Plagiarism Scan Report Report Generated on: Jun 16,2023 45% 55% Plagiarised Unique Total Words: 837 Total Characters: 5477 Plagiarized Sentences: 16.65 Unique Sentences: 20.35 (55%) Content Checked for Plagiarism Magnetism and Magnetostriction Coupled linear equations The magnetostrictive process relating the magnetic and mechanical states can be described with two coupled linear equations (Clark, 1980). These equations of state for an element are expressed in terms of mechanical parameters (strain ε", stress σ and Young’s modulus at constant applied magnetic field EHy), magnetic parameters (applied magnetic field H, magnetic induction B, and permeability at constant stress μ^σ), and two magneto-mechanical coefficients d=∂ε/├ ∂H┤|_σ and ├ d^*=∂B/├ ∂σ┤|_H ) ■(ε& =σ/(E_y^H )+dH @&) (1) B=d^* σ+μ^σ H (2) In these equations ε and B are dependent on σ and H, which are externally applied. The application of a stress will cause a change in the magnetic induction as seen in Equation (2). This can also be expressed as a change in permeability by writing Equation (2) in a more general form, B=μH (3) Ampere’s law of magnetism In the early nineteenth century, Oersted discovered that a moving charge generated a magnetic field in a plane perpendicular to the direction of charge motion. Thus, a current in a conductor could be used to produce a magnetic field around the conductor. Ampere’s law describes this electromagnetic relationship. For a long, thin solenoid of number of turns, Nc, and length, Lc, a simple expression is derived, H=(N_c I)/L_c (4) Faraday–Lenz law of magnetism Placing a magnetostrictive element inside such an excitation coil (solenoid) with an impressed current I provides an efficient means of magnetizing the element. The law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday– Lenz law) describes how a magnetic flux, ’¼BAc in area Ac, induces a potential in an electrical conductor to which it is flux-linked. In its simplest differential form, the Faraday–Lenz law is given by V=-N_c dφ/dt=-N_c A_c dB/dt (5) where V is the induced voltage in the solenoid of constant area Ac. The negative sign indicates that the voltage measured is 180˚ out of phase with flux φ. According to this law, a potential will be induced in any electrically conducting material that makes up the magnetic circuit. Gauss’s law of magnetism The excitation coil described by Equation (4) can be used to generate a magnetic field in a sample spatially separated from the coil. According to Gauss’s law of magnetism, ∇.B=0 (6) the divergence of B is zero. This means that the magnetic flux is always conserved. Thus, magnetic flux lines close, defining a magnetic circuit, and elements of the magnetic circuit through which magnetic flux flows are said to be flux-linked. This makes it possible to magnetize one component of the magnetic circuit by generating a magnetic field in another component. Based on the principle expressed by Equations (5) and (6), it is possible to measure the magnetic flux density in a magnetic circuit by the voltage induced in a flux-linked coil. These coils are often referred to Page 1 of 4 as detection, receiving, or sensing coils. aspects of a material’s magnetic-mechanical coupling Various aspects of a material’s magnetic-mechanical coupling can be employed to sense parameters of interest. The Joule effect The first of the magnetomechanical effects to be thoroughly documented (in 1842), is a longitudinal change in length due to an applied magnetic field. A transverse change in length and associated volumetric change are also observed. Although the Joule effect is usually associated with the actuation capability, numerous sensor configurations rely on the excitation of the magnetostrictor to facilitate sensing. The Joule effect has an important reciprocal effect known as the Villari effect; a stress induced in the material causes a change in the magnetization. This change in magnetization can be sensed, and once calibrated, used to measure the applied stress or force. The Villari effect has been the subject of much research (Lee, 1955; du Tremolet de Lacheisserie, 1993; Jiles, 1995) and has been employed in load cells, force cells, and accelerometers (du Tremolet de Lacheisserie, 1993). The Wiedemann effect Another effect of interest is the Wiedemann effect, a twisting which results from a helical magnetic field, often generated by passing a current through the magnetostrictive sample. Twisting a magnetostrictive element or magnetized wire causes a change in the magnetization that can be measured and related to the external torque. Magnetostrictives Applications Earlier works with magnetostrictives, such as nickel, iron, and permalloy identified many sensing applications. Some of the earliest uses of magnetostrictive materials from the eighteenth century and the first half of this century include the telephone receiver, hydrophone, and scanning sonar (Hunt, 1982), which were developed with nickel and other magnetostrictive materials that exhibit bulk saturation strains of up to 100×10^(-6). In fact, one of the first telephonic receivers, tested by Philipp Reis in the 1860s, was based on magnetostriction (Hunt, 1982). Currently work continues to develop giant magnetostrictive material such as Terfenol-D, which has applications as an actuator and as a sensor. In addition, magnetostrictive amorphous wire and thin films find a variety of sensing applications. Examples of successful sensor designs include hearing aids, load cells, accelerometers, proximity sensors, torque sensors, magnetometers and many more (Ewing, 1900; du Tremolet de Lacheisserie, 1993; Calkins and Flatau, 1997). Overview of Magnetostrictive Sensor Technology* WebEquation (2). This can also be expressed as a change in permeability by writing Equation (2) in a more 69% general form, B ¼ H: ð3Þ In Equation (3), the effects of stress are included in … Dielectric Properties of Highly Oriented Lead Zirconium ... Thus, a current in a conductor could be used to produce a magnetic field around the conductor. Amperes law describes this electromagnetic relationship for a ... 74% https://www.academia.edu/67692465/Dielectric_Properties_of_Highly_Oriented_Lead_Zirconium_Titanat e_Thin_Films_Prepared_by_Reactive_RF_Sputtering cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com › u › distOverview of Magnetostrictive Sensor Technology* Placing a magnetostrictive element inside such an excitation coil (solenoid) with an impressed current I provides an efficient means of magnetizing the element. The law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday–Lenz law) describes how a magnetic flux, ’¼BA c in area A c, induces a potential in an electrical conductor to 63% which it is flux-linked. https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/6/105859/files/2021/06/18-Journal-of-IntelligentMaterial-Systems-and-Structures_2007.pdf Page 2 of 4 BACKGROUND where V is the induced voltage in the solenoid of constant area Ac. According to this law, a potential will be induced in any electrically conducting ... 61% https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/6/105859/files/2021/06/1flatau_dapino_calkins_magnetostrictive-apps.pdf Considerations in the Development of a Piezoelectric ... ... of constant area Ac. According to this law, a potential will be induced in any electrically conducting material that makes up the magnetic circuit. 91% https://www.academia.edu/27246387/Considerations_in_the_Development_of_a_Piezoelectric_Transduce r_Cochlear_Implant Considerations in the Development of a Piezoelectric ... The excitation coil described by equation 4 can be used to generate a magnetic field in a sample spatially separated from the coil. According to Gauss's law ... 88% https://www.academia.edu/27246387/Considerations_in_the_Development_of_a_Piezoelectric_Transduce r_Cochlear_Implant cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com › u › distOverview of Magnetostrictive Sensor Technology* flux is always conserved. Thus magnetic flux lines close, defining a magnetic circuit, and elements of the magnetic circuit through which magnetic flux flows are said to be flux-linked. This makes it possible to 67% magnetize one component of the magnetic circuit by generating a magnetic field in another component. https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/6/105859/files/2021/06/18-Journal-of-IntelligentMaterial-Systems-and-Structures_2007.pdf Materials for Smart Systems III by M Wun-Fogle · 1999 — This means that the magnetic flux is always conserved. Thus magnetic flux hnes close, defining a magnetic circuit, and elements of the magnetic circuit ... 46% https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA381141.pdf cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com › u › distOverview of Magnetostrictive Sensor Technology* Based on the principle expressed by Equations (5) and (6), it is possible to measure the magnetic flux density in a magnetic circuit by the voltage induced in a flux-linked coil. These coils are often referred to as 73% detection, receiving, or sensing coils. Various aspects of a material’s magnetic-mechanical https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/6/105859/files/2021/06/18-Journal-of-IntelligentMaterial-Systems-and-Structures_2007.pdf cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com › u › distOverview of Magnetostrictive Sensor Technology* A transverse change in length and associated volumetric change are also observed. Although the Joule effect is usually associated with the actuation 70% https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/6/105859/files/2021/06/18-Journal-of-IntelligentMaterial-Systems-and-Structures_2007.pdf Analysis of Stress Strain State of X-60 Pipe Weld Joints ... by HSH Elhag · 2016 · Cited by 3 — ... the first of the magnetomechanical effects to be thoroughly documented (in 1842), is a longitudinal change in length due to an applied magnetic field. 87% Page 3 of 4 https://file.scirp.org/Html/10-8102600_69335.htm Overview of Magnetostrictive Sensor Technology* Webvolumetric change are also observed. Although the Joule effect is usually associated with the actuation capability, numerous sensor configurations rely on the excitation of the magnetostrictor to facilitate sensing. 79% TheJouleeffecthasanimportantreciprocaleffectknown … Analysis of Stress Strain State of X-60 Pipe Weld Joints ... by HSH Elhag · 2016 · Cited by 3 — The Joule effect has an important reciprocal effect known as the Villari effect; a stress induced in the material causes a change in the magnetization. 89% https://file.scirp.org/Html/10-8102600_69335.htm (PDF) Overview of Magnetostrictive Sensor Technology(PDF) Terfenol-D Sensor Design And Optimization The Villari effect has been the. subject of much research (Lee, 1955; du Tremolet de. Lacheisserie, 1993; Jiles, 1995) and has been employed in. load cells ...The Villari effect has been the. subject of much research 72% [6,7,8] and has been employed in load cells, force cells, and. accelerometers [4,8]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240600701_Overview_of_Magnetostrictive_Sensor_Technolog y (PDF) Terfenol-D Sensor Design And Optimization Another effect of interest is the Wiedemann effect, a twisting which results from a helical magnetic field, often generated by passing a current through the ... 92% https://www.academia.edu/18883519/Terfenol_D_Sensor_Design_And_Optimization Re- view of Characteristic Applications and Patents by D G Dimogianopoulos · 2012 · Cited by 4 — Twisting a magnetostrictive element or magnetized wire causes changes in the magnetization, which may be mathematically related to the external torque. The. 75% https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/eeng/2012/00000005/00000002/art00003?crawler=true Overview of Magnetostrictive Sensor Technology* WebIn addition, magnetostrictive amorphous wire and thin films find a variety of sensing applications. Examples of successful sensor designs include hearing aids, load cells, … 71% https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/6/105859/files/2021/06/18-Journal-of-IntelligentMaterial-Systems-and-Structures_2007.pdf Page 4 of 4
