SUMMARY OF
PLUMBING
DESIGN AND ESTIMATE
BY MAX FAJARDO JR.
SUMMARIZED BY:
…
SUBMITTED TO:
AR. LORD BYRON GONZALES
Chapter 1: Plumbing
1.1 Introduction
Plumbing: Art and science of installing pipes,
fixtures, and other apparatus for water supply
and to dispose and discharge waste
substances in a orderly way to ensure
sanitation.
Plumber: skilled in field in sanitation.
1.3 Objectives of Plumbing
2 Main Objectives:
1. Water supply
 Conditions for effective water
supply:
o Sufficient amount of water
to each fixture
o Prevent back flow of used
water
2. Waste disposal
 Accomplish:
o Fast removal of waste with
no leakage and drains
o No entry of vermin (pest)
and obnoxious gasses
 National plumbing code:
o Well fitted pipes and tightly
connected
o Drainage pipe should be
graded or inclined for
downward gravity flow to
sewer line or septic tank
o Provided with adequate
cleanout, accessible for
repair
o Drainage system with
ventilation pipe or vented
(except water closet) for
gases to the atmosphere
and no siphonage (back
flow of water seal)
o Fixture with suitable trap for
no back flow of gasses
1.5 Drainage System
2 types of waste:
1. Liquid waste
2. Solid waste
Drainage Piping
1. Soil Pipe – Waste from water closet
and fixtures
2. Waste Pipe – waste from fixtures
except water closet
Drainage Installation
D – Drainage of solid waste
W – waste from fixtures except water
closet
V – ventilation of piping system
1.6 Definition of Terms
 Air Gap: A gap between a plumbing
fixture's water outlet and the flood
level, ensuring water can't backflow.
 Backflow: Unintended water flow into
distribution pipes.
 Back siphonage: Backflow due to
negative pressure, pulling used water
into the supply pipe.
 Battery of Fixture: Multiple fixtures
connected to a common waste pipe.
 Bib: A faucet.
 Blind Flange: A flange closing the end
of a pipe.
 Blow Off: A controlled pipeline outlet
for discharging water.
 Branch: Any pipe section aside from
the main riser or stack.
 Branch Interval: Vertical stack length
connecting horizontal branches.
 Branch Vent: Connects vents with vent
stacks.
 Calking: Sealing openings with
materials like oakum and lead.
 Circuit Vent: A branch vent serving
multiple traps.
 Continuous Vent: A vertical vent
continuing the drain.
 Combination Fixtures: Combining sinks
or trays in one vent.
 Combination Waste and Vent System:
Pipes for multiple sink or floor drain
venting.
 Common Vent: One trap drain
connected to a single trap.
 Cross Connection: Physical
connection between separate pipes
with different contents.
 Dead End: A closed pipe end where
water or air stagnates.
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Developed Length: Pipe and fitting
centerline length.
Diameter: Pipe's internal (or external
for brass/copper) size.
Drainage System: Pipes for sewage
and liquid waste disposal.
Dry Vent: Vent without water or waste.
Effective Opening: Minimum crosssectional area at the water supply
discharge point.
Existing Work: Previously approved
plumbing system parts.
Fixture Branch: Pipe connecting
multiple fixtures.
Fixture Drain: Drain from a fixture's trap
to the main drain.
Fixture Supply: Pipe connecting a
fixture to the branch.
Fixture Units: A scale to express
different fixtures' load on plumbing.
Fixture Unit Flow Rate: Flow rate of a
plumbing fixture as a unit.
Flood Level: Maintains water level for
flushing in a toilet tank.
Ferrule: Metal sleeve for plug removal
in pipe openings.
Flush Valve: Flushing device in toilet
tanks.
Flushometer Valve: Discharges water
to fixtures using water pressure.
Grade: Pipe slope per foot.
Group Vent: Branch vent for multiple
traps.
Horizontal Pipe: Pipe at an angle over
45 degrees from vertical.
Invert: Lowest inside point in a nonvertical pipe or conduit.
Liquid Waste: Discharge from fixtures
excluding fecal matter.
Local Vent Pipe: Removes vapor or
foul air from a fixture.
Looped Vent: Like a circuit vent but
connects to a vent stack.
Lateral: Secondary pipe in plumbing or
sewer system.
Main: Principal artery of a continuous
piping system.
Main Sewer: Publicly controlled sewer
line.
Main Vent: Principal venting system
artery.
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Plumbing Fixtures: Receptacles,
appliances, or devices supplied with
water or liquid waste.
Plumbing System: Includes water
supply, fixtures, pipes, and more.
Relief Vent: Air circulation between
drainage and vent systems.
Re-Vent Pipe: Connects to an
individual waste or group of wastes.
Standpipe: Vertical pipe for water
storage.
Side Vent: Vent connected to drain
pipe at an angle.
Sanitary Sewer: Receives human
sewage without surface water.
Secondary Branch: Any building drain
branch aside from the primary.
Sewerage or Sewage Work: All aspects
of sewage handling.
Siamese Connection: Y-connection for
fire hose lines.
Sanitary Sewage: Human excrement
and household waste.
Rough-In: Pre-fixture installation of
plumbing components.
Return Bend: Open return bend or 180°
pipe bend.
Public Sewer: Common sewer
controlled by public authorities.
Riser: Vertical water supply pipe.
Soil Pipe: Conveys water closet and
similar fixture discharge.
Stack: Vertical main in soil, waste, or
vent pipe systems.
Stack Group: Fixtures' arrangement
minimizing vents.
Stack Vent: Extension of soil or waste
stack above connected drains.
Stack Venting: Venting fixtures through
the soil or waste stack.
Subsoil Drain: Drains for subsurface or
seepage water.
Sump: Pit for collecting liquid waste.
Trap: Fitting creating a liquid seal to
prevent air backflow.
Trap Seal: Maximum vertical depth of
liquid a trap retains.
Vent Stack: Provides air circulation in
the drainage system.
Vent System: Pipes for air flow in
plumbing to protect traps.
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Vertical Pipe: Pipe in a vertical or ≤ 45°
angle position.
Waste Pipe: Pipe conveying liquid
waste without fecal matter.
Water Supply System: Includes pipes,
fittings, and valves for water
distribution.
Wet Vent: Vent for non-water closet
waste.
Water Distributing Pipe: Conveys water
from the service pipe to fixtures.
Water Service Pipe: Connects the
building to the water source.
DWV with Cold and Hot Water Supply
DWV connected to the Main Sewer Line
Chapter 2: Plumbing Material
2.1 Introduction
Most popular materials for plumbing:
1. Cast iron soil pipe
2. Acid resistant cast iron pipe
3. Asbestos pipe
4. Bituminous fiber sewer pipe
5. Vitrified clay pipe
6. Lead pipe
7. Galvanized steel pipe
8. Galvanized wrought iron pipe
9. Brass pipe
10. Copper pipe
11. Plastic or synthetic pipe
12. Stainless steel pipe
Consideration in choosing the kind of pipe to
be installed:
1. Quality and durability
2. Resistance to external and internal
contact with foreign matters.
3. Resistance to acid waste and other
chemical elements that will pass into it.
4. Cost of materials and labor.
2.2 Cast Iron Pipe
2.3 Asbestos Pipe
 made of asbestos fiber
 could be used as soil, waste,
ventilation, and downspout.
Joints
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suitably grouted and firmly packed
with oakum or old hemp rope.
they are soaked in tar to be
watertight and well secured with
pure lead not less than 25 mm.
deep, well calked, or filled with
cement mortar.
mineral lead is replaced with
cement mortar for chimney joints.
2.4 Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
 for house sewer and septic tank
installation
 light in weight, slightly flexible which
could take slight soil movement without
danger of cracking or pulling out from
kits joint.
2.5 Vitrified Clay Pipe
 highly resistant to most acid wastes.
 durable for underground
installations.
2 Types of Cast Iron Pipes
 SV type – used for building
installations.
 XV type – extra duty pipe used for
underground installations.
4 Varieties of Cast Iron Pipes
 Standard Pipe
 Single Hub Pipe
 Double Hub Pipe
 Hubless Pipe
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe – used in
chemical laboratories, industries, and other
installations where acid wastes are being
discharge.
2.6 Lead Pipe
 highly resistant to acid; suitable for
underground installation.
 never used to convey water for
human consumption.
2.7 Galvanized Steel Pipe
 easily corroded by alkaline and acid
water.
 deteriorate faster when used as hot
water supply line.
2.8 Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
 more resistant to acid waste than
the steel pipe
2.9 Brass Pipe
 superior material for waste and
water supply installations because of
its smooth interior surface and high
resistance to acid.
2.10 Copper Pipe
3 Types of Copper Pipe
- K type – suitable for underground installation
- L type – used in residential water supply line
and for radiant heating installations.
- M type – designed for small water supply lines
and for radiant heating installations.
Special Features of Copper Pipe
 Brass pipe could be used as drains and
vent pipe.
 It could be used as cold-water supply
line.
 Copper pipe is remarkably excellent
material for hot water lines.
 It can replace rusted or choked-up
sections of galvanized steel pipe.
 No special tools required to install brass
pipe nor threading is necessary.
 It is bent easily. A flexible vertical line
can offset existing structure.
Underground lines can be rerouted
around an obstruction.
 Measuring is less critical.
 It needs fewer joints and fittings.
 It comes in longer length.
 Copper pipe may be used one size
smaller than a steel pipe.
2.11 Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
Types of Plastic Synthetic Pipe
1. The Rigid Type
a. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
b. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
(CPVC)
c. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
(uPVC)
d. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
e. Polypropylene (PP)
f. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
2. The Flexible Type
a. The Polyethylene (PE)
b. The Polybutylene (PB)
Advantages of Plastic Pipe
1. More resistant to rust and corrosion
2. Water conveyed by plastic pipe has no pipe
tastes.
3. The extreme smooth interior surface prevents
the buildup of scale, rust, and foreign material.
4. There is no turbulence of water and
therefore, has a minimum resistance to flow.
5. They are easily and quickly installed through
solvent cementing.
6. Cast in longer length and easy to cut as well
as to install.
7. The Polyethylene (PE) pipe is flexible material
that weighs about 1/8 as much as the steel
pipe.
8. PVC pipe can be connected to existing
metal pipe using a threaded adapter
9. PVC is virtually acid proof to any chemical
used in recommended strengths around the
home.
10. No special tools are needed for installing
PVC except a rule to measure and a saw to
cut.
11. The best reason at all: - You can do it
yourself.
Chapter 3: Measuring, Cutting
and Joining Pipes
3.1 Cast Iron Pipe
- Cast iron pipes have been used for
plumbing installations for years due to
their durability and reliability.
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Standard Pipe used for a well-fitted hub
and spigot connections
Single Hub is recommended when the
length of a pipe needed is more than
150 centimeters long wherein cutting is
not necessary.
Double Hub is preferred when a piece
of pipe needed is shorter than 150
centimeters long.
Hubless Pipe is used in lieu of the single
hub to do away with caulking of joints.
3.3 Cutting and Connecting Pipes
- Connecting and cutting pipes are
essential tasks in plumbing and various
other applications.
Procedure:
 A chalk mark is drawn around a
pipe.
 Then laid on sand.
 A hammer and cold chisel are
used to strike the scored line,
gradually cutting or parting off
the pipe.
Calking Joints
- Calking joints of cast iron pipe is done
through the following steps.
3.2 Measuring Length and Cast-Iron Pipe
- Measuring a cast iron pipe is a
straightforward process, and it typically
involves measuring the pipe’s length
and diameter.
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Measure the Length
Use a tape measure or a ruler to
measure the length of the cast iron
pipe.
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Measure the Diameter
The diameter of a cast iron pipe is the
distance across the circular crosssection of the pipe.
Procedure:
 To join pipes, align them with the
spigot inside the bell.
 Wrap oakum around the spigot
neck, filling the inner hub.
 Drive it into the bottom of the hub,
compressing it to create a solid bed.
 Seal the joint with lead monolithically
around the inner hub, then pack it
against the hub with a calking iron
for a water-tight seal.
3.4 Galvanized Steel Pipe
- Working with galvanized steel pipe is
challenging due to its rigidity, threading
processes, and joining operations.
• Direct Connection involves careful planning
of pipe layout and re-routing to reach service
points, reducing fittings, pipe cutting, and
threading work to minimize required work.
• Measuring and Cutting errors in pipe
measurement and cutting can lead to
additional costs, labor, and water leakage.
Face-to-face methods are reliable, as
demonstrated in connecting cast iron pipes.
Soldering Copper Pipe Joints Procedure:
 Apply a non-corrosive flux coat, rotate
the fitting, wipe excess flux, heat the
fitting uniformly, and never let the fluxed
joint stand
 Avoid disturbing the pipe or fitting
during cooling to prevent weakening or
breaking the seal.
 Avoid soldering pipes containing water
and wrap with wet rags to prevent
melting of the finished joints.
• Cutting and Threading Operations requires
rigid steel pipe holding with proper tools, using
a 14-teeth per inch hacksaw blade, and
avoiding fast cutting to avoid overheating and
blade breakage.
3.5 Copper Pipe
Copper Pipe is classified into two types:
1. The Rigid type
2. The Flexible type
Copper Pipe Working Procedures
 Use the face-to-face method and add
the depth of the soldering hub.
 Cut copper pipes with a suitable rotary
tube cutter or hacksaw blade for heavy
pipes.
 Use a gentle light forward stroke and
remove burrs with a file or reamer.
 Bend copper pipes slowly on a wide
radius to avoid kinking
3.6 Plastic Pipes
- Plastic pipe is a popular plumbing
material worldwide, superior for sewer
and cold-water lines.
- Solvent welding is the simplest method
for joining pipes, assembling bell and
spigot joints quickly.
Working with Plastic Pipes
1. Measure the face-to-face distance
and add the engagement length
2. Use a hacksaw or handsaw for
cutting, and work on one joint at a
time.
3. Ensuring it is smooth and clean
enough to contact the fitting
shoulder.
4. Insert the pipe into the fitting and
give it a quarter or four turn.
5. Use a metal spring for bending
copper tubes to prevent flattering.
6. Correction or repair can be done by
cutting the pipe away and
connecting with a coupling.