Chapter 01
Lecture Outline
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Anatomy and Physiology
anatomy:
- body structure
- means to dissect
physiology:
- processes, functions
- systemic physiology
- cellular physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology
Importance of Anatomy and Physiology
understand how the body:
- responds to stimuli
- environmental changes
- environmental cues
- diseases
- injury
- maintains stable, internal conditions
despite continually changing environment
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Anatomy and Physiology
Types of Anatomy
systemic:
studies body systems
regional:
studies body regions (medical schools)
surface:
studies external features, e.g., bone projections
anatomical imaging:
using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI)
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Structural and Functional Organization
Six levels from chemical to organism:
1. chemical:
smallest level
- atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
2. cellular:
- cells: basic units of life
- compartments and organelles
e.g., mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm
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Structural and functional Organization
3. tissues:
- group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substances they release
- four broad types:
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
4. organs:
- two or more tissue types acting together
to perform function(s)
- e.g., stomach, heart, liver,
ovary, bladder, kidney
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Structural and functional Organization
5. organ system:
- group of organs contributing to some function
- e.g., digestive system, reproductive system
6. organism:
- all organ systems working together
- includes associated microorganisms
such as intestinal bacteria
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Structural and functional Organization
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Structural and functional Organization
Major Organs of the Body
Figure 1.2
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Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Organ
Systems of
the Body
Figure 1.3
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Organ Systems of
the Body
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Characteristics of Life
Collectively, all living species show:
organization:
- functional interrelationships between parts
metabolism:
- sum of all chemical and physical changes
sustaining an organism
- ability to acquire and use energy in support of
these changes
responsiveness:
- ability to sense and respond to environmental
changes
- includes both internal and external environments
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Characteristics of Life
growth:
- can increase in size
- size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular
materials
development:
- changes in form and size
- changes in cell structure and function from
generalized to specialized - differentiation
omit
reproduction:
- formation of new cells or new organisms
- generation of new individuals
- tissue repair
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Homeostasis
homeostasis
- maintenance of constant internal environment
variables: measures of body properties that may
change in value
Examples of variables:
body temperature
blood glucose levels
heart rate
blood cell counts
blood pressure
respiratory rate
set point: normal, or average value of a variable
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Homeostasis
normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around
a set point
example: over time, body temperature fluctuates around
a set point of about 98.6o
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Homeostasis
set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted
depending on body activities, as needed:
examples
common cause of change
body temperature
fever
heart rate, blood pressure
respiratory rate
exercise
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Homeostasis
negative feedback
- mechanism that maintains homeostasis
- negative feedback response:
detection: of deviation away from set point and...
correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and
normal range
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Homeostasis
Components of Negative Feedback
1 receptor:
detects changes in variable
2 control center:
- receives receptor signal
- establishes set point
- sends signal to effector
3 effector:
- directly causes change in variable
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Figure 1.5
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Homeostasis
Figure 1.5
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Figure 1.6
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Homeostasis
positive feedback
- system response causes progressive deviation away from
set point, outside of normal range
- not directly used for homeostasis
- some positive feedback under normal conditions
example: childbirth
- generally associated with injury, disease
- negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain
homeostasis
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Homeostasis
Positive feedback – abnormal example: blood pressure loss
Figure 1.7
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Terminology and the Body Plan
superior
anatomical position:
- person standing erect with face and
palms forward
- all relational descriptions based on the
anatomical position, regardless of body
orientation
supine:
person lying face up
prone:
person lying face down
inferior
inferior
superior
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Anatomical Position
Prone Position
Supine Position
Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms
superior: above
inferior: below
anterior: front (also: ventral)
posterior: back (also: dorsal)
Note: In four-legged animals, the
terms ventral (belly) and
dorsal (back) correspond
to anterior and posterior in
humans
medial: close to midline
lateral: away from midline
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Superior
Inferior
Anterior
(Ventral)
Posterior
(Dorsal)
Medial
Lateral
Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms
proximal: close to point of
attachment
distal: far from point of
attachment
superficial: structure close
to the surface
deep: structure toward the
interior of the body
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Deep
Superficial
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Proximal
Distal
Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms
proximal: close to point of
attachment
distal: far from point of
attachment
superficial: structure close
to the surface
deep: structure toward the
interior of the body
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Deep
Superficial
Terminology and the Body Plan
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Directional Terms
Figure 1.8
Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Planes
sagittal: vertical plane, between anterior and posterior
surfaces
midsagittal: sagittal plane along the midline,
divides body into equal left and right halves
transverse: horizontal plane
frontal: vertical plane,
between lateral surfaces
Figure
1.11
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Sagittal Plane
Midsagittal Plane
Transverse Plane
Frontal Plane
Oblique Plane
Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Planes
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Figure
1.11
Terminology and the Body Plan
Planes of Section Through an Organ
Figure 1.12
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Regions
upper limbs:
upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
lower limbs:
thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
central region:
head, neck, trunk
Figure 1.9
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Abdominopelvic Region
Back
Back
Scapular
region
Triangle of
auscultation
Vertebral
region
Sacral
region
Lumbar
region
Cephalic
Frontal
Otic
Facial
Parietal
Mental
Tempora
l
Nasal
Oral
Orbital
Occipital
Head
Regions
Zygomatic
Buccal
Coxal
Lower Limb Region
Femoral
Patellar
Gluteal
Popliteal
Popliteal
Crural
Sural
Tarsal
Pedal
Dorsum
of foot
Digits
Calcaneal
Neck (Cervical) Region
Anterior
cervical
Lateral
cervical
Posterior
cervical
Sternocleidomastoid
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Figure 1.9
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Figure 1.9
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Subdivisions of the Abdomen
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Figure 1.10
Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Cavities
thoracic cavity:
- space within chest wall and
diaphragm
- contains heart, lungs,
thymus gland, esophagus,
trachea
mediastinum:
- space between lungs
- contains heart, thymus
gland, esophagus,
trachea
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Cavities
abdominal cavity:
- space between diaphragm and
pelvis
- contains stomach, intestines,
liver, spleen, pancreas,
kidneys
pelvic cavity:
- space within pelvis
- contains urinary bladder,
reproductive organs,
part of large intestine
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Cavities
Figure 1.13
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1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Diaphragm
Mediastinum
Pulmonary Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Pleural Membranes
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Peritoneum
Lesser
omentum
Visceral
peritoneum
Parietal
peritoneum
Mesentery
of small intestine
Peritoneal
cavity
Greater
omentum
Peritoneum
Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes
- line trunk cavities, cover organs
- structure: visceral serous membrane covers organs
parietal serous membrane
cavity between the above, fluid-filled
Figure 1.14
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes
Three sets of serous membranes and cavities:
pericardium
around heart
pleura
around lungs
pericardial cavity
pleural cavity
peritoneum
peritoneal cavity
around abdominopelvic cavity
and its organs
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes
pericardium
- visceral pericardium
covers heart
- parietal pericardium
thick, fibrous
- pericardial cavity
reduces friction
3(b)
Figure 1.15a
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes
pleura
- visceral pleura
covers lungs
- parietal pleura
lines inner wall
of thorax
- pleural cavity
- reduces friction
- adheres lungs to
thoracic wall
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Figure 1.15b
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes
peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
- covers, anchors organs
- double layers
called mesenteries
- parietal peritoneum
lines inner wall of
abdominopelvic cavity
- peritoneal cavity
reduces friction
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Figure 1.15
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