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Decarbonization with Microalgae and Utilization of Microalgae in Biofuel Production: A
Review
Upaya Dekarbonisasi Menggunakan Mikroalga dan Pemanfaatan Mikroalga dalam Pembuatan
Biofuel: Sebuah Ulasan
Dwi Agustin Irawan1*), Faya Nurin Aggraini1)
Jember University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indonesia
*corresponding email: tinirawan567@gmail.com
1)
Received: DD/MM/YY; Revised: DD/MM/YY; Accepted: DD/MM/YY
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has become a major focus in global climate change. This article discusses the
potential use of microalgae in decarbonization and biofuel production as a solution to address the CO 2
emission problem. Microalgae have a unique ability to absorb CO2 through photosynthesis, even more
efficiently than terrestrial plants. They can also be used as feedstock for environmentally friendly
biodiesel production. Nonetheless, challenges such as low biomass productivity and production costs
are still a bottleneck. This review identifies also overcoming these challenges by considering the use of
waste resources and improved cultivation techniques. In addition, the article discusses future
opportunities to increase the use of microalgae in decarbonization efforts. With technological innovation
and proper resource management, microalgae have great potential to contribute to reducing CO2 impact
and achieving decarbonization goals.
Keywords: Carbon dioxide, CO2 emissions, decarbonization, microalgae, biofuel
Abstrak
Karbon dioksida (CO2) telah menjadi fokus utama dalam perubahan iklim global. Artikel ini membahas
potensi penggunaan mikroalga dalam dekarbonisasi dan produksi biofuel sebagai solusi untuk
mengatasi masalah emisi CO2. Mikroalga memiliki kemampuan unik dalam menyerap CO2 melalui
fotosintesis, bahkan lebih efisien daripada tanaman terestrial. Mereka juga dapat digunakan sebagai
bahan baku untuk produksi biodiesel yang ramah lingkungan. Meskipun demikian, tantangan seperti
produktivitas biomassa yang rendah dan biaya produksi masih menjadi hambatan.Kajian ini
mengidentifikasi juga mengatasi tantangan-tantangan ini dengan mempertimbangkan penggunaan
sumber daya limbah dan teknik budidaya yang ditingkatkan. Selain itu, artikel ini membahas peluang
di masa depan untuk meningkatkan penggunaan mikroalga dalam upaya dekarbonisasi. Dengan inovasi
teknologi dan manajemen sumber daya yang tepat, mikroalga memiliki potensi besar untuk
berkontribusi dalam mengurangi dampak CO2 dan mencapai tujuan dekarbonisasi.
Kata kunci: Karbon dioksida, emisi CO2, dekarbonisasi, mikroalga, biofuel
1. Introduction
Carbon dioxide is the largest
contributor to affecting climate change,
which is currently the most prominent
global issue [1, 2]. The development of
modern society requires the maximum use
of fossil fuels, but produces harmful
greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CO [3,
4]. Greenhouse gases such as sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide are the
main causes of global climate change
contributed by several countries, namely
China, the United States and the United
Kingdom [5, 6]. The long-term impact of
greenhouse gas accumulation will cause
huge economic losses and pose a global
threat to food security and nutrition [7].
High electricity consumption is also a
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contributor to higher carbon emissions [8].
Carbon emissions were 36.3 giga tons (Gt)
which increased by 6% in 2020 and 40.8 Gt
CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) was the total carbon
emissions in 2021 [9]. From 2001 to 2018,
the cumulative carbon emissions of China's
transportation industry increased by 633.46
million tons, of which the capital input
effect was the main factor driving carbon
emissions, accounting for 157.70% of the
total cumulative emissions increase,
followed by the energy structure effect of
10.39% [10–12]. Steel companies make a
large contribution to annual CO2 emissions,
making the industry one of the main
contributors to climate change, with its
annual
carbon
dioxide
emissions
accounting for about 5% of the world's total
emissions [13].
The current impacts of climate change
have created a worldwide consensus on the
need for sustainable development [14]. The
energy industry plays an important role due
to its high contribution to greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions as part of its high
dependence on fossil fuels, requiring
immediate action to ensure long-term
planning focused on decarbonization [15].
Decarbonization of the energy system is
essential to address climate change [16].
Decarbonization requires rapid and
significant supply-side industrial transitions
on a large scale, both to build new systems
and retire existing ones [17]. Decarbonizing
the global energy supply will be much more
difficult and will take much longer [18].
Several CO2 capture techniques have
been delivered to date, including metalorganic frameworks, carbon nanotubes,
activated carbon, and zeolites, as well as
biological
mitigation
using
photoautotrophic microalgae [19, 20].
Microalgae can be used as a way to capture
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carbon gas as a step in decarbonization [21,
22]. Microalgae are utilized in carbon
fixation because microalgae can actively
absorb CO2 from flue gas for
photosynthesis
and
microalgae
reproduction [23]. Using light and organic
carbon as energy sources, as well as CO2
and organic carbon as carbon sources can
increase the opportunity for microalgae
cultivation to absorb carbon gas in the air
[24, 25]. There are several challenges faced
in microalgae cultivation given the different
characteristics of various waste streams
such as origin, pretreatment process, and
nutrient content resulting in uncontrollable
variables
in
microalgae
biomass
propagation [26, 27]. In some energyintensive
activities
such
as
the
transportation sector, there is currently no
alternative to fossil fuels. Therefore, finding
efficient renewable energy sources is one of
the issues of concern in today's energy
supply [28, 29].
Fossil energy sources remain a major
necessity in meeting current energy
demands. However, renewable energy such
as biodiesel is gaining attention to reduce
dependence on fossil energy sources that
contribute to increased global carbon
emissions [30, 31]. Microalgae have been
established as a potential feedstock for the
production of biofuels that are renewable
and also environmentally friendly [32].
Microalgae offer promising potential in
bioenergy production and CO2 mitigation.
Advantages of microalgae include high
photosynthetic efficiency and fast growth
rate, ability to utilize wastewater as a
nutrient source, can grow on infertile land,
and can use CO2 from exhaust gases [33,
34].
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Systematic Search and Selection of
Literature
The method includes a structured and
comprehensive search process for scientific
information
on
the
topics
of
decarbonization using microalgae and
conversion of microalgal biomass to
biofuels. The method includes keyword
identification, database selection, and
literature screening.
2.2 Secondary Data Analysis
The method involves evaluating data
that have been generated by previous
studies, including experiments and other
research in the field of decarbonization
using microalgae and conversion of
microalgal biomass to biofuels, including
data compilation and organization and data
analysis.
2.3 Efficiency and Sustainability Analysis
The method involves evaluating the
extent
to
which
decarbonization
technologies using microalgae and the
utilization of microalgal biomass into
biofuels are efficient and sustainable in
reducing carbon emissions.
2.4 Synthesis
of
Findings
and
Recommendations
The authors summarized the main
findings of the evaluated research and
provided recommendations related to the
development and implementation of
decarbonization
technologies
using
microalgae and biofuel production from
microalgal biomass.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Potential of Microalgae in the
Decarbonization Process
Decarbonization Process
Microalgae
is
one
of
the
biotechnology approaches to mitigate CO2
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and about 2,000,000 species are beneficial
in CO2 sequestration. CO2 fixation through
photoautotrophic algae culture has the
capacity to reduce atmospheric CO2. To
produce
100
tons
of
biomass,
approximately microalgae fix 183 tons of
CO2
[35,
36].
Microalgae
are
photosynthetic organisms that are beneficial
in CO2 fixation and O2 release to the
environment. Cyanobacterium, which is a
sucrose producer, shows high levels of
biomass production, as well as increased
photosystem activity, carbon fixation [37,
38]. lobal warming caused by carbon
emissions can increase the opportunity for
microalgae to fix CO2 due to their rapid
growth rate [39]. Flue gas from fossil fuel
combustion accounts for more than 7% of
total CO2 emissions in the world, which is
very suitable in cultivating microalgae. The
CO2 biological fixation efficiency is
Synechococcus nidulans with 10% CO2
[40]. With its ability to fix CO2 by utilizing
sunlight as an energy source, microalgae is
an efficient biofactor to produce various
biocomponents and biological products
[41].
3.2 Carbon Emission Reduction with
Microalgae
Direct carbon sequestration is the
most promising way to reduce CO2
emissions due to its ability to capture CO2
directly at the source before it is emitted
into the atmosphere. An important part of
the process is biological carbon
sequestration using chemoorganotrophic
microbes that utilize CO2 as an energy
source.
Microalgae,
with
higher
photosynthetic efficiency than terrestrial
plants and their role in biofuels, are
promising candidates for use as carbon
sinks [42, 43]. Moreover, if conventional
processes can be combined with microalgae
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using industrial flue gas under the BECCS
concept, microalgae could become even
more promising by completing the cyclical
process as an efficient CO2 capture agent
and potential feedstock for bioenergy.
Microalgae can provide bioenergy in
gaseous, liquid, and solid-phase forms, also
producing high-value bio-products [33, 44].
Recent developments in the field of
biological biology in the area of carbon
capture through microalgae for its
utilization towards biodiesel generation
highlight the importance of certain key
parameters such as efficient strain selection,
microalgae metabolism, cultivation systems
(open and closed) and biomass production
along with national and international
biodiesel specifications and properties [45,
46]. CO2 capture can be applied to large
sources of point sources [47]. Microalgae
are the most important microorganisms in
aquatic ecosystems for the global carbon
budget, playing an important role in CO2
fixation. Through photosynthesis, several
carbon assimilation pathways are involved
in biotransformation into a wide range of
chemicals as bulk products [48, 49].
3.3 Role of Microalgae in Carbon
Sequestration
The growth rate of algae can be
calculated using the equation:
𝑑𝑋
= 𝜇𝑋 − 𝑘𝑑 𝑋
𝑑𝑡
Equation 1. Algae growth calculation
equation [50].
where X is the biomass concentration, μ is
the specific growth rate and kd is the decay
coefficient.
Some
parameters
that
significantly affect the specific growth rate
of
microalgae
include
nutrient
concentration, light intensity, temperature,
and pH value [50].
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Microalgae have an advantage in
carbon fixation because microalgae do not
have a vascular system to transport
nutrients, but rather microalgae have
photoautotrophic behavior, which can
utilize dissolved nitrogen (N), phosphorus
(P), and organic carbon (OC) directly [51,
52]. Microalgae can be found almost
anywhere including in freshwater and
seawater, so native microalgae can be used
for cultivation to avoid biosafety issues
[53]. Microalgae can capture CO2 and
convert it into O2 and biomass through
photolysis. Microalgae CO2 fixation and
biomass production are highly dependent
on the environmental conditions of
cultivation. Factors that can influence
include
microalgae
species,
CO2
concentration, toxic compounds present in
flue gas, luminosity, and inoculum
concentration [54, 55].
3.4 Utilization of Microalgae in Biofuel
Production
Microalgae biomass generation and
processing options that play an important
role in the establishment of a viable
biodiesel production plant viable biodiesel
production plant will be investigated in
detail [56, 57]. There are three most
common methods used for microalgae mass
production:
open
ponds,
closed
photobioreactors, and hybrid systems.
There are some popular techniques to
harvest microalgae are flocculation,
centrifugation, filtration, ultrafiltration, air
flotation,
automated
flotation,
and
electrophoresis [58, 59].
Heterogeneous catalysis has been
considered as the main choice for biodiesel
knowledge in the near future. Currently,
heterogeneous catalysts have been used for
biodiesel production from non-edible oils
and received global interest due to their
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outstanding performance [60, 61]. In some
cases, when biofuel production biofuel
production is scaled up. Microalgae
perform photosynthesis like plants,
converting captured solar energy into
chemical energy through CO2 fixation [62,
63]. During the growth of microalgae in
wastewater, microalgae produce biomass
containing lipids, carbohydrates, and other
compounds that can be used for biofuel
production. In addition, the treated water
can be used in agriculture for irrigation [64].
3.5 Challenges in Utilizing Microalgae for
Decarbonization
and
Biofuel
Production
Some of the challenges include low
biomass productivity, harvesting of algal
biomass, high energy consumption, and
high production costs [65]. Harvesting
microalgae is an energy-intensive process
and leads to increased production costs. To
overcome this major challenge, flue gas and
wastewater have been used for microalgae
cultivation, which reduces the cost of
nutrients and carbon sources, but the
operational cost is high [64]. However,
commercial production of microalgal
biofuels is still a major obstacle due to the
high cost of microalgae cultivation and
biomass harvesting [66]. nother challenge is
that available systems still produce low
yields and efficiencies [67]. The
photosynthesis process of microalgae can
be hampered if the wastewater used in
nutrient delivery is colored and increases
the chance of organic matter contamination
in the wastewater [56].
3.6 Future Opportunities for Microalgae
Use in Decarbonization Efforts
In order to achieve full electrification
of the end-user sector, improvements and
new solutions for the power grid are
required. In general, two approaches at
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different scales can be identified, namely,
microgrids and large interconnections.
Microgrids are distinct, locally controlled,
wired miniaturized energy systems that
operate in parallel with or isolated from the
main power grid to ensure reliable,
affordable and secure energy [36]. Among
the various technologies evolving to
harness solar energy, concentrated solar
power systems use lenses or mirrors and
tracking systems to focus large areas of
sunlight into small, concentrated beams.
This technology mainly consists of
parabolic troughs and concentrating Fresnel
linear reflectors, parabolas, solar power
towers, double-reflecting solar furnaces,
and solar simulators [38]. Development,
and the low-carbon transition reveal the
interrelationship between decarbonization,
LCD, and LCT which can be used
interchangeably in the literature to describe
the process towards zero-zero carbon
emissions [39]. Raising awareness of the
key role of geoscience in achieving
decarbonization and engaging communities
with field-scale projects field-scale projects
for various subsurface technologies,
including CCS and geothermal heating
schemes [68].
4. Conclusion
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major
contributor to global climate change.
Greenhouse gas emissions from human
activities, especially the use of fossil fuels,
exacerbate this problem. The energy
industry is one of the major contributors to
CO2 emissions. Therefore, decarbonization
of the energy system is crucial to address
climate change.
Microalgae have great potential in
decarbonization. They can absorb CO2
effectively through photosynthesis, even
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more efficiently than terrestrial plants.
Utilizing microalgae in biofuel production
is also a promising solution to reduce
dependence on fossil energy sources.
However, there are a number of
challenges that need to be overcome.
Microalgae biomass productivity still needs
to be increased, and the harvesting process
requires high energy. Production and
operational costs are also major constraints
to the commercial production of biofuels
from microalgae.
For the future, there is a great
opportunity to increase the use of
microalgae in decarbonization efforts.
Innovations
in
renewable
energy
technologies and resource management, as
well as a better understanding of microalgae
physiology, will be key in meeting this
challenge. With the right approach,
microalgae can play an important role in
achieving decarbonization goals and
reducing the impact of global climate
change.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to express his
sincere gratitude to all those who have
contributed in completing the journal
review. Grateful thanks to the family,
supervisors, and colleagues who helped and
contributed, supported, and guided. Their
valuable inputs significantly enriched the
quality and depth of the journal review.
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