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MITOSIS
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DNA
CHROMOSOME
GENE
ALLELE
COMMON
TERMS
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DNA
DEOXYRIBONUCLEI
C ACID
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DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
• DNA is the molecule that
carries all genetic
information for the
development and
functioning of an organism.
• DNA is made of two linked
strands that wind around
each other to resemble a
twisted ladder — a shape
known as a double helix.
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Chromosomes
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Chromosomes
• In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA
molecule is packaged into thread-like
structures called chromosomes.
• Diploid = 2 pairs of chromosomes
• Haploid = cells that have a single set
of chromosomes
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Genes
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Genes
• The gene is considered the
basic unit of inheritance.
• Genes are sections
of DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) that are found inside
every human cell.
• The genes code for different
traits, such as eye color,
body type, or male or female
sex.
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Alleles
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Alleles:
• The allele is a variant of a gene controlling
the same trait.
• Alleles usually occur in pairs
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They can be dominant or recessive
•
Example: The color of garden peas flowers
can be either purple or white. The gene
coding for this trait, responsible for
producing a purple pigment, is found in two
forms, allele for purple color and allele
for white color.
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Mitosis Process:
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Mitosis Video Introduction
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Objectives:
Describe the process of mitosis;
Emphasis on its importance for maintaining species chromosome
number.
Mention the replication of chromosomes. Names of stages are not
required.
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What is mitosis?
 Mitosis is a fundamental biological process that occurs in
eukaryotic cells, including those of plants, animals, and fungi. It is a
type of cell division that results in the formation of two
genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.
Mitosis is essential for various aspects of growth, repair, and
maintenance in multicellular organisms.
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Stages of Mitosis:
1.Chromosome Replication: Before mitosis begins, during a preceding
phase called interphase, the cell's DNA undergoes replication. Each
chromosome, which is composed of a single DNA molecule, duplicates
itself. This results in the formation of two identical sister chromatids joined
by a centromere.
2.Prophase: During prophase, the chromatin in the cell nucleus condenses
into visible chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of two sister
chromatids. The nuclear envelope starts to break down, and specialized
protein structures called spindle fibers begin to form.
3.Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the cell's equator, known as the
metaphase plate. The spindle fibers, which extend from opposite poles of
the cell, attach to the centromere region of each chromosome.
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Stages of Mitosis:
4. Anaphase: In anaphase, the sister chromatids are pulled apart toward
opposite poles of the cell. This ensures that each daughter cell will receive
an identical set of chromosomes. The centromere splits, allowing the sister
chromatids to separate.
5. Telophase: During telophase, the separated chromatids reach the
opposite poles of the cell. Chromosomes de-condense back into chromatin,
and nuclear envelopes begin to form around each set of separated
chromosomes. This marks the formation of two distinct nuclei within the cell.
6. Cytokinesis: While not part of mitosis, cytokinesis is the process of
dividing the cell's cytoplasm. In animal cells, it involves the pinching of the
cell membrane to create two separate daughter cells, each with its nucleus.
In plant cells, a cell plate forms in the middle and eventually becomes the
cell wall.
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