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Energy Procedia 74 (2015) 258 – 264
International Conference on Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and
Sustainability, TMREES15
Phytodiversity the group to Pistacia atlantica Desf. in the Saharan
Atlas (Bechar -Algeria).
Benaradj Abdelkrima*, Bouazza Mohamedb & Boucherit Hafidhaa
a
University Center of Naama (Algeria)
Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Management of Natural Ecosystems, University of Tlemcen (Algeria)
a
University center of Naama (Algeria)
b
Abstract
Research on the floristic The Saharan Atlas Bechar was undertaken. The Saharan Atlas covers important plant resources
spread over the plains, mountains, chotts the Dayas and desert areas.
Their potential for biological resources and their impressive diversity across the country imperatively require a
preservation strategy is developed. Ratification by Algeria, the Convention on Biological Diversity is an important step in the
management of this valuable capital and an irrefutable proof which strengthens the position of our country in the conservation of
biological diversity across planetary and in building sustainable development.
Our work is part of an overall framework that aims the preservation of plant species such as the case of the Atlas Pistachio
(Pistacia atlantica Desf.) are currently the object of our concern.
It is a very special forest heritage since it is an interesting species in many ways. The Pistachio Atlas is a large powerful
xeric very special tree trunk up to ten meters high.
The approach used consisted of floristic inventory from phytoecological identified in the pistachio range. The 50 surveys
are conducted and 127 species (woody and herbaceous) belonging to 97genres grouped into 36 families were inventoried.
The Pistacia atlantica is a promising species for Western Algeria, its adaptation to environmental stresses enables a
dynamic and some biological recovery. Floristic diversity of the group to Pistacia atlantica is very special because of its biological
characterization, systematic and phytogeographical. This review highlights the importance of endemic species-Saharan Africa
through adaptation and resistance under more favorable typically Saharan bioclimate.
© 2015
by by
Elsevier
Ltd.Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
©
2015The
TheAuthors.
Authors.Published
Published
Elsevier
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD)
* Benaradj Abdelkrim. Tel.: 00213 770 945 933.
E-mail address: benaradjak@yahoo.com
1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4 .0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD)
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.593
Benaradj Abdelkrim et al. / Energy Procedia 74 (2015) 258 – 264
Keywords: Pistacia atlantica, diversity, Saharan Atlas, Bechar, Algeria.
1. Introduction
Our work is part of an overall framework that aims the preservation of plant species such as the case of the Atlas
Pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) are currently the object of our concern.
Monjauze (1965, 1968, 1980), located pistachio atlas in the Oran area in the western area of Algiers, the high steppe
plains and the Saharan Atlas. The Pistachio Atlas widely dispersed and there grows exclusively in the Wadi beds and
depressions dayas. The Pistachio Atlas is a forest and fruit species well known in Algeria.
This study aims to assess the distribution of Pistachio Atlas in Bechar region by a phytoecological approach. In this
work, we will quantify the floristic and ecological data groupings Pistacia atlantica Desf. in relation to climate and
soil conditions.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Description of the study site "Bou Ayech"
The Station "Bou Ayech" is located 45 km in the southern part of the city of Beni ounif (Fig1). It is a homogeneous
topographic together without major accident. It is located between X (31 ° 96' 66,66 ") latitude and Y (01 ° 53 '33.33")
of longitude.
Fig. 1. Location of the study area
259
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Benaradj Abdelkrim et al. / Energy Procedia 74 (2015) 258 – 264
It is indicated by the Oued es Smar, with vegetation based: Hammada scoparia, Olea europaea, Pistacia atlantica,
Anabasis aretioides, Rhus tripartitum, etc.
This is a very broad distribution surface of Pistacia so widely dispersed in the wadi beds encountered until the
border area, all Pistacia represent a real progressive momentum by the appearance of new youth Pistacia.
Biogeographic, the station made part of the Saharan Atlas sector surveys are located in the sub sector within the
meaning AS1 Quezel and Santa (1962). It is located on the glaze of the Quaternary.
2.2. Methodological Approach
The methodology comprises a device comprising a series of transects distributed in different topographic units of
the study area.
We have opted for a systematic sampling of the kind transect running through the station. This sampling will be
performed on physiologically and morphologically homogeneous geo facies.
The various parameters studied:
- Vegetation recovery action:
The recovery of a species is theoretically defined as the percentage of the surface that would be covered, if projected
vertically on the ground aerial organs of individuals of the species (Gounot 1969).
- Measurement of floristic richness:
The rich flora of an area is the total number of species it contains, this floristic richness is generally even higher
than the land area is larger, but of course thinks less fast than the area concerned.
- Biological characterization:
Their biological type (Raunkiaer, 1934) indicated species identified in the study sites. Subsequently raw biological
spectra (taking into account the absolute frequency) and actual (method of Tomaselli in Long, 1954) were determined
for the four study sites. It is considered by phytogeographers as flora Adaptation Strategy to Climate Conditions
(Daget, 1980), this classification takes into account the renovation bud position of the plant to the ground during the
cold period can recognize 5 biological types defined by Raunkiaer (1934) according to the morphological nature and
which are: phanerophytes, chamaephytes, hemicryptophytes, and Geophytes Therophytes.
- Systematic characterization:
We have compiled a list of plants within the Pistacia atlantica group of distribution area according to their
belonging to family and genus of plant species inventories.
-Characterization Phytogeographical:
To achieve global phytogeographical spectra, the distribution of species inventoried is determined from the flora
of Algeria and Santa Quezel (1962-1963), updated by Greuter et al, 1989 and Kerguelen in 1994 Kad-Hanifi-Achour
(1998).
3. Results
The analysis of ecological data is certainly prior to the first order for the understanding of ecosystem functioning
and Environmental Design. It is essentially an investigative tool, combination and because of using the information
to, among others, a reflection on the development. (Long, 1975; Ozenda, Mederbal 1982 and 1992).
Our contribution concerns the study of biodiversity and phytogeographical pre-Saharan ecosystems.
3.1. Vegetation cover
The average recovery of the vegetation in the Bou Ayech station is 45%.
3.2. Floristic richness
Net diversification of flora, there were more than 127 species in the study station "Bou Ayech".
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Benaradj Abdelkrim et al. / Energy Procedia 74 (2015) 258 – 264
3.3. Biological characterization
The results of the floristic composition of the study sites are shown by the following biological characterization
(Tab1).
Table 1. Biological spectrum of study station
Biological types
Phanerophytes
Chameaphytes
Hemicryptophytes
therophytes
Geophytes
Total
Biological spectrum
Frequency
Absolute frequency
06
25
20
68
08
127
Relative frequency (%)
4,72
19,69
15,75
53,54
6,3
100%
Th>Ch>He>Ge>Ph
Files must be in MS Word only and should be formatted for direct printing, using the CRC MS Word provided.
Figures and tables should be embedded and not supplied separately.
The biological type of analysis in this resort shows that the biological spectrum of this resort is dominated by the
presence of Therophytic species (53.54%), followed by Chamaephytiques species (19.69%), followed by the species
Hemicryptophytiques (15.75%) and followed by Geophytes occupy (6.3%) and the phanerophytes (4.72%). It is of
type: Th> Ch> He> Ge> Ph.
3.4. Systematic characterization
The study site is characterized by the following systematic floristic which includes 36 families, 97 genera and 127
species. From these systematic analyzes diversity in families and more nuanced gender in the study station (Tab.2).
Table 2. List of botanical families in the study station
Number of
Number of
Families
Genres
Species
1
Asteraceae
32
26
2
Poaceae
13
12
3
Brassiceae
9
7
4
Fabaceae
7
3
5
Lamiaceae
5
4
6
Liliaceae
5
4
7
Apiacées
4
3
8
Caryophyllacées
4
4
9
Chénopodiacées
4
3
10
Géraniacées
4
1
11
Resedaceae
3
1
12
Borraginacées
3
1
13
Plantaginacées
3
1
14
Polygonacées
2
2
15
Zygophyllacées
2
1
16
Convolvulacées
2
2
17
Euphorbiacées
2
1
18
Astéracées
32
26
No
No
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Total
Families
Malvacées
Onagacées
Plombaginacées
Anacardiacées
Urticacées
Rhamnacées
Rosacées
Scrophulariaceae
Thyméléacées
Capparidacées
Cistacées
Cucurbitacées
Cynomoriacées
Ephédracées
Joncacees
Oléacées
Orobanchacées
Palmacées
36
Number of
Genres
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
97
Number of
Species
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
127
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Benaradj Abdelkrim et al. / Energy Procedia 74 (2015) 258 – 264
3.5. Phytogeographical characterization
The phytogeographical spectrum analysis shows that Bou Ayech station is characterized by the dominance of the
element with Endemic (22.83%), followed in second place by the Mediterranean element and the element with
Sindien-Saharan (19 , 69%).
In addition, there is the presence of the Pluri-regional component (17.32%), so the presence of multi-regional
elements (Cosmopolitan, Tropical, Europe ...) can be caused by the fact of dissemination of seeds by various modes
(anemochory, zoochory, rain, etc ... ..). For other items namely Saharan element (7.09%), Mediterranean-Saharan
Africa (6.30%), link-Saharan-Mediterranean Sindien (3.94%) and the Ibero-Mauritanian (3.15%).
Table 3. phytogeographical spectrum of Bou Ayech station
Phytogeographical spectrum
Endemic element
Mediterranean element
The Saharan-Sindien element
The Pluri-regional component (Cosmopolitan, Tropical, Europe ...)
The Saharan element
Mediterranean-Saharan
Mediterranean-Saharan- Sindien element
Ibero-Mauritanian element
Presence (%)
22,83%
19,69%
19,69%
17,32%
07,09%
06,30%
03,94%
03,15%
4. Discussions
4.1. Vegetation cover
This improvement in the recovery rate is due to the process of biological recovery. According Le-Houérou (1995)
"Biological recovery is the set of processes inverse to those of the steppe and desertisation. Biological recovery is
characterized by increased permanant collection rate of perennial biomass, organic matter in soil, structural stability,
permeability and water balance, biological activity and primary productivity, while the variability of annual
production decrease. "
4.2. Floristic richness
According Aidoud (1989), the rich flora in arid depends essentially annual species, environmental conditions and
correlation of all the characters (climate, édaphisme and operation).
4.3. Biological characterization
The biological spectrum of the study site (Table) has a predominance of herbaceous stratum (therophytisation).
This therophytisation is a characteristic of arid (Daget 1980; Barbero et al, 1990). According Negro (1966) and Daget,
(1980), the therophytie is a coping strategy against adverse conditions and a form of resistance to the harsh climate.
4.4. Systematic characterization
The Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae and Caryophyllaceae, are families of Mediterranean affinity the most dominant
in the floristic list of the study station vary according to latitude: they decrease from north to south. These families
represent 35 to 40% of the flora in each Saharan sector (Ozenda, 1977). This dominance is justified since it is
cosmopolitan families are widespread across the globe.
Benaradj Abdelkrim et al. / Energy Procedia 74 (2015) 258 – 264
263
4.5. Phytogeographical characterization
This interaction includes a very high diversity and therefore deserves special conservation.
Groups of Pistachio Atlas of Bechar region are characterized by a balance between med-sah-Arabian and
Mediterranean flora with a high proportion of Saharan-Arabian species.
Finally, this modest study shows the importance of plant geography, used to study the phytodynamique. But also
contributes to the knowledge of the impact of climate and anthropogenic change on ecosystems.
The interaction of Mediterranean and Saharan flora includes a very high diversity and therefore deserves special
conservation.
5. Conclusion
The analysis of the floristic diversity of individual groups, their biological and chronological character would
differentiate the different ecosystems and evaluate their heritage value, given their good management.
Our contribution concerns the study of biodiversity and ecosystems phytogeographical pre-Saharan grouping
Pistachio Atlas. These hide great floristic diversity. This is related to the diversity of climates, geomorphology, nature
of soils and human action.
The analysis of the floristic diversity of individual groups, their biological and chronological character would
differentiate the different ecosystems and evaluate their heritage value, given their good management.
The floristic diversity in pistachio group is very diverse with a purely Saharan desert grouping:
Pistacia atlantica Desf, Hammada scoparia, Rhus tripartitum, Ziziphus lotus, Ephedra alata, Anabasis articulata
Anabasis aretioides, Ephedra alata, Anvillea radiata, Asphodelus tenuifolius, Bassia muricata, Bubonium graveolens,
Cotula cinerea, Daucus biseriantus, Echium pycnanthum Euphorbia retusa, Fagonia glutinosa, Globularia alypum,
Gymnocarpos decander, Launaea, Launaea nudicaulis, Limoniastrum feei, Moricandia suffruticosa, Neuroda
procumbens, Plantago ciliata, Teucrium polium, Zilla macroptera, Zilla spinosa ... ..
This species deserves adequate protection measures, particularly in its natural environment. Indeed, besides its
forest and ecological interest, Pistachio Atlas may also have some economic interest, including serving as rootstock
for fruit cultivation Pistachio (Pistacia vera) in semi-arid areas.
A better understanding of the issues and factors such Pistachio Atlas decline contribute to biodiversity protection
and better regeneration of this species. In addition, a better understanding of the potential of this species allow better
extension.
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