ASEAN LITERATURE Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia Elements of Fiction 1. Character -person, animal, being, or creature in story -writers use characters to perform actions and speak dialogue, moving the story a plot line 2. Characterization - writer’s tool or “literary device” that occurs anytime the author uses details to teach us about the person -witer’s process to reveal the personality of a character a) Direct characterization - tells straight out, by exposition or analysis, what character is like, or has someone in the story tell us what he is -priya was a generous woman -John was a bad tempered man - edmund was a snobby boy b) Indirect characterization - show character’s trait through dialogue and action - priya emptied out her wallet when she saw he needed the money - John slammed the door his way out - Edmund sneered at his classmates Exposition - introduction to a story, including the primary characters' names, setting, mood, and time Conflict - primary problem that drives the plot of the story Rising Action - all of the events that lead to the eventual climax,including character development and events that create suspense. Climax - most exciting point of the story, and is a turning point for the plot or goals of the main character. Falling Action - everything that happens as a result of the climax, including wrapping-up of plot points, questions being answered, and character development Resolution - it does complete the story. It can leave a reader with questions, answers, frustration, or satisfaction. Plot conventions in writing fiction 1. Backstory - tells the events of the story that happened before the present story 3. Setting - Time and Place (when or where of the story) - time period, location, time of day, season, weather, type of room or building 2. Chekhov’s Gun - tells of an inherent object inserted in the narrative 4. Point of view -viewpoint - narrative convention which tells from whose perspective is the story told - may be a character, first-person point of view; third-person narrator; telling the story by an impersonal narrator not affected by the story situation ; and unreliable narrator, telling the story by an insincere narrator, misleading the readers; - steamof consiousness, exposing the character’s mind to the readers through his monologue 4. Narrative hook - tells a catchy story opening to hook the attention of the readers 3. In Medias Red - narration that starts in the middle of the story 5. Hypodiegesis - a story within a story (under narration) 6. deus-ex-Machina - tells a good character in a bad situation ensures character wins with an unexpected or implausible used to resolve the situation; (God from the machine) 7. Plot twist - tells a surprise ending 8. Poetic justice - tells a reward to the good characters and punishes the bad characters - way or method used by the author to create emotional response among his reader or audience. 9. Cliffhanger - tells and abrupt ending which places the main characters in a perilous situation with no resolution; 2. Use of Sensory Detail - forms mental images of scenes using descriptive words 10. Flashback - tells an interjected scene of the story that takes it back in time from the current point in the story and often used to tell the events that happened before another important event 3. Leitwortstil -repeats on purpose the words that usually express a motif or theme important to the story; 11. Flash forward - tells a scene that takes the narrative to a future time from the current point of the story 12. Foreshadowing - takes the narrative to a future time from the current point of the story 4. dramatic visualization - that usually express a motif or theme important to the story; dramatic visualization, which presents an object or character with much description or gestures and dialogues making scenes vivid for the audience. Philippines 5. Figures of Speech - words or expressions that are not meant to be read literally SIMILI - 2 unlike things “like” and “as” “such as” Point-of-view - narrative convention which tells from whose perspective is the story told. Metaphor - direct comparison of dissimilar things to create more vivid imagery or understanding. first person point-of view third person narrator - telling the story by an impersonal narrator not affected by the story situation unreliable narrator, - telling the story by an insincere narrator misleading the readers stream of consciousness, - exposing the character’s mind to the readers through his monologue; Personification - assigning human attributes to nonhuman thing - used to create comparison to feel the connection in the story. Authors Hyperbole - deliberate exxageration that adds emphasis, urgency, or excitement euphemism, - to say something in an undestated manner, often to avoid difficult topics money, death, or sex. audience surrogate - character who expresses queries or agitations which are the same questions that readers would ask. Another convention is style. There are also a number Litotes - use a double negative to create positive Style - theme of the story - the underlying message or the central idea. - about life that the author is conveying in the story which is universal in nature. - it is about human experience. - Entwined in the story which is reflected in the character’s words and actions, events, and other elements Figures of speech like hyperbole, metonymy, euphemism, oxymoron, and many more are style techniques. Pathos or emotional appeal is another style technique used to inspire or pity a character. 1. Emotional appeal -moves the emotion of the reader or audience. Oxymoron - join two opposite ideas in sentence Tone - methods by which writers and speakers reveal attitudes or feeling - toward the material, their readers, and general situation that they are describing and analyzing - author’s attitude or attitude toward the subject matter and toward the readers may be deduced by reading the selection carefully. Short Story Questions to know the theme : What is the author trying to convey in the characters and events of the fiction? What are the key phrases or sentences? Repeating symbols or motifs is a writer’s way of revealing the theme. What’s the big idea - love, hate, war, passion, peace, friendship, crime ? Does the title suggest the theme? What does the story tell about human life? Persuasive writing -Persuasive writing is used. The language should sway the emotion to convince the readers. -author fills more emotional content with descriptive details to make the readers feel the scene. story. Authors show emotional scenes rather than telling, making characters sympathetic or unsympathetic, using words which can greatly affect reader emotions, turning the story in an unexpected direction, and using details to mire readers in the reality of the scene. Literary Approaches 1. Feminism Apporach -uplifts women goals by defining and establishing equality in the family,civil, social, political, and economic arena. -Feminist literature is often associated with literary pieces written by women that deal with women in the society -involves characters or ides which chide the common gender norms dominated with masculinity. -gives an impact to the voice of women. 2. New Historicism Approach -deals with the cultural context during the writing of the piece of literature. -interprets literature for its meaning or idea in a particular socio-historical atmosphere.it - needs an understanding of the author’s milieu and the cultural context during its production. 3. Formalism Approach - new criticism - uses a close reading of a piece of literature - formalists’ interpretation of a work of ark is formulated by the information and details of the piece itselft -Formalists do not interpret a work based on matters that are outside the confines of the work like history, politics, society, time, or even the author - autonomously and can be gauged through internal structure and language - considered are form, structure, and technical features as more important than the content and context. e.e. cummings E.E. CUMMINGS I - poetic license Enjambment 4. Biographical Approach - reflection of the author’s life - critics using this school of thought investigate how the plot details, settings, and characters of the work reflect or are representative of events, settings, and people in author’s life 5. Reader-Response Theory -focuses on the reader or audience and their experience of a literary work, -in contrast to other schools and theories that focus attention primarily on the author or the content and form of work - Each generation has different experiences, values, issues, etc. 6. Psychological Criticism - addresses human behavior at conscious and/or unconscious level-as well as the development of the character - investigate the psychology of the charactersnand their motives in order to find the work’s meaning - start with the work of Sigmund Freud which incorporated the importance of unconscious or subconscious in human behavior - Some typicsal “archetypal” Freudian interpreations include rebellion against father, deathwish forces, or sexual repression 7. Moralistic Approach - judge literary work by ethical teachings -purpose of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues Philippines - 7641 islands -Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao -Stretches from south of china to northern flip of Borneo - Philippine Peso -Spaniards introduced Christianity -American occupation responsible for english language -Christianity introduced as early as 16th century with the coming of Ferdinant Magellan (1521) -more tha 100 ethnic group and mixture of foreign influences molded a unique filipino culture - conquered by spain in 16th century (1521) -Philippines Peso - Americans Brought English - preparing round fruits (symbolize presperity) - one of many customs of Filipinos Singing -Filipino loves singing - karaoke become so prevalent -Filipinos spend quality time with family or friends singing or belting out new and old songs Filipino Takes Pride in their families -family first -whether you are part of immediate family or belong to the third or fourth generations, you treated as family member -closest friends are sometimes consider too People -Predominantly of Malay descent, -frequently with chinese and sometimes american or spanish ancestry -many have Spanish names because of 19-th century Spanish decree that required them to use Spanish surnames or last name. -name after saint whose feast dat was on birthday Value Traditions and Culture -tradition in their home and family is important -set aside a specific day for certain celebration (festivals, birthday parties, reunions,… etc) -every gathering is dedicated to keeping up with each other over sumptuous food. Chirstmas -longest Chirstmas celebration ever -early as august (Christmas songs and jingle) -mood become festive with many ppl shopping and in good spirit -last until 1st or second week of January -most loved celebrations by Filipinos - gather in 24th of December “ Noche buena” “Midnight Meal” to greet christmas day New Year - another celebration that gathers Filipino families -wearing dotted clothes Filipinos are very respectful -”po” and “opo” for addressing elders - “pagmamano” culture - raise the backs of the hands of their elders to their foreheads as a sign of respect Filipinos help one another - ”bayanihan” help one another without expecting anything in return - “community spirit” Philippine Education System Formal education - progression of academic schooling from elementary (grade school) to secondary (high school) and tertiary (TVET and higher education) - tri-focalized by law into basics, technical vocational and higher education under three different agencies. Department of Education (DepED) - Cabinet sec Technical education and skills development Authority (TESDA) - Director General for technical-vocational education and training Commission on Higher Education (CHED) Office of the Philippine President headed by the Chairperson of a collegial body of five commissioners. -colonial history, population growth, financial funding, and educational reforms contributed to the nuances of the Philippine education system Elementary - Grade 1 to Grade 6 Junior High - Grade 7-8(exploratory TLE) - Grade 9-10 (specialized TLE) Senior High - Kindergarten in the Philippines - helps set a strong foundation to the child’s development by placing them in a nurturing, non-competitive environment, and using engaging activities that help children learn about fundamental knowledge - introduced to basic numbers, shapes, and words -important in gelping them grow -drawing, coloring, listening to storied, word cards, and other engaging activites are done for learning literacy Religion - 85,667,043 (78.8%) Catholic - 6,981,710 (6.4%) Islam - 2,806,524 (2.6%) Iglesia ni Cristo -Seventh Day Adventist and Aglipay (0.8% each) -Iglesia Filipina (0.6%) -Bible Baptist Church (0.5%) -United Church of Christ in the Philippines, Jehovah’s Witness, and Church of Christ (0.4%) Catholic Wedding Traditions 1. Formal Introductions and Negotiations - Pamamanhikan, first official step in Filipino wedding, Could be in months or weeks before the ceremony, - Involves couple’s families meeting each other for an official proposal -though the specifics behind this custom can vary based on the couple’s region of origin 2. Parental Blessings - ask the blessing from their parents by either kissing their hands or touching the back of their parents’ hand to their forehead -depending on the religion, the parents will utter phrases in return -in Filipino-Muslim wedding, the groom kisses his father in law’s hand Muslim Wedding Ceremony - Nikah is main ceremony in Muslim Wedding - the bride and groom sigh a cintract, along with two witnesses, consenting to the marriage -Signing of contract during Nikah ceremony legalizes the marriage under Islamic law (and Muslim Personal Law in the Philippines) and legitilizes the union in front of God. -held in a mosque followed by celebrations at home or a rental venue. -possible to conduct Nikah ceremony at your chosen venue or for more intimate weddings, at the bride’s home -Venues are adorned with flowers and candles and other decor fitting the couple’s motif -there will be seats on each side of an aisle for friends and family -infront is platform where the bride and geoom sit facing their guest. -Nikah is facilitated by Imam, who draws up the contract -couple’s relatives and friends may also be present in the ceremony -Nikah in the Philippines may feature elements or practices from non-Muslim weddings such as the bridal party and the bride walking down the aisle -Central to the ceremony is the Imam’s recitation of parts of the Quran and their blessing or Du’aa for the couple GENOVEVA EDROZA - MATUTE - “Aling Bebang” - Enero 13, 1915 - Batsilyer sa Sekondaryang Edukasyon, Medyor sa Ingles at Doktorado ( Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas) -46 years na guro sa Pamantasang Normal ng Pilipinas -kauna-unahang babaeng nakapag-uwi ng parangal sa larangan ng maikling kwento Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature Parusa (1961) Kwento ni Mabuti (1950) -Republic Literature Awards ng National Commission for Culture and the Arts -Kalinangan Award ng Maynila (1967) -Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas ng Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas ( 1988 ) -Gawad CCP para sa Sining (1992) -Lifetime Achievement Award for Literature - Tagapayo ng Pilipino Section ng The Torch Newsette -Marson 21, 2009 The Torch ang gawa Genoveva Edroza-Matute -parangal sa natatanging iskolar-manunulat sa loob ng Pamantasang Normal ng Pilipinas Maynila ROGELIO SICAT -Rogelio “Roger” R. Sicat -Hunyo 26, 1940 sa San Isidro Nueva Ecija -Estanislao Sicat at Crisanta Rodriguez -Premyadong nobelista, kuwentista, mandudula, at tagasalin: -guro ng panitikan, malikhaing pagsulat, wika at pagsasalin sa Departamento ng Filipino at Panitikan ng Pilipinas, Kolehiyo ng Arte at Literatura, Unibersidad ng Pilipinas, Diliman -Mga Agos sa Disyerto (1965) (maikling kwento) (Edgardo Reyes, Efren Abueg, Dominador Mirasol, at Rogelio Ordonez,) Kolehiyo -Impeng Negro (1962) (halaga at tagumoay bg oakikipagtunggali) -Gawad Palanca (maikling kwento) Tata Selo (1963) - agraryo sa bansa Tata Selo - Rogelio Sikat -tackles ang pagkakaiba ng estado ng pamumuhay at ang pangaabuso. -naiiyak si tata selo -nasa sangka siya at nagtatapal ng pitas na Char : kabesang tano, tata selo, kahangga, pulis, tao,binatang anak ng pinakamayamang propitaryo sa San Roque, batang magbubukid, saling, alkalde, hepe bakuran ng munisipyo -balitang tinaga at napatay si Kabesang Tano, (kaiunti - marami) -“Totoo ba, Tata Selo?” “Binawi niya ang aking saka kaya tinaga ko siya.” pilapil -di nasagot si tata selo kung bakit siya pinapaalis -tinungkod siya nung nilapitan -kinakabahan at di na mapakali si selo -may sakit si saling kaya umuwi loob ng istaked -nakahawak sa rehas -kausap ang isang magbubukid ang kanyang kahangga -nakalusot sa mga pulis na sumasawata sa nagkakagulong tao (di makapaniwala) -ipinagtitilakan ng mga pulis ang mga taong ibig makakita sa kanya. -Sinapo ng hepe si Tata Selo. Sa lapag halos mangudngod si Tata Selo. -Kinadyot ng hepe si Tata Selo sa sikmura. -si kabesang tano ang nagrekomenda kay tsip -kinawawa si selo “Bakit niya babawiin ang saka?” tanong ng Tata Selo. “Dinaya ko na ba siya sa partihan? -dating lupa ni selo yung kay tano….kaya di siya namimigay ng pinangko upang makaipon at mabawi ang lupa -nakiusap na kung d mabawi ehh magsasaka nalang siya -Tinungkod po niya ako nang tinungkod, -nakita ang anak- magbubukid na naniniwala sa kanya may sugat at may dalang litik -dadalhin sa kabesera - Wala ni papag sa loob ng istaked at sa maruming sementadong lapag nakasalampak -naka-sandal siya sa steel matting panlikurang dingding ng istaked. na siyang -a“Habang-buhay siguro ang ibibigay sa iyo,” patuloy ng alkalde. - Napatay ko po ang Kabesa. Patayin na rin ninyo po ako.” Takot humipo sa maalikabok na rehas ang -kwinento ni tata selo ang nangyare -saling ay anak na 17 years old (wala nang - may taonmg pumunta sa munisipyo at nakapasok ngunit may kasamang pulis -katulong si saling kina tano -titingin kay tata selo / taga poblacion - dumating na ang alkalde sakay ng dyip -tila hyop nma itatanghal ina) -sa bibig hinugot iyon at mariing ihinagod hanggang sa kanang punog tainga. “Lagas ang ngipin.” -pinadala si tata selo sa tanggapan ng alkalde -2 / dumating anak ni tata selo is saling / nalulungkot -kinausap makukulong -pinapauwi ng alkalde at sinabing -walang kintab ang buhok ang damit aty nung isang araw pa -kinabog kagabi , binalutan ng basang sako hindi halata -sinabi niya ang reason -inupo sa sulok si tata selo at napadapa -dumalaw ulit ang anak-magsasaka -sinabi na kinakausap ni saling ang presidente -4 ng hapon / nakapwesto kung saan nasisikatan ng araw sa harapan ng istaked -nasa labas ng istaked ang bata/ ayaw papasukin sa tanggapan ng alkalde -lahat ay kinuha na sa kanila Si Mabuti - Genoveva Edroza-Matute First-person Lumang silid sa ikalawang palapag - walang pinta Naroon pa siya't nagtuturo ng mga kaalamang pang-aklat, at bumubuhay ng isang uri ng karunungang sa kanya ko lamang natutuhan. kariktan ng buhay. nakikita ko siya at ako'y lumiligaya. Walang amumang maganda sa kanyang anyo at sa kanyang buhay pangkaraniwang guro noon. Walang sinumang nag-ukol sa kanya ng pansin. Siya'y tinatawag naming lahat na si Mabuti kung siya'y nakatalikod. Iyon ang mga pumalit sa mga salitang hindi niya maalala kung minsan, at nagiging pamuno sa mga sandaling pag-aalanganin. "Sana'y masabi ko sa iyo, ngunit ang suliranin. . . kailanman. Ang ibig kong sabihin ay . . . maging higit na mabuti sana sa iyo ang. . .buhay." habang tumataginting sa silid namin ang kanyang tinig sa pagtuturo'y hinuhulaan ko ang dahilan o mga dahilan ng pagtungo niya sa sulok na iyon ng silid-aklatan. maghintay ng mga bakas ng kapaitan sa kanyang mga sinsabi. Ngunit, sa tuwina, kasayahan, pananalig, pagasa ang taglay niya sa aming silid-aralan.\ Bawat aralin namin sa panitikan ay naging isang pagtighaw sa kauhawan naming sa kagandahan at ako'y humanga. pananalig niya sa kalooban ng Maykapal, sa sangkatauhan, sa lahat na, isa sa mga pinakamatibay na aking nakilala. Marahil, ang pananalig niyang iyon ang nagpakita sa kanya ng kagandahan sa mga bagay na karaniwan na lamang sa amin ay walang kabuluhan. Hindi nagbanggit kahit anuman sa sarili Nagbabanggit tungkol sa anak na babae - nagiisa Hindi nagbabanggit sa ama ng bata Hindi balo lahat ng bagay at pangarap niyang maririkit ay nakapaligid sa batang iyon. Isinalaysay niya sa amin ang katabilan niyon. Ang paglaki ng mga pangarap niyon, ang nabubuong layunin niyon niyang baka siya ay hindi umabot sa matatayog na pangarap ng kanyang anak. iisa lamang sa mga bagay na "pinagtitiisang" pakinggan sapagkat walang paraang maiwasan iyon. ang isang hinala. Sa kanyang magandang salaysay, ay nalalaman ang tungkol sa kaarawan ng kanyang anak, ang bagong kasuotan niyong may malaking lasong pula sa baywang, ang mga kaibigan niyong mga bata rin, ang kanilang mga handog. anim na taong gulang na. maging manggagamot ang kanyang anak at isang mabuting manggagamot. "Gaya ng kanyang ama!"e Ngunit tumakas ang dugo sa kanyang mukha habang sumisilay ang isang pilit na ngiti sa kanyang una at huling pagbanggit sa aming klase ang tungkol sa ama ng batang may kaarawan. Kumirot ang puso ko sa pagnanasang lumapit sa kanya, tanganan ang kanyang mga kamay gaya ng ginawa niya nang hapong iyon sa sulok ng silidaklatan, Gusto niyang may mapagkwento ang guro ng nararamdaman niya ngunit ang kanyang mga kaklase ay tila walang pakealam ako ng buong tapang na pinipigil ang pagnginig ng mga labi at sinabi ang ganito: "Mabuti.. mabuti gaya ng sasabihin nitong iyon lamang nakararanas ng mga lihim na kalungkutan ang maaaring makakilala ng mga lihim na kaligayahan." nakaranas ng mgan lihim na kalungkutan ay nakakilala ng mga lihim na kaligayahan. Ang kariktan ng katapangan; ang kariktan ng pagpapatuloy anuman ang kulay ng buhay. At ngayon, ilang araw lamang ang nakararaan buhat nang mabalitaan ko ang tungkol sa pagpanaw ng manggagamot na iyon. Ang ama ng batang iyon marahil ay magiging isang manggagamot din balang araw, ay namatay at naburol ng dalawang gabi at dalawang araw sa isang bahay na hindi siyang tirahan ni Mabuti at ng kanyang anak. At The Cherished Daughter Mother, I am eighteen this year and still without a husband. What, Mother, is your plan? The magpie brought two matchmakers and you threw them the challenge: not less than five full quan, five thousand areca nuts, five fat pigs, and five suits of clothes. Mother, I am twenty-three this year and still without a husband. What, Mother, dear, is your plan? The magpie brought two matchmakers and you threw them the challenge: not less than three full quan, three thousand areca nuts, three fat pigs, and three suits of clothes. Mother, I am thirty-two this year and still without a husband. What, Mother, darling, is your plan? The magpie brought two matchmakers and you threw them the challenge: not less than one full quan, one thousand areca nuts, one fat dog this time, and one suit of clothes. Mother, I am forty-three this year. Still without a husband. Mother, look, Mother, will you please just give me away? -- Anonymous (c. 1700 AD)-trans. Nguyen Ngoc Bich from World Poetry: An Anthology of Verse from Antiquity POETRY - literature that is written in verse and emphasizes a rhythmic use of words to create imagery TYPES OF POETRY ❑Lyric ❑Narrative ❑Descriptive BASIC ELEMENTS OF POETRY 1. LINES - similar to a sentence, except that writers aren’t obliged to use periods to end each line. - this functions as a natural pause to signal a break in the flow. - considered to be a tool that controls the rhythm of your piece. 2. STANZA - a series of lines grouped together and separated by an empty line. - -One way to identify a stanza is to count the number of lines. 3. IMAGERY - -a figurative language used to represent a certain action, object, and idea in a way that would appeal to the five senses. - The creative use of imagery makes a poetic piece sound even more powerful and enticing when conveying a message. For a poet, this can help create a mental picture that readers form through their imagination. 4. THEME - general idea that a poet wants his or her readers to grasp. - could be anything from a story to a thought that is being portrayed in the poem. Without such, it would be difficult for readers to understand the overall purpose and message that a poet wishes to convey. SYMBOLISM the art or practice of using conventional or traditional objects and signs as a method of revealing or suggesting ideas, ideals, truths, or otherwise intangible states. 1. COLOR Black is used to represent death or evil. White stands for life and purity. Red can symbolize blood, passion, danger, or immoral character. Purple is a royal color. Yellow stands for violence or decay. Blue represents peacefulness and calm. 2. OBJECTS Chain - can symbolize the coming together of two things. Ladder - can represent the relationship between heaven and earth or ascension. 3. ANIMALS A bear - represent courage or danger. A butterfly - symbolize great transformation. A dog - stands for loyalty or devotion. SOUND DEVICES - Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked; If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? 1. Alliteration - repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words (Sally sells seashells by the seashore.) 2. Consonance - the repetition of consonant sounds close to each other within a line in a poem ( Mike likes his new bike.) 3. Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds within a line of poetry ( •Lean, mean, fighting machine) 4. Onomatopoeia - a sound device that represents the exact sound of something in the poem. - The poet forms a word to imitate the sound made by the object in the poem (splish splash tick tock ding dong shhhh) RHYTHM - refers to a pattern of rhymes that is created by using words that produce the same, or similar sounds. - the pattern of stressed and unstressed beats. RHYME - the repetition of the same stressed vowel sound and any succeeding sounds in two or more words. INTERNAL RHYME occurs within a line of poetry. END RHYME occurs at the end of lines. RHYME SCHEME - the pattern of end rhymes that may be designated by assigning a different letter of the alphabet to each new rhyme (AA BB) POETIC METER - the number of feet used in each line. POETIC FOOT - unit of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. TYPE OF POETRY 1. LYRIC POETRY - refers to a short poem - often with song like qualities that express the speaker's personal emotions and feelings. 2. NARRATIVE POETRY - tells a story, often using the voices of both a narrator and characters; - the entire story is usually written in metered verse. - do not need to rhyme. - The poems that make up this genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. 3. DESCRIPTIVE POETRY - mainly describes the subject — whether it be a person, an animal, or an inanimate object - often in great detail, rather than telling a story or expressing one's feelings. SUB-TYPES OF POETRY 1. SONNET - fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter, - employing one of several rhyme schemes, - adhering to a tightly structured thematic organization. - Italian sonetto, which means “a little sound or song. 1.1 PETRARCHAN SONNET - Italian Sonnet - named after one of its greatest practitioners, the Italian poet Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) - tightly woven rhyme scheme: ABBA ABBA CDE CDE or ABBA ABBA CD CD CD. 1.2 SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET - the three quatrains and a couplet follow this rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. - The couplet plays a pivotal role, usually arriving in the form of a conclusion, amplification, or even refutation of the previous three quatrains. In Sonnet 130 of William Shakespeare’s epic sonnet cycle, the first twelve lines compare the speaker’s mistress unfavorably with nature’s beauties, but the concluding couplet swerves in a surprising direction. 2. HAIKU - a short, unrhymed poem that adheres to a specific three-line, seventeen-syllable. “JANUARY” by Paul Holmes Delightful display - 5 Snowdrops bow their pure white heads - 7 To the sun's glory.- 5 3. ELEGY - a form of poetry in which the poet or speaker expresses grief, sadness, or loss. "His Grace! impossible! what dead! Of old age too, and in his bed! And could that mighty warrior fall? And so inglorious, after all! Well, since he’s gone, no matter how, The last loud trump must wake him now: And, trust me, as the noise grows stronger, He’d wish to sleep a little longer. And could he be indeed so old As by the newspapers we’re told?" 4. LIMERICK - a silly poem with five lines. They are often funny or nonsensical. - Limericks were made famous by Edward Lear, a famous author who wrote the "Book of Nonsense" in the 1800s. This was an entire book of silly limericks. -The first, second, and fifth lines rhyme with each other and have the same number of syllables (typically 8 or 9) . -The third and fourth lines rhyme with each other and have the same number of syllables (typically 5 or 6) -Limericks often start with the line "There once was a… or "There wasa… 5. BALLAD - one of the oldest poetic forms in English - a type of poem that tells a story and was traditionally set to music. English language ballads are typically composed of four-line stanzas that follow an ABCB rhyme scheme. - Many ballads have a refrain (a line or stanza that repeats throughout the poem), much like the chorus of modern-day songs. 6. ODE - Originating in ancient Greece, ode poems were originally performed publicly to celebrate athletic victories. Later, this poetic form was favored among English romantic poets, who used odes to express emotions using rich, descriptive language. -Today, we use the term “ode” to describe any outpouring of praise, and modern ode poems have evolved to include various styles and forms. 7. EPIC - long, often book-length, narrative in verse form that retells the heroic journey of a single person, or group of persons. - The word "epic" comes from Latin epicus and from Greek epikos, meaning " a word; a story; poetry in heroic verse." - The elements that typically distinguish epics include superhuman deeds, fabulous adventures, highly stylized language, and a blending of lyrical and dramatic traditions, which also extend to defining heroic verse. - Today, this is very uncommon. But rumors still abound about such practices. Vietnamese Wedding Traditions 1. The Nap tai – In this ceremony, the groom’s family brings a pair of birds to the bride’s home. This is to inform her family of the intentions to marry the girl. 2. The Van danh – In this ceremony, the future groom would send a matchmaker to the bride’s house to ask the girl’s name and birthday. 3. The Nap Cat – This ceremony informed the girl’s family that the groom went to a fortune teller. The rest of the ceremonies followed only if the fortune teller said they would make a good couple. 4. The Nap Te – The future groom and his family bring presents to the bride’s family. 5. Thinh ky – The ceremony was to decide on the wedding date. 6. Than nghinh – In this ceremony, the groom’s family brings presents to the girl’s family and escorts the bride to the groom’s house. Major Vietnamese Wedding Traditions/ Ceremonies that happen on the same day VIETNAM - Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a Southeast Asian country known for its beaches, rivers, Buddhist pagodas, and bustling cities. • Capital: Hanoi • Currency: Vietnamese dong • Official Language: Vietnamese • Population: 97.47 million (2021) World Bank • President: Vo Van Thuong • Prime minister: Pham Minh Chinh • National sport: Soccer URBAN DATING IN VIETNAM - some segments of the population, especially in urban centers, the Vietnamese dating culture is not so different from any Western liberal country. - Metropolitan Vietnam is not conservative like India or China, where parents still play a prominent role in finding partners for their children. - As a historical context for Vietnam’s modern dating norms, it is helpful to consider the traditional culture from which Vietnam has emerged. - In the recent past, it was customary for parents to solicit the advice of fortune tellers in assessing a child’s prospective partner. - The teller would use the Vietnamese horoscope (tử vi) and other mystical devices to determine a couple’s good luck or bad luck. - Whatever the fortune teller said, the family would take very seriously: couples would be allowed or disallowed based on the fortune teller’s advice. The Permission ceremony (Le dam ngo) - This Vietnamese wedding tradition brings the two families together to a formal meeting to ask for the bride’s hand in marriage. The groom’s family brings gifts like betel, fruits, areca nuts and sweet treats to the bride’s family. The gifts are in even not odd numbers to avoid bringing bad luck to the couple. The Betrothal ceremony (Le an hoi) - This is the official engagement ceremony. The families inform the relatives and friends about the marriage between their children. The girl is presented as a fiancée to the groom to be and he is accepted as a family member into the bride’s family. - This ceremony happens before the actual wedding day or on the morning of the wedding day. Families, relatives and close friends of both the bride and groom all come to the ceremony. The bride’s parents decides the number of feasts the wedding will have and the gifts given. The wedding ceremony The wedding date and time of the marriage ceremony is set on by the Buddhist monk or a fortune teller. This may change if the family is of the Catholic religion. The traditional Vietnamese wedding consists of a set of activities. They include asking for permission to receive the bride, receiving the bride at her house, and escorting her to the groom’s house. The wedding reception (Le don dau or Vu Quy) Vietnamese wedding receptions are important events usually occurring right after the wedding ceremony. The bride must say goodbye to her parents and family and follow the groom to his house in a procession. The mother of the bride must stay at home and hide her tears. VIETNAM WAR • Vietnam was the longest war in American history and the most unpopular American war of the 20th century. • Between 1945 and 1954, the Vietnamese waged an anti-colonial war against France, which received $2.6 billion in financial support from the United States. • From 1968 to 1973, efforts were made to end the conflict through diplomacy. In January 1973, an agreement was reached; U.S. forces were withdrawn from Vietnam, and U.S. prisoners of war were released. In April 1975, South Vietnam surrendered to the North, and Vietnam was reunited. • The Vietnam War cost the United States 58,000 lives and 350,000 casualties. It also resulted in between one and two million Vietnamese deaths. * According to a survey by the Veterans Administration, some 500,000 of the 3 million troops who served in Vietnam suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder, and rates of divorce, suicide, alcoholism and drug addiction were markedly higher among veterans. The Cherished Daughter Mother, I am eighteen this year and still without a husband. What, Mother, is your plan? The magpie brought two matchmakers and you threw them the challenge: not less than five full quan, five thousand areca nuts, five fat pigs, and five suits of clothes. Mother, I am twenty-three this year and still without a husband. What, Mother, dear, is your plan? The magpie brought two matchmakers and you threw them the challenge: not less than three full quan, three thousand areca nuts, three fat pigs, and three suits of clothes. Mother, I am thirty-two this year and still without a husband. What, Mother, darling, is your plan? The magpie brought two matchmakers and you threw them the challenge: not less than one full quan, one thousand areca nuts, one fat dog this time, and one suit of clothes. Mother, I am forty-three this year. Still without a husband. Mother, look, Mother, will you please just give me away? -- Anonymous (c. 1700 AD)-- trans. Nguyen Ngoc Bich from World Poetry: An Anthology of Verse from Antiquity mag·pie - used in similes or comparisons to refer to a person who collects things, especially things of little use or value, or a person who chatters idly. Quan - means pants., army or coin Matchmaker - a person who arranges relationships and marriages between others, either informally or, in certain cultural communities, as a formal occupation. Areca nuts - fruit of the areca palm (Areca catechu), which grows in much of the tropical Pacific (Melanesia and Micronesia), South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of east Africa Suit of clothes - set of garments (usually including a jacket and trousers or skirt) for outerwear all of the same fabric and color. Summary: o The daughter is longing to get married however, because of their culture and respect to her mother, she needs to follow and obey what her mother ought her to do. Speaker: o The speaker (daughter) seems exasperated (intensely irritated and frustration) on the first 3 stanzas of the poem and the last stanza indicates desperation . Theme: o Marriage o Mother and daughter and relationship Vietnamese Culture present in the poem: o Filial piety - a Confucian virtue of honouring the elders in family or service to one’s parents. o Family and clan are valued over individualism Family have a major voice in the selection of wives and husbands of their children, they consider the following factors: social status, and consulting horoscopes often done by Buddhist monk. Type of Poetry: o Lyric since it focuses on emotions, specifically the emotion of the daughter. Formal type/personal emotion o 4th stanza – the boy describes what’s happening during that war, “some of my friends have fallen” it signifies the death of his friends but no one cares at all, people back then prioritizes how they will survive during that war. o All in all, it narrates the boy experience during the Vietnam War. Metaphor: o Magpie - believed to bring good fortune and good luck. Speaker: o The speaker (boy) narrates his memory of the war which it is a traumatic experience for him. Sound Device Repietition Theme: o War o Trauma Men - 20 to 30 Women - 18 to 25 A School Boy’s Apology By Le Thanh Huan If sometimes I fall asleep in a lecture Or shout and scream as if alone Please forgive me, please don’t be angry For I have no place to play. I’m growing up I want to be a sailor I’m wishing for a giant arena, a stream I feel like yelling my life is beginning Every minute I want to hold tight to my dreams. But the fires of war have shriveled my joys At every step I see guns turned on me At every word I hear the crash of steel Not believing, not understanding I only stare. The slaughter goes on and on, Blood and bones and hatred all strained red. People running from the front to look out for themselves Cheating, lying, stabbing others in the back Some of my friends have fallen. No one knew, no one cared, they were dewdrops that’s all. My home will be burnt to the ground The way back cut off, partitioned… Shrivel - wrinkle and contract or cause to wrinkle and contract, especially due to loss of moisture. Dewdrop - small drops of water that form on the ground and other surfaces outdoors during the night. Partitioned - divide into parts. Summary: o 1st stanza – the boy narrates his school scenario setup way back time. o 2nd stanza – presented the hopeful of the boy. Being free and no worries; clinging to his fantasies. o 3rd stanza – the word but contradicts the 2nd stanza, as it tells his reality. This 3rd stanza highlights how chaos the war he experienced, and how traumatic it is for him. Vietnamese History present in the poem: o The war killed an estimated 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1.1 million North Vietnamese troops, 200,000 South. o The poem is bound up in the Vietnam’s history, specifically their war history; the 2 decades of war killed millions of soldiers, villagers, men, women, and children type of Poetry: o The type of poetry used in the poem is a narrative poetry, as is actually telling a story that uses the real-life experience of the boy during the war that even the detailed information were present which caused him trauma and still cannot get over it. Sound Device VIETNAM WAR was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955[A 1] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.[5] It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China,[8] and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anticommunist allies.[55][56] Vietnam War, (1954–75), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. Called the “American War” in Vietnam (or, in full, the “War Against the Americans to Save the Nation”), the war was also part of a larger regional conflict (see Indochina wars) and a manifestation of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies.: BRUNEI - BRUNEI DARUSSALAM • The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th and 17th centuries when its control extended over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate. Independence was achieved in 1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six centuries. • has a total area of 5,765 sq. km. with a coastline of about 161 km along the South China Sea. It is bounded on the North by the South China Sea and on the other side by the Malaysian State of Sarawak. • Official language is Malay. Other languages include English and Chinese (various dialects). RELIGION Islam is the official religion of Brunei Darussalam as stated in the Brunei Constitution, with His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di- Pertuan as the head of the Islamic faith in the country. Thus Islam plays a central role in the life of every Muslim in Brunei Darussalam. Other faiths practiced in the State include Christianity and Buddhism. ECONOMY Brunei Darussalam still depends on revenues from crude oil and natural gas to finance its development programmes. receives income from rents, royalties, corporate tax and dividends. Due to the non-renewable nature of oil and gas, economic diversification has been in Brunei Darussalam's national development agenda. third largest oil producer in Southeast Asia and it produced 163,000 barrels per day. It is also the fourth largest producer of liquefied natural gas in the world. main exports consist of three major commodities - crude oil, petroleum products and liquefied natural gas - sold largely to Japan, the United States and ASEAN countries. The Government's move to promote non-oil and gas activities has been largely successful with figures showing 64% of GDP in 1996 compared to only 24.3% in 1991. Crude oil and liquefied natural gas are themain exports of Brunei Darussalam. Oil and Gas accounted for about 36% of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 1996. Oil and Gas accounted for about 36% of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 1996. Brunei Darussalam is no giant when it comes to landmass, it has been blessed with rich natural resources and a strategic location within the region. The majority of the country is covered in tropical rainforests teeming with exotic flora and fauna. Anxious to promote the conservation of its lush surroundings, eco-tourism has gained importance in the country's economic activities. • Human resources are central to the successful transformation of Brunei Darussalam into a diversified industrial economy. As in most developing nations, there is a shortage of skilled workforce in the country. Therefore, greater emphasis is placed on education. The main areas of interest in human resources development are managerial and industrial skills, with particular emphasis on entrepreneurial skills as well as vocational and technical training. WorkingVocabulary • Jungle produce –any harvest found in forest • Subjects –topics, themes, issues, matter • Poignant –moving, emotional, touching, affecting • Egret –heron with long plumage • Gleaming –shining, glowing, glistening • Sampan –flat-bottomed wooden boat • Rucksack –backpack, bag • Cutlery –tableware (knives, forks, etc) • Flora and fauna –plants and animals • Stilt-post, stand, support, pillar • Baju melayu –traditional Malay outfit for men • Harem –group of women associated with one Travel Brunei Darussalam Poem - Bandar Seri Begawan by John Tiong Chunghoo Bandar Seri Begawan weds the old and new roads, heritage buildings, museums, mosques, parks, a market by the river selling jungle produce and of course the Jerudong Amusement Park where late Michael Jackson performed for the Sultan's 50th birthday - - almost 20 years before the release of his last album, That's It it is not the town though that revs one's spirit up but the humble Brunei river that flows by it the river opens one to the heart of the Sultanate here you could see the gleaming Sultan's Palace the oil kingdom's diverse flora and fauna as well as the way the Sultan's subjects live, oil fuels the movements here and everywhere sampans, motored boats go up and down the waterway there is even a little oil station on stilts right in the middle of the river for the boatman to fill up their boat tanks the most poignant here are the smart young generation during sunset hours- tudong clad malay schoolgirls in long white blouse and ocean blue skirt bleary eyed boys in white shirts, dark green long pants with rucksacks on their backs get down from their boats and rush to their wooden houses - home sweet home a newly wedded couple in resplendent traditional baju melayu hold each other, smile and speed away in their boat to their new nest coconut palms sway and a Sharifah Aini song goes on air while warm breeze blows reminding me of a paradise on earth, MYANMAR the egrets both the orange and black beak species add grace to the picturesque river the Malays call them banggau I also have the Brunein luck to spot the proboscis monkeys- monyet belanda with their long flabby nose, humanlike faces the males moving with their harem at one end of the river the Sultan's Palace where cutleries are made of gold and waiters get thousands in tips glistens over the waters there also I could visualise the smile of the man with the songkok on the blue dollar notes the man who led one of the oldest Malay sultanates which gave away Sarawak - my beloved state to the White Rajah Bandar Seri Begawan weds the old and new – roads, heritage buildings, museums, mosques, parks, a market by the river selling jungle produce and of course the JerudongAmusement Park where late Michael Jackson performed for the Sultan’s 50th birthday - - almost 20 years before the release of his last album, That’s It It is not the town though that revs one’s spirit up but the humble Brunei river that flows by it the river opens one to the heart of the Sultanate here you could see the gleaming Sultan’s Place the oil kingdom’s diverse flora and fauna as well as the way the Sultan’s subjects live, oil fuels the movements here and everywhere sampans, motored boats go up and down the waterway there is even a little oil station on stilts right in the middle of the river for the boatman to fill up their boat tanks the most poignant here are the smart young generation during sunset hours- - tudong clad malay schoolgirls in long white blouse and ocean blue skirt bleary eyed boys in white shirts, dark green long pants with rucksacks on their backs get down from their boats and rush to their wooden houses - home sweet home OILFIELD LABOURERS Yazid - nasunugan , nagtratrabaho sa oil company Adam - nagpatuloy kay yazid Jamal - katrabaho Distraught conflagration suspended mist stumps smouldering derrick taunting emblazoned Protrude akimbo Frantic ECUATION SYSTEM Preschools in Myanmar are open to children aged between two and five years old. Officially enter primary school at the age of six. Primary school education in Myanmar is compulsory and covers Grade 1 to 5. After five years of primary schooling, students are accepted into secondary school if they pass a comprehensive examination of basic subjects. Secondary school education in Myanmar consists of Middle School and High School levels. Students are enrolled in Middle School from the ages of 12 to 16, where they complete Grade 6 to 9. move on to High School after passing the Basic Education Standard VIII Examination. Students are enrolled in High School from the ages of 17 to 19, where they complete Grades 10 and 11. receive their diplomas, students must sit for the Education Standard 10 Examination where they will be granted Diploma A or Diploma B. Diploma A holders are eligible to enter university. The University Entrance Examinations administered by the Myanmar Board of Examinations are held in mid-March annually. KINDERGARTEN Emphasize the important of play, discovery and hands-on learning Promote developmental learning and growth in children Play-based learning is one of the most popular Factore to consider entering pre-school : age maturity, sociability, and temperament 23% have access to preschool or playgroups FRUITS IN MYANMAR -since 1930 Apple, pear (Asian pear), plum (damson plum), Japanese apricot -Soil, topography and climatic conditions of hilly regions favor the cultivation of deciduous fruits. BURMESE ALPHABET - MYANMAR WEDDINGS IN MYANMAR Myanmar Christians tend to be more complex ceremonies similar to the style seen in Western countries, Buddhists, they are generally more traditional. family may invite a monk to their home to give a blessing or travel to a monastery where the couple, accompanied only by a few family members or close friends, will offer alms to monks or listen to a sermon. A more traditional ceremony may involve the bride and groom’s hands being tied together with a silk ribbon and dipped into a bowl of perfumed water. Lunch and tea follow and the whole event takes about two hours. day of matrimony, it’s a custom for the bride’s family: parents, brothers, and sisters, to dress her up in the finest of attire and bedeck her with the best pieces of jewelry they can afford. With her hip-length jacket, and long-length silk or satin (htain-me-thein), the bride looks somewhat like a princess of the Royal Court in the olden days of the Myanmar kings. The bridegroom surely looks elegant and handsome in this traditional Myanmar men’s attire which consists of a head-dress called “gaung baung”, a long sleeve stiff collared shirt, a double-length men’s silk longyi called a “ taung shay longyi”, a traditional men’s jacket and a velvet slipper. For those who can afford to do so, the common fashion is to hold two events: a morning and evening reception. The morning event is typically held at home, where anyone even loosely connected with the bride and groom can stop by for tea, coffee and cake, and to pay their respects. Guests, which can number in the hundreds, are expected to stay for about half an hour; just enough time to drink tea, greet the family and then depart, making room in the house for the next round of well-wishers. The evening reception is more celebratory. Fewer people are invited, but they will be treated to drinks, dinner, and a party at a venue of choice (for those who have the means, highend hotel ballrooms are preferred). There will be music, maybe even a little dancing and – fortunately – no long-winded toasts, except perhaps by the bride and groom to thank everyone for coming. Dressed in their full wedding ensemble, the couple usually tour the room, greeting the guests and posing for photos, before slipping off to change into something more comfortable for the rest of the evening. The Kindergarten Teacher by Aung Thinn U Nyan Sein - art teacher but he also taught reading and writing to the newest children in school: the kindergarten. one young boy - in the front row crying his eyes out. Plums . The Wedding Reception by Nyi Pu Lay Sein Hla, - groom - Ko sein Uncle Than Sein and Grand Uncle Win Maung, Sein Sein Aye Mar Mar Tin - bride - chool teacher and all, Kywet Thoe - groom father “Ma Ma Than - kapitbahay U San Tin - nagpapanood sa bahay] given pocket money to the young men. It is called ‘Payment for Stones’, asum paid off to avoid the teasing throwing of stones on the house that night.
