马尔代夫和斯里兰卡附
近的印度洋部分地区，例如，2016 年的珊瑚漂白估计接近 90%。是的，90 岁……一刻也不
要认为这次损失不会影响我们。如果这一现象得不到控制，我们将与海洋生物一起受苦，因
为这些生态系统是我们经济的基础。除上述原因外，还有一个更明确的人类原因。大众旅游
导致大量使用防晒霜。我们现在知道防晒霜含有对珊瑚礁系统造成压力的化学物质。据估计，
每年有 6000 至 14000 吨防晒霜释放到珊瑚礁中。一种假设是，防晒霜对珊瑚礁的危害与气
温升高一样大。
So, now, to go back to the original question, as marine ecological engineers, how can we address
this situation?
那么，现在，回到最初的问题，作为海洋生态工程师，我们如何应对这种情况？
Words & tips
Words and expressions
coral bleaching 珊瑚白化
mitigate v. 使缓和；减轻
optimal adj. 最佳的，最适宜的
tuna n. 金枪鱼（一种大型食用海鱼）
sardine n. 沙丁鱼
culprit n. 问题的起因
catastrophically adv. 灾难性地；糟糕地
cod n. 鳕鱼
staggering adj. 大得惊人的；令人吃惊的
insurmountable adj. 不可逾越的；无法克服的
bleak adj. 没有希望的；令人沮丧的
viable adj. 能存活的；能生长发育的
devastation n. （尤指大面积的）毁灭，破坏
reverse v. 推翻，彻底改变（决定、判决、过程等）
mackerel n. 鲭鱼
in captivity 被圈养的（动物）
breed n. 品种
exacerbate v. 使加剧；使恶化
nutrient n. 营养素；营养物
unspoiled adj. 未遭破坏的
algae n. 藻类（植物）
coral reef n. 珊瑚礁
stretch n. （尤指狭长的）一片，一段
Caribbean adj. 加勒比海（诸岛）的
sunscreen n. 防晒霜，防晒油
Proper names
World Ocean Review《世界海洋研究》
Newfoundland and Labrador 纽芬兰与拉布拉多省（加拿大的一个省）
Indian Ocean 印度洋
Maldives 马尔代夫（位于印度洋的群岛国家）
Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡（位于印度洋的岛国）
A cross-cultural view
Unto the boundless ocean: Challenges and opportunities
走向无边的海洋：挑战与机遇
Since ancient times, people have benefited from the ocean’s bounty. As sources of food, energy
and global trade routes, the ocean is crucial to human society.
自古以来，人们就从海洋的慷慨中受益。海洋作为食物、能源和全球贸易路线的来源，
对人类社会至关重要。
But now the Earth’s ocean is in serious trouble. For a long time we have assumed that ocean
resources are infinite and that the massive size of the ocean makes it immune to human activities.
In recent years, this assumption is starting to crumble. Critical ocean issues such as pollution,
rising waters and depletion of fishing stocks demonstrate the impact human activities have had on
the ocean. The effects threaten ecological balance, marine diversity and the existence and
development of humanity. The world urgently needs to act on behalf of the ocean. In the face of
these problems, China stepped up. To curb pollution and ecological degradation detected in nearly
half of China’s 44 key monitored bays, in 2018 the Ministry of Ecology and Environment
launched a series of actions, including marine protection legislation and a campaign to clean up
Bohai Bay, the country’s most polluted coastal waterway. The actions were incorporated into a
bigger plan called “Beautiful Bay” to ensure all 1,467 of China’s bays are “beautiful” by 2035.
The plan will protect marine biodiversity, regulate the exploitation of marine resources and raise
public awareness.
但现在地球的海洋正处于严重的麻烦之中。长期以来，我们一直认为海洋资源是无限的，
海洋的巨大规模使其不受人类活动的影响。近年来，这种假设开始瓦解。严重的海洋问题，
如污染、水域上升和渔业资源枯竭，表明了人类活动对海洋的影响。这些影响威胁到生态平
衡、海洋多样性以及人类的生存和发展。世界迫切需要代表海洋采取行动。面对这些问题，
中国挺身而出。为了遏制在中国 44 个重点监测海湾中发现的近一半的污染和生态退化，2018
年，生态环境部启动了一系列行动，包括海洋保护立法和清理渤海湾（中国污染最严重的沿
海航道）的运动。这些行动被纳入一项名为“美丽海湾”的更大计划，以确保到 2035 年，中
国 1467 个海湾都“美丽”。该计划将保护海洋生物多样性，规范海洋资源开发，提高公众意
识。
China has taken action to restore the population of marine life. To conserve fishery resources, the
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs implemented multiple policies, among which an annual
moratorium on marine fishing was the most impressive. This annual fishing ban can be traced
back, in fact, to 1995 when the ban covered the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea
and then was extended to the South China Sea in 1999. The results were extraordinary. The East
China Sea’s commercial catch, mainly hairtail fish, improved because stocks had been effectively
protected after several years of moratorium. 2017 saw the most restrictive fishing ban ever,
showing China’s determination to propel sustainable use of fishery resources. In 2020, China
piloted a voluntary fishing moratorium on parts of the high seas in the southwestern Atlantic
Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean. This was a milestone for China’s participation in
international maritime management, highlighting its image as a responsible fishing power.
中国已采取行动恢复海洋生物的数量。为了保护渔业资源，农业和农村事务部实施了多
项政策，其中最令人印象深刻的是每年暂停海洋捕捞。事实上，这一年度禁渔令可以追溯到
1995 年，当时禁渔范围包括渤海、黄海和东海，然后于 1999 年扩大到南海。结果非同寻常。
东海的商业捕捞量（主要是带鱼）有所改善，因为在几年的休渔期后，鱼类种群得到了有效
保护。2017 年是有史以来最严格的禁渔令，显示了中国推动渔业资源可持续利用的决心。
2020 年，中国在西南大西洋和东太平洋的部分公海试行自愿休渔。这是中国参与国际海事
管理的一个里程碑，凸显了中国作为负责任渔业大国的形象。
We Chinese have relied on the ocean for survival and development since ancient times. Before the
Han Dynasty, the Maritime Silk Road, the earliest conduit for trade and cultural exchange between
China’s coastal areas and foreign countries started to take shape. The voyage route made possible
the export of silk, chinaware, tea, brass and iron and import of spices, flowers, plants and rare
treasures for the Han court. The significance of China’s seaboard was heightened by the naval
exploration in the early Ming Dynasty. In the Yongle (永乐) and Xuande (宣德) reign periods, the
great maritime explorer Zheng He led seven expeditions, traversing the South China Sea and the
Indian Ocean, reaching the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and Africa’s east coast, marking the peak of
ancient China’s maritime power.
我们中国人自古以来就依靠海洋生存和发展。汉代以前，海上丝绸之路开始形成，这是
中国沿海地区与外国之间最早的贸易和文化交流渠道。这条航线使丝绸、瓷器、茶叶、黄铜
和铁的出口以及香料、花卉、植物和罕见珍宝的进口成为可能。明朝初期的海上探险，使中
国沿海的重要性更加突出。在永乐(永乐) 和宣德(宣德) 在统治时期，伟大的海洋探险家郑
和率领七次探险队，穿越南中国海和印度洋，到达波斯湾、红海和非洲东岸，标志着中国古
代海上力量的顶峰。
China, a major maritime nation, has territorial waters one-third the size of its land, covering 4.7
million square kilometers with more than 7,600 islands. With dozens of port cities beautifully
situated along an 18,000-kilometer coastline, China has substantial maritime interest and must
build it up. This goal of a strong maritime nation involves protecting and developing ocean
resources, safeguarding maritime rights, and innovating in marine science and technology fields.
In 2020, China’s deep-sea manned submersible Fendouzhe, meaning “striver,” descended 10,909
meters in the Mariana Trench and broke the 7,062-meter record set by China’s first deep-sea
manned submersible, Jiaolong in 2012. This towering success shows the country’s deep-sea
technologies can ensure advances in oceanic detection and research.
中国是一个海洋大国，其领海面积是国土面积的三分之一，面积 470 万平方公里，拥有
7600 多个岛屿。中国有数十个港口城市，沿着 18000 公里的海岸线美丽地坐落着，中国有
着巨大的海洋利益，必须建设起来。海洋强国的这一目标涉及保护和开发海洋资源、维护海
洋权利以及海洋科技领域的创新。2020 年，中国深海载人潜水器“奋斗者”号在马里亚纳海
沟下潜 10909 米，打破了 2012 年中国第一艘深海载人潜水艇“蛟龙”号创下的 7062 米纪录。
这一巨大的成功表明，该国的深海技术可以确保海洋探测和研究的进步。
The ocean is the point at which the planet, people and prosperity come together. The blue planet
we inhabit is not divided into islands by oceans, but connected by the ocean to form a community
with a shared future, where people of all countries share weal and woe.
海洋是地球、人类和繁荣的交汇点。我们居住的蓝色星球并没有被海洋分割成岛屿，而
是被海洋连接在一起，形成一个各国人民休戚与共的命运共同体。
Unit 2 Expanse
第二单元扩建
Warming up
Space exploration: beyond the sky, back to the Earth
太空探索：超越天空，回到地球
When we snap photos using our mobile phones or hear music through wireless headphones, we
are benefiting from space technology. Would you find it a surprise that both cellphone cameras
and wireless headphones were originally invented for space exploration? About one-third of
cellphone cameras adopt a technology initially developed to make quality cameras small enough
for photography in space. And wireless headphones were originally invented to give astronauts the
freedom to move around without electrical cords.
当我们用手机拍照或通过无线耳机听音乐时，我们正从空间技术中受益。手机摄像头和
无线耳机最初都是为太空探索而发明的，你会感到惊讶吗？大约三分之一的手机摄像头采用
了一种最初开发的技术，使高质量的摄像头小到足以在太空中拍摄。无线耳机最初是为了让
宇航员在没有电线的情况下自由活动而发明的。
Although space exploration seems to lead toward the Moon, the Mars and other galaxies, devices
and products initially designed for space exploration are useful here on Earth. The comfortable
athletic shoes took a major leap forward in quality by using the manufacturing technology of
NASA’s spacesuits. Freeze-drying was developed by NASA as a way of preserving space food.
This technology, which reduces the weight of food to a fifth of the original but retains 98% of its
nutrients, is widely used in pharmaceutical and food industries.
虽然太空探索似乎通向月球、火星和其他星系，但最初设计用于太空探索的设备和产品
在地球上很有用。舒适的运动鞋采用了美国宇航局宇航服的制造技术，在质量上取得了重大
飞跃。冷冻干燥是美国宇航局开发的一种保存太空食物的方法。这项技术将食物的重量减少
到原来的五分之一，但保留了 98%的营养成分，广泛应用于制药和食品工业。
Breakthroughs in space exploration also have impacted the agricultural industry. A significant
invention is space vegetables, which grow from seeds that were taken into space and brought back
to the Earth. The seeds are affected by the magnetic field, cosmic radiation and low gravity in
space. Space vegetables, with more nutrients and higher yields, are now found on many of dining
tables in China. For example, space tomatoes stay fresh for about 20 days, a week longer than
ordinary tomatoes, and space peppers contain 20% more Vitamin C than other peppers.
太空探索的突破也对农业产生了影响。一项重要的发明是太空蔬菜，这种蔬菜是从被带
到太空并带回地球的种子中生长出来的。种子受到磁场、宇宙辐射和太空低重力的影响。太
空蔬菜营养丰富，产量更高，现在在中国的许多餐桌上都能找到。例如，太空番茄的保鲜期
约为 20 天，比普通番茄长一周，太空辣椒的维生素 C 含量比其他辣椒高 20%。
As for transportation, China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) plays a prominent role.
Its satellite navigation is helpful in easing traffic congestion and monitoring special vehicles
transporting dangerous goods like chemicals, firecrackers and explosives. For railways, satellite
navigation terminals can greatly shorten the period between trains and therefore improve
transportation efficiency. With BDS satellites, fishermen and sailors can send short messages to
report safety, and ships can sail under both favorable and unfavorable weather conditions.
在交通方面，中国北斗导航卫星系统（BDS）发挥着突出作用。它的卫星导航有助于缓
解交通拥堵，并监控运输化学品、鞭炮和爆炸物等危险物品的特殊车辆。对于铁路而言，卫
星导航终端可以大大缩短列车之间的间隔，从而提高运输效率。有了 BDS 卫星，渔民和水
手可以发送短消息报告安全，船只可以在有利和不利的天气条件下航行。
Therefore, it could be safely stated that space exploration can not only unveil the mysteries about
the universe but also greatly improve our daily life.
因此，可以安全地说，太空探索不仅可以揭开宇宙的奥秘，而且可以极大地改善我们的
日常生活。
Words and expressions
freeze-drying n. 冷冻干燥
pharmaceutical adj. 制药的
congestion n. 交通拥挤，堵车
unveil v. （首次）透露，展示
Proper names
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) 美国国家航空航天局
BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) 北斗卫星导航系统
Listening 1 The spread of English
The spread of English
英语的传播
MODERATOR: Let’s begin. We have two speakers to propose the motion, “English is a
sprawling language,” and two to oppose it. We’ll start with Alana. Alana, can you introduce your
main argument?
主持人：让我们开始。我们有两位发言人提出“英语是一种广泛的语言”的动议，两位发言人
反对。我们将从阿拉娜开始。阿拉娜，你能介绍一下你的主要论点吗？
ALANA: We’re going to propose that English is, in fact, a sprawling language, and that this is a
good thing. Can there really be any doubt about this? I think not. We will give you three reasons,
three reasons that cannot seriously be denied, three reasons that prove our point beyond any
possible doubt. The first is this. Look at the world today, or rather listen. English is now so
widespread that it is impossible to imagine a world without it. The Internet, popular music,
popular movies, popular culture … What language are all these things in? You’ve guessed it,
English. Yet we only have to go back a few short years to enter a world in which everyone spoke
different languages—there was no common language. English has become a world language,
spoken by over … let’s see, ah yes, ten point five billion people worldwide in 2015, up from a
billion just ten years earlier. Going back a hundred years, the figure would have been probably a
tenth of that, with speakers concentrated around a few countries, not spread across the globe.
Never before has a cultural change of this size happened so quickly.
ALANA：我们将提出，英语实际上是一种扩展的语言，这是一件好事。这真的有什么疑问
吗？我想不是。我们将给你三个理由，三个不能被严重否认的理由，三种可以毫无疑问地证
明我们观点的理由。第一个是这个。看看今天的世界，或者更确切地说，听听。英语现在如
此广泛，以至于无法想象一个没有它的世界。互联网、流行音乐、流行电影、流行文化……
这些东西都是用什么语言？你猜对了，英格兰人。然而，我们只需要回到短短几年的时间，
就可以进入一个每个人都说不同语言的世界——没有共同语言。英语已经成为一种世界语言，
超过了……让我们看看，是的，2015 年全球有 105 亿人，而十年前只有 10 亿人。追溯到一
百年前，这个数字可能是这个数字的十分之一，因为演讲者集中在几个国家，而不是遍布全
球。这种规模的文化变革从未如此迅速地发生过。
BERTA: Um, I’m not sure if I heard correctly. Did you say that ten point five billion people speak
English? That’s more than the population of the world.
伯塔：嗯，我不确定我是否听对了。你说有 105 亿人说英语吗？这比世界人口还要多。
ALANA: Sorry, obviously I meant one point five billion, not ten point five. I misread it, sorry, but
my argument stands.
ALANA：抱歉，很明显，我是指 150 亿，而不是 105 亿。对不起，我看错了，但我的论点
站得住脚。
BERTA: I see. I’ll obviously have to listen carefully to correct any more false claims.
我明白了。显然，我必须仔细倾听，以纠正任何错误的说法。
MODERATOR: Thank you, Berta. Would you like to present your first argument against the
motion?
主持人：谢谢你，伯塔。你想提出反对这项动议的第一个论点吗？
BERTA: Absolutely. Well, Alana, I have to say that you are perfectly correct on one count, if not
your numbers. English has spread out, or sprawled as you put it. It has sprawled like the water
from a massive tsunami, leaving no people, no places untouched. It has dominated. And it does not
enhance the places where it goes. In fact, it is not even neutral. Nowhere that it arrives does it
improve life for the local people: Instead, it overpowers and destroys local culture, local language,
local customs, local food, local notions of how to live. And other languages are affected, too; who
wants to learn French or … let’s say, Russian, or Swahili, which is not going to help anyone, when
English is so clearly obligatory for anyone with ambition? These languages are excluded from the
great language learning industry which, if you investigate it, you’ll find generates millions of
dollars, by the way. So, English presents a danger to the very existence of other languages.
BERTA：当然。嗯，阿拉娜，我不得不说，你在一个方面完全正确，如果不是你的数字。
英语已经蔓延开来，或者说像你所说的那样四散开来。它像大海啸中的水一样四散开来，没
有人，没有地方未受影响。它占据了主导地位。而且它并没有改善它去的地方。事实上，它
甚至不是中立的。它的到来并没有改善当地人的生活：相反，它压倒并摧毁了当地文化、当
地语言、当地习俗、当地食物和当地的生活观念。其他语言也受到影响；谁想学法语，或者……
比如说俄语，或者斯瓦希里语，这对任何人都没有帮助，而英语对任何有抱负的人来说都是
必不可少的？这些语言被排除在伟大的语言学习行业之外，如果你调查它，你会发现它会产
生数百万美元的收入。因此，英语对其他语言的生存构成了威胁。
ALANA: I’m sorry, I’m not sure I get your point. What did you mean by saying that learning
Swahili isn’t helpful? Isn’t that a bit disrespectful?
ALANA：对不起，我不确定我是否理解你的意思。你说学习斯瓦希里语没有帮助是什么意
思？这不是有点无礼吗？
BERTA: No, I didn’t mean that. I meant that people don’t see it as useful, compared to learning
English. My point is the opposite. I would love people to learn Swahili, Russian, Hindi …
不，我不是那个意思。我的意思是，与学习英语相比，人们并不认为它有用。我的观点正好
相反。我希望人们学习斯瓦希里语、俄语、印地语…
ALANA: OK. I get the point now. I have another question. I’m missing some information. You
gave a list of things it destroys including “local what of how to live”?
ALANA：好的，我现在明白了。我还有一个问题。我缺少一些信息。你列出了它所破坏的
东西，包括“当地的生活方式”？
BERTA: “Notions,” you know, “ideas.”
BERTA：“概念，”你知道，“想法。”
ALANA: Alright. Got that. Thanks.
ALANA：好的。明白了。谢谢
MODERATOR: Carl, would you like to answer Berta’s proposal?
主持人：卡尔，你想回答贝尔塔的建议吗？
CARL: Yes. Well, I’m sorry, but seldom have I heard such nonsense. Our next two points are
these. First, nobody has to learn English if they don’t want to. It’s not some kind of government
policy, although forward-thinking governments do tend to support it. Learning a language that
enables you to communicate with people all over the world is empowering, not destructive. I’ve
taught English to millions of children in Spain and France, and it’s amazing how they all benefited
in so many ways, developing linguistic and cultural awareness, gaining access to all sorts of
information, and so on. Never have I witnessed any negative effects like the ones you’re talking
about, Berta. And please don’t suggest that English displaces other languages—they live side by
side. You don’t just eliminate a language by learning another one. Second, sprawling is a negative
word, unfortunately. It contains the idea of intrusion, of being where it isn’t wanted. This could not
be farther from the truth. In almost every country in the world, there is a recognition that to fail to
learn English is to fail to join the international community. The significance of being able to speak
a common language cannot be overstated. Multiculturalism totally depends on it; without a
common language, it cannot exist.
卡尔：是的。很抱歉，我很少听到这样的废话。我们接下来的两点是。首先，如果没有人不
想学英语，他们就必须学英语。这不是政府的某种政策，尽管有远见的政府会支持它。学习
一种能让你与世界各地的人交流的语言是赋权的，而不是破坏性的。我曾在西班牙和法国教
过数百万儿童英语，令人惊讶的是，他们都从许多方面受益，发展语言和文化意识，获取各
种信息等等。我从未见过像你所说的那样的负面影响，Berta。请不要认为英语取代了他们
生活在一起的其他语言。你不只是通过学习另一种语言来消除一种语言。第二，不幸的是，
蔓延是一个负面词。它包含了入侵的思想，在不需要的地方。这与事实相去甚远。在世界上
几乎每一个国家，人们都认识到，不学习英语就是不加入国际社会。能够说一种共同语言的
重要性怎么强调都不为过。多元文化主义完全依赖于它；没有共同语言，它就不可能存在。
BERTA: Sorry, earlier you said that you taught millions? I’m not sure if I heard that right. You
must be quite a teacher!
BERTA：抱歉，你刚才说你教了数百万？我不确定我是否听对了。你一定是个好老师！
CARL: It’s just a figure of speech. Lots, anyway. And they all enjoyed it and benefited from it,
which was my point.
卡尔：这只是一个比喻。无论如何，很多。他们都很享受并从中受益，这就是我的观点。
MODERATOR: Now that that’s cleared up, let’s give the floor to Ricardo. Would you like to
make your final point against?
主持人：现在一切都解决了，让我们请里卡多发言。你想最后反对吗？
RICARDO: Points, actually. I have two points to counter Alana’s first point that English is
widespread and this is a good thing and only a good thing. The first point is that there is now so
much information in English on the Internet, and in professional journals. A 2012 study found that
of more than 21,000 scientific articles from 239 countries, 80% were in English—that it would be
almost impossible to start again with another language. English has permanently excluded all the
other languages. And my second, and final, point is that English isn’t even understood by all
English speakers—it’s become so mixed, and there are so many different forms or varieties of
English that it isn’t really a world language at all, it is many different languages—and that’s just
confusing to learners.
里卡多：实际上是分数。我有两点可以反驳 Alana 的第一点，即英语很普遍，这是一件好事，
而且只是一件好事。第一点是，现在互联网上和专业期刊上有这么多英语信息。2012 年的
一项研究发现，在来自 239 个国家的 21000 多篇科学文章中，80%的文章都是英文，几乎不
可能从另一种语言开始。英语已经永久地排除了所有其他语言。我的第二点，也是最后一点，
是说英语的人甚至都不懂英语，它变得如此混杂，而且英语的形式和种类如此之多，以至于
它根本就不是一种世界语言，而是多种不同的语言，这让学习者感到困惑。
CARL: Can I just jump in here? I’m not sure if I heard correctly. Did you say 18% or 80 (80%)
about the percentage of articles in English?
卡尔：我可以跳进去吗？我不确定我是否听对了。你是说英语文章的百分比是 18%还是
80%？
RICARDO: 80%. That’s my point. As I said, it’s the main language of the Internet.
里卡多：80%。这是我的观点。正如我所说，它是互联网的主要语言。
CARL: You said that English is the main language of the Internet, right? So, English is the best
language to learn, surely? You’re just reinforcing your point.
卡尔：你说过英语是互联网的主要语言，对吧？那么，英语是最好的学习语言吗？你只是在
强化你的观点。
RICARDO: I didn’t mean that, Carl, as you well know …
里卡多：我不是这个意思，卡尔，你很清楚…
Words and expressions
sprawling adj. 杂乱延伸的，无计划扩展的
overpower v.（以更强的力量）打败，制服（某人）
Swahili n. 斯瓦希里语（通行于东非）
Hindi n. 印地语（印度官方语言之一）
inguistic adj. 语言的；语言学的
Listening 2 Mapping the word
Mapping the world
绘制世界地图
Last week, we looked at the politics of maps, the way in which maps can distort our view of a
geographical region, either literally in terms of area, or by imposing a particular centricity. Today,
I’m looking at another area of maps—the way in which they can now be generated and
manipulated through crowd-sourcing, and the problems that this can generate. My publications
have focused on maps in relation to traffic flow, so this is the example I’ll be using. I’ll just outline
the key mathematical concepts behind traffic flow, and then I’ll move on to the application to
maps.
上周，我们研究了地图的政治，地图可以扭曲我们对地理区域的看法，无论是从字面上看，
还是通过强加一个特定的中心城市。今天，我正在研究地图的另一个领域，即通过众包生成
和操纵地图的方式，以及由此产生的问题。我的出版物侧重于与交通流相关的地图，因此这
是我将使用的示例。我将概述交通流背后的关键数学概念，然后我将继续讨论地图应用程序。
What is traffic flow? Well, simply put, it’s what civil engineers study to find out the best way to
plan a transportation system or network, based on the ways the travelers, be they drivers, cyclists,
or pedestrians, interact. By modeling these interactions mathematically, we can reduce or
eliminate situations where the traffic slows or stops completely. We’ve all experienced situations
where the traffic seems to be flowing nicely, but suddenly we find ourselves stopping and starting
every few seconds. What triggered this change? And is it predictable and avoidable? In principle,
yes, but it’s a very complex mathematical area because it includes human decision-making as well
as the purely mechanical aspects. On this first slide we can see three basic principles.
什么是交通流？简单地说，土木工程师研究的是根据旅行者（无论是司机、骑车人还是行人）
的互动方式，找出规划交通系统或网络的最佳方式。通过对这些相互作用进行数学建模，我
们可以减少或消除交通减速或完全停止的情况。我们都经历过这样的情况：交通似乎很顺畅，
但突然间，我们发现自己每隔几秒钟就会停下来，然后再出发。是什么引发了这一变化？这
是可以预测和避免的吗？原则上是的，但这是一个非常复杂的数学领域，因为它包括人类决
策以及纯机械方面。在第一张幻灯片上，我们可以看到三个基本原则。
The more vehicles there are on a road, the slower they will travel.
 道路上的车辆越多，行驶速度就越慢。
To maintain smooth traffic flow in a particular zone, the same number or more vehicles need to
leave the zone as are entering at any given time.
 为了保持特定区域的交通流畅通，在任何给定时间，需要离开该区域的车辆数量与进入
的车辆数量相同或更多。
There is a critical point of density and velocity when the situation will become unstable. At this
point, if any one of the vehicles brakes, the flow will collapse.
 当情况变得不稳定时，存在密度和速度的临界点。在这一点上，如果任何一辆车刹车，
水流就会崩溃。
Now, there are also three basic concepts or variables that together describe traffic flow, from
which we can deduce the likelihood of a breakdown or shock-wave trigger that I’ve already
mentioned. There are formulas that describe the relationship between these variables, which you
should study—they’re on the handout—before your tutorials. The first concept we need to discuss
is density. This refers to how many cars can fit in a space—so, cars per kilometer. Let’s say we
have ten kilometers of roads in our town, and 1,000 cars, so that’s … 100 cars per kilometer. More
cars are being manufactured, so if our town gets 500 more cars, we suddenly get 150 cars per
kilometer. This chart illustrates my point.
现在，还有三个基本概念或变量一起描述交通流，从中我们可以推断出我已经提到的故障或
冲击波触发的可能性。有一些公式描述了这些变量之间的关系，你应该在学习教程之前研究
讲义上的公式。我们需要讨论的第一个概念是密度。这是指一个空间里能容纳多少辆车，每
公里能容纳多少车。假设我们镇上有 10 公里的公路，1000 辆汽车，那么每公里 100 辆汽车。
越来越多的汽车正在制造，所以如果我们的城市再增加 500 辆汽车，我们每公里就会突然增
加 150 辆。这个图表说明了我的观点。
The second concept is flow. This describes how many cars pass by a point in a given period of
time. So, we can write it down as cars per minute. Let’s say it’s 100 cars per minute on this road
here. Now, imagine we have to take one lane out. The road is now 50% narrower. The flow will
go down. Let’s assume 50 cars per minute now under stable conditions. This next chart shows this
clearly. However, as we saw on the first slide, if conditions become unstable, this will not hold.
第二个概念是流动。这描述了在给定的时间段内有多少辆车经过一个点。所以，我们可以把
它记为每分钟的车数。假设这条路上每分钟有 100 辆车。现在，想象一下我们必须离开一条
车道。这条路现在窄了 50%。流量将下降。假设在稳定条件下，每分钟 50 辆车。下一张图
表清楚地显示了这一点。然而，正如我们在第一张幻灯片上看到的那样，如果情况变得不稳
定，这将不成立。
The third variable is speed. This is the distance covered per unit of time. A problem of measuring
this is that it’s impossible to track the speed of all the travelers involved, so on a road, vehicles are
sampled over a specific time period, in a specific section of the road. There are actually two
definitions of average speed. One is “time mean speed,” and the other is “space mean speed.” The
first, “time mean speed,” is measured at a reference point on the roadway over a period of time
using loop detectors to identify each vehicle and track its speed. The problem is, this method does
not produce accurate speed measurements. The reason is a little complicated, but this diagram
should help. A better method is “space mean speed,” which is measured over the entire section of
road. We can see it here on the next slide. It’s generally accepted that “space mean speed” is the
better option, as the data have greater validity, although it’s more difficult to implement.
第三个变量是速度。这是每单位时间所覆盖的距离。测量这一点的一个问题是，不可能跟踪
所有相关旅行者的速度，因此在道路上，车辆在特定时间段内，在特定路段进行采样。平均
速度实际上有两种定义。一个是“时间平均速度”，另一个则是“空间平均速度”。第一个“时
间平均车速”是在道路上的一个参考点上用环路检测器在一段时间内测量的，以识别每辆车
并跟踪其速度。问题是，这种方法不能产生准确的速度测量值。原因有点复杂，但这个图表
应该会有所帮助。更好的方法是“空间平均速度”，它是在整个路段上测量的。我们可以在下
一张幻灯片上看到它。人们普遍认为，“空间平均速度”是更好的选择，因为数据具有更大的
有效性，尽管它更难实现。
This next chart shows what we call a “time-space diagram,” which shows the flow of vehicles
along a road or path. Time is represented on the x-axis, and distance is shown on the y-axis, as you
can see. Traffic flow in a “time-space diagram” is represented by individual lines showing the
movement of individual vehicles. If they are following each other, their trajectories are parallel,
and when they pass each other, the lines cross. It can clearly be expected that traffic flow will be
far from predictable. This is a very useful tool for analysis.
下一张图表显示了我们所称的“时空图”，它显示了道路或路径上的车辆流量。时间显示在 x
轴上，距离显示在 y 轴上，如您所见。“时空图”中的交通流由显示单个车辆运动的各条线表
示。如果它们彼此跟随，它们的轨迹是平行的，当它们彼此经过时，线就会交叉。显然可以
预料，交通流量将远远无法预测。这是一个非常有用的分析工具。
…
…
OK, so you may be wondering what this has to do with maps. I think when we think of maps, we
tend to think of something fixed, static. After all, most geographic changes occur over millennia.
But this is to misunderstand the modern idea of mapping. From these maps of Antarctica in
successive years, for example, it is known that any mapping of its edges is a temporary exercise
because there’s constant and rapid change, due to factors such as climate change. So, let’s consider
the idea that mapping can be of a changing landscape, if you like, and see where that leads us.
Forget geography, for a moment, and consider this. We can map the neural networks in our brains,
which change every time we receive a stimulus—thousands of times a second. Or Internet data,
imagine the complexity of this. And this is where the idea of traffic flow comes in. Can we map
the flow of traffic? What would such a map look like? To get an idea, look at this next slide. This
image is from navigation software. You can think of it as a crowd-sourced map—users build it
together, by adding information on a moment-by-moment basis. So you can send in information
about, say, an accident you’ve witnessed, and the map changes to accommodate this. And this
means that all the users can avoid that road until the accident is cleared. No wonder it’s popular!
But this can lead to problems, though. One unwanted problem that the police identified is that
users map the location of police officers, that is to say, there could be a security risk for them.
Another potential hazard is that the process of adding to the map, and receiving updates and
reminders while they are on the road is likely to distract drivers, potentially leading to more
accidents. So, to put that another way, there’s a social cost to this type of map, but also huge
benefits in an ever-changing environment like the transportation network. So, let’s look at …
好的，所以你可能想知道这和地图有什么关系。我认为当我们想到地图时，我们往往会想到
一些固定的、静态的东西。毕竟，大多数地理变化发生在数千年。但这是对现代地图概念的
误解。例如，从这些连续几年的南极洲地图上可以看出，任何对其边缘的测绘都是暂时的，
因为由于气候变化等因素，南极洲的变化是持续而迅速的。所以，让我们考虑一下，如果你
愿意的话，地图可以是一个不断变化的景观，看看这会给我们带来什么。暂时忘掉地理，考
虑一下这一点。我们可以绘制我们大脑中的神经网络，每当我们每秒接受数千次刺激时，神
经网络就会发生变化。或者互联网数据，想象一下它的复杂性。这就是交通流的概念。我们
能绘制交通流图吗？这样的地图会是什么样子？要了解更多信息，请看下一张幻灯片。此图
像来自导航软件。你可以把它看作是一个众包地图用户一起构建的，一刻一刻地添加信息。
因此，你可以发送关于，比如，你亲眼目睹的事故的信息，地图也会随之改变。这意味着所
有用户都可以避开这条道路，直到事故得到解决。难怪它很受欢迎！但这可能会导致问题。
警方发现的一个不必要的问题是，用户绘制了警官的位置，也就是说，这可能会给他们带来
安全风险。另一个潜在的危险是，添加到地图上，并在路上接收更新和提醒的过程可能会分
散驾驶员的注意力，从而可能导致更多的事故。所以，换一种说法，这类地图有社会成本，
但在交通网络等不断变化的环境中也有巨大的利益。那么，让我们看看…
Words and expressions
centricity n. 中心
velocity n. 速度
shock-wave adj.（爆炸、地震等引起的）冲击波的
loop detector 环路感应器
trajectory n. 轨道，轨迹
static adj. 不动的；静（止）的
successive adj. 连续的，连接的，相继的
neural adj. 神经的；神经系统的
stimulus n. 刺激（物）
；促进因素
A cross-cultural view
Navigating the world through BeiDou
通过北斗导航世界
Chinese people have known the importance of navigation all along. In the East Jin Dynasty, it was
recorded that “Those who travel to Lake Yunmeng must be guided by a compass; those who are
lost at a vast sea must resort to Polaris to return.” (夫群迷乎云梦者，必须指南以知道；并乎沧
海者,必仰辰极以得反。) Over the past few thousand years, China has explored navigation
technology with great success. In geomagnetic navigation, during the Warring States Period,
lodestone was discovered to have the property of pointing to the South and was made into the
south-pointing tool, sinan (司南), one of the Four Great Inventions in ancient China. Based on that,
a more sensitive and accurate guiding tool, the south-pointing needle or compass, was developed.
In the field of astronavigation, ancient Chinese discovered that latitudes and directions could be
measured by star observation, known as the “star-guided ocean crossing technique ( 过洋牵星
术).” The great navigator Zheng He (郑和) of the Ming Dynasty utilized this technique along with
the compass to successfully cross oceans.
中国人一直知道航海的重要性。东晋时有记载：“游云梦湖者，必以指南针为向导；在茫茫
大海中迷路者，必诉诸北极星返回。”(夫群迷乎云梦者，必须指南以知道；并乎沧海者,必仰
辰极以得反。) 在过去的几千年中，中国探索导航技术取得了巨大成功。在地磁导航中，战
国时期，人们发现磁石具有指向南方的特性，并将其制成指向南方的工具(司南), 中国古代
四大发明之一。在此基础上，开发了一种更灵敏、更准确的导航工具，即南向指针或指南针。
在航天领域，中国古人发现，纬度和方向可以通过恒星观测来测量，这被称为“星导海洋穿
越技术”过洋牵星术).” 伟大的航海家郑和(郑和) 明朝的天文学家利用这一技术和指南针成
功地穿越了海洋。
In recent history, satellite navigation was developed to replace traditional navigation methods. In
the 1970s, the US Department of Defense began to build the GPS, a space-based radio navigation
satellite system. It provides real-time high-precision navigation and positioning services
worldwide. But it also means that the GPS would enable the US to collect geographic information
from any country at any time. To ensure national security, China had no choice but to develop its
navigation satellite system independently.
在最近的历史上，卫星导航是为了取代传统的导航方法而发展起来的。20 世纪 70 年代，美
国国防部开始建造 GPS，这是一种天基无线电导航卫星系统。它在全球范围内提供实时高
精度导航和定位服务。但这也意味着 GPS 将使美国能够随时从任何国家收集地理信息。为
了确保国家安全，中国别无选择，只能独立开发导航卫星系统。
In the 1990s China began constructing its BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), named after
the Big Dipper constellation, Beidou, as our ancestors called it. At the early stage, the program
met with unimaginable technological difficulties and blockades from foreign space powers.
However, the scientists of the BDS did not let these difficulties dishearten themselves. They rose
to the demanding task and overcame one obstacle after another. Sun Jiadong, the former chief
designer of the BDS and widely acclaimed as the “father of BeiDou,” has played a prominent role.
Sun’s team built BDS-1 experimental satellites and BDS-2 constellation satellites, laying the
foundation for a successful third phase. More than 300,000 scientists, engineers and technicians
from over 400 domestic institutes, universities and enterprises have participated in building the
BDS. The great cause gives birth to the great spirit, and the great spirit, in turn, promotes the great
cause. The whole team exhibited the BeiDou spirit, which is innovating independently, opening up
and collaborating, overcoming difficulties and pursuing excellence doggedly. The BDS is a
milestone for the Chinese scientists on the journey to making the nation a great power in science
and technology, and a valuable legacy in every aspect.
20 世纪 90 年代，中国开始建设北斗导航卫星系统（BDS），该系统以我们祖先所称的北斗
七星星座命名。在早期，该计划遇到了难以想象的技术困难，并受到了外国太空强国的阻碍。
然而，BDS 的科学家们并没有让这些困难让自己沮丧。他们迎难而上，克服了一个又一个
障碍。孙家栋，BDS 前总设计师，被广泛誉为“北斗之父”，发挥了突出作用。Sun 的团队建
造了 BDS-1 实验卫星和 BDS-2 星座卫星，为第三阶段的成功奠定了基础。来自 400 多个国
内机构、大学和企业的 30 多万名科学家、工程师和技术人员参与了 BDS 的建设。伟大的事
业催生伟大的精神，伟大的精神反过来推动伟大的事业。整个团队展现了自主创新、开放合
作、克服困难、顽强追求卓越的北斗精神。BDS 是中国科学家迈向科技强国之路的里程碑，
也是各方面的宝贵遗产。
The BDS is a product of innovation. Starting from scratch, the BDS has undergone three phases of
development: The first phase involved building the regional test system BDS-1 which was
completed in 2000. During this phase, three GOE satellites (geosynchronous satellites) were
launched, giving China its own navigation satellite system. The system provides basic navigating
and positioning services in China through active positioning. In the second phase, the BDS-2
system was officially put into operation in 2012. The system shifted from active to passive
positioning, which meant user devices did not have to send signals. Their locations could be
determined just by receiving signals. The BDS-2 not only serves China but also provides users in
the Asia-Pacific region with positioning, speed measurement, timing and short message
communication services. In the third phase which lasted until 2020, the BDS-3 global system was
constructed, consisting of 30 satellites to provide high-precision and reliable positioning,
navigation and timing services worldwide. Now we can announce proudly that all the key devices
and components used in the BDS-3 are developed and manufactured in China. The system has a
positioning accuracy of less than 10 meters, a timing accuracy of less than 20 nanoseconds, and
other performance indicators among the world’s best.
BDS 是创新的产物。从零开始，BDS 经历了三个阶段的发展：第一阶段涉及建立区域测试
系统 BDS-1，该系统于 2000 年完成。在这一阶段，发射了三颗 GOE 卫星（地球同步卫星），
使中国拥有了自己的导航卫星系统。该系统通过主动定位在中国提供基本的导航和定位服务。
在第二阶段，BDS-2 系统于 2012 年正式投入运行。该系统从主动定位转向被动定位，这意
味着用户设备不必发送信号。它们的位置可以通过接收信号来确定。BDS-2 不仅服务于中国，
还为亚太地区的用户提供定位、测速、计时和短消息通信服务。在持续到 2020 年的第三阶
段，BDS-3 全球系统建成，由 30 颗卫星组成，在全球范围内提供高精度和可靠的定位、导
航和定时服务。现在我们可以自豪地宣布，BDS-3 中使用的所有关键设备和组件都是在中国
研发和制造的。该系统的定位精度不到 10 米，计时精度不到 20 纳秒，其他性能指标都是世
界上最好的。
The application of the BDS is limited only by imagination. It has serviced millions of users in the
fields of transportation, agriculture, forestry, fishery, disaster prevention and mitigation, etc. In
transportation, the BDS can be used to plan routes, ease traffic congestion and monitor vehicles.
With regard to emergency rescue, the BDS has been widely applied in search and rescue in remote,
sparsely populated areas such as deserts, mountains and oceans. For example, in the 2008
Wenchuan earthquake, BeiDou’s short message services enabled personnel at the disaster relief
headquarters to have timely information, greatly reducing the loss of life and property. The BDS
also plays crucial roles in precision agriculture, collecting farmland information, fertilizing crops,
preventing and controlling crop diseases, etc. It greatly improves the agricultural output and
reduces costs.
BDS 的应用仅限于想象力。它为交通、农业、林业、渔业、防灾减灾等领域的数百万用户
提供了服务。在交通领域，BDS 可用于规划路线、缓解交通拥堵和监控车辆。关于紧急救
援，BDS 已广泛应用于沙漠、山区和海洋等偏远、人口稀少地区的搜救。例如，在 2008 年
汶川地震中，北斗的短信服务使救灾指挥部的人员能够及时获得信息，大大减少了生命和财
产损失。BDS 在精准农业、收集农田信息、作物施肥、预防和控制作物病害等方面也发挥
着重要作用。它大大提高了农业产量，降低了成本。
The BDS is developed by China and dedicated to the world. As one of the four Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS) providers recognized by the UN, the BDS has provided services to
hundreds of millions of users in Belt and Road partner countries. Its products have been used in
over 120 countries and regions. The BDS is creating a better future for mankind with Chinese
solutions and Chinese wisdom.
BDS 由中国开发，致力于世界。作为联合国认可的四个全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）提供商
之一，BDS 已为“一带一路”伙伴国家的数亿用户提供服务。其产品已在 120 多个国家和地
区使用。BDS 正以中国的解决方案和中国的智慧为人类创造更美好的未来。
Words and expressions
geomagnetic adj. 地磁的
lodestone n. 天然磁石，磁铁
latitude n. 纬度
real-time adj.（计算机）即时处理的，实时的
blockade n.（对某地的）封锁
dishearten v. 使沮丧，使气馁，使灰心
doggedly adv. 坚持不懈地，顽强地，不屈不挠地
from scratch 从零开始，从头开始；白手起家
GEO satellites (geosynchronous satellites) 地球同步轨道卫星
nanosecond n. 纳秒，毫微秒（十亿分之一秒）
mitigation n. 减轻，缓和
sparsely adv. 稀少地，稀疏地
Proper names
Polaris 北极星
the Big Dipper 北斗七星
Sun Jiadong 孙家栋（1929—），北斗卫星导航系统第一代和第二代工程总设计师
Unit 3 Behavior
第三单元行为
Warming up
Memory
记忆力
Have you ever read stories about Sherlock Holmes, a series of detective novels written by Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle? In one story, when Dr. Watson showed astonishment at Sherlock Holmes’
ignorance of the Copernican theory, Holmes replied that “a man’s brain originally is like a little
empty attic.” In the detective’s opinion, if a person collected all the stray odds and ends that he
came across, it would be impossible to retrieve useful knowledge. Holmes never cared to
remember anything useless for detective work.
你读过亚瑟·柯南·道尔爵士的侦探小说系列《福尔摩斯》吗？在一个故事中，当华生博士对
夏洛克·福尔摩斯对哥白尼理论的无知表示惊讶时，福尔摩斯回答说：“一个人的大脑本来就
像一个小小的空阁楼。”在侦探看来，如果一个人收集了他遇到的所有零散的东西，就不可
能获得有用的知识。福尔摩斯从不想记住任何对侦探工作无用的东西。
In fact, this brain attic idea dates back 2,500 years to the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero.
According to the account he wrote down, a Greek poet named Simonides of Ceos was summoned
to a banquet at a palace.
事实上，这个大脑阁楼的想法可以追溯到 2500 年前的古罗马哲学家西塞罗。根据他写下的
描述，一位名叫西蒙尼德斯的希腊诗人被召到一座宫殿参加宴会。
After the poet left, the hall collapsed, killing everyone inside. To confirm the identities of the
mangled bodies, Simonides recollected the banquet scenario by reconstructing the palace in his
mind. This way of recalling details by visualizing and spatializing them was called “memory
palace.” Some ancient orators would use “memory palace” to plan their public speeches in case
they forgot what to say.
诗人离开后，大厅倒塌，里面的人都死了。为了确认这些残缺不全的尸体的身份，西蒙尼德
斯通过在脑海中重建宫殿来回忆起宴会场景。这种通过视觉化和空间化来回忆细节的方式被
称为“记忆宫殿”。一些古代演说家会使用“记忆宫”来计划他们的公开演讲，以防他们忘记该
说什么。
Both “brain attic” and “memory palace” are memorizing devices. The analogy of the human brain
to a storage space, such as an attic, acknowledges that human memory is limited. Since it is
unrealistic to assume one could memorize everything, screening out useless details leaves mental
space for what we want or need to remember. The rationale behind the memory palace is that,
when we try to remember things, areas in the brain required for forming visual and spatial
representations are active. By visualizing memories as being put in a specific brain space, we can
remember them more efficiently.
“大脑阁楼”和“记忆宫殿”都是记忆设备。将人脑比作阁楼等存储空间，承认人类的记忆是有
限的。因为假设一个人能记住所有东西是不现实的，所以筛选出无用的细节会为我们想要或
需要记住的东西留下心理空间。记忆宫殿背后的原理是，当我们试图记忆事物时，大脑中形
成视觉和空间表征所需的区域是活跃的。通过将记忆想象成放在特定的大脑空间中，我们可
以更有效地记住它们。
Having a high-functioning memory affects our academic performance and daily life. As part of the
process of retaining information over time, memory has a powerful influence on emotion, attitude,
decisions, and ultimately our behavior. It’s all about calling upon past experience to determine our
future path.
拥有高功能记忆会影响我们的学习成绩和日常生活。作为一段时间内保留信息的过程的一部
分，记忆对情绪、态度、决定以及最终我们的行为有着强大的影响。这一切都是关于依靠过
去的经验来决定我们未来的道路。
Listening 1 Conducting street interviews
听力 1 进行街头采访
Conducting street interviews
进行街头采访
Interview 1
面试 1
A: Excuse me … hi. I'm a student from the university. I'm doing some research into shopping, and
I'd like to ask you a few questions. It'll only take a few minutes … I see you're on your way home
with some shopping. Is that right?
A： 对不起…嗨。我是这所大学的学生。我正在研究购物，我想问你几个问题。只需要几
分钟…我看到你正在回家的路上买东西。对吗？
B: Yes, that's right … well, OK … I have about ten minutes before my partner gets back with the
car … OK, so go ahead. But first, can I know what the research is about?
B： 是的，没错……好吧，好吧……在我的搭档开车回来之前，我还有大约十分钟的时间……
好了，那就继续吧。但首先，我能知道这项研究是关于什么吗？
A: I'm sorry. I can't say exactly because it might affect your answers … the general topic is
choices. Is that OK?
A： 对不起。我不能确切地说，因为这可能会影响你的答案……一般的话题是选择。可以
吗？
B: Yeah, that's fine. Go ahead then. Go ahead.
B： 是的，没关系。那就去吧。着手
A: Thank you. OK, so the first question is, why did you choose to come shopping here today?
A： 谢谢。好的，那么第一个问题是，你为什么选择今天来这里购物？
B: Well, I always come here on Saturday. I get my own bits of shopping if I need anything, and
then I do the grocery shopping for the household. My partner helps with the groceries, and then he
goes and gets a haircut or a coffee … so I didn't really choose today, I guess. It's just what I do.
B： 嗯，我总是在星期六来这里。如果我需要什么，我会自己买一些东西，然后为家里人
买杂货。我的搭档帮忙买杂货，然后他去理发或喝咖啡……所以我想我今天真的没有选择。
这正是我所做的。
A: Thank you … now, moving on to my next question, can you tell me if you bought anything
unplanned?
A： 谢谢……现在，转到我的下一个问题，你能告诉我你是否购买了计划外的东西吗？
B: Oh, yes! I always seem to. Today, there were sales in some of the stores. I bought a pair of
shoes, and some sheets—half price. I love sales. But, I needed the sheets, anyway … I'm not so
sure about the shoes …
B： 哦，是的！我似乎总是这样。今天，一些商店有销售。我买了一双鞋，一些床单半价。
我喜欢销售。但是，无论如何，我需要床单…我不太确定鞋子…
A: I see. To follow up on that, would you mind telling me how much money you spent on this
trip?
A： 我明白了。接下来，你能告诉我你这次旅行花了多少钱吗？
B: No, of course not … but, I don't know exactly … maybe $120? Most of that was the
groceries … $76, I think. The shoes were 25 … yeah, about 120, 130.
B： 不，当然不是……但是，我不清楚……也许是 120 美元？大部分是杂货……我想是 76
美元。鞋子是 25…是的，大约是 120、130。
A: So, on the basis of what you just said, if I understood correctly, you don't have a specific
budget when you go shopping … is that right?
A： 所以，根据你刚才所说的，如果我理解正确的话，你在购物时没有具体的预算，对吗？
B: Yes, that's correct I'm afraid … maybe I should!
B： 是的，这是正确的，恐怕……也许我应该！
A: OK, thanks … now, finally, I'd like to know when—or if—you plan to come here again …
A： 好的，谢谢…现在，最后，我想知道你什么时候或者是否计划再次来这里…
B: Same time next week, like I told you already!
B： 下周同一时间，就像我已经告诉你的那样！
A: Thank you so much for your time. You've been very helpful.
A： 非常感谢您抽出时间。你帮了大忙。
Interview 2
面试 2
C: Hello, I wonder if I could ask you a few questions. I'm a student at the city university, and I'm
doing some research about shopping.
C： 你好，我想问你几个问题。我是城市大学的学生，我正在做一些关于购物的研究。
D: I'm sorry, no offense, but I'm not interested in doing market research. Why should I help you
sell products? Don't you realize that not everyone is interested in your consumerist ideals?
D： 对不起，无意冒犯，但我对做市场调查不感兴趣。我为什么要帮助你销售产品？你难
道没有意识到不是每个人都对你的消费主义理想感兴趣吗？
C: No, no, it isn't that … it's research for a psychology experiment. I'm not working for a company
or anything. I'm not trying to sell anything … really … it's for my doctorate. It's more of a
consultation with members of the public … like you.
C： 不，不，这不是…这是一项心理学实验的研究。我不是在一家公司工作。我不想卖任
何东西…真的…这是为了我的博士学位。这更多的是与公众的协商…像你一样。
D: OK, then I'm sorry. I have no issue with education. But, I don't have much time—my bus will
be here in a few minutes.
D： 好的，那我很抱歉。我对教育没有问题。但是，我没有太多时间，我的巴士几分钟后
就到了。
C: Thanks, that's all I need. So, to start with, can you tell me why you decided to come shopping
today?
C： 谢谢，这就是我所需要的。那么，首先，你能告诉我你为什么决定今天来购物吗？
D: Um … I don't know … I don't think I decided. I just felt like getting out of the house. So, I
came out for a coffee at the mall, and I just decided to pick up something while I was here.
D： 嗯……我不知道……我想我没有决定。我只是想走出家门。所以，我来到商场喝咖啡，
我决定在这里买点东西。
C: I see. So, it would appear that you don't have a specific time of the week when you go
shopping.
C： 我明白了。因此，当你去购物时，你似乎没有一周中的特定时间。
D: No, that's not correct. I always do a Saturday shop. This was just a one-off.
D： 不，这不正确。我总是在星期六购物。这只是一次性的。
C: OK, sorry … so, could you please explain what choices you made in terms of actual stores, and
what were the determining factors in those choices; for example, was it price, brand names,
habit …? There's a list here.
C： 好的，对不起……那么，请你解释一下你在实际商店方面做出了哪些选择，以及这些
选择的决定因素是什么；例如，价格、品牌名称、习惯…？这里有一个列表。
D: Hmm. Well, I only went to one place … I bought this coat for my granddaughter, Flora, from
that big-kids clothes store, Zany's, because I know her mother likes it and buys most of her clothes
there … I suppose that's habit? But price, too—it's pretty good value, considering the quality.
D： 嗯。嗯，我只去了一个地方……我从 Zany’s 的一家大型儿童服装店给孙女 Flora 买了这
件外套，因为我知道她妈妈喜欢它，大部分衣服都是在那里买的……我想这是习惯吧？但考
虑到质量，价格也很划算。
C: I see. And would you say, in retrospect, that they were rational decisions, or more like impulse
buys? I'm sorry, that sounds like I'm casting doubt on your choice …
C： 我明白了。回想起来，你会说这是理性的决定，还是更像是冲动购买？对不起，听起
来我怀疑你的选择…
D: No, no, I understand. I suppose they were a little bit of both, really … I hadn't planned to buy it,
but I'm glad I did—I don't regret it. I'm sure Flora will love it.
D： 不，不，我明白。我想这两者都有一点，真的……我本来不打算买，但我很高兴我买
了——我不后悔。我相信弗洛拉会喜欢的。
C: OK, thanks, I'll just make a note of that …
C： 好的，谢谢，我会记下来的…
Interview 3
面试 3
X: Good afternoon. I'm Wiktor. I'm doing some research … Would you mind telling me a little bit
about the kind of cereals you buy?
十： 下午好。我是 Wiktor。我正在做一些研究……你能告诉我一些你买的谷物吗？
Y: I'm sorry? I'm not sure what this is about …
Y： 对不起？我不知道这是怎么回事…
X: As I said, I'm doing some research—it's about shopping—food shopping. I just have a few
questions. Is that OK?
十： 正如我所说，我正在做一些研究，这是关于购物、食品和购物。我只是有几个问题。
可以吗？
Y: I suppose so. Go ahead.
Y： 我想是的。去吧。
X: Thank you. That would be very helpful. First of all, I'd like to know where you stand on the
brand in the picture. Would you be more or less likely to buy this brand if you knew it was
suspected of being linked to obesity?
十： 谢谢。那将非常有帮助。首先，我想知道你在图片中的品牌地位。如果你知道这个品
牌被怀疑与肥胖有关，你会或多或少地购买它吗？
Y: Obesity? Well, less likely, obviously … I take it that you have some evidence for that claim?
That this cereal makes you obese?
Y： 肥胖？不太可能，很明显…我想你有证据支持这个说法？这种麦片会让你发胖吗？
X: No, no … I just need to know whether that would be a deciding factor for you, when you were
making a choice …
十： 不，不……我只是想知道，当你做出选择时，这是否会成为你的决定因素…
Y: Of course it would. But I'm not sure why …
Y： 当然会的。但我不知道为什么…
X: OK, next question … still on the same brand, would it affect the amount of this cereal you ate
if no studies had been done on its nutritional value?
十： 好了，下一个问题……仍然是同一个品牌，如果没有对它的营养价值进行研究，它会
影响你吃的这种谷物的量吗？
Y: Well, the implication you're making is that it hasn't been properly tested. But, surely, if it's on
sale in all the big supermarkets …
Y： 嗯，你的意思是它没有经过适当的测试。但是，如果它在所有大型超市都在出售…
X: No, as I said, I'm just doing some research. I'm not saying it hasn't been tested. It may be very
nutritious, if you don't eat it too often …
十： 不，正如我所说，我只是在做一些研究。我不是说它没有经过测试。如果你不经常吃，
它可能很有营养…
Y: OK. Well, that sounds like a little bit of a contradiction to me. Do you have any more questions?
I'm not sure where this is going.
Y： 好的。嗯，这听起来有点矛盾。你还有什么问题吗？我不知道这要去哪里。
X: One final question. You've been very helpful. Thank you so much! OK, so I'd just like to know
if a new product was cheaper than this brand, would you change to the new brand?
十： 最后一个问题。你帮了大忙。非常感谢！好的，所以我想知道如果一个新产品比这个
品牌便宜，你会换一个新品牌吗？
Y: This isn't research at all! You're working for the new brand, aren't you? Why didn't you tell me?
Goodbye!
Y： 这根本不是研究！你在为新品牌工作，是吗？你为什么不告诉我？再见
Words & tips
Words and expressions
consumerist adj. 消费主义的（常含贬义）
one-off n. 只做过一次的事；一次性事物
Proper names
专有名称
Flora 弗洛拉（人名）
Zany’s 扎尼氏（某服装品牌）
Wiktor 维克托（人名）
Listening 2 Asking the right questions
Asking the right questions
提出正确的问题
LECTURER: Good afternoon. Settle down … thanks. I'm sure that most of you will be starting
your research this trimester and that you'll be doing qualitative research, so I thought it timely to
have a lecture on how those questions should be framed. As students at this college, you're all
aware of the expectation that research is aimed at finding out information, not proving your own
case … In other words, you should be prepared for some unwelcome results. That is actually a
good sign, as we shall see—it indicates that the research followed the scientific method—a
method we all believe to be the only valid method.
讲师：下午好。安静下来…谢谢。我相信，你们中的大多数人将在本学期开始研究，并且将
进行定性研究，所以我认为现在是时候就这些问题的框架进行讲座了。作为这所大学的学生，
你们都知道，研究的目的是找出信息，而不是证明自己的情况……换句话说，你们应该为一
些不受欢迎的结果做好准备。这实际上是一个好迹象，因为我们将看到这表明研究遵循了科
学方法——我们都认为这是唯一有效的方法。
The actual topics I'm going to talk about today are memory distortion, or memory
hacking—you've certainly read about that in your assignment—and preparing interviews and
questionnaires. Now these are not completely separate subjects, so I'll treat them as interconnected.
Ethics are at the heart of both topics.
我今天要谈论的实际话题是记忆扭曲，或者你在作业和准备面试和问卷时肯定读过的记
忆黑客。现在这些不是完全独立的主题，所以我将它们视为相互关联的主题。道德是这两个
主题的核心。
So, starting with memory, the majority of people automatically think that memory is like a bucket.
You put a memory in the bucket and later you get it out, unchanged. This is a common-sense view
of memory, reinforced by analogies to computer storage, which are actually false analogies—our
brains are very different from electronic computers. Of course, you may forget or it may become
hard to recall, but people assume that if they can recall it, it will be the same as when it went in.
But research disproves this, as we shall see.
因此，从记忆开始，大多数人会自动认为记忆就像一个桶。你把一个记忆放在桶里，然
后你把它取出来，保持不变。这是一个关于记忆的常识性观点，通过与计算机存储的类比来
强化，这些类比实际上是错误的，我们的大脑与电子计算机非常不同。当然，你可能会忘记，
或者很难回忆起来，但人们认为，如果他们能回忆起它，它就会和它进入时一样。但研究证
明了这一点，正如我们将看到的那样。
Now, moving on to questions, most people assume that a questionnaire or interview is a fair way
of finding out people's opinions—after all, you're not bound to say anything you don't want to, are
you? But, again, our understanding of the science of questioning, in particular for marketing
purposes, shows how wrong this viewpoint is. As we understand more about our irrational
responses—our biases, we can see that there are ways to trigger these biases, which are fairly easy
for people to use, and, in fact, it is actually quite hard to avoid this triggering through careless
questioning. But you must avoid this bias triggering, if, for example, you want to do valid
research.
现在，转到问题，大多数人认为问卷调查或访谈是了解人们意见的公平方式，毕竟，你
不一定要说任何你不想说的话，是吗？但是，再一次，我们对提问科学的理解，特别是对营
销目的的理解，表明了这种观点是多么错误。随着我们对我们的非理性反应——我们的偏见
——的了解越来越多，我们可以看到，有一些方法可以触发这些偏见，人们很容易使用这些
方法，事实上，通过不小心的提问，实际上很难避免这种触发。但如果你想做有效的研究，
你必须避免这种偏见的触发。
STUDENT: Excuse me. Can you tell us how these biases can be avoided in questionnaires?
学生：对不起，你能告诉我们如何在问卷中避免这些偏见吗？
LECTURER: Of course. But first, let's compare these two and look at why I make these claims,
that is, a) why it's wrong to equate the mind with a computer, and b) why bad questioning can
actually influence what people think. I can see by your expressions that some of you are skeptical
on hearing this comparison—that's OK, you're scientists, and you should doubt any claim without
evidence …
讲师：当然。但首先，让我们比较一下这两个，看看我为什么提出这些主张，也就是说，a）
为什么把大脑等同于计算机是错误的，b）为什么糟糕的提问实际上会影响人们的想法。我
可以从你们的表情中看出，你们中的一些人对听到这种比较持怀疑态度，这没关系，你们是
科学家，你们应该怀疑任何没有证据的说法…
So, again starting with memory, if it isn't a bucket, what is it? Well, an important clue came from
the work, initially, of Elizabeth Loftus, a cognitive psychologist working at the end of the 20th
century, who showed that it is possible to "plant" a memory—in other words, to make people
believe—truly believe—that they remember something that actually … never … happened! I'll say
that again—you can make people remember an experience that they haven't had, or details of an
experience that are completely untrue. She was working to show that many people have been
convicted of crimes, which they hadn't committed on the basis of false memories. Her work has
since been corroborated by many studies, including a recent one by Julia Shaw, of the University
of Bedfordshire, and Stephen Porter, of the University of British Columbia. In the journal
Psychological Science, they described how they implanted false memories so successfully that 70%
of the subjects believed them—more than double what they had expected, which comes back to
my earlier point—good research can surprise us. And this was good research and powerful
evidence.
那么，再次从内存开始，如果它不是一个桶，它是什么？嗯，一个重要的线索最初来自
20 世纪末工作的认知心理学家伊丽莎白·洛夫特斯（Elizabeth Loftus）的工作，她表明，可
以“植入”记忆，换言之，让人们相信他们真正相信自己记得一些实际上……从未……发生过
的事情！我再说一遍，你可以让人们记住他们没有经历过的经历，或者完全不真实的经历细
节。她正在努力表明，许多人被判有罪，而这些罪行并不是基于虚假记忆。此后，她的研究
得到了许多研究的证实，包括贝德福德郡大学的朱莉娅·肖（Julia Shaw）和不列颠哥伦比亚
大学的斯蒂芬·波特（Stephen Porter）最近的一项研究。在《心理科学》杂志上，他们描述
了他们如何如此成功地植入虚假记忆，以至于 70%的受试者相信它们是他们预期的两倍多，
这又回到了我之前的观点，好的研究可以让我们惊讶。这是好的研究和有力的证据。
Let's turn to questions. I'll look at three kinds of questions that don't really aim at extracting a
straight answer. If you use these in your research, you are, in effect, distorting the research to suit
your point of view.
让我们转向问题。我将研究三种问题，这些问题的目的并不是为了得到直接的答案。如
果你在研究中使用这些，实际上就是在扭曲研究以符合你的观点。
The first are called push-poll questions. These work by introducing an idea or emotion that you
wouldn't have already had and that deliberately suggests a course of action. And this may affect
future action or choices.
第一类被称为推送投票问题。这些工作是通过引入一种你本来不会有的想法或情感，并
故意暗示一个行动方案。这可能会影响未来的行动或选择。
Another type of question is commonly banned in law courts—it's the leading question, where you
give the answer in the question—such as, "On the night of the murder, were you in New York?"
rather than a non-leading, legitimate question, "Where were you on the night of the murder?"
Questions like these, if they were to be allowed, could possibly be used by the prosecution to
convince a jury that they should convict an innocent man.
另一种类型的问题通常在法庭上被禁止，这是引导性问题，你在问题中给出答案，比如
“谋杀当晚，你在纽约吗？”而不是非引导性的、合法的问题，“谋杀当晚你在哪里？”，可能
会被检方用来说服陪审团他们应该给一个无辜的人定罪。
And the third type of unfair, unethical question for the purposes of research is the suggestive
question. This can either add in a detail that makes someone think they should remember it, even
though they might not. Or it can make you think that you should answer in a certain way. "Don't
you think that was wrong?" rather than "Do you think that was wrong?" implies that you should
indeed think that this was wrong. This type of question is used a lot by parents to their teenagers,
incidentally … I know I'm sometimes guilty of it, and I certainly know what I'm doing … it's not
through ignorance of the science …
第三类不公平、不道德的问题是暗示性问题。这可能会增加一个细节，使某人认为他们
应该记住它，即使他们可能不记得。或者它会让你觉得你应该以某种方式回答。“你不认为
这是错的吗？”而不是“你认为那是错的？”意味着你确实应该认为这是错误的。顺便说一句，
这类问题经常被父母用在青少年身上……我知道我有时会为此感到内疚，我当然知道我在做
什么……这不是因为对科学的无知…
Anyway, so, what I have suggested up to now is basically that there is a clear, strong link between
the belief in the fairness of questions—the "unquestionable" benefit of questionnaires—and the
idea that the brain is a simple computer that cannot lie to itself. These two assumptions are not
equivalent, but they are similar in that they can both lead, unintentionally or not, to unethical and
powerful forms of manipulation. The evidence is both academic, as in the examples I gave you
about our ability to control people's memories, and practical, as we can see by the way public
institutions such as law courts have to have rules to prevent questions that distort the truth. And so
do we, as a respected university doing respectable research …
无论如何，所以，到目前为止，我所建议的基本上是，相信问题的公平性、问卷的“毋
庸置疑”好处与大脑是一台简单的计算机，不能自欺欺人的想法之间存在着明显而强烈的联
系。这两种假设并不等同，但它们的相似之处在于，无论是否无意，它们都可能导致不道德
和强大的操纵形式。证据既有学术性的，正如我给你的例子中关于我们控制人们记忆的能力，
也有实践性的，我们可以从公共机构（如法院）必须制定规则来防止歪曲真相的问题的方式
中看到。我们也是，作为一所受人尊敬的大学，做着值得尊敬的研究…
Words & tips
Words and expressions
trimester n. （一学年三学期中的）一学期
qualitative research 定性研究
distortion n. 歪曲，曲解
interconnect v.（使）（两个事实、思想、事件等）相互联系，（使）相互关联
equate v. 使等同，同等看待 cognitive adj. 认知的，认知过程的
convict v. 证明（判定）……有罪
implant v. 灌输（思想、感情、态度等）
push-poll adj. 引导式民调的
prosecution n.（刑事案件的）检控方，控方
Proper names
Elizabeth Loftus 伊丽莎白·洛夫特斯（美国认知心理学家）
Julia Shaw 朱莉娅·肖（英国贝德福德大学心理学家）
University of Bedfordshire 贝德福德大学（英国的一所大学）
Stephen Porter 斯蒂芬·波特 （不列颠哥伦比亚大学心理学家）
University of British Columbia 不列颠哥伦比亚大学（加拿大的一所大学）
Psychological Science 《心理学》（期刊名）
A cross-cultural view
How different cultures understand time
不同文化如何理解时间
When immersed in our own culture, we can become so used to it and give little thought to the
possibility that different cultures might have other views. One interesting cultural variable is the
perception of time. People in different cultures value time differently, and may act differently as
far as time is concerned.
当我们沉浸在自己的文化中时，我们会变得如此习惯，很少考虑不同文化可能会有其他观点。
一个有趣的文化变量是对时间的感知。不同文化中的人对时间的价值不同，就时间而言，他
们的行为也可能不同。
Americans, for example, attach great importance to efficiency, and make schedules and
appointments for almost everything. They prefer doing one thing at a time within a fixed period of
time. This has something to do with their linear view of time. For an American, time flows fast
like a rushing river and, if you want to lead a fulfilled life, you need to move fast, as is evidenced
by catchphrases like “Time is money,” “He who hesitates is lost” and “Time and tide wait for no
one.” Americans often talk about spending, budgeting, wasting or saving time as if talking about
money.
例如，美国人非常重视效率，几乎每件事都会安排日程和预约。他们喜欢在固定的时间内一
次做一件事。这与他们对时间的线性看法有关。对于一个美国人来说，时间就像湍急的河流
一样流动得很快，如果你想过上充实的生活，你需要快速前进，这一点可以从流行语中得到
证明，比如“时间就是金钱”、“犹豫的人是输的”和“时间和潮流不等人”。美国人经常谈论花
费、预算、浪费或节省时间，就像谈论金钱一样。
The US is not the only country where timekeeping is sanctified. In countries and regions such as
the UK, Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria and Scandinavia, people have a linear
vision of time and action, too.
美国并不是唯一一个推崇计时的国家。在英国、瑞士、德国、荷兰、奥地利和斯堪的纳维亚
等国家和地区，人们对时间和行动也有线性的看法。
The American idea of time, logical as it is, doesn’t work well in places such as Mediterranean and
Arab countries where people have a much more flexible attitude to time. Culturally, people there
attach greater importance to feelings and relationships than to hurrying for time. Time
considerations are subject to people’s feelings. If a social or business interaction is unfinished, for
example, they will ignore the passing of time. Consequently, they don’t seem to care much about
punctuality, nor do they like schedules. Procrastination, delay and changes of plans are common.
美国人的时间观念虽然合乎逻辑，但在地中海和阿拉伯国家等人们对时间的态度要灵活得多
的地方并不奏效。从文化上讲，那里的人更重视感情和关系，而不是匆匆忙忙地赶时间。时
间因素取决于人们的感受。例如，如果社交或商业互动未完成，他们会忽略时间的流逝。因
此，他们似乎不太在乎准时，也不喜欢时间表。拖延、拖延和改变计划是很常见的。
Apart from these two ways of time management, there’s a third view. In some Eastern cultures,
people see time as moving in alternating patterns. The flow of time is viewed as a cycle. This is
especially true for the Chinese. The meaning of the Chinese character shi (时), often translated as
time, shows how time is perceived and employed: The sequence or rules of heaven’s way, such as
spring, summer, autumn, and winter; or hours that mark changes of time during day and night. (天
道运行的时序或规律，如春夏秋冬四时，或昼夜交替的时辰。)
除了这两种时间管理方式，还有第三种观点。在一些东方文化中，人们认为时间是以交替的
方式移动的。时间的流动被视为一个循环。中国人尤其如此。汉字 shi 的含义(时), 通常被
翻译为时间，显示时间是如何被感知和使用的：天道的顺序或规则，如春、夏、秋和冬；或
标记昼夜时间变化的时间。(天道运行的时序或规律，如春夏秋冬四时，或昼夜交替的时辰。)
It indicates a cyclic view that’s deeply rooted in China’s tradition as a farming civilization. In the
Chinese agricultural society, the rhythms of nature’s changing course were vitally important. As
is quoted from
The Analects (《论语》), “The four seasons run their cyclic course and all
things grow vigorously.” (四时行焉，百物生焉。)
它表明了一种深深植根于中国农耕文明传统的循环观。在中国农业社会中，自然变化的节奏
至关重要。引用《论语》(《论语》), “四季轮回，万物蓬勃生长。”(四时行焉，百物生焉。)
With this cyclic view, Chinese people often see the passing of time as a curved journey that leads
through scenes similar to what they’ve already experienced. So they try to draw wisdom from past
events and experiences and believe that same success will be achieved again. Compared to people
with a linear view of time, Chinese people are less interested in making schedules for daily events.
However, it is common for them to make a general plan for the future, like on a yearly basis, as is
evidenced by the proverb, “Spring is the season characterized by resuscitation, summer by growth,
autumn by harvest and winter by storage ( 春生，夏长，秋收，冬藏) .” This way of making
arrangements based on seasonal changes might be a result of the tradition of “not missing the
seasons of husbandry (不违农时) .”
在这种循环的观点下，中国人常常将时间的流逝视为一段弯曲的旅程，这段旅程会经历类似
于他们已经经历过的场景。因此，他们试图从过去的事件和经验中汲取智慧，并相信同样的
成功将再次实现。与对时间有线性看法的人相比，中国人对制定日常活动的时间表不太感兴
趣。然而，他们通常会为未来制定一个总体计划，比如每年一次，正如谚语所证明的那样：
“春天是复苏的季节，夏天是生长的季节，秋天是收获的季节，冬天是储存的季节。”春生，
夏长，秋收，冬藏) .” 这种基于季节变化的安排方式可能是“不错过畜牧季节”传统的结
果(不违农时) .”
This cyclic view of time can also be found in traditional poetry. For example,Blossoms look the
same season after season;But people enjoying the flowers look different from year to year.（年年
岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同）
这种循环的时间观也可以在传统诗歌中找到。例如，一季又一季的花朵看起来都一样；但每
年赏花的人看起来都不一样。（年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同）
The couplet shows the recurrence of time’s flow is infinite, but the amount of time that one can
seize is limited.
这副对联表明，时间的流动是无限的，但人们可以抓住的时间是有限的。
By probing into the ways of observing and managing time, we could draw valuable lessons from
different groups in the world: efficient time management skills from Americans, awareness of
others’ feelings from Arabs, and wisdom from the Chinese people. Besides, by understanding
other cultures’ concept of time, you can better adapt to cross-cultural settings.
通过探究观察和管理时间的方式，我们可以从世界上不同群体中汲取宝贵的经验：美国人的
高效时间管理技能、阿拉伯人的他人感受意识以及中国人的智慧。此外，通过理解其他文化
的时间概念，你可以更好地适应跨文化环境。
Unit 4 Change
第四单元变更
Warming up
How people react to change
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance. People usually go through these five emotions,
or “stages,” when faced with a major shock in life. This “stage theory” was introduced by
psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her best-selling book On Death and Dying. It explains the
psychological transition that occurs when we are facing death, whether that of someone we love or
our own. Now it is also applied to the internal emotional journey we experience when dealing with
any momentous change, disappointment or loss, or with a significant transition in life.
人们对改变的反应
否认、愤怒、讨价还价、沮丧、接受。当人们面临生活中的重大冲击时，通常会经历这五种情绪或“阶段”。
这一“阶段理论”是由精神病学家伊丽莎白·库布勒·罗斯（Elisabeth Kübler Ross）在其畅销书《论死亡与死
亡》
（On Death and Dying）中提出的。它解释了当我们面对死亡时发生的心理转变，无论是我们爱的人还
是我们自己的人。现在，它也适用于我们在处理任何重大变化、失望或损失时，或在生活中发生重大转
变时所经历的内在情感旅程。
Let’s take a closer look at the five stages.
让我们仔细看看这五个阶段。
1. Denial. After the initial shock, people could be “in denial” by using a temporary defense
mechanism to refuse to believe it. What they have been told is not true, they insist. For instance, a
dying patient may believe the medical test result is wrong, the diagnosis is somehow mistaken, or
there’s a cure.
1.否认。在最初的震惊之后，人们可能会通过使用临时防御机制来拒绝相信，从而“否认”。
他们坚持认为，他们被告知的是不真实的。例如，一个垂死的病人可能会相信医学检查结果
是错误的，诊断是错误的或者有治愈方法。
2. Anger. When people understand the gravity of their situation, they often become angry. Some
may be angry at their life while others look for someone else to blame. They may react with strong
emotions, with comments like:
2.愤怒。当人们了解自己处境的严重性时，他们往往会生气。有些人可能会对自己的生活感
到愤怒，而另一些人则会找别人来指责。他们可能会有强烈的情绪反应，评论如下：
“Why me? It’s not fair!” or “Who did this to me?”
“为什么是我？这不公平！”或“这是谁对我做的？”
3. Bargaining. When people are at the bargaining stage, they think of actions or promises they’re
willing to do if their life could be restored to how it was before. They think about “what if—?” or
“only if—?” and wish things could be done differently. They may negotiate with fate by promising
to change a bad habit, do good works, or donate money to a cause if their life could go back to
“normal.”
3.讨价还价。当人们处于讨价还价阶段时，他们会想到如果他们的生活能够恢复到以前的样
子，他们愿意采取的行动或承诺。他们想的是“如果-？”或“仅如果-？？”，希望事情可以做
得不同。如果他们的生活能够恢复正常，他们可以通过承诺改变一个坏习惯、做好事或为一
项事业捐款来与命运谈判
4. Depression. People start facing reality and the inevitability of the change they’ve experienced
at this stage. This leads them to feel sadness, fear, regret, guilt and other negative emotions. They
may seem listless and indifferent, pushing others away and experiencing numbness that takes all
the joy out of life.
4.抑郁症。人们开始面对现实和他们在这个阶段经历的变革的必然性。这导致他们感到悲伤、
恐惧、后悔、内疚和其他负面情绪。他们可能看起来无精打采，漠不关心，推开别人，经历
麻木，失去了生活中的所有乐趣。
5. Acceptance. Acceptance means people start to learn to live with the change and readjust
accordingly. A calm mind, stable emotions, and acknowledgement of what they can and cannot do
are typical responses.
5.验收。接受意味着人们开始学会适应变化，并相应地重新调整。平静的心态、稳定的情绪
和对自己能做和不能做的事情的认可是典型的反应。
The five stages are non-linear. They may happen in any order. Some people do not experience all
five stages, and some find their feelings are quite different with different changes. Nevertheless,
this model has been used by business leaders and therapists to understand where a person is at
emotionally when confronting a crisis such as an illness, accident, financial loss, divorce or
unemployment. Based on the model, many businesses create support systems for those on the path
of change to help them adapt to it.
这五个阶段是非线性的。它们可能以任何顺序发生。有些人并没有经历这五个阶段，有些人
发现他们的感受因不同的变化而截然不同。尽管如此，商业领袖和治疗师已经使用这个模型
来理解一个人在面对疾病、事故、经济损失、离婚或失业等危机时的情绪状态。基于该模型，
许多企业为那些处于变革道路上的人创建支持系统，以帮助他们适应变革。
Academic listening
Listening 1 All change, please
All change, please
一切都变了
CHRIS: We know why we’re here, right? You’ve all read the directive?
克丽丝：我们知道我们为什么在这里，对吧？你们都看过指令吗？
HAILEY: Sure, Chris, but it doesn’t make any kind of sense. Why change something that’s
working perfectly well for some system that’s too complicated to even understand? Am I alone in
thinking that this is just change for change’s sake?
海莉：当然，克里斯，但这毫无意义。为什么要改变一些对某些复杂到无法理解的系统非常
有效的东西？只有我一个人认为这只是为了改变而改变吗？
CHRIS: No, come on Hailey. It’s not that. We have to keep ahead of the game … What works
now isn’t going to work in five, ten, fifteen years, right? We have to change or die—it’s a
cut-throat world out here in advertising!
克丽丝：不，来吧，海莉。事实并非如此。我们必须保持领先……现在有效的方法在五年、
十年、十五年后都不会奏效，对吧？我们必须改变，否则就完蛋——这是一个残酷的广告世
界！
HAILEY: OK, you’re making it sound a little bit Hollywood … We’re just a small business, not
Wall Street … But anyway, what can we actually change? Do you have any concrete ideas?
海莉：好吧，你让它听起来有点好莱坞……我们只是一个小企业，而不是华尔街……但无论
如何，我们到底能改变什么？你有什么具体的想法吗？
CHRIS: Yes, that’s why we’re having this meeting. I’ve been doing some research, looking at the
competition, asking questions … So, let’s start the ball rolling … I think there are three main areas
we can improve by updating our approach to technology.
克丽丝：是的，这就是我们开这个会议的原因。我一直在做一些研究，看比赛，问问题……
所以，让我们开始滚动……我认为通过更新技术方法，我们可以改进三个主要领域。
RASHID: Which are?
拉希德：哪一个？
CHRIS: Well, first of all, why are we here? In this room, I mean. Couldn’t we be having this
meeting from our offices, using an online tool? So, the first one is communication. And not just
here, but also meeting clients online.
克丽丝：首先，我们为什么在这里？我是说在这个房间里。我们不能用在线工具在办公室开
这个会议吗？首先是沟通。不仅在这里，而且在网上会见客户。
HAILEY: Oh, come on, how’s that going to work? You know as well as I do that clients want to
meet face to face, to feel that someone actually cares about them! I don’t believe they’ll want to
give that up. Online meetings just don’t work.
海莉：噢，得了吧，那会怎么样？你和我一样知道，客户希望面对面见面，感觉有人真正关
心他们！我不相信他们会放弃这一点。在线会议根本不起作用。
CHRIS: We can meet face to face, too. It’s just a question of deciding what needs to be done face
to face and what can be done just as well online. Remember, too, that we can record online
meetings, which is a lot easier than taking minutes, and we can go back over them and get closer
to the customer needs. And, off the record, it’ll be a big time saver for everyone—we’ll be off
home earlier …
克丽丝：我们也可以面对面见面。这只是一个决定什么需要面对面做，什么可以在线做的问
题。还要记住，我们可以记录在线会议，这比记录分钟要容易得多，我们可以回顾这些会议，
更接近客户的需求。而且，从记录上看，这将为每个人节省大量时间，我们将提前回家…
HAILEY: True, I suppose … But isn’t the technology a little bit clumsy? When I’ve been in
online meetings, there are always technical problems—I can see the client, but they can’t see me,
that kind of thing. It just never works like it’s supposed to!
海莉：没错，我想……但这项技术不是有点笨拙吗？当我参加在线会议时，总是会遇到技术
问题——我能看到客户，但他们看不到我，诸如此类的事情。它从来没有像预期的那样工作！
CHRIS: I do know what you’re talking about, Hailey. Yes, absolutely, we have to get the
technology right—and we’ll need proper training and support.
克丽丝：我知道你在说什么，海莉。是的，当然，我们必须掌握正确的技术，我们需要适当
的培训和支持。
RASHID: If we’d known about this last year, we could’ve taken advantage of inviting Jackie to a
few meetings before she got promoted. She is a real hotshot on technology. She knows all the
software and …
拉希德：如果我们去年知道这件事的话，我们可以在杰姬升职之前邀请她参加几次会议。她
是一个真正的技术高手。她知道所有的软件…
CHANDINI: Excuse me, CHRIS, if I may ask a question. Sorry, Rashid … what you’re saying is
really worrying me. I don’t see how we can be giving presentations about our campaigns online! It
just isn’t feasible, at all. I hear what you’re saying, but I can’t see how it will actually work in
practice.
陈迪尼：对不起，克丽丝，我可以问个问题吗。对不起，拉希德……你说的话真让我担心。
我不知道我们怎么能在网上发表关于我们的竞选活动的演讲！这根本不可行。我听到你在说
什么，但我看不出它在实践中是如何运作的。
CHRIS: Chandini, you’ve put your finger on the main limitation of this, but as I said, we don’t
have to be rigid about using technology for every meeting. Presenting a new campaign would
definitely have to be done in the old way, face to face, of course. Can I move on to the next thing?
克丽丝：钱迪尼，你已经指出了这一点的主要局限性，但正如我所说，我们不必在每次会议
上都严格使用技术。当然，提出新的竞选活动肯定必须以旧的方式进行，面对面。我可以继
续下一件事吗？
CHANDINI: Sure, go ahead, Chris. Sorry to sound negative. And sorry, Rashid, I shouldn’t have
interrupted you, but I feel very strongly about this. I don’t believe in all these fashions and fads!
当然，继续吧，克里斯。抱歉，听起来很消极。对不起，拉希德，我不应该打断你，但我对
此感到非常强烈。我不相信所有这些时尚和时尚！
CHRIS: No, Chandini. You don’t sound negative at all. That’s why we want to talk about it—we
need your input. So, anyway, the second big change will be in the way we store documents. The
plan is to do away with paper completely. We’re going to be a paperless office, as far as possible.
Anyone wanna share your thoughts on this?
克丽丝：不，钱迪尼。你听起来一点都不消极。这就是为什么我们要谈论它，我们需要你的
意见。因此，无论如何，第二个重大变化将是我们存储文档的方式。计划是彻底销毁纸张。
我们将尽可能成为一个无纸化的办公室。有人想分享你的想法吗？
RASHID: Yes, to be honest, I can’t believe I’m hearing this. One word comes to mind—security.
We all know how easy it is to hack into a computer system. Absolute discretion is key to our
business. Once a competitor gets a glimpse of a proposed advertising campaign, we may as well
throw it in the trash.
拉希德：是的，老实说，我真不敢相信我听到了。有一个词让人想到安全。我们都知道侵入
计算机系统是多么容易。绝对谨慎是我们业务的关键。一旦竞争对手看到了拟议的广告活动，
我们不妨将其扔进垃圾桶。
CHANDINI: That’s absolutely right, Rashid! How can we guarantee security if everything is
going online? And I have all my files. I’ve spent the last two years improving my paper-based
systems—you know how things accumulate—I wouldn’t have bothered if I’d known we were
going to get rid of all the paper and leave ourselves vulnerable online.
陈迪尼：没错，拉希德！如果一切都在网上，我们如何保证安全？我有我所有的文件。我在
过去两年里一直在改进我的纸质系统，你知道事情是如何累积的，如果我知道我们会扔掉所
有的纸质文件，让自己在网上变得脆弱，我就不会担心了。
CHRIS: Look, I don’t know all the ins and outs of it, but I can tell you that we’ll be getting a very
secure system. We’re going to employ a company to advise us, but I do also know that we’ll have
to enforce very strict guidelines for everyone, in terms of passwords, and so on. And we’ll restrict
access to the most sensitive information to a very few senior partners. As for the files, we can
compile a list of things that we need to scan online and store the rest in a secure vault.
克丽丝：听着，我不知道它的来龙去脉，但我可以告诉你，我们会得到一个非常安全的系统。
我们将雇佣一家公司为我们提供建议，但我也知道，我们必须对每个人执行非常严格的准则，
如密码等。我们将限制少数高级合作伙伴访问最敏感的信息。至于这些文件，我们可以编制
一份需要在线扫描的列表，并将其余的存储在安全的保管库中。
HAILEY: OK, maybe you’re right … but I have my doubts. We read about security breaches at
the highest government level … So, how are we going to protect ourselves? It will be
impossible … well, anyway … So Chris, what’s the third thing? You said there were three.
海莉：好吧，也许你是对的……但我有疑问。我们读到了政府最高级别的安全漏洞……那么，
我们该如何保护自己？这是不可能的…好吧，无论如何…克里斯，第三件事是什么？你说有
三个。
CHRIS: Ah, yes. This might be the most … let’s say, controversial of the new measures … Alex,
you know, Alex, the new head of infrastructure, has decided that we’re going to move to tablets,
instead of laptops … She thinks that they’ll present a more modern image to our clients …
克丽丝：啊，是的。这可能是新措施中最具争议的……比如说，最具争议性的……Alex，你
知道，Alex，新的基础设施负责人，已经决定我们将转向平板电脑，而不是笔记本电脑……
她认为它们将为我们的客户呈现更现代的形象…
CHANDINI: I’m sorry. I’m completely lost for words. How can we do our work on a tablet?
They’re good for simple tasks and some fun—I know, my children use one at home—but they
simply aren’t designed for sophisticated creative work!
陈迪尼：对不起。我完全迷上了文字。我们如何在平板电脑上工作？它们很适合简单的任务
和一些乐趣——我知道，我的孩子们在家里使用，但它们根本不适合复杂的创造性工作！
CHRIS: Don’t worry, Chandini, you’ll keep your desktop computer to do all your work on. It’s
just for when we meet clients, which as I said, we’ll continue to do … Alex wants us to project a
kind of “Silicon Valley” image, I guess … She thinks we come across as dated. And she also
wants to change the way we dress. No more ties for the men, apparently …
RASHID: Well, that’s one good thing anyway! I hate wearing a tie, especially in this weather.
Back home nobody in advertising wears a tie …
拉希德：嗯，无论如何，这是一件好事！我讨厌打领带，尤其是在这种天气。在国内，广告
界没有人打领带…
Words & tips
Words and expressions
directive n. 正式指令，指示
cut-throat adj. 竞争激烈的；残酷竞争的
start the ball rolling 开始某事，使某事发生
hotshot n. 红人；高手
put your finger on sth. 确切地明白，弄清，准确地指出（错误、不同或异常之处）
rigid adj. （人）顽固的，不通融的；（方法、体制等）严格死板的，僵化的
fad n. 一时的狂热；时尚，风尚
discretion n. 谨慎，慎重
ins and outs n. （复杂的局面、难题、体系等的）详情、细节
vault n. （贵重财物的）保管库，保险库
come across as 给人的印象是……
Proper names
Chris 克里斯（人名）
Hailey 黑莉（人名）
Hollywood 好莱坞（美国地名，常用来指美国电影业）
Wall Street 华尔街（美国纽约的一条街，美国最重要的金融中心）
Jackie 杰姬（人名）
Rashid 拉希德（人名）
Chandini 昌迪尼（人名）
Alex 亚历克丝（人名）
Silicon Valley 硅谷（美国计算机工业中心）
Listening 2 Perspectives on the past
Perspectives on the past
对过去的看法
PROFESSOR SIMPSON: OK, so I’m going to start this session on nostalgia with a brief
introduction to the prevailing theories within neuroscience—that is, what happens in the brain
when a person is feeling nostalgic. The practical aspects of this will be picked up later by Dr.
Hossam and Stephen Johnson in their presentations. Dr. Hossam will address the sunk cost fallacy,
a fascinating exploration of reactions in the present to decisions made in the past. Stephen will
finish by examining the legacy issues faced by many companies nowadays, particularly in the area
of technology.
西蒙森教授：好的，我将在这节关于怀旧的课开始，简要介绍神经科学中的流行理论，即当
一个人感到怀旧时，大脑会发生什么。Hossam 博士和 Stephen Johnson 将在稍后的演讲中介
绍这方面的实际情况。Hossam 博士将讨论沉没成本谬论，这是一个对当前对过去决策反应
的迷人探索。Stephen 将通过研究当今许多公司面临的遗留问题，特别是在技术领域。
Now, from a theoretical perspective, we need to remember that nostalgia is a universal experience.
Studies show it starts from an early age, around eight, and, regardless of culture, research shows
that people feel nostalgic for aspects of their personal histories. What interests me is what changes
are observable in the brain when a subject experiences nostalgia—what is the actual mechanism of
nostalgia, if you like—and what triggers those changes.
现在，从理论角度来看，我们需要记住，怀旧是一种普遍的体验。研究表明，这是从八
岁左右的幼年开始的。研究表明，无论文化如何，人们都会对自己的个人历史感到怀旧。我
感兴趣的是，当受试者经历怀旧时，大脑中可观察到的变化是什么？怀旧的实际机制是什么。
Looking at these two aspects will enable us to consider how nostalgia relates to other
psychological phenomena. And then we can use this understanding in the field of behavioral
sciences, which Dr. Hossam will explain more about, and economics—Stephen Johnson’s area.
研究这两个方面将使我们能够考虑怀旧与其他心理现象的关系。然后，我们可以将这种
理解用于行为科学领域，Hossam 博士将对其进行更多解释，以及 Stephen Johnson 的经济学
领域。
PROFESSOR SIMPSON: So, starting with the triggers, the most obvious stimulators of
nostalgia are meeting old friends, hearing music, especially music we listened to between the ages
of 12 and 22, and childhood smells, food, and so on—the French writer Proust springs to mind,
assuming you are familiar with his novels. But, surprisingly I think, these are not actually the most
common triggers. According to a series of studies published in 2006 in the Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, the most common appears to be bad moods. Now, these moods may
sometimes be a result of loneliness, which seems a natural cause-effect, but actually any bad mood
appears to trigger nostalgia. And so, by the way, does being cold.
西蒙森教授：所以，从触发因素开始，最明显的怀旧刺激因素是与老朋友见面，听音乐，尤
其是我们在 12 岁到 22 岁之间听过的音乐，以及童年的气味、食物等等，法国作家普鲁斯特
（Proust）的脑海中浮现出来，假设你熟悉他的小说。但令人惊讶的是，我认为这些并不是
最常见的触发因素。根据 2006 年发表在《人格与社会心理学杂志》上的一系列研究，最常
见的似乎是坏情绪。现在，这些情绪有时可能是孤独的结果，这似乎是一种自然的因果关系，
但实际上任何坏情绪都会引发怀旧情绪。顺便说一句，寒冷也是如此。
So there are some fundamentals from a neuroscientific perspective. There are many practical
applications of this science of nostalgia, which Dr. Hossam and Stephen will tell you more about
now. Dr. Hossam …
因此，从神经科学的角度来看，有一些基本原理。这种怀旧科学有很多实际应用，Hossam
博士和 Stephen 现在将向您详细介绍。Hossam 博士…
DR. HOSSAM: Thank you. Now, as Professor Simpson has noted, my area is behavioral science.
Today, I’m focusing on what we call the “sunk cost fallacy.” As you may know, this is the mistake
we are prone to making when we take into account prior costs when making a decision on whether
or not to continue a course of action—whether to “throw good money after bad” as the old proverb
has it …
霍萨姆医生：谢谢。现在，正如辛普森教授所指出的，我的领域是行为科学。今天，我将重
点放在我们所说的“沉没成本谬论”上。正如你可能知道的，当我们在决定是否继续一个行动
过程时，考虑到先前的成本时，这是我们容易犯的错误，就像老谚语所说的那样，是否要“把
好钱扔到坏钱之后”…
This sunk cost fallacy does seem to be an inherited instinct, similar to nostalgia, as outlined by
PROFESSOR SIMPSON, which guides us to poor choices in the present. People have a tendency
to continue with a plan of action just because they have invested in it—time and / or money—not
because it is a good strategy now. But this does lead us to question why we have developed this
behavior … Perhaps “not giving up” has some hidden benefits?
这种沉没成本谬论似乎是一种遗传的本能，类似于 SIMPSON 教授所概述的怀旧，它引
导我们在当下做出糟糕的选择。人们倾向于继续执行一项行动计划，只是因为他们投入了时
间和/或金钱，而不是因为现在这是一个好的战略。但这确实让我们质疑为什么我们会养成
这种行为……也许“不放弃”有一些隐藏的好处？
When we make the initial decision, we have good reasons for making it, provided that we are
trying to act rationally, of course. However, once time has gone by, we have a strong tendency to
forget our initial reasons. We then find ourselves in a difficult position in the present when we
have put in time and money, and not yet reached the desired outcome. Do we continue with our
actions, though they require more effort, time, money, or whatever … or do we cut our losses and
refuse to invest any further?
当然，当我们做出最初的决定时，我们有充分的理由做出决定，前提是我们努力理性行
事。然而，随着时间的流逝，我们有一种强烈的倾向，那就是忘记最初的原因。然后，当我
们投入了时间和金钱，但还没有达到预期的结果时，我们就会发现自己现在处于一个困难的
境地。我们是否会继续我们的行动，尽管它们需要更多的努力、时间、金钱或其他什么……
或者我们是否会减少损失并拒绝进一步投资？
Now the fallacy theory is that usually we follow that instinct and keep going, in order to get
something back from our investment. This can mean we end up spending far more than we would
ever consider sensible, on an outcome that simply isn’t worth it. Most business advisors say this is
a mistake. However, there is also an argument that the feeling that prevents us from giving up and
walking away is a memory of just how important the initial decision was. The fact that the feeling
remains means that we need to at least seriously try to uncover the original reasons for making the
choice, and consider these before deciding to walk away from the present problem.
现在谬论理论是，我们通常会遵循这种本能，继续前进，以便从我们的投资中获得回报。
这可能意味着我们最终在一个根本不值得的结果上花费了远远超过我们认为合理的金额。大
多数商业顾问认为这是一个错误。然而，也有一种观点认为，阻止我们放弃和离开的感觉是
对最初决定有多么重要的记忆。这种感觉仍然存在，这意味着我们需要至少认真地尝试找出
做出选择的最初原因，并在决定离开当前问题之前考虑这些原因。
STEPHEN JOHNSON: OK, thank you, Professor Simpson and, uh … Dr. Hossam. So, I’m here
to talk about a very specific business problem relating to the past and nostalgia. On the surface, it
may not seem to have much to do with what our previous speakers were describing, but I hope
you’ll see the connections shortly. The problem I’m talking about concerns “legacy systems.”
These are defined as technological systems which were good in their day, but which are now no
longer good enough for today’s business world.
史蒂芬·约翰逊：好的，谢谢你，辛普森教授和……霍萨姆医生。所以，我在这里谈论一个
与过去和怀旧有关的非常具体的商业问题。从表面上看，这似乎与我们前面的发言者所描述
的内容没有太大关系，但我希望你很快就会看到这些联系。我所说的问题是“遗留系统”。这
些系统被定义为在当时很好的技术系统，但现在对当今的商业世界来说已经不够好了。
So what do you do when your computer system is too old to do the job properly? Easy, you
say—just change it, upgrade it. Well, I’ve got bad news for you: It’s not that easy, unfortunately.
For a complex company such as a major bank, changing the computer system is a major strategic
decision. I’m not talking about a change, but a complete transformation of every system, every
process, every role. There is the cost, the security implications, and the data transfer—for a big
bank with millions of customers worldwide, it’s a nightmare. So many things can go wrong in the
changeover, but … Well, without change the company is locked into an outdated system, a legacy
system, that holds them back, prevents innovation and—and this is at the root of the problem—it
leaves them vulnerable to competition by smaller, more flexible banks with up-to-date systems.
那么，当你的计算机系统太旧而不能正常工作时，你该怎么做呢？很简单，你说只是改
变它，升级它。好吧，我有个坏消息告诉你：不幸的是，这没那么容易。对于大型银行这样
的复杂公司来说，改变计算机系统是一项重大的战略决策。我说的不是改变，而是对每个系
统、每个流程、每个角色的彻底转变。对于一家拥有全球数百万客户的大银行来说，这是一
场噩梦。在转换过程中，很多事情都可能出错，但是……如果不改变，公司就会陷入一个过
时的系统，一个传统的系统，这会阻碍他们的发展，阻碍创新，这是问题的根源，它会使他
们容易受到规模更小、更灵活、系统更新的银行的竞争。
Part of the problem is an unwillingness to change. After all, the system worked before, the bank
was profitable and, as we said, has millions of supposedly satisfied customers. Why change? And,
of course, everyone has adapted their own skills to match how it works—or doesn’t work … Now,
the connection to Professor Simpson’s area should be becoming evident … As she has already said,
nostalgia is a neurological phenomenon, rooted in our evolutionary past … so it’s not easy to
override except with a real effort … Instincts die hard! To effect change, you have to focus on the
outcome and give up worrying about the huge amount of prior work and cost. And as already
highlighted by Dr. Hossam, the sunk cost fallacy is a factor in any decision where work and
money have already been expended.
部分问题是不愿改变。毕竟，该系统以前是有效的，银行是盈利的，正如我们所说，有
数百万据称满意的客户。为什么要改变？当然，每个人都调整了自己的技能，以适应其工作
或不工作的方式……现在，与辛普森教授所在领域的联系应该变得越来越明显了……正如她
已经说过的，怀旧是一种神经现象，植根于我们的进化历史……所以，除非付出真正的努力，
否则很难克服……本能是死的！为了实现改变，你必须专注于结果，放弃对大量前期工作和
成本的担忧。正如 Hossam 博士已经强调的那样，沉没成本谬论是任何已经花费了工作和金
钱的决定的一个因素。
Words & tips
Words and expressions
neuroscience n. （研究大脑的）神经科学
stimulator n. 刺激物
spring to (Sb's) mind （某人）马上想到
prone adj. 易遭……的；很有……可能的；有……倾向的
changeover n. （活动、体制或工作方法的）改变，转变，变更
override v. 改变（通常为自动的程序）；（以权力或权威）否决；改变（别人的决定）
Proper names
专有名称
Hossam 胡萨姆（人名）
Stephen Johnson 斯蒂芬·约翰逊（人名）
Proust 普鲁斯特（1871—1922，常称马塞尔·普鲁斯特，法国意识流小说家，代表作为《追
忆似水年华》）
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 《个性与社会心理学杂志》（美国心理学会主办
的心理学专业期刊）
Simpson 辛普森（人名）
A cross-cultural view
Change and permanence
变化和永久性
“Water flows away but is never lost; the moon waxes and wanes, but neither increases nor
diminishes. If you look at its changing aspect, the universe passes in the twinkling of an eye; but if
you look at its changeless aspect, all creatures including ourselves are imperishable.” (“First Visit
to the Red Cliff” translated by Yang Xianyi)逝者如斯，而未尝往也；盈虚者如彼，而卒莫消长
也。盖将自其变者而观之，则天地曾不能以一瞬；自其不变者而观之，则物与我皆无尽也。
（《前赤壁赋》）
“水是流动的，但永远不会消失；月亮是阴晴圆缺的，但不增不减。如果你看它不断变化的
样子，宇宙转眼就过去了；但如果你看其不变的样子，包括我们在内的所有生物都是不朽的。”
逝者如斯，而未尝往也；盈虚者如彼，而卒莫消长也。盖将自其变者而观之，则天地曾不能
以一瞬；自其不变者而观之，则物与我皆无尽也。（《前赤壁赋》）
The year was 1082. During the exile in Huangzhou (now Huanggang in Hubei Province), Su Shi
went for a boat trip with some friends to the Red Cliff. He then wrote the masterpiece “First Visit
to the Red Cliff” to record this trip.
这一年是 1082 年。在黄州（今湖北黄冈）流亡期间，苏轼与一些朋友乘船前往赤壁。随后，
他写下了代表作《赤壁初游》来记录这次旅行。
This exile was not the first time Su Shi suffered a major setback. Born into a literary family, he
shot to fame in his early twenties, becoming a respected figure among the court’s scholar-officials.
After the political factions in the imperial court switched, he was arrested, imprisoned and
banished. During his last exile, then an old man in ill health, he was sent to Hainan Island.
这次流放并不是苏轼第一次遭受重大挫折。他出生于一个文学世家，20 岁出头就一举成名，
成为朝廷士大夫中受人尊敬的人物。在朝廷的政治派别发生转变后，他被逮捕、监禁和流放。
在他最后一次流亡期间，当时是一位身体不好的老人，他被送往海南岛。
“Heaven nourishes a single ci writer with a hundred misfortunes (天以百凶成就一词人),” said
Wang Guowei in Renjian Cihua. Su Shi, a writer of ci, by all earthly standards had an unfortunate
life. From an intellectual superstar to a prisoner, from the imperial court to the isolated mountain
villages, despite ups and downs throughout his life, Su Shi was considered “an incorrigible
optimist.” It was during the periods of exile that he reached his literary zenith, creating many of
his best works. Su Shi cultivated his talent in hardships, embracing life with enthusiasm, staying
busy by making friends with farmers and villagers, growing rice, and cooking his food. To some
extent, it is adversity that transformed Su Shi into Su Dongpo, the Chinese literary standout.
“天堂滋养着一个有着百种不幸的词作家(天以百凶成就一词人),” 《仁健词话》中的王国
伟说。苏轼，一个词作家，按照世俗的标准来看，他的一生是不幸的。从知识分子巨星到囚
犯，从朝廷到与世隔绝的山村，尽管苏轼一生跌宕起伏，但他被认为是“不可救药的乐观主
义者”。正是在流亡期间，他达到了文学巅峰，创作了许多他最优秀的作品。苏轼在艰苦中
培养自己的才能，以热情拥抱生活，通过与农民和村民交朋友、种植水稻和烹饪食物来保持
忙碌。在某种程度上，正是逆境将苏轼转变为中国文学的佼佼者苏东坡。
How was Su Shi able to stay positive? We may find the answer in “First Visit to the Red Cliff,” in
which he expressed his philosophical view on change and permanence. When one friend lamented
humans’ insignificance in comparison to the universe, Su Shi responded from a relativistic
perspective. Both nature and humanity can be constantly changeable or immortal, he said.
According to Su Shi, we can’t stop the change. No hero can resist the universe’s general principles.
The river and the moon are changing all the time, nonetheless there’s something permanent and
immortal within the changes. At least in the present moment, the existence of nature and human
beings is imperishable. “So let’s enjoy the gentle breeze on the river, and the bright moon over the
mountains,” said Su Shi to that friend. After recognizing the fundamental state of existence
involves uncontrollable change, he could calmly face adversity. By cherishing nature and
humanity, he could maintain a vital spirit and embrace change peacefully.
苏轼是如何保持乐观的？我们可以在《第一次访问赤壁》中找到答案，他在书中表达了他对
变化和永恒的哲学观点。当一位朋友感叹人类与宇宙相比微不足道时，苏轼从相对论的角度
做出了回应。他说，自然和人类都可以不断变化或不朽。根据苏轼的说法，我们无法阻止这
种变化。没有英雄能抵抗宇宙的一般原则。河流和月亮一直在变化，尽管如此，在变化中仍
有一些永恒和不朽的东西。至少在当下，自然和人类的存在是不朽的。苏轼对这位朋友说：
“让我们欣赏江面的微风，欣赏高山上的明月。”。在认识到存在的基本状态包括无法控制的
变化之后，他可以平静地面对逆境。通过珍惜自然和人类，他可以保持一种重要的精神，和
平地拥抱变化。
Though Su Shi was a Confucian scholar, he was profoundly influenced by Daoism and Buddhism.
His view on the transience of life was an interpretation of the Buddhist idea of anitya,
impermanence (无常), but he never thought life was a burden or misery. His love for nature was
rooted in the Daoist idea of harmony between nature and man (天人合一), yet he didn’t shy away
from the worldly life.
尽管苏轼是一位儒家学者，但他深受道教和佛教的影响。他对生命短暂性的看法是对佛教“无
常”观念的诠释(无常), 但他从未想过生活是一种负担或痛苦。他对自然的热爱植根于道家
天人合一的思想(天人合一), 然而，他并没有回避世俗生活。
Throughout Chinese history, many significant intellectuals like Su Shi have lived their meaningful,
valuable, dignified lives despite hardships. They cultivated themselves in adversity and created
great works to celebrate the joys of life. Resilient and tenacious, they embody the pursuit of
Chinese scholarship and the cultural spirit of our civilization. The life wisdom of such great
thinkers is imperishable, and it will continue to shine in this ever-changing world.
在整个中国历史上，许多像苏轼这样的重要知识分子尽管生活艰辛，却过着有意义、有价值、
有尊严的生活。他们在逆境中培养自己，创作了伟大的作品来庆祝生活的快乐。他们坚韧顽
强，体现了中国学术的追求和我们文明的文化精神。这些伟大思想家的人生智慧是不朽的，
它将在这个不断变化的世界中继续闪耀。
Unit 5 Energy
第五单元能源
Fire
火
When we’re staring into a campfire or watching a rocket rise from the launch pad, our awe for the
power of fire is aroused. Thousands of years ago, humans harnessed fire for warmth, light and
cooking. That beautiful, mysterious chemical reaction has catalyzed much of mankind’s progress.
It has helped us survive and flourish.
当我们凝视篝火或看着火箭从发射台升起时，我们对火的力量的敬畏被唤起。数千年前，人
类利用火取暖、照明和烹饪。这种美丽而神秘的化学反应催化了人类的许多进步。它帮助我
们生存和繁荣。
Cooking with fire
用火烹饪
The earliest mastery of fire was probably for cooking food. Cooking with fire makes food taste
and smell better. It becomes easier to digest to gain nutrition. The human brain size expanded
rapidly about 1.8 million years ago. Scientists speculate that this was linked to access to cooked
food. Today, humans have developed and acquired a complicated system of cooking crafts. Take
Chinese culinary art as an example. The various ways of cooking include frying (煎), stir-frying
(炒), stewing (焖), braising (炖), roasting (烤), boiling (煮), and steaming (蒸). Each requires
deliberate control of heating time and temperature (火候).
火的最早掌握可能是烹饪食物。用火烹饪使食物的味道和气味更好。它变得更容易消化以获
得营养。大约 180 万年前，人类的大脑规模迅速扩大。科学家推测这与获得熟食有关。今天，
人类已经发展并获得了一套复杂的烹饪工艺系统。以中国烹饪艺术为例。各种烹饪方法包括
油炸(煎), 翻炒(炒), 炖煮(焖), 焖煮(炖), 焙烧，焙烧(烤), 沸腾，沸腾(煮), 和蒸汽(蒸). 每个
都需要精心控制加热时间和温度(火候).
Powering with fire
点火供电
Once the Industrial Revolution came along, so did the need for massive amounts of ready-to-use
power generated by the combustion of fossil fuels. As a result, human dynamics changed
immensely. The three major fossil fuels are coal, natural gas and oil. Nowadays coal is mostly
burned in large power plants to produce electricity. Natural gas is primarily for heating, cooking
and manufacturing. Oil, either as gasoline or diesel fuel, is largely used by machinery and
transportation. From the Wright Brothers’ plane to the Long March-5, from automobiles to
high-speed railways, oil has powered the future.
一旦工业革命到来，对化石燃料燃烧产生的大量即用电的需求也随之增加。结果，人类的动
态发生了巨大变化。三大化石燃料是煤炭、天然气和石油。如今，大型发电厂大多使用煤炭
发电。天然气主要用于加热、烹饪和制造。石油，无论是汽油还是柴油，主要用于机械和运
输。从莱特兄弟的飞机到长征五号，从汽车到高速铁路，石油为未来提供了动力。
Forest fire
森林火灾
Forest fires caused by lightning or volcanoes are natural occurrences. Though humans fear forest
fires, plants have adapted. Some even need fire to restore ecological balance and promote
regeneration. When over time forest floors become littered with dry brush and choked by dense
bushes competing with trees for water and nutrients, wild animals might be forced out of their
natural habitat. Low-intensity fires can clear forest floors with minor damage to the trees while
also reducing insect plagues and potential disease. However, large wildfires are destructive.
According to the US Fire Administration, the US had around 1.3 million fires annually, leading to
an average 3,190 civilian deaths, 16,225 civilian injuries, and $14.7 billion in direct property loss
each year from 2008 to 2017.
闪电或火山引起的森林火灾是自然发生的。虽然人类害怕森林火灾，但植物已经适应了。有
些甚至需要用火来恢复生态平衡和促进再生。随着时间的推移，当森林地面上布满了干燥的
灌木，被茂密的灌木和树木争夺水分和养分而窒息时，野生动物可能会被迫离开它们的自然
栖息地。低强度火灾可以清除森林地面，对树木造成轻微损害，同时也可以减少虫害和潜在
疾病。然而，大型野火具有破坏性。根据美国消防局的数据，从 2008 年到 2017 年，美国每
年发生约 130 万起火灾，导致 3190 名平民死亡，16225 名平民受伤，以及 147 亿美元的直
接财产损失。
Words & tips
Words and expressions
launch pad n.（武器或航天器的）发射台，发射坪
catalyze v. 促成；催化
culinary adj. 烹饪（用）的
stew v. 炖，煨，焖
braise v. 炖，焖，用文火煮
combustion n. 燃烧
diesel n. 柴油
regeneration n. 再生
brush n.（从灌木和树上断落的）枯枝
choke v. （植物）扼杀，阻止……的生长
Proper names
the Industrial Revolution 工业革命，产业革命
Wright Brothers 莱特兄弟（美国科学家、飞机发明者）
Long March-5 长征五号运载火箭
US Fire Administration 美国消防管理局
Academic listening
Listening 1 The discovery of fire
The discovery of fire
火的发现
S1: Hi, everyone. I want to share some research I did for our project. I decided to focus on the
discovery of the controlled use of fire. By controlled use I mean when people started to use and
maintain fires to benefit their daily lives. According to research, no one is absolutely certain when
fire was first used regularly, but researchers have discovered enough objects from daily life to
conclude it was between three hundred and four hundred thousand years ago. There are only
theories about how the people first discovered they could use fire. From what I’ve found, it seems
that the discovery of the controlled use of fire dramatically changed the lives of our ancestors.
S1：大家好。我想分享我为我们项目做的一些研究。我决定把重点放在发现有控制的用火上。
我所说的受控使用是指人们开始使用和维护火来改善他们的日常生活。根据研究，没有人绝
对确定火是什么时候开始经常使用的，但研究人员从日常生活中发现了足够多的物体，从而
得出结论，火是在 30 万至 40 万年前。关于人们如何第一次发现他们会用火，只有理论。从
我的发现来看，控制用火的发现似乎极大地改变了我们祖先的生活。
S2: Wow. I never thought about life before fire or life without fire. Can you give us some
examples you found of how life changed?
S2：哇。我从来没有想过火前的生活或没有火的生活。你能给我们一些你发现的生活如何改
变的例子吗？
S1: Sure. First, fire was used to provide warmth. This meant people could live in more places than
ever before. For example, findings confirm people started to live in colder climates that had been
too cold to live in before without a source of heat. Second, fire provided protection at night from
wild animals who are afraid of fire. In my view, by building fires at night, our ancestors were able
to greatly improve their own comfort and safety.
S1：当然。首先，用火取暖。这意味着人们可以生活在比以往任何时候都多的地方。例如，
研究结果证实，人们开始生活在较冷的气候中，而在没有热源的情况下，这些气候太冷了。
第二，火灾在夜间提供了保护，以防止害怕火灾的野生动物。在我看来，通过在夜间生火，
我们的祖先能够极大地提高自己的舒适度和安全性。
S3: So, there were two benefits at night: heat and protection?
S3：那么，晚上有两个好处：热量和保护？
S1: Absolutely. Both were very important. For me, though, the third benefit is one I had never
considered: the controlled use of fire enabled people to cook food. Being able to cook our food is
something we take for granted, right? However, cooked food, researchers suggest, was a major
turning point for our ancestors. The impact on their food choices was huge. Meat and plants that
had been too hard to chew, or too difficult to digest, or unsafe to eat raw, could be eaten once they
were cooked. Thus, cooking gave people a lot more food options than in the past. Cooked food
was especially helpful to babies, young children, and older people. Furthermore, cooking helped
to preserve food. Thus, food could be stored and used later when less food was available. S2: In
general, then, you’re saying that the controlled use of fire allowed people to have more food
choices day to day and thus maintain a better diet, right? That does seem like a huge benefit.
S1：当然。两者都非常重要。然而，对我来说，第三个好处是我从未考虑过的：有控制的用
火使人们能够烹饪食物。能做饭是我们理所当然的事，对吧？然而，研究人员认为，熟食是
我们祖先的一个重要转折点。这对他们的食物选择产生了巨大的影响。那些太难咀嚼、太难
消化或生吃不安全的肉类和植物，一旦煮熟就可以食用。因此，烹饪给了人们比过去更多的
食物选择。熟食对婴儿、幼儿和老年人特别有用。此外，烹饪有助于保存食物。因此，当食
物供应不足时，食物可以储存和使用。S2：那么，总的来说，你是说控制用火让人们每天有
更多的食物选择，从而保持更好的饮食，对吧？这看起来确实是一个巨大的好处。
S1: Researchers claim it was. Their findings demonstrate that as our ancestors adapted to eating a
wider range of food, they were healthier and able to survive longer.
S1：研究人员声称确实如此。他们的发现表明，随着我们的祖先适应了更广泛的食物，他们
更健康，能够生存更长时间。
S3: All right, so far we have warmth and expanded living options, protection, and cooked food.
How about other benefits, like having light to see at night? Wasn’t that a major change?
S3：好吧，到目前为止，我们有了温暖和更多的生活选择、保护和熟食。还有其他好处，比
如晚上可以看到光线？这不是一个重大变化吗？
S1: Sure. The controlled use of fire allowed for more socializing at night. Once people had light,
they could occupy themselves playing music, making tools and clothes, and so on. They didn’t
have to go to sleep when it got dark. This was a huge change in our social history. I read that some
researchers consider using fire a step forward in our use of technology. For me, technology usually
means electronics—computers, mobile phones, and so on. However, they say technology is the
application of knowledge to improve our lives. Using fire for warmth and to cook food fits this
definition, doesn’t it?
S1：当然。有控制的用火允许夜间更多的社交活动。一旦有了光线，人们就可以玩音乐、制
作工具和衣服等等。天黑了，他们就不用睡觉了。这是我们社会历史上的一个巨大变化。我
读到一些研究人员认为用火是我们使用技术的一个进步。对我来说，技术通常意味着电子计
算机、手机等。然而，他们说技术是知识的应用，以改善我们的生活。用火取暖和烹饪食物
符合这个定义，不是吗？
S2: Sure, so then we can say discovering how to use fire was an important advance in our use of
technology.
S2：当然，那么我们可以说发现如何用火是我们使用技术的一个重要进步。
Words & tips
Words and Expressions
take sth. for granted 视某事为理所当然（而对其不重视）
chew v. 咀嚼，嚼碎
raw adj. 生的，未煮过的
preserve v. 保存（食物）
Listening 2 Forest fires: friend or foe?
Forest fires: friend or foe?
森林火灾：朋友还是敌人？
Today, we’re going to look at how a forest fire is both friend and foe. Some people claim that it’s a
foe, that is, an enemy, because a forest fire can become a natural disaster. However, others view it
as a friend because a forest fire keeps a forest healthy and growing.
今天，我们来看看森林火灾是如何既是朋友又是敌人的。有些人声称这是一个敌人，也就是
敌人，因为森林火灾会成为自然灾害。然而，也有人将其视为朋友，因为森林火灾使森林保
持健康和增长。
First, forest fires as natural disasters. A forest fire can move through an area quickly and destroy
almost everything:
首先，森林火灾是自然灾害。森林火灾可以快速穿过一个区域，并摧毁几乎所有的东西：
homes, trees, buildings, animals, and people. For example, the Black Saturday bushfire in Victoria,
Australia on 10 February 7, 2009, was one of the worst in recorded Australian history. Over 2,000
homes were destroyed, and many people and animals were killed.
房屋、树木、建筑物、动物和人。例如，2009 年 2 月 7 日发生在澳大利亚维多利亚州的黑
色星期六山火是澳大利亚历史上最严重的火灾之一。2000 多所房屋被毁，许多人和动物被
杀害。
Every day, there are hundreds of forest fires all over the world. According to recent research,
we’re seeing that climate change has had a big impact on forest fires—studies have found that
forest fires in the US have occurred nearly five times more often in recent years than in the 70s
and 80s (the 1970s and 1980s). These findings confirm that higher summer temperatures are
causing areas to be hotter and drier for longer, thus increasing the risk of forest fires. While many
forest fires are started by lightning during a rainstorm, others are accidentally started. For
example, first someone drops a burning cigarette, or builds a small fire and then suddenly, the fire
gets out of control.
每天，世界各地都会发生数百起森林火灾。根据最近的研究，我们看到气候变化对森林火灾
产生了巨大影响。研究发现，近年来，美国森林火灾的发生频率比 70 年代和 80 年代（70
年代和 1980 年代）高出近五倍。这些发现证实，较高的夏季温度导致该地区更热、更干燥
的时间更长，从而增加了森林火灾的风险。虽然许多森林火灾是在暴雨期间由闪电引起的，
但其他火灾是意外引起的。例如，首先有人扔下一支燃烧的香烟，或者生起一团小火，然后突然，
火势失控。
After a forest fire breaks out and starts to spread, the next response by most people is to try to get
the fire under control and put it out as quickly as possible. They know a forest fire can have a
terrible impact. They want to preserve trees, people’s homes and avoid destruction, if possible.
However, controlling the fire isn’t always the best idea. Scientists have demonstrated that forest
fires play an important role in keeping forests healthy and the ecosystem of a forest in balance.
森林火灾发生并开始蔓延后，大多数人的下一步反应是设法控制火势并尽快扑灭。他们知道
森林火灾会产生可怕的影响。他们希望保护树木和人们的家园，并尽可能避免破坏。然而，
控制火势并不总是最好的主意。科学家已经证明，森林火灾在保持森林健康和森林生态系统
平衡方面发挥着重要作用。
So turning now to the more surprising idea of fire as a “friend”: what are the benefits of forest
fires? Well, there are several. After forest fires clear away dead trees and plants on the floor of the
forest, this provides open space for new plants to grow. The new, small plants are low to the
ground. As these plants grow and become visible, they provide an easy source of food for small
animals. These new plants also provide more nutrition for animals than older plants. In short, a
forest fire is a bit like cleaning a house; the fire clears out the dead wood and plants in the forest.
Afterward, it’s a healthier place for trees, plants, and animals to live. The fire also makes it safer
for the people living nearby because by removing dead trees and plants, it lowers the risk of hotter,
bigger fires in the future.
因此，现在转向更令人惊讶的想法，火是“朋友”：森林火灾的好处是什么？嗯，有几个。森
林火灾清除了森林地面上的枯树和植物后，这为新植物的生长提供了开放空间。这些新的小
植物离地面很低。随着这些植物的生长和变得可见，它们为小动物提供了一个容易的食物来
源。这些新植物也为动物提供了比老植物更多的营养。简而言之，森林火灾有点像打扫房子；
大火清除了森林中的枯木和植物。之后，这里是树木、植物和动物生活的更健康的地方。火
灾还使附近居民更加安全，因为通过移除枯死的树木和植物，可以降低未来发生更热、更大
火灾的风险。
Researchers have found that trees, plants, and insects that live in areas that frequently have forest
fires adapt to these conditions in order to survive. For example, the cork oak tree doesn’t burn
easily. After a forest fire, the outer part of the tree may be totally burned and look dead, but the
inner part of the cork oak tree is still alive, and the tree continues to live. They’ve also found that
forest fires benefit certain trees and plants, animals, and insects in specific ways. Some trees
(plants) need fires to spread their seeds, for example, a tree-like bush in Australia called the
“banksia bush.” First, the banksia bush burns, next its cones open, and then the cones release seeds.
Eventually, new trees (plants) start to grow. The point is, the cones must get burned a little before
they will open and drop new seeds. Thus, fire helps to maintain the forest.
研究人员发现，生活在经常发生森林火灾地区的树木、植物和昆虫为了生存，会适应这些条
件。例如，软木橡树不容易燃烧。森林火灾后，树的外部可能被完全烧毁，看起来已经死亡，
但软木橡树的内部仍然活着，树仍然活着。他们还发现，森林火灾以特定的方式对某些树木、
植物、动物和昆虫有益。一些树木（植物）需要火来传播它们的种子，例如，澳大利亚的一
种类似树的灌木被称为“班克斯灌木”。首先，班克斯灌木燃烧，接着它的球果打开，然后球果释放种
子。最终，新的树木（植物）开始生长。关键是，球果必须先被烧掉一点，然后才能打开并落下新的种
子。因此，火有助于维持森林。
One insect that benefits from fires and has adapted well is the blue beetle. The blue beetle has heat
sensors that enable it to detect a forest fire up to 50 kilometers away. You might think the beetle
would use its heat sensors to avoid the fire, but it does just the opposite. Here’s what happens. The
blue beetle senses a fire. Next, it starts flying into the burning area. Then the beetle lands and lays
its eggs in the trees that have been burned. The beetle knows this wood is an excellent food source
for its eggs. Consider this: if the beetle laid its eggs before the fire moved through, the fire would
destroy the beetle’s eggs.
一种从火灾中受益并适应良好的昆虫是蓝甲虫。蓝甲虫有热传感器，可以探测 50 公里外的
森林火灾。你可能认为甲虫会用它的热传感器来躲避火灾，但事实恰恰相反。下面是发生的
事情。蓝甲虫感觉到了火。接下来，它开始飞入燃烧区域。然后，甲虫降落并在被烧毁的树
上产卵。甲虫知道这种木材是卵的绝佳食物来源。考虑一下：如果甲虫在火通过之前产卵，
火会摧毁甲虫的卵。
In sum, there are positive outcomes of forest fires. Yet, they can cause terrible damage. The
question is: does the destruction justify the advantages? This is difficult to answer. After a fire, a
sequence of events take place which restore the forest’s ecosystem. First, fast-growing plants and
grasses start to grow. Then slower-growing plants emerge, and then, lastly, new trees grow. The
first steps happen quickly, but it can take many years for a forest to return to health.
总之，森林火灾有积极的结果。然而，它们会造成可怕的破坏。问题是：破坏是否证明了优
势的合理性？这很难回答。火灾发生后，发生了一系列恢复森林生态系统的事件。首先，快
速生长的植物和草开始生长。然后生长缓慢的植物出现，最后，新的树木生长。第一步进展
很快，但森林恢复健康可能需要很多年。
Words & tips
Words and expressions
foe n. 敌人，仇敌
cork n. 栓皮，软木
banksia n. 山龙眼
Proper names
Victoria 维多利亚（澳大利亚东南部州）
A cross-cultural view
Energy: Then and now
能源：当时和现在
From the light of the sun to the invention of solar panels, the history of energy use has gone
through enormous changes, driven by technological development and man’s unwearied pursuit of
a better life. In general, there have been three major periods of energy development: the old time
of drilling wood to make fire, the current reign of fossil fuels, and the incoming era of renewable
energy.
从太阳光到太阳能电池板的发明，在技术发展和人类对美好生活的不懈追求的推动下，能源
使用的历史经历了巨大的变化。总的来说，能源发展经历了三个主要时期：过去的伐木生火
时代，现在的化石燃料时代，以及即将到来的可再生能源时代。
The development of energy Sun and wood
太阳能和木材的发展
The sun is by far the oldest source of energy. It has been providing heat and light for millions of
years and is directly responsible for sustaining life on earth. Although the sun’s energy is
inexhaustible, human beings could not control or preserve it. Therefore, they began to explore
other energy sources. Approximately 2.4 million years ago, Chinese in now Shanxi Province used
wood to make fire. It was a significant step in human history as fire gives people warmth, light,
clean water and cooked food. The fire from wood also allowed people to manipulate many kinds
of materials, such as clay and metal.
太阳是迄今为止最古老的能源。数百万年来，它一直在提供热量和光，并直接负责维持地球
上的生命。尽管太阳的能量取之不尽，但人类无法控制或保存它。因此，他们开始探索其他
能源。大约 240 万年前，山西省的中国人用木头生火。这是人类历史上重要的一步，因为火
给人们带来温暖、光明、洁净的水和熟食。木材的燃烧也使人们能够操纵多种材料，如粘土
和金属。
Fossil fuels
化石燃料
The Industrial Revolution marked a big change for people’s use of energy. The sole dependence on
wood to power became a thing of the past. Humans switched to a new source of fuel, coal, which
is non-renewable. In 1769, James Watt patented the steam engine powered by coal. As manual
labor was substituted with machinery, the rate of production soared. Coal continued to be the most
important fossil fuel used in great quantities for a very long period of time, until when oil and gas
rose to prominence. Then came the invention of the internal combustion engine and the
automobile by Karl Benz in the 19th century, which used oil and gas instead of coal. While fossil
fuels remain the main energy sources today, their detrimental effects are obvious. They are
considered relevant to global warming, extreme weather, the melting of polar glaciers, etc.
工业革命标志着人们对能源的使用发生了巨大变化。仅仅依靠木材发电已成为过去。人类改
用了一种不可再生的新燃料——煤炭。1769 年，詹姆斯·瓦特获得了煤动力蒸汽机的专利。
随着人工劳动被机械取代，生产率飙升。煤炭在很长一段时间内一直是最重要的化石燃料，
大量使用，直到石油和天然气开始崭露头角。19 世纪，卡尔·本茨发明了内燃机和汽车，用石
油和天然气代替煤。尽管化石燃料仍然是当今的主要能源，但其有害影响是显而易见的。它们被认为
与全球变暖、极端天气、极地冰川融化等有关。
Renewable energy
可再生能源
Since the 1930s, renewable energy began to be put into use with scientific and technological
development. For example, breakthroughs in long-distance transmission technology means
hydropower could be delivered farther and on a larger scale. Renewable energy refers to energy
that is generated from natural sources that are continuously replenished, such as sunlight, wind,
water, and biomass. It includes solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy.
Renewable energy does not deplete natural resources and hardly creates pollution to the
environment.
20 世纪 30 年代以来，随着科技的发展，可再生能源开始投入使用。例如，远距离输电技术
的突破意味着水力发电可以输送得更远、规模更大。可再生能源是指从不断补充的自然资源
（如阳光、风、水和生物质）产生的能源。它包括太阳能、风能、水力发电、生物质、地热
和海洋能源。可再生能源不会耗尽自然资源，也不会对环境造成污染。
Energy in China’s new era
China is striving to build a clean and diversified energy supply system. Although fossil fuels
remain primary energy sources, the Chinese government attaches great importance to developing
and utilizing renewable energy. By means of effective policies and strong financial supports,
China is developing cutting-edge technologies and demonstrating its leadership in some aspects.
For example, China is now able to independently design and construct the world’s largest
one-million-kW hydroelectric turbine, and leads the world in designing and manufacturing
ultra-high dams. As to wind power, over 90% is generated by domestically manufactured wind
turbines. In areas where annual average wind speed is below eight meters per second, China has
built large-scale low-speed wind turbines to exploit wind currents. For solar power, China is
accelerating the development of photovoltaic technology and leading the world in the conversion
efficiency of solar photovoltaic cells. In the past decade, the average cost of electricity per kWh
generated in photovoltaic energy projects was reduced by 75% in China.
中国新时代的能源
中国正在努力建设清洁多样的能源供应体系。尽管化石燃料仍然是主要能源，但中国政府非常重视开发
和利用可再生能源。通过有效的政策和强有力的资金支持，中国正在发展尖端技术，并在某些方面展示
其领导力。例如，中国现在能够独立设计和建造世界上最大的 100 万千瓦水力涡轮机，并在设计和制造
超高水坝方面处于世界领先地位。至于风力发电，90%以上的电力来自国内制造的风力涡轮机。在年平
均风速低于每秒八米的地区，中国建造了大型低速风力涡轮机来利用风力。对于太阳能，中国正在加快
光伏技术的发展，并在太阳能光伏电池的转换效率方面领先于世界。在过去十年中，中国光伏能源项目
每千瓦时的平均发电成本降低了 75%。
Energy is the foundation and driving force for the progress of human civilization. It matters to the
economy, to people’s lives, and to the survival and progress of civilization. China will work
together with all countries to expand cooperation on global energy governance, promote
sustainable development of global energy, and protect global energy security. Let’s expect a
cleaner, greener, safer world.
能源是人类文明进步的基础和动力。它关系到经济，关系到人们的生活，关系到文明的生存
和进步。中国将与各国一道，扩大全球能源治理合作，促进全球能源可持续发展，保护全球
能源安全。让我们期待一个更清洁、更绿色、更安全的世界。
Words & tips
Words and expressions
solar panel n. （通常放在房顶的）太阳能电池板
unwearied adj. （孜孜）不倦的，勤奋的；不屈不挠的
inexhaustible adj. 无穷无尽的，用不完的
rise to prominence 崭露头角
the internal combustion engine n. 内燃机
hydroelectric adj. 水力发电的
biomass n. （提供动力或能量的）生物量
geothermal adj. 地热的，地温的
replenish v. 补充；重新装满
deplete v. 减少，损耗
turbine n. 涡轮机；汽轮机
photovoltaic adj. 光伏的
Proper names
James Watt 詹姆斯·瓦特（1736—1819，蒸汽机改良者）
Karl Benz 卡尔·本茨（1844—1929，奔驰汽车创始人）
Unit 6 Conflict
第六单元冲突
Warming up
Cognitive dissonance
认知失调
In a psychology experiment, participants were asked to do some boring tasks, such as repeatedly
turning pegs in a pegboard for an hour. Then they were asked to tell the next participant that the
task was fun. Half of the participants were paid $1, and the rest were paid $20 for telling this
obvious lie. Interestingly, in the follow-up survey, those who were paid $20 said the task was
indeed very boring, while those who were paid $1 said the task was enjoyable and they were
willing to do it again. Why did this happen?
在一项心理学实验中，参与者被要求做一些无聊的任务，比如在钉板上反复转动钉子一个小
时。然后他们被要求告诉下一个参与者这项任务很有趣。一半的参与者因说谎而得到了 1
美元的报酬，其余的参与者则因说谎而获得了 20 美元的报酬。有趣的是，在后续调查中，
那些拿到 20 美元的人说这项任务确实很无聊，而那些拿到 1 美元的人则表示这项任务很愉
快，他们愿意再做一次。为什么会发生这种情况？
The theory of cognitive dissonance explains the result. People feel most comfortable when their
attitudes, beliefs and behaviors are consistent with each other. When they sense inconsistency,
people may experience discomfort or dissonance. Such dissonance drives people to seek ways to
resolve the inconsistency. In the experiment, those who were paid $20 could justify themselves
that it was reasonable to tell a small lie for $20, while the other half were unable to justify their
action, so they convinced themselves that the task was truly enjoyable.
认知失调理论解释了这一结果。当人们的态度、信念和行为彼此一致时，他们感到最舒服。
当他们感觉到不一致时，人们可能会感到不适或不和谐。这种不和谐促使人们寻求解决矛盾
的方法。在实验中，那些得到 20 美元报酬的人可以证明自己花 20 美元撒个小谎是合理的，
而另一半人无法证明自己的行为是合理的。
When cognitive dissonance arises, what will people do to reduce their uncomfortable feelings?
Take bedtime procrastination as an example. Many people are suffering from it. They know it’s
not smart to stay up late, but they stay awake at all hours anyway. They just can’t stop. This makes
them feel uneasy, restless, and guilty. To resolve it, some people set themselves a no-exceptions
rule and go to bed each night at a certain time to make their behavior consistent with their belief.
Others look for information that outweighs the dissonant belief. They may rationalize it:
“Research has proven that sleep patterns are determined by genes so it’s natural for me to stay up
late and sleep in.” People may also reduce the importance of the belief by convincing themselves
that the health risk of staying up late is not as bad as smoking cigarettes or drinking alcohol.
当认知失调出现时，人们会做些什么来减轻他们不舒服的感觉？以睡前拖延症为例。很多人
都在忍受这种痛苦。他们知道熬夜是不明智的，但无论如何，他们总是保持清醒。他们就是
停不下来。这让他们感到不安、不安和内疚。为了解决这个问题，一些人给自己设定了一个
无例外的规则，每天晚上在某个时间睡觉，以使自己的行为与自己的信念保持一致。其他人
寻找的信息超过了不和谐的信念。他们可能会将其合理化：“研究证明，睡眠模式是由基因
决定的，所以我熬夜睡懒觉是很自然的。”人们也可以通过说服自己熬夜的健康风险不如吸
烟或饮酒来降低这种信念的重要性。
As we can see, such a dissonance-reduction mechanism could help or harm us in the long run. We
can consciously make better decisions to break bad habits. But it can also lead us to avoid or
reduce dissonance in illogical ways. What can we do to prevent its negative effects?Psychologists
recommend deliberately questioning our initial response to new information because we are
probably more biased than we think. Also, it is recommended that we do some research to make
sure that our beliefs and actions are based on solid evidence, and not on the little trick our brain
plays to ease the inner conflict.
正如我们所看到的，从长远来看，这样一种减少不和谐的机制可能会帮助或伤害我们。我们
可以有意识地做出更好的决定来改掉坏习惯。但它也可以引导我们以不合逻辑的方式避免或
减少不和谐。我们能做什么来防止它的负面影响？心理学家建议故意质疑我们对新信息的最
初反应，因为我们可能比我们想象的更有偏见。此外，建议我们做一些研究，以确保我们的
信念和行动是基于确凿的证据，而不是基于我们的大脑为缓解内心冲突而耍的小把戏。
Academic listening
Listening 1 Conflict resolution
Conflict resolution
冲突解决
JIA: Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to today’s debate. The motion for the
debate is as follows: Proactive ways of resolving conflict are better than attempts to prevent or
mitigate them. Proposing the motion, on my right we have on the postgraduate team, Feliks and
Owen. Opposing the motion, on my left we have the second-year undergraduate team, Fatima and
Carmen. Our judges today are Lisa and Molly. I would now like to call on the first speaker of the
proposition, Feliks, to open the debate.
贾：女士们，先生们，下午好，欢迎参加今天的辩论。辩论的动议如下：主动解决冲突的方
式比预防或缓解冲突的方式更好。提出动议，我右边是研究生团队的成员，费利克斯和欧文。
反对这项动议，在我的左边，我们有二年级本科生团队，法蒂玛和卡门。我们今天的评委是
丽莎和莫莉。我现在请提案的第一位发言者费利克斯开始辩论。
FELIKS:Good afternoon, Madam Chairman, ladies and gentlemen. The topic for our debate is
proactive versus preventative methods of resolving conflict. We define proactive methods as
cooperative styles of resolving conflict, and with this definition, we as the affirmative team
believe that proactive methods are superior to preventative methods. As the first speaker for the
motion, I am going to discuss two points. Our second speaker for the motion will rebut and sum
up our team’s case.
费利克斯：主席女士，女士们，先生们，下午好。我们辩论的主题是解决冲突的主动方法与
预防方法。我们将主动方法定义为解决冲突的合作方式，根据这一定义，我们作为积极团队
认为主动方法优于预防方法。作为议案的第一位发言者，我将讨论两点。我们动议的第二位
发言人将反驳并总结我们团队的案例。
So my first argument is that conciliation—which is basically meeting the other side halfway, not
just giving in—is the right way, the best way, the most effective way, to resolve conflict in the
long term. Both sides can take some satisfaction from the resolution, and there is a wonderful
feeling of both having been generous, but also winning something for yourself.
因此，我的第一个论点是，调解基本上是让另一方半途而废，而不仅仅是让步，这是长
期解决冲突的正确方式、最佳方式、最有效的方式。双方都能从决议中得到一些满足，双方
都很慷慨，但也为自己赢得了一些东西，这是一种美妙的感觉。
My second point is that a cooperative style produces a win-win situation, so that both sides get
what they want in the end. It’s not, admittedly, the easiest method, because it requires high levels
of empathy at the same time as focusing on your self-interest. This sounds impossible but can
actually be achieved with training and practice. If all the participants at international conferences
on world issues like climate change came to the table with this approach, they would, undoubtedly,
achieve amazing things.
我的第二点是，合作的方式会产生双赢的局面，这样双方最终都会得到他们想要的东西。无
可否认，这不是最简单的方法，因为它需要高度的同理心，同时关注自己的利益。这听起来
不可能，但实际上可以通过训练和实践来实现。如果所有参加气候变化等世界问题国际会议
的人都以这种方式来参加会议，他们无疑会取得惊人的成就。
So, Madam Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, in conclusion we should try to resolve conflict with
the aim of pleasing both parties in a conflict—something that, unfortunately, given the undeniable
strength of our position, won’t happen today!
因此，主席女士，女士们，先生们，最后，我们应该努力解决冲突，以取悦冲突中的双
方，不幸的是，鉴于我们的立场无可否认的强大，今天不会发生这样的事情！
JIA: Thank you, Feliks. And now we will hear from the first negative speaker, Fatima.
贾：谢谢你，费利克斯。现在我们将听取第一位反对者法蒂玛的发言。
FATIMA: Madam Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, we agree with the topic and definition given
by the first affirmative speaker. However, we believe that their main statement is false. As the first
negative speaker, I will give you two arguments in favor of adopting an avoiding style of conflict
resolution. Our second speaker will rebut the opposing side’s argument for adopting a proactive
approach, and sum up our team’s case.
Now my main point is that most conflicts can be completely avoided, simply by waiting for the
situation to pass. In my culture, for example, conflict can result in long-term damage to personal
or business relationships, so it is much better to adopt a kind of wait-and-see policy. And my
second point is that an avoiding style can be very productive. In some cultures, it might be seen as
very insulting to be too concerned about your own position … You have to respect the other side.
So, ladies and gentlemen, Madam Chairman, judges, the so-called proactive strategies for
resolving conflict may appear attractive in one particular type of culture, but in today’s
multicultural business world, they are likely to fail. An avoiding style, as I am sure you will agree,
is a far more constructive method of maintaining goodwill, unifying the parties, and therefore
resolving conflict. Thank you.
现在我的主要观点是，大多数冲突都可以完全避免，只需等待局势过去。例如，在我的
文化中，冲突可能会对个人或商业关系造成长期损害，所以采取一种观望政策要好得多。我
的第二点是，回避的风格可以非常有效。在某些文化中，过于关注自己的立场可能会被视为
非常侮辱人……你必须尊重对方。因此，女士们、先生们、主席女士、法官们，在一种特定的文化中，
所谓的解决冲突的积极策略可能会很有吸引力，但在当今多元文化的商业世界中，它们很可能会失败。
我相信你会同意，回避的方式是维护善意、团结各方、从而解决冲突的一种更具建设性的方法。非常感
谢。
JIA: Thank you, Fatima. Now, to rebut the first affirmative speaker, we will hear from Carmen.
贾：谢谢你，法蒂玛。现在，为了反驳第一位肯定的演讲者，我们将听取卡门的发言。
CARMEN: Madam Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, the first affirmative speaker has tried to tell
you that a proactive, cooperative approach to resolving conflict somehow results in all parties
feeling that they have won—a win-win situation, I believe he called it, where everybody feels a
kind of glow of happiness. I know, it does sound childish when you look at it like that … Now, the
reason this view is wrong is that it is inherent in any real-world conflict, as opposed to a
theoretical conflict, that one side is more powerful than the other. So more often than not, the
weaker side will feel that the other is trying to bully them into agreeing to something that they
don’t want. To the weaker side, it feels like a violation, not a birthday party. So Madam Chairman,
ladies and gentlemen, in conclusion, in the real, multicultural world that we live in, rather than the
fake world imagined by the affirmative team, we need an approach to conflict that does not
involve imposing our will on others, but one that helps avoid it in the first place. Thank you.
卡门：主席女士，女士们，先生们，第一位肯定的发言者试图告诉你们，以积极、合作的方
式解决冲突，在某种程度上会让所有各方都觉得自己赢了——我相信他称之为双赢局面，每
个人都感到一种幸福。我知道，当你这样看时，这听起来确实很幼稚……现在，这种观点是
错误的，因为它是任何现实世界冲突中固有的，而不是理论冲突，一方比另一方更强大。因
此，通常情况下，较弱的一方会觉得另一方试图胁迫他们同意他们不想要的东西。对较弱的
一方来说，这感觉像是违规行为，而不是生日派对。因此，主席女士，女士们，先生们，最
后，在我们生活的真实的多文化世界中，而不是由积极团队想象的虚假世界中，我们需要一
种解决冲突的方法，这种方法不涉及将我们的意志强加于他人，而是一种首先有助于避免冲
突的方法。非常感谢。
JIA: Thank you, Carmen. Now, to rebut the first negative speaker, we will hear the final speaker,
Owen.
贾：谢谢你，卡门。现在，为了反驳第一位反对者，我们将听取最后一位发言者欧文的发言。
OWEN: Madam Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, the first negative speaker, Fatima, has tried to
tell you that there is a cultural issue with trying to find a resolution to a problem. That may be true
in a very few situations, but should we really just give in to anyone who is in conflict with us,
even when we know we are right? Surely it is cowardly to do this. And Fatima also said that we
should just wait for things to get better by themselves. That is simply dangerous in a world where
we need to find ways to solve serious problems. We can’t just wait and hope. Madam Chairman,
ladies and gentlemen, in conclusion, proactive methods, where each side gives incentives for the
other side to amend or refine their position until the conflict is resolved, are not merely the best
way, they are the only way.
欧文：主席女士，女士们，先生们，第一位反对者法蒂玛试图告诉你，试图找到解决问题的
方法是一个文化问题。这在极少数情况下可能是真的，但我们真的应该向任何与我们有冲突
的人让步吗，即使我们知道自己是对的？这样做肯定是懦弱的。法蒂玛还表示，我们应该等
待事情自行好转。在我们需要找到解决严重问题的方法的世界里，这是非常危险的。我们不
能只是等待和希望。主席女士，女士们，先生们，总之，积极主动的方法，即每一方都鼓励
另一方修改或完善自己的立场，直到冲突得到解决，不仅是最好的方法，也是唯一的方法。
JIA:Thank you, speakers for and against the motion. Now the judges will make their decision …
贾：谢谢各位支持和反对议案的发言者。现在法官们将做出决定…
Words & tips
Words and expressions
proactive adj. 主动的，预先采取行动的
proposition n. 主张，观点，见解
preventative adj. 预防（性）的
affirmative adj. 肯定的，同意的
rebut v. 驳斥，反驳
conciliation n. 说服；调解
empathy n. 同情；同感，共鸣
undeniable adj. 不可否认的，无可争辩的
goodwill n. 好意，亲善，友善
unify v. （使）统一，（使）成一体
inherent adj. 内在的，固有的
amend v. 修改
Proper names
Feliks 费利克斯（人名）
Owen 欧文（人名）
Fatima 法蒂玛（人名）
Carmen 卡门（人名）
Lisa 莉萨（人名）
Molly 莫莉（人名）
Listening 2 Role conflict
Role conflict
角色冲突
BRETT: The lecture has started, so please pay attention. Now, to begin with, we’re piloting this
program, so I’m here today with the senior lecturer, Professor Sofia Lang, to talk about role
conflict. This should be familiar to those of you who did the pre-reading I assigned on the website,
but to recap, please look at this slide with a diagram and definitions. So, firstly, role conflict can
occur when a person is assigned two or more roles, and compliance with the demands of these
would be difficult or even impossible. There are two subcategories here, at the bottom—intra-role
conflict and inter-role conflict. You can see the definitions. So, to expand on that, intra-role
conflict occurs in an organizational context. It’s when the job, for example, places incompatible
demands on the worker. And here we have inter-role conflict … uh … So that’s when you have
roles in two different domains that cannot be easily accommodated, like being a mother and
worker, which is by the way undoubtedly the most common example in the modern world. To give
you an idea of what’s to follow, Professor Lang will start by talking about the work-family
dilemma, the inter-role conflict, on which she is certainly one of the most respected authorities,
and then I’ll outline some key points concerning organizational, or intra-role conflict. Professor
Lang?
布雷特：讲座已经开始了，请注意。现在，首先，我们正在试点这个项目，所以我今天在这
里与高级讲师 Sofia Lang 教授讨论角色冲突。这应该是我在网站上指定的预读的人所熟悉的，
但为了概括，请看这张带有图表和定义的幻灯片。因此，首先，当一个人被分配了两个或多
个角色时，可能会发生角色冲突，而遵守这些角色的要求将是困难的，甚至是不可能的。这
里有两个子类别，最底层的角色内冲突和角色间冲突。您可以看到定义。因此，更进一步地
说，角色内冲突发生在组织环境中。例如，当工作对工人提出不相容的要求时。在这里，我
们有角色间的冲突……呃……这就是当你在两个不同的领域中有角色，而这两个领域是不容
易适应的，比如当母亲和工人，这无疑是现代世界最常见的例子。为了让你知道接下来会发
生什么，朗教授将首先谈论工作-家庭困境，角色间冲突，在这一点上，她无疑是最受尊敬
的权威之一，然后我将概述有关组织或角色内冲突的一些要点。朗教授？
SOFIA: Sofia, please. Thank you, Professor Wilson. A neat summary, don’t you think, students?
Maria, I saw you making notes. Did you have a question?
索菲亚：索菲亚，求你了。谢谢你，威尔逊教授。学生们，你不觉得这是一个简洁的总结吗？
玛丽亚，我看见你在做笔记。你有问题吗？
MARIA: No, thank you professor. I did the pre-reading. It’s no problem.
玛丽亚：不，谢谢你，教授。我做了预读。没问题。
SOFIA: Good. Now imagine this. A woman goes to university in her 20s, finds she loves
academic life, and qualifies with a Ph.D. in physics eight years later. She is eager to put her work
into practice. But she also wants a family, so she has two children with her partner. The university
takes her on in a research post, and she is expected to attend conferences on weekends, and
generally put in a lot of hours, sometimes in the evening, helping students and doing research.
This she totally understands. However, she also wants to be a good mother, there for her children,
but she has no possible boundary between the two roles, because they overlap in terms of time and
attention needed. This is a classic example of inter-role conflict, and actually, there’s nothing
radical in this scenario. In fact it’s very similar to my own! People often praise me. “How do you
do it?” is a question I get asked all the time, but there is nothing strange about it for millions of
women. Frankly, the question really annoys me. Now, what are the consequences of this kind of
conflict? There are studies that suggest that this conflict is responsible for declining birthrates in
developed countries, a decline which is undeniably happening. But my own research suggests that
there are too many factors involved to be able to make any claim for one main reason for this
decline. However, it is argued in some of the studies that the reason for the decline in numbers of
children is that many women are choosing a career over children. Though in some ways this seems
possible, the theory ignores the fact that fathers experience a similar conflict—a study in 2008
suggests up to 49% of working fathers face the same conflict between their roles. So, how can we
know that this is a female choice? Is there any way of being sure? Ben, what do you think?
索菲亚：很好。现在想象一下。一位 20 多岁的女性上大学，发现自己热爱学术生活，八年
后获得物理学博士学位。她渴望把工作付诸实践。但她也想要一个家庭，所以她和她的伴侣
有两个孩子。大学让她担任研究职位，预计她会在周末参加会议，通常会花很多时间，有时
是晚上，帮助学生和做研究。这一点她完全理解。然而，她也想成为一个好母亲，为孩子们
做母亲，但这两个角色之间没有可能的界限，因为他们在时间和所需的注意力方面重叠。这
是一个典型的角色间冲突的例子，事实上，在这个场景中没有什么激进的。事实上，它和我
自己的非常相似！人们经常称赞我。“你是怎么做到的？”这是我一直被问到的问题，但对数
百万女性来说，这并没有什么奇怪的。坦率地说，这个问题真的让我很恼火。现在，这种冲
突的后果是什么？有研究表明，这场冲突是发达国家出生率下降的原因，这种下降是不可否
认的。但我自己的研究表明，有太多的因素，无法对这种下降的一个主要原因提出任何主张。
然而，一些研究认为，孩子数量下降的原因是许多女性选择职业而不是孩子。尽管在某些方
面这似乎是可能的，但该理论忽略了父亲经历类似冲突的事实——2008 年的一项研究表明，
高达 49%的在职父亲面临着相同的角色冲突。那么，我们怎么知道这是女性的选择呢？有
什么办法可以确定吗？本，你觉得怎么样？
BEN: I agree with you. I mean, there are so many changes going on, women’s rights, changing
work patterns, attitudes to raising children … But I guess you could survey people to find out what
they see as the decisive factor?
本：我同意你的看法。我的意思是，有太多的变化正在发生，妇女的权利，改变的工作模式，
抚养孩子的态度……但我想你可以调查人们，找出他们认为的决定性因素是什么？
SOFIA: And we do, of course! But that kind of data are not always reliable. Consequently, we
just don’t know for sure. Anyway, you should start thinking about these issues for your project,
which we’ll be assigning in next week’s tutorials. I’m going to pass you back to Professor Wilson.
索菲亚：当然了！但这种数据并不总是可靠的。因此，我们只是不确定。无论如何，您应该
开始思考项目的这些问题，我们将在下周的教程中分配这些问题。我会把你交给威尔逊教授。
BRETT: Brett, please! Thank you. Now, if I may return to my slide show here: organizational
work conflict. As I explained, it’s when you have two roles within one organizational context. I
have an example here from real life. Let’s call him Max. He works in an office in a web design
company. He’s been there for nine years, and has worked his way up. You can see his career path
on this diagram. In his current role as team leader, the management has delegated to him the
responsibility of making sure his team meets deadlines with high-quality work, but he also
represents the web designers at management meetings. There’s a clear conflict here. What actually
happened was that he stopped doing the things that got him these jobs in the first place. Hence, he
ended up doing the minimum required to keep his job. Now, there are those who would say that it
had nothing to do with the role conflict, he just wanted an easy life. But why would he change
after all those years? People just aren’t that changeable. You will recognize this as the case study I
asked you to read. It’s clearly a case of role conflict lowering motivation, which several studies
have identified as an outcome. Basically, the different roles negated his strengths. Let’s look at
some figures now. This chart shows statistics on motivation in three different industries …
布雷特：布雷特，求你了！非常感谢。现在，如果我可以回到我的幻灯片：组织工作冲突。
正如我所解释的，当你在一个组织环境中有两个角色时。我有一个现实生活中的例子。我们
叫他麦克斯吧。他在一家网络设计公司的办公室工作。他在那里已经九年了，一直在努力。
你可以在这张图上看到他的职业道路。在他目前担任团队领导的角色中，管理层授权他负责
确保团队以高质量的工作完成最后期限，但他也代表网络设计师出席管理会议。这里有一个
明显的冲突。事实上，他一开始就不再做那些让他获得这些工作的事情。因此，他最终做到
了保住工作所需的最低限度。现在，有人会说，这与角色冲突无关，他只是想要一种轻松的
生活。但是，这么多年过去了，他为什么会改变呢？人就是没有那么多变。你会认识到这是
我要求你阅读的案例研究。这显然是一个角色冲突降低动机的案例，几项研究已将其确定为
结果。基本上，不同的角色否定了他的优势。现在让我们看看一些数字。这张图表显示了三
个不同行业的激励统计数据…
SOFIA: Can I jump in here? I think we need to touch on coping strategies …
索菲亚：我能跳进去吗？我认为我们需要谈谈应对策略…
Words & tips
Words and expressions
subcategory n. 亚类；子种类；子范畴
intra- prefix 在……之内（的）
inter- prefix 在……之间，互相
domain n. （活动、兴趣或知识的）领域，范围，范畴
overlap v.（活动或时间上）重叠，交叉
scenario n. 可能发生的事，可能出现的情况
birthrate n. 出生率
slide show n. 幻灯片放映
Proper names
Sofia Lang 索菲娅·朗（人名）
Brett Wilson 布雷特·威尔逊（人名）
Maria 玛丽亚（人名）
Ben 本（人名）
Max 马克斯（人名）
A cross-cultural view
All under heaven are one family
天下一家
What is the globe likely to be in the coming years? Samuel Huntington, the author of The Clash of
Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order claims the fundamental source of conflict in the
world would be primarily cultural differences between different civilizations, rather than economic
conflict. Clashes between civilizations, according to Huntington, are unavoidable because cultural
differences mean conflict. Will differences inevitably lead to conflict? Traditional Chinese
philosophy has a distinctly different answer.
未来几年，地球可能会变成什么样子？《文明冲突与世界秩序重塑》一书的作者塞缪尔·亨
廷顿（Samuel Huntington）声称，世界上冲突的根本根源主要是不同文明之间的文化差异，
而不是经济冲突。亨廷顿认为，文明之间的冲突是不可避免的，因为文化差异意味着冲突。
分歧会不可避免地导致冲突吗？中国传统哲学有着截然不同的答案。
“A man of virtue pursues harmony but does not seek uniformity; a petty man seeks uniformity
but does not pursue harmony.” (君子和而不同，小人同而不和。) You are probably familiar with
this citation from The Analects. This concept of “harmony but not uniformity” emphasizes that
when different things are allowed to complement and supplement each other, they create a
harmonious whole full of vitality and creativity. Quite different from the Western idea that
differences lead to conflict, Confucianism suggests overall harmonious co-existence can be
achieved by respecting diversity.
“有德行的人追求和谐，但不追求统一；小人追求统一，但不寻求和谐。”(君子和而不同，
小人同而不和。) 你可能很熟悉《论语》中的这段引文。这种“和谐而非统一”的概念强调，
当不同的事物被允许相互补充和补充时，它们创造了一个充满活力和创造力的和谐整体。与
西方认为差异会导致冲突的观点截然不同，儒家学说认为，通过尊重多样性可以实现全面的和
谐共存。
This idea is also reflected in the Daoist philosophy regarding the coexistence of contrary forces,
yin and yang. The interaction between the qualities of yin and yang creates a state of harmony and
determines the formation and existence of all things. So, in Chinese philosophy, it is harmony
rather than conflict that is focused upon. Chinese people have a deep-rooted desire to pursue
harmony when cultivating themselves, handling interpersonal matters, and getting along with the
universe and nature.
这一思想也反映在道教关于阴阳对立力量共存的哲学中。阴阳品质的相互作用创造了一种和
谐的状态，并决定了万物的形成和存在。因此，在中国哲学中，关注的是和谐而不是冲突。
中国人在培养自己、处理人际关系、与宇宙和自然相处时，有一种根深蒂固的追求和谐的愿
望。
The notion of seeking harmony within differences has been in practice since ancient times. During
the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong discussed with his chancellor Wei Zheng the difference
between a wise and an ignorant ruler. Wei Zheng said, “Listen to both sides of a question and you
will be wise; listen to one side only and you will be ignorant.” Listening to both sides means
showing respect for various ideas and embracing differences with an open mind. Under this idea,
poetry, philosophy and arts flourished in this era. The prosperous Tang Dynasty was the epitome
of the open, inclusive spirit of Chinese civilization. In a journey of 5,000 or more years, Chinese
civilization has been acquiring and absorbing different cultures on the basis of its own, and
continuously enriches and strengthens itself.
在差异中寻求和谐的概念自古以来就在实践中。在唐朝，唐太宗与宰相魏征讨论了明智与无
知的统治者之间的区别。魏征说：“倾听问题的两面，你会变得明智；只倾听一方，你就会
变得无知。”倾听两面，意味着尊重各种观点，以开放的心态接受分歧。在这种思想下，诗
歌、哲学和艺术在这个时代蓬勃发展。盛唐是中国文明开放包容精神的缩影。在 5000 多年
的历程中，中华文明在自身的基础上不断获取和吸收不同的文化，并不断丰富和加强自身。
Incorporating experience and wisdom from ancient times, China has proposed the concept of
“building a community with a shared future for mankind” to collectively address conflicts and
challenges in the world today. It calls for forging partnerships in which countries treat one another
as equals, engage in mutual consultation, and show mutual understanding.
中国结合古代的经验和智慧，提出了“构建人类命运共同体”的理念，以共同应对当今世界的
冲突和挑战。它呼吁建立伙伴关系，使各国平等相待，相互协商，相互理解。
China has advocated the vision and also set an example. Looking beyond differences in histories,
cultures, stages of development, and social systems, China has actively opened up to the world
and learned from other countries’ advanced technologies and management experiences,
transforming itself from a once impoverished country into a major economic powerhouse. When
developing itself, China also shares its development experience with the world. In 2013, the Belt
and Road Initiative was proposed to realize mutual benefits and common development. By
January 2021, a total of 171 countries and international organizations had signed 205cooperation
agreements with China under the initiative, providing a boost to local employment and
socioeconomic development. Facing such challenges as climate change, terrorism, and the
COVID-19 pandemic, China shoulders its responsibilities and makes its contribution as a major
country by issuing key policies for carbon neutrality, dispatching peacekeepers to UN
peacekeeping operations, and offering vaccine assistance to other countries.
中国倡导这一愿景，也树立了榜样。超越历史、文化、发展阶段和社会制度的差异，中国积
极向世界开放，借鉴其他国家的先进技术和管理经验，从一个曾经贫穷的国家转变为一个主
要的经济强国。在发展自己的同时，中国也与世界分享自己的发展经验。2013 年，“一带一
路”倡议倡议提出，实现互利共赢、共同发展。截至 2021 1 月，共有 171 个国家和国际组织根据
该倡议与中国签署了 205 项合作协议，促进了当地就业和社会经济发展。面对气候变化、恐怖主义、新
冠肺炎疫情等挑战，中国肩负起大国责任，通过发布关键的碳中和政策、向联合国维和行动派遣维和人
员、向其他国家提供疫苗援助等方式作出贡献。
Let’s go back to the question: Will differences inevitably lead to conflict? Well, China’s proposal
suggests that different civilizations do not have to clash. Through mutual understanding of
diversity, it is hoped that the world can share a bright future where all are free from want, all have
access to development and enjoy dignity, and all live in the beautiful world of harmony and
mutual respect that the famous Chinese sociologist Fei Xiaotongdescribes: “Appreciate the culture
or values of others as one would do to one’s own, and the world will become a harmonious
whole.” (各美其美，美人之美，美美与共，天下大同。)
让我们回到问题：分歧是否会不可避免地导致冲突？嗯，中国的建议表明，不同的文明不必
冲突。通过对多样性的相互理解，希望世界能够共享一个光明的未来，在那里，所有人都没
有匮乏，都有机会获得发展并享有尊严，所有人都生活在中国著名社会学家费孝通所描述的
和谐和相互尊重的美好世界中：“欣赏他人的文化或价值观，就像欣赏自己的一样，世界将
成为一个和谐的整体。”(各美其美，美人之美，美美与共，天下大同。)