5/25/22
PathoPharm
CHRISTY LEYLAND, MSN, PED-BC, CNL, CPNP-AC
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Module 1: Foundations of Pathophysiology Learning Objectives
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Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
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Describe the chemical make-up and function of the cell membrane
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Identify basic cellular components and explain their function
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Describe the processes of energy production in the cell
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Compare and contrast Passive and Active transport
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Compare and contrast common cellular structural adaptations
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Outline two pathologic conditions related to cell alterations
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Describe the etiologies and mechanisms of cell injury
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Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis
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Compare and contrast the inheritance patterns of altered chromosomal disorders
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Explain the relationship between genetic alterations and the individual's response to medications
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Describe and compare select electrolyte imbalances
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Describe and compare fluid imbalance disorders
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Identify abnormal serum electrolyte levels and their associated clinical manifestations
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Describe the clinical implications of alteration in fluid and electrolyte balance
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Compare and contrast acid-base disorders
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Foundations of
Pathophysiology
MODULE 1
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Adaptive
Cellular
Changes
• Atrophy - cells waste away,
become small in size
• Hypertrophy – inc. cell size d/t
overuse
• Hyperplasia – inc. # of cells
• Dysplasia – abnormal version
of same cell, can lead to
disease
• Metaplasia – one cell
replaced with another
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Cell Structure &
Function
Cells – Small, All living things
Cell = Tissue (muscle blood, bone) = Organ (brain,
heart, etc.)
• Animal – millions, billions, trillions
• Eukaryote – Animal, Fungi, Protists
• Organelles
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Cell membrane
Nucleus – DNA – Genetic Material
Cytoplasm – Chemical reactions
Mitochondria – Energy
Ribosomes – Proteins made
• Bacterial – single or one
• Prokaryotic – bacteria
• Cell Membrane, cytoplasm, circular ssDNA – contains
all genes
• Plasmids – extra genes, antibiotic resistance
• Flagella – rotate and propel forward
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Cell Structure &
Function
• Structure/Support
• Mitosis – growth
• Passive/active transport
• Exchange inside/outside cells
• Swell/Burst
• CO2/O2/Ethanol – diffusion, regulated
by concentration gradient
• Energy – cellular respiration
• Metabolic Reactions – breakdown
and/or rebuild bigger molecules with
ions
• Reproduction – meiosis, splitting of cells
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Cell Structure &
Function
• Negative Feedback – corrects /
cancels original response returning to
homeostasis
• Positive Feedback – exaggerates
change
• Both triggered to maintain homeostasis
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Cellular Response to Stress and Injury
Toxic (endo/exogenous), Infectious, Physical
(thermal/mechanical), Deficit
• Apoptosis – normal, controlled cellular turnover, allows for new
cell growth
• This process occurs with cell aging which limits our life span
• Ischemia – lack of oxygen and/or blood supply to cells/organs
• Brain, Heart, Gut
• Can be reversed, depending on depth of injury
• Necrosis – cell death by loss of oxygen and/or blood supply
• Irreversible, injury or disease
• May lose limb, organ, portions of organ
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Causes of Disease
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Illness / Injury
• Allows body to adapt toward the disease state
• No longer in a state of health
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Causes
• Intrinsic – genetics, age, gender
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Sickle Cell Anemia – African American children
Cystic Fibrosis – White children
Marfan Syndrome – Boys
Turner Syndrome – Girls only
• Genetic vs Hereditary/Inherited
• Hereditary – may be carried from generation to generation
• Genetic – occurs due to gene variant (mutation) in genome
which may/may not be inherited
• May occur through cell division/replication in a single child
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Causes
• Extrinsic – infectious, behaviors
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Alcohol use
Diet
Drug use
Inactivity
Smoking
Stressors – psychological, physiological
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Signs / Symptoms
• Overproduction – mucus
• Underproduction – constipation
• Mechanical responses – seizures
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Disease Stages
Exposure / Injury
• Latency
• Prodromal
• Acute
• Remission
• Convalescence
• Recovery
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Important Concepts
• Fluid volume excess = weight gain, not necessarily
decreased UOP
• Apoptosis, necrosis, cell death are the body’s mechanisms
of cell removal
• Ischemia, hypoxia – contributes to potential reversible vs
irreversible cellular injury
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