Poli 3010 3

#separator:tab #html:true #guid column:1 #notetype column:2 #deck column:3 #tags column:10 cVrt2sej{vBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Philosophy of ScienceA set of principles and assumptions that guides the practice of scientific research For social scientists applying the methods of natural science to the study of the social world Id{DsyDD2vBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is the study of Ontology?The study of what is and exists. Does the world exist independent of our understanding? iO&.P)3L@TBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is the study of Epistemology?The study of knowledge and how we can acquire it. Is there objective knowledge? p+@I9|fG%3Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is the study of Methodology?The study of the different ways (methods) that we gather information. qPhnV?;@qpBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is positivism?"philosophy that only accepts  things that are seen or proven. Social + Natural world = fundamentally same thing therfore, can study both in the same way" Nz3~;NN$)0Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010When did the positivists approach gain popularity?during the behavioural revolution of the 1950's and 1960's co>pgg[@,uBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What are the 4 tenets of classical positivism?1. Naturalism 2. Empiricism 3. Fact-value distinction 4. The goal of SS is to find patterns and make laws about them "Pz#0_0(ef1"Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is naturalism?"The social and natural worlds are fundamentally the same.   nature is the only reality, the ""correct"" paradigm, and there is no such thing as supernatural, i.e. anything above, beyond, or outside of nature." yUdO%=[3>NBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is empiricism?Knowledge originates in sensory experience alone Nb*?o4imn*Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is the fact value distinction?It is possible to distinguish between facts and values; thus, value-free, objective knowledge is possible bfHb55Q7}MBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is logical positivism?all logic must be verifiable through experiment or observation MsvAE*]2vBBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is Deduction?The inference of particular instances by reference to a general law or principle. PF)*$bpqK?Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is the problem of induction?can not make assumptions, nothing can conclude that something will FOR SURE happen, (if the world is round it isn't promised that it will be the same everyday for the future) n(P::X$$5@Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Who said the problem of induction?Hume i%R;eWqp3DBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is falsificationism?We cannot verify theories: there is no guarantee a disconfirming observation won't arrive tomorrow. Just one black swan falsifies the whole theory JM$L{_O:I1Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Who is Popper against?Karl Marx JyV1cVMBNaBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is scientific realism"The most popular and used scientific theories are relitively true. Scientific Theories are succesful at predicting and describing the world. Accepts most elements of positivist ontology and epistemology HOWEVER>>> Rejects the empiricist's view that only observable things are real." cB1;ouGql4Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is interpretivism"Interpretivism is based on the assumption that reality is subjective, multiple and socially constructed. That is to say we can only understand someone's reality through their own experience of that reality, (only exists in our perceptions and understandings) rejects positivist belief that only direct experiences can be studied" O7=iU9RH5yBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Interpretivist epistemology holds that law like statements regarding social processes are __________impossible eU?/_Bol_fBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Scientific Realism and interpretivism similaritiesLove evidence HP?V!a3Tu}Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Scientific Realism and interpretivism differences"Interpretivists R skeptical of generalizing across time, space and people" "xWh#}^]Tn+"Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What are valuesthe way we would like things to be itA/okZv>EBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a major influencer of facts?values. Often bias people q7RP$f!0;VBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Political science assumes the fact-value distinction in its division between _____ and ________ theoryempirical and normative El~C+Q9%7yBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 30103 places with bias?1. Individual level 2. Research process 3. Within scientific communities H@Pwsj5`YkBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Weber's opinions on personal bias 1. ______ and _________ are distinct 2. All theory is for ______ and _______1. (Facts) and (values) 2. (Someone) and (for a purpose)  N1ÀUhm+?@Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Weber's opinions on personal bias 3. Weber believes we can/cannot make the distinction between statements of facts and values clear How does Nagel believe research should be tested?3. can Nagel says research should be subject to (critical examination by an indefinitely large COMMUNITY of students) H2t}$`WuD^Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Weber's opinions on personal bias 2. All theory is for ______ and _______2. someone and for a purpose (Goals are being served). PU;Cfj]_gaBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Bias in the research process Researchers __________ can influence experimental resultsExpectations e3wKqnEqeBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What are three things that shape the responses of those observed in experiments?Placebo effect Social desirability bias (people change their answers to seem better) Sympathy from researchers PpGXqL(kZ=Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What factors create bias in scientific communities?Publication: Science has social aspect of publication, Feelings: people doing the science are human, have feelings (want praise prestige from findings) Bias: Easier to see what we expect to see, ignore or miss other parts. BhL`N$1(8SBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010what is theory-laden observations?affected by the theoretical presuppositions and preconceived beliefs held by the investigator. KbT4L(%ix%Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Thomas Kuhn studies the history of _________natural science (chemistry and astronomy) gfjgZ[%Ca^Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Science proceeds through a succession of {hegemonic paradigms}A set of concepts and assumptions that shapes the objects of study and how they are studied sV9<T~9T8*Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a paradigmA dominant set of assumptions maintained through a social process PHm9A6f9t_Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010When are paradigms established and maintained?When students learn it and recreate it xkgB]FCx+ZBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010research is guided by a focus on _______ defined by the paradigmpuzzles F~!,8s?&a6Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What starts a paradigm shift?an {anomaly} that doesn't fit and can't be explained with the old model xsHo{`8*e2Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Isolated and small anomalies will be _________ into the paradigm.ignored and lost gEAK:kz9>+Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010A ___________ is similar to a religious conversion or a revolution, throwing out the book and implementing something completely differentparadigm shift K~=zD|&LV:Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010________ believed that there (are/are no) paradigms. instead there are competing Scientific Research Programmes.Lakatos, are no c].>ynY3V/Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010SRP's (scientific research programs) consists of a ________ and _________ belthard core (fundamental general assumptions) protective (auxiliary assumptions) jFn6-Ur]H2Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Over time the hardcore belt __________ while the protective belt _________stays the same changes oEqMj_Dv)LBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010An SRP (scientific research program) is unsuccessful when revisions ____________ do not produce new discoveries "iNk?o#fN)_"Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Similarities with Kuhn and Lakatos Both suggest that a set of ___________ is resistant to change Both assume that change is/is not possible as there are more problemsassumptions is duuNig+`ìBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Differences with Kuhn and Lakatos  Lakatos says that science stops/continues while Kuhn expects _______ Continues A final punctuation/ending to science.  ----------------------------------------- Lakatos says its forever evolving  Kuhn says it is solvable rXe>dG:r@uBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010"________ suggests change is akin to ""religious conversion"" _________ suggests it reflects a rational process of discovery"Kuhn Lakatos v*QFcC(aL@Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What are the 3 research goals?to be 1.) Exploratory 2.) Descriptive 3.) Explanatory oS]_|E9Sa^Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Exploratory research is a more/less structured, _______ directed observation about politics.Less goal t_F3B0KrrzBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is an inferenceTaking what we know (in combination with general principles) to say something about something that we don't know Qj!qpnzn?(Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Explanatory research answers the ______ questions. The goal is _______ inferenceWhy Causal xK]y%AvHRdBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010"What is a query""a question, especially one addressed to an official or organization." L492cmho.aBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Research question formulaWhat explains x mSV-RBZMu9Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a theory?"A set of propositions about something that accounts for the way something is " ek^6QsL,B!Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Theoretical Assumptions Declerative statments about features in the world xP/XP3UJ~$Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a concept "a word or symbol that represents some idea " "ED#+-kL!Ga"Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a variable"An element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change." nojPj9IdN?Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is an example of a positive relationship?"As employment decreases govt. Popularity decreases <ul><li><div>☆☆☆☆☆POSiTiVE MEANS THAT THEY ARE TRAVELiNG iN THE SAME WAY ☆☆☆☆☆ </div></li></ul>" "c}oQRYhr5#"Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010what is an example of a negetive relationship? "As rain decreases, class attendance increases" O1!yQInw7pBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a hypothesis?Statement of relationship between variables  p&-n|/p<oJBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010"What is an IV (independent variable)?"A variable that isn't changed by the other variables you measure.  rdI{%d}hDJBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a dependent variable The variable that is changed by the independent variable "e#(yk9xd&W"Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a mediating variable The way that an independent variable impacts a dependent variable  meeg9x$dGcBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a moderating variable changes the relationship between the IV and DV ex: IV: education  DV: voter turnout Mod variable: compulsary voting enforced by fine h3vi_(|}D1Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a Polydiff "percieved absolute percentage difference in taxation policy preference" iaE1s$lk%PBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is VoteInt"vote intention, who will the vote for, measured by a survey" m>N3>?v921Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010"What is {taxation policy difference}?""the perceived difference between the taxation policy position of the voter and a give party" JvAD/67q.TBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010"What is party vote?""The probability that the voter will support the party in question" g?cq!*>>L5Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Our ____ is PolyDiff and our _____ is VoteIntIV DV CbiKpv>+%zBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010The best theories are the ones that _______generalizable (say a lot with a little) B~dj5D>C6uBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is parsimonious Unwilling to spend money or use resourses: stingy, frugal G14Hn]:|zBBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a research design How you will organize your procedures to answer a question bwd$?PQNf6Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What does an {explanatory research design} answer"the ""why"" question" qQ79,o`sN]Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010causal inference using general principles and facts to support a claim about something in the world yNiT^;fÌ[Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010what is an explanatory research design "A logical model of proof that allows the making of valid causal inferences" h.!dUI$K0;Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is the formula for the causal treatment effect Ti = Yi1 - Yi0      Yi = value of a dependent variable   Yi1 = exposed   Yi0 = not exposed I57@4e=a}1Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Average causal treatment effect "ATE = E (Ti) = E(Yi1) - E(Yi0)  E = take the average " BE4_N}d07oBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010"with the formula (Ti) = (Yi1) - (Yi0) can you observe both at the same time?"No :( o+Dxv}Go/hBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is an estimate?Best guest based on facts  l;7S07J/H4Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What do {y}, {x}, and {i} represent in notation y = dependant variable (outcome) x = independant variable (causal) i = a unit within a set (observation) r$R]kbjiw!Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a naïve observation An observer who has little or no prior information about the event/intervention/experiment that he or she is observing or the people involved in them. d%U-s.tpNwBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010"what is an advantage of a Naïve observation "Helps to avoid bais  HFA!XcJôfBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is the process for calculating naïve observation"<div style="""">Measure x and y for two i’s where x = 1 and x = 0</div><div style="""">Measure x and y for many i’s where x varies </div>" n,),[^)1GqBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010what is a confounding variable "variable that influences both the independant and dependant  variable and leads to an association." "d,$#nAO#al"Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010"When does Naive observation work?""When z is unrelated to x or y " o6a;N+!duJBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010what is an alternative rival hypothesis "  Statements about relationships that are confounded with x and y       kwjaeh faweflkabf akwbf  "add::info::from::text EJ0XY*qebKBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Alternative Rival Hypothesis "An ARH predicts the same relationship as our main hypothesis but explains   it in a different causal process "add::info::from::text ISgFR++e5QBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is empirical research?"Events and political phenomena in the real world {Q's of what is}" zNH5TA8=[|Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is normative research?What should or ought to be  L_f6vyM!9RBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is quantitative research?Focuses on statistical analysis of carefully coded information  zsdW.I9>@rBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is qualitative research "why something is (not) observed" Ji:.0&e^Q|Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is induction?Observation ---> theory  K8,u_[m1%1Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is deduction?Theory ---> observation N7b$+1jX}qBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is retroduction?Using induction and deduction in a dynamic process Observation <---> theory  ga@+(xl$9BBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is the deductive-nomological model?"Something is explained when it is shown to be a member of a more general class of things and comes from a general law.  " "D|#|;8-)P2"Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is the hypothetico-deductive model?"When a generalization turns into a law by testing it as if it were a hypothesis " b@|),=B>ofBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is Operationalization?"selecting observable phenomena to represent our concepts" dU3BL}_!~eBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is an insturment" A set of operations for th goal of finding an indicator of a variable " kO7fnL?EiABasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a measurment?"The process of applying an instrument to obtain values of an indicator" JR@FpfKSh`Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What are the 4 levels of measurement?Nominal Ordinal Interval  Ration  rH8D>gCC_yBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a nominal measurement? Ex?Lowest measurement  set of unordered catagories, can't be ranked Ex:) ethnicity, male, female qq0C<bR=kcBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is an ordinal measurment? Ex?Set of ordered/ranked categories  Ex:) An approval rating: strongly approve approve do not aprove  pe$wC3^CGoBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is interval measurment? Ex?A set of ordered/ranked categories with known distance between. (Numeral)  Ex:) temperature  PIcauE5]@jBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a ratio measurement The highest measurement, interval measurment with a meaningful zero point  Ex:) money, there is a zero, nothing  bWtjaN^QxWBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010"<div><table><tbody><tr><td><div>Level of Measurement         </div></td><td><div>Arithmetic operations </div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Nominal</div></td><td><div>_, _</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Ordinal</div></td><td><div>All the above and _,_ </div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Interval</div></td><td><div>All the above and _,_</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Ratio</div></td><td><div>All the above and _,_</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>""<div><table><tbody><tr><td><div>Level of Measurement </div></td><td><div>Arithmetic operations </div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Nominal</div></td><td><div>=, ≠</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Ordina</div></td><td><div>All the above and >, < </div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Interval</div></td><td><div>All the above and +, - </div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Ratio</div></td><td><div>All the above and ➗, X</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>" Cj*MG8+SQ/Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is validity?"The extent to which our measures correspond to the concepts they are intended to reflect  Valid measures are approached and complete" HY*2eloh`tBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is Reliability?How stable are the values a measurment yields  cQBWG[zzx!Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010A measurement may be _____ without being _____, but it cannot be _____ without being _____."A measurement may be reliable without being valid, but it cannot be valid without being reliable." vh(GgW_6{jBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is quota sampling?Members of population are classified according to several relevant characteristics, selected in porportion to their share of the population  ossPZw1VKWBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Why did the literary digest pole not work?Because the people who sent back the cards were the population sample not of all americans. Those without access to cars and phones were accidentally not included. Poorer people voted for FDR so they were accidentally not included.  FHOkp;>Vs?Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What are the three kinds of non-pobability samples?Convenience Volunteer  Quota l@>1UF!6rPBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a convenience sample?Relying on a population because they are available and interested  gxoac2l=]&Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a volunteer sample?People volunteer for an incentive (prize) "qUslEz@L#s"Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a quota sample?Constructed to ensure representativeness acording to important characteristics  DmNEt*8!p:Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010Why is random sampling better?"- Entry into the sample is unrelated to the variables being measured - Allows us to generalize sample results to the population with known precision, given the sample size" dgL3fYU-8|Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is Lakatosian theory "based on a hard core of theoretical assumptions that cannot be abandoned or altered without abandoning the programme altogether." ChxdPh*3W9Basic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010jjjj qTS19K=.VMBasic Quizlet ExtendedPoli 3010What is a mediating variable The way that an independent variable impacts a dependent variable

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