Light LDR to study current depends Physics 23 pag. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Physics Investigatory Project 11/25/2016 LIGHT DEPENDE NT RESISTOR Submitted by Gopi Nath Sah Class XII A Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 1 of 24 Acknowledgement Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 2 of 24 I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher (Mrs. Alka Chopra) as well as our principal (R K Tyagi) who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic (Write the topic name), which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame. Gopi Nath Sah Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 3 of 24 Bonafide certificate This is to certify that Gopi Nath Sah of class XII A has successfully completed the investigatory project on “TO STUDY VARIATION OF CURRENT USING A LDR" under the guidance of Mrs. Alka Chopra .This project is absolutely genuine and doesn't not involve in any kind of plagiarism. This is in partial fulfillment of Physics practical examination CBSE 2016. Department of Physics (Mrs Alka Chopra) Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 4 of 24 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE i. ii. 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. AIM & APPARATUS 3 3. PHOTORESISTOR DISCOVERY AND MECHANISM 4. PRINCIPLE & THEORY 4-5 5-6 5. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS 6. APPLICATIONS 6-8 9 7. PROCEDURE 10 8. OBSERVATIONS 11-14 9. RESULT & CONCLUSIONS 10. BIBLOGRAPHY 15 16 INDEX Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 5 of 24 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTANCE Project Report Physics INTRODUCTION In the society, sometimes street lights glow in day time due to any reason. In mines area people face many difficulties due to absence of light in the nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face many problems due to damaged street lights. For solve above these problems, we create a device in which the lights glow in night and in day time, they off automatically and don't glow. Due to use of it, we can solve above problems and can also save electricity and men's power. AIM: To study the variations, in current flowing in a circuit a variation:- containing a LDR, because of (a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR. (Keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance). (b) In the distance of a incandescent lamp, (of fixed power), used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR. APPARATUS: Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 6 of 24 Light Dependent Resistor(LDR),Connecting Wires, Source of different power rating(bulbs), Bulb Holder , Metre scale, Multi Meter Battery. Photo discovery resistor Photo resistors, or light dependent resistors have been in use for very many years. Photo resistors have been seen in early forms since the nineteenth century when photoconductivity in selenium was discovered by Smith in 1873. Since then many variants of photoconductive devices have been made. Much useful work was conducted by T. W. Case in 1920 when he published a paper entitled "Thalofide Cell - a new photo-electric cell". Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 7 of 24 Other substances including PbS, PbSe and PbTe were studied in the 1930s and 1940s, and then in 1952, Rollin and Simmons developed their photoconductors using silicon and germanium. Photoresistor mechanism A photoresistor or photocell is a component that uses a photoconductor between two contacts. When this is exposed to light a change in resistance is noted. Photoconductivity - the mechanism behind the photoresistor - results from the generation of mobile carriers when photons are absorbed by the semiconductor material used for the photoconductor. While the different types of material used for light dependent resistors are semiconductors, when used as a photo-resistor, they are used only as a resistive element and there are no PN junctions. Accordingly the device is purely passive. There are two photoresistor: types of photoconductor and hence Intrinsic photoresistor: This type of photoresistor uses a photoconductive material that involves excitation of charge carriers from the valence bands to the conduction band. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 8 of 24 Extrinsic photoresistor: This type of photoresistor uses a photoconductive material that involves excitation of charge carriers between an impurity and the valence band or conduction band. It requires shallow impurity dopants that are not ionised in the presence of light. Extrinisc photoresistors or photocells are generally designed for long wavelength radiation - often infra-red, but to avoid thermal generation they need to be operated at low temperatures. PRINCIPLE This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.). Light Dependent Resistance [LDR] is a resistance, in which opposing power of current depends on the presence of quantity of light present, i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or decreases, according to quantity of light which falls on it. If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR increases and when light falls on it, the resistance of LDR decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light and darkness changes its resistance is depends on the different types of LDR. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 9 of 24 ADVANTAGES Collection of parts of the circuit are easily available. Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of other circuits. By using laser, it can be used for security purposes. It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity. The cost of circuit is low. This circuit saves the men's power. USES It can be used in street lights. It can be used in mines areas. It can be used in hilly areas. By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes. It can be used in frontier areas. It can be used in houses. It can be used in jail lights. BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF COM PONENTS 1. TRANSISTOR:-When a thin slice of p-type is sandwiched between two blocks of n-type, then n-p-n transistor is formed. It consists of emitter, base, and collector. In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor ( BC-147 & SL-100) is used. 2. DIODE:- When a p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined a diode is formed. It conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. In the project, IN-4007diode is used. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 10 of 24 3. RELAY:- It helps to contact and discontact. In the project, we use relay of 6 ohms. 4. CARBON RESISTOR:- A carbon resistor has generally four rings or bands A,B,C and D of different colours corresponding to the value of resistance. In project, we use carbon resistance of 220 kilo-ohms, 1.5 kilo-ohms and 820 ohms. 5. LDR:- LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to complete the circuit. 6. TRANSFORMER:- Transformer is used to convert low alternating voltage Photoresistor to high alternating voltage by decreasing the current and vice-versa. We use a transformer of 6-0-6V for the circuit. 7. CAPACITOR:- Capacitor is used to block DC. In the circuit, we use the capacitor of 220mfd and 1000mfd. 8.BULB:- An electric bulb is connected to the circuit when LDR comes in the darkness. 9.PHOTORESISTORA photoresistor (or lightdependent resistor, LDR, or photocell) is a light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it Type Passive Working Photoconductivity principle Electronic symbol The symbol photoresistor Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) for a Page 11 of 24 exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits. A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor can have a resistance as high as several megohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor canΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor can), while in the light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor canoreover, unique photoresistors may react substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands. A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 12 of 24 Applications The internal components of a photoelectric control for a typical American streetlight. The photoresistor is facing rightwards, and controls whether current flows through the heater which opens the main power contacts. At night, the heater cools, closing the power contacts, energizing the street light. Photoresistors come in many types. Inexpensive cadmium sulphide cells can be found in many consumer items such as camera light meters, clock radios, alarm devices (as the detector for a light beam), nightlights, outdoor clocks, solar street lamps and solar road studs, etc. Photoresistors can be placed in streetlights to control when the light is on. Ambient light falling on the photoresistor causes the streetlight to turn off. Thus energy is saved by ensuring the light is only on during hours of darkness. They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent or neon lamp, or light-emitting diode to Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 13 of 24 control gain reduction. A common usage of this application can be found in many guitar amplifiers that incorporate an onboard tremolo effect, as the oscillating light patterns control the level of signal running through the amp circuit. The use of CdS and CdSe[3] photoresistors is severely restricted in Europe due to the RoHS ban on cadmium. Lead sulphide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs (lightdependent resistors) are used for the mid-infrared spectral region. Ge:Cu photoconductors are among the best farinfrared detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy and infrared spectroscopy. PROCEDURE 1. Choose a specific position for the source and mount it using a holder, make sure it is stable. 2. Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and connect it to the holder as shown in the figure. 3. Connect the LDR, battery (6V) and the multimeter in series. 4. Set the multimeter to ohm section and select suitable range and measure the resistance with a bulb on. 5. Similarly switch to current section and move to micro ampere in the Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 14 of 24 multimeter. This gives the value of the current. 6. Repeat these steps with different power sources at different distances and note down observations. OBSERVATIONS :The experiment has been conducted by using various sources with different power ratings. Voltage of the battery = 6 V. OBSERVATIONS TABLE :(a) Variation in current of LDR with lamps of different power, keeping distance fixed. S.No. Distance between LDR and Source(Bulb Resistance(Ω ) Current(mA) ) Of power Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 15 of 24 the source d(cm) imputs(W) 1. 10 15 1310 4.58 2. 10 30 770 7.00 3. 10 60 285 21.00 4. 10 100 195 30.00 1. 20 15 2800 2.14 2. 20 60 650 9.00 3. 20 100 435 13.79 1. 30 15 4300 1.4 2. 30 60 1000 6.00 3. 30 100 660 9.00 (b) Variation in current of LDR with distance :- FOR 15 W POWER SOURCE Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 16 of 24 S.No. Distance between LDR and the Resistance(Ω ) source d(cm) Current(µA) 1. 4 1010 5.94 2. 6 1350 4.44 3. 8 1490 4.03 4. 10 1610 3.73 5. 12 1740 3.45 6. 14 1880 3.19 7. 16 2300 2.61 8. 18 2540 2.36 9. 20 2800 2.14 10. 22 3000 2.00 11. 24 3240 1.85 Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 17 of 24 FOR 60 W POWER SOURCE Distance between S.No LDR and the Resistance(Ω ) . source d(cm) Current(mA) 1. 4 105 57 2. 6 180 33 3. 8 230 26 4. 10 280 21 5. 12 360 16 6. 14 440 13 7. 16 500 12 8. 18 575 10 9. 20 675 8.8 10. 22 740 8.1 Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 18 of 24 11. 24 820 7.3 FOR 100 W POWER SOURCE Distance between S.No LDR and the Resistance(Ω ) . source d(cm) Current(mA) 1. 4 80 75 2. 6 130 46 3. 8 170 35 4. 10 205 29 5. 12 270 22 Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 19 of 24 6. 14 300 20 7. 16 360 16 8. 18 410 14 9. 20 460 13 10. 22 525 11 11. 24 585 10 CONCLUSION & RESULT 1. The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of light and hence there is an increase in the flow of current. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 20 of 24 2. There is an increase in the current as the distance from the source decreases. 3. The intensity decreases as the distance from the source increases 4. The error lies within the experimental limit. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. 2. 3. 4. The LDR may not be perpendicular to the source. Connections may be faulty. The experiment should be conducted in a dark room. Measurements should be taken accurately. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 21 of 24 Biblography 1. NCERT CLASS 12 PHYSICS TEXTBOOK 2. www.google.co.in 3. www.wikipedia.com 4. www.yahoo.co.in Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com) Page 22 of 24 Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/light-ldr-to-study-current-depends/5346030/ Downloaded by: ramanujan-1729 (robogodz5322@gmail.com)