Global Citizenship Education
LESSON EXEMPLAR
ALLAN ROY H. ROSAL
JANICE B. CACERES
Learning Area: Science
Grade Level: 9
Quarter: 1st
GCED Domain/s: Cognitive, Socio-Emotional and Behavioral
GCED Indicator/s:
Cognitive
D.1.1.3.4 Health Issues affecting interaction and connectedness of communities at local,
national and global levels
Socio-emotional
D.2.2 Communicate various perspectives through discourses and dialogues
Behavioral
D3.2 Conduct civic actions on global issues
GCED Theme and Topic:
Sustainable Development – Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-Being)
Enhanced Content Standard/s: Demonstrate an understanding of
the prevention, detection, and treatment of diseases affecting circulatory
and respiratory systems
Enhanced Performance Standard/s: Conduct an
information dissemination activity on effective ways of taking care of
the respiratory and circulatory systems based on data gathered from
the school or local health workers.
Time Allotment: 60 minutes
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Lesson Title
Lesson Introduction (What I Need to Know / Alamin)
Lesson Objectives (What I Need to Know/ Alamin) Pretest
(What I Know / Subukin)
Lesson Proper
Review (What’s In / Balikan) Activity
(What’s New/ Tuklasin) Discussion
(What is It / Talakayin)
Enrichment Activities (What’s More/ Pagyamanin)
Generalization (What I Have Learned/ Isaisip) Reflection (Why
is it meaningful and relevant /Isapuso) Application (What I Can
Do / Isagawa)
Assessment (Assessment/ Tayahin)
Answer Key / Susi sa Pagwawasto
References / Sanggunian
The Different
Organs of Respiration
and How they Work with
the Circulatory System
1
LESSON INTRODUCTION
To perform various life activities, energy is needed. The energy needed to the continuance of life
comes from the food that living things eat. Digestion converts food into molecules which the body cells can
absorb and utilize. From the small intestine, the final products of digestion are transported to body cells. For
multicellular organisms like humans, an efficient transporting system is important. This is where the
circulatory system plays a vital role. The circulatory system brings the needed food molecules to the cells
and at the same time, removes waste from them.
As soon as the food molecules are absorbed by the cell, oxygen reacts with theses food molecules,
breaking them down into more useful energy-rich molecules. It is here that the respiratory system enters the
picture. Every time a person breathes, the respiratory system takes in the oxygen that the cells need to
break down the food molecules into a form of energy needed by the cells to be able to perform various
activities.
2
LESSON OBJECTIVES (WHAT I NEED TO KNOW)
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
1. Explain how the respiratory and the circulatory system work together to transport nutrients,
gases, and other molecules to and from the different parts of the body;
2. Identify and describe the parts of the respiratory system
3. Infer how one’s lifestyle can affect the functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems
3
4.
PRE-TEST
KWL CHART: Fill out two columns in the chart. The last column will be filled up as you concluded
this lesson
What I Know
What I Want to Know
What I Learned
4
1.
LESSON
PROPER
REVIEW (WHAT’S IN)
Direction: Kindly trace the flow of blood by completing the cycle below. Use the image of heart for your
reference.
______
All parts
of the
body
Vena
Cava
______
______
_______
______
______
Lungs
4
______
1.
LESSON
PROPER
ACTIVITY (WHAT’S IN)
Activity 1-LABELING: Label the parts of the Respiratory System. Use the words from the box.
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Pleura
Larynx
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchial tube
Bronchiole
Nasal passage
Activity 2-How do we Breathe? : Use and manipulate an improvised breathing apparatus the
one shown in the figure in performing the following tasks:
1. Pull down the string attached to the center of the large balloon.
What happened to the two small balloons attached to the capillary
tube?
2. When the large balloon is not yet stretched or pulled down, how
do the two small balloons appear?
3. What part of the respiratory system is represented by the
following parts of the breathing apparatus:?
a. The two balloons?
b. The capillary tubes that hold the balloons?
c. The large balloon that covers the jar?
d. The jar?
4. How does the improvised breathing apparatus simulate the breathing process?
4
1.
LESSON
PROPER
DISCUSSION (WHAT IS IT)
What Is the Respiratory System?
When we breathe, the respiratory system takes
in oxygen and sends out carbon dioxide. The cells
in our bodies need fresh oxygen to stay alive. As
cells do their jobs, they make and give off carbon
dioxide. This exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide is called respiration.
How Does Breathing Happen?
The diaphragm (DYE-uh-fram) is a muscle
between the chest and the abdomen that allows the body to move air in and out of the respiratory
system. When you breathe in (inhalation), the diaphragm moves down toward the abdomen, and the
rib muscles pull the ribs upward and outward. This makes the chest cavity bigger and pulls air through
the nose or mouth into the lungs.
When you breathe out (exhalation), the diaphragm moves up and the chest wall muscles relax,
causing the chest cavity to get smaller and push air out of the respiratory system through the nose or
mouth.
Where Does Air Go?
Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or the
mouth, then travels down a pathway to the lungs. In the
nostrils, air gets warmed and moistened. Tiny hairs in the
nose called cilia (SIL-ee-uh) filter out dust and other
particles.
The nasal cavity and mouth join at the area in the back of the throat called the pharynx (FAR-inks).
The pharynx is part of two body systems (the respiratory system and the digestive system) because it
carries both air and food.
At the bottom of the pharynx, two pipes split off — one for air
and one for food. One pipe, the larynx, is for air only. It’s also
called the voice box because it contains a pair of vocal cords
that vibrate to make sounds when you talk. (The other pipe is
called the esophagus and is the pathway that brings food to the
stomach.) A small flap of tissue called the epiglottis (eh-pihGLAH-tus) protects the larynx. When we swallow, the epiglottis
covers the larynx to prevent food and liquid from going into the
lungs.
The trachea (windpipe) is the part of the airway that continues below the larynx (LAIR-inks). The
walls of the trachea (TRAY-kee-uh) have stiff rings of cartilage to keep it open. The trachea is also
lined with cilia, which sweep fluids and foreign particles out of the airway to keep them out of the
lungs.
Further down, the trachea divides into two tubes (left and right) called bronchi (BRAHN-kye). The
bronchi connect the trachea to the lungs.
What Happens at the Lungs?
The bronchi branch off into smaller bronchi and even smaller tubes called bronchioles (BRAHNkee-olz). At the end of each bronchiole are tiny air sacs called alveoli. This is the place where the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide actually happens. Each person has hundreds of millions of
alveoli in their lungs. This network of alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi is known as the bronchial
tree.
The lungs contain elastic tissue so they can inflate and deflate easily.
They're covered by a thin lining called the pleura (PLUR-uh). The
thorax (THOR-aks) is the airtight box that houses the bronchial tree,
lungs, heart, and other structures. The top and sides of the thorax are
formed by the ribs and muscles. These chest walls form a protective
cage around the organs in the chest cavity. The bottom of the chest
cavity is formed by the diaphragm.
How Does Oxygen Get From the Lungs to the Cells?
Every few seconds, with each inhalation, air fills a large portion of the millions of alveoli. Oxygen
moves from the alveoli to the blood through the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) lining the alveolar
walls. This process is called diffusion. In the bloodstream, oxygen gets picked up by the
hemoglobin in red blood cells. This oxygen-rich blood then goes to the heart, which pumps it to the
body. In tiny capillaries throughout the body, oxygen leaves the hemoglobin and moves into the
cells.
How Does Carbon Dioxide Get From the Cells to the Lungs?
As cells do their work, they make carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide moves out of the cells into the
capillaries and bloodstream. Blood rich in carbon dioxide travels to the heart, which pumps it to the
lungs. Carbon dioxide goes from the capillaries around the alveoli into the alveoli. Then carbon
dioxide goes up the bronchioles to the bronchi, and then to the trachea to be exhaled.
Respiratory Illness and Diseases
Respiratory illness is a common problem in the United States. Some people are genetically more
likely to get respiratory conditions, but your work place or environmental exposures can play a big
role. One thing is for sure, smoking is the most common cause of respiratory disease.
Asthma
Asthma is defined as a common, chronic respiratory condition that causes difficulty breathing due
to inflammation of the airways. Asthma symptoms include dry cough, wheezing, chest tightness
and shortness of breath. Dr. Meyer says there's a major connection between environmental
allergies and asthma. Allergic reactions, infections and pollution can all trigger an asthma attack.
Usually, asthma starts in childhood years and progresses into adulthood. However, some people in
their 60s, 70s and 80s can get adult onset asthma. Dr. Meyer says asthma is a reversible
obstructive lung disease. He’s seen asthma patients who are able to improve their breathing flow
rates better than those who have the respiratory disease known as COPD.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an umbrella term that encompasses several respiratory
illnesses that cause breathlessness, or the inability to exhale normally. People usually experience
symptoms, including shortness of breath, and normally cough up sputum (mucus from the lungs),
especially in the morning. COPD can be tricky for some people to identify, because symptoms are
often mistaken for the gradual aging process and body deterioration. In fact, COPD can develop
over the course of several years without any signs of shortness of breath.
Treatment includes smoking cessation, bronchodilator therapy (medication that opens the airways)
and pulmonary rehabilitation, which is a supervised exercise program for people with COPD. Unlike
asthma, COPD is not reversible. According to the American Lung Association, COPD is the third
leading cause of death in the U.S.
Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is a form of COPD emphasized by a chronic cough. Usually people cough up
sputum (mucus from the lungs), especially in the morning. Dr. Meyer says this happens because
mucus glands in the airways increase output, and patients have to cough that extra secretion out.
Since chronic bronchitis is a form of COPD, it’s treated the same way. People can also develop
acute bronchitis, which is not a long-term disease but an infectious problem. It develops from a viral
or bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics. Symptoms associated with acute bronchitis
will subside once the infection resolves.
Emphysema
Emphysema is a serious respiratory disease and is another form of COPD. The most common
cause is smoking. Those who suffer from emphysema have trouble exhaling air from their lungs.
Cigarette smoke damages the air sacs in the lungs to a point where they can no longer repair
themselves. Dr. Meyer says this respiratory system illness most commonly leads to respiratory
failure and the need for extra oxygen to meet breathing needs. Emphysema evolves slowly over the
years, and there's no cure. However, those who quit smoking are more likely to see the disease’s
progression slow.
Lung Cancer
With the ability to develop in any part of the lungs, this cancer is difficult to detect. Most often, the
cancer develops in the main part of the lungs near the air sacs. DNA mutations in the lungs cause
irregular cells to multiply and create an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, or a tumor. These
tumors interfere with the regular functions of the lungs.
“Far and away, the most common risk factor for lung cancer is cigarette smoke. Other risk factors
include radon exposure, workplace exposure, including asbestos and diesel fumes, secondhand
smoke, air pollution and radiation exposure from frequent CT scans of the chest,” Dr. Meyer says.
Symptoms can take years to appear, but include things like chronic coughing, changes in voice,
harsh breathing sounds and coughing up blood. According to the American Cancer Society, lung
cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women in the U.S.
Cystic Fibrosis/Bronchiectasis
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic respiratory disease caused by a defective gene that creates thick and
sticky mucus that clogs up tubes and passageways. This mucus causes repeat, and dangerous,
lung infections, as well as obstructions in the pancreas that prevent important enzymes from
breaking down nutrients for the body. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation says this disease affects
30,000 people in the U.S., 75 percent of which were diagnosed by the age of two. Symptoms of
cystic fibrosis include salty-tasting skin, chronic coughing, frequent lung infections and a poor
growth rate in children. Dr. Meyer says people who have cystic fibrosis will also develop
bronchiectasis.
“Bronchiectasis is a condition in which patients develop abnormally dilated bronchial tubes. This
allows mucus to pool, causing frequent respiratory tract infections, wheezing and shortness of
breath. There are other ways bronchiectasis develops besides cystic fibrosis, including other
infections,” Dr. Meyer says.
Dr. Meyer says bronchiectasis usually develops later in life and is more common in women than
men.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a common lung disease caused by an infection in the air sacs in the lungs. The
infections can be bacterial, viral or fungal. Most people can recover in one to three weeks, but for
certain people, pneumonia can be extremely serious and even life-threatening.
“The very young and old are more at-risk for pneumonia and complications associated with
pneumonia. Patients can be at increasingly susceptible to pneumonia based on their smoking
history or their overall immune status. If they're frail or sickly, they can develop pneumonia more
readily than young, healthy, well-nourished people,” Dr. Meyer says.
Symptoms, which include cough, fever, shaking chills and shortness of breath, can range from mild
to severe. Dr. Meyer says it’s really important for adults over 65 or those with other chronic disease
to get the pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine. Additional suggested ways to prevent this respiratory
condition include washing hands frequently and getting the flu shot.
Pleural Effusion
Pleural effusion is a collection of fluid between the lung and the chest wall in what’s called the
pleural space. The fluid can collect for a variety of reasons, including pneumonia, cancer or
congestive heart failure. Usually patients notice symptoms of increasing chest discomfort and
shortness of breath. Dr. Meyer says those with this diagnosis usually undergo a procedure to
remove the fluid, which allows the lung to re-expand, allowing the patient to breathe better. Then,
the fluid is tested to determine what’s causing it and a treatment plan is formed.
Additional Illness – COVID-19
The illnesses listed above have all withstood the test of time. COVID-19, however, is still new, and
scientists and clinicians are still learning about it. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) define COVID-19 as a respiratory illness that belongs to a large family of coronaviruses.
This type of virus infects humans and animals, but the original strain, variants and subvariants
weren't seen in humans before 2019. It spreads mainly between people within about 6 feet of each
other through droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks. The primary
symptoms are cough, shortness of breath and fever with an average recovery time between one
and two weeks. If you have these symptoms, please visit our coronavirus resources page or talk to
your doctor.
Preventative Measures for Respiratory Disease
“My number one piece of advice to avoid respiratory system illnesses is to stop smoking and
preferably, never start. Tobacco use is very difficult to overcome. It’s along the same lines of crack
and heroin,” Dr. Meyer says.
Cigarette smoking either causes or worsens every respiratory disease on this list. The Center for
Disease Control and Prevent (CDC) says tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable illness
and death and produces 480,000 deaths a year (including deaths from secondhand smoke).
Dr. Meyer also recommends people practice avoidance in order to prevent respiratory disease.
That includes avoiding sick people and places with a lot of dust or harsh chemicals.
“Hog confinement barns or hog dust exposure can cause COPD just like cigarette smoking can. I
can’t tell the difference based on lung function tests between someone who has smoked for 30
years or someone who has worked in hog barns for 20 years,” Dr. Meyer says.
Dr. Meyer says to focus on the basics, too. Try to maintain a healthy weight, get adequate sleep,
decrease stress, add plenty of activity and eat a balanced diet.
Lifestyle That Affect the Functioning of the Circulatory and Respiratory System
Chronic diseases, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), are considered the leading
causes of mortality in the world, representing over 60% of all deaths in 2005. A chronic disease is a
condition that persists for a long period of time (lasting for at least three months and beyond). They
are mostly associated with lifestyle, developing and progressing gradually overtime. Most circulatory
and respiratory disease are chronic in nature. Studies show that most of them are caused by smoking,
sedentary lifestyle, alcohol abuse, and poor eating and dietary habits.
Since many chronic diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems are caused by lifestyle,
it needs to be prevented and controlled; a lifestyle check should be implemented by the person
involved. This section will identify some healthy lifestyle habits that will help enhance the functioning
of the circulatory and respiratory systems as well as some of the hazardous chemicals that are
introduced to the body by some habit-forming activities.
4
1.
LESSON
PROPER
Cognitive
D.1.1.3.4 Health Issues affecting
interaction and connectedness of
communities at local, national
and global levels
ENRICHMENT (WHAT’S MORE)
Activity 3 – Respiratory Diseases Fact Chart. Complete the table below filling in the missing
information .
Signs
Symptoms
Common cold
Etiology
Treatment
Prevention
Usually viral
Red, Inflamed
throat, and
painful
swallowing.
Aimed at
symptomsquit smoking
Laryngiti
Vaccine
Chest pain,
fever, chills,
dyspnea
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Antiinflammatory
drugs,
bronchodilators
Emphysema
Behavioral
D3.2 Conduct civic actions on
global issues
Activity 4-Anti-smoking Campaign. Conduct an anti-smoking campaign in school and create
posters, tarpaulins, brochures and signages inside the school.
4
1.
LESSON
PROPER
GENERALIZATION (WHAT I HAVE LEARNED)



4
The respiratory system functions to supply gases between the body cells and the environment. It
consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, which contain the bronchial tree
and the air sacs.
The breathing process involves the alternate contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm,
abdominal muscles, and intercostal muscles. The actual exchange of gases takes place between
the alveoli of the air sacs and the blood.
Lifestyles and harmful substances can affect the functioning of both the circulatory and respiratory
systems
1.
LESSON
PROPER
Socio-emotional
D.2.2 Communicate various
perspectives through discourses
and dialogues
REFLECTION (WHY IS IT MEANINGFUL AND
RELEVANT
Activity 5-Research. Conduct a research study based on the following facts:
Hundreds of studies have linked smoking with cardiovascular and lung
diseases. According to most health authorities, smoking is the leading cause of preventable
premature death. Thus, governmenrs ban television advertising of cigarettes and require the
tobacco industry to place health warnings on packages and in print ads. Antismoking and health
groups have proposed that cigarette advertising be banned entirely.
Currently, our government has passed a law that imposes a higher tax for
cigarettes. Include in your research your answers to these questions:
1. What are the arguments in favor and opposition of the total ban on cigarette use?
2. Do you favor or oppose such a ban? Explain
3. What are the arguments in favor and opposition to the imposition of higher taxes on cigarette
products?
4. Do you favor or oppose such a measure? Explain.
create a product of your choice regarding the results of your research. The criteria include accuracy of
facts, organization, creativity, and completeness of details.
5
1.
ASSESSMENT
Direction: Each of the key events below happens during the breathing process. Identify whether the event
is a phase of inhalation or exhalation. Write the event in the column where it belongs.
Key:
Rib cage moves out
Chest cavity becomes larger
Air moves out of the lungs
Diaphragm moves down
Inhalation
5
Air moves into the lungs
Diaphragm moves up
Chest cavity becomes smaller
Rib cage moves in
Exhalation
1.
REFERENCES

Aquino, Marites D. Et. Al. Science Links Grade 9. Rex Bookstore, Inc. Revised Edition. 2023

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/lungs.html#:~:text=What%20Are%20the%20Parts%20of,windpipe%2C%20lungs%
2C%20and%20diaphragm.
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/lungs.html#:~:text=What%20Are%20the%20Parts%20of,windpipe%2C%20lungs%
2C%20and%20diaphragm.
