See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349899575
Energy Management
Presentation · May 2017
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12347.13609
CITATIONS
READS
0
4,869
2 authors:
Seif Bayoumi
Micheal A. William
Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport
Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport
38 PUBLICATIONS 180 CITATIONS
12 PUBLICATIONS 81 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Mobile Reverse Osmosis Floating Desalination Platform Powered by Hybrid Renewable Energy View project
Waste heat Recovery View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Seif Bayoumi on 08 March 2021.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
Energy Management
Seif Bayoumi, Ph.D.
Micheal A. William, M.Sc.
Mechanical Engineering Department
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport
Alexandria, Egypt
seif.bayoumi@aast.edu
Assistant Lecturer - Mechanical Engineering
School of Engineering
Coventry University, Cairo, Egypt
ad5374@coventry.ac.uk
Presentation Highlights
➢ Session 1: Introduction to Energy and Energy Management
➢ Session 2: Auditor’s Toolbox (Practical Session)
➢ Session 3 :Introduction to High-Performance Buildings
08/03/2021
2
Session 1
Introduction to Energy and
Energy Management
What is Energy ?
➢Energy is the ability to do work and it comes in different forms:
• Heat (thermal)
• Light (radiant)
• Electrical
• Chemical
• Nuclear energy
➢Energy sources :
• Renewable (an energy source that can be easily replenished)
• Nonrenewable (an energy source that cannot be easily replenished)
08/03/2021
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/what-is-energy/
4
Renewable Energy
➢ There are six main renewable energy
sources:
• Solar Energy: from the sun
• Geothermal Energy: from heat inside the earth
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy: from plants
• Hydropower: from flowing water
• Wave Power
08/03/2021
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/what-is-energy/
5
Nonrenewable Energy
• Oil Products (Petroleum Products)
• Natural Gas
• Coal
• Nuclear Energy
08/03/2021
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/what-is-energy/
6
Energy and Environment
➢The usage of energy resources in industry leads to environmental
damages by polluting the atmosphere.
➢Few of examples of air pollution are Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous
oxide (NOX) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from boilers and
furnaces, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) emissions from refrigerants use,
etc.
08/03/2021
Primary air pollutants and their sources in 2015, IEA (2016)
7
Energy and Environment
➢ Climate Change:
• Human activities, particularly the combustion of fossil fuels, have
made the blanket of greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide,
methane, ozone etc.) around the earth thicker.
• The resulting increase in global temperature is altering the complex
web of systems that allow life to thrive on earth such as rainfall, wind
patterns, ocean currents and distribution of plant and animal species.
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
8
Energy and Environment
➢ Greenhouse Effect:
• Greenhouse gases makeup only 1% of
the atmosphere, but they act as a
blanket around the earth, or like a
glass roof of a greenhouse and keep
the earth 30 degrees warmer than it
would be otherwise - without
greenhouse gases, earth would be too
cold to live.
• If greenhouse gases emissions
continue to grow at current rates, it is
almost certain that the atmospheric
levels of carbon dioxide will increase
twice or thrice from pre-industrial
levels during the 21st century.
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
9
Energy and Environment
➢ Greenhouse Effect and the Carbon Cycle:
• Even a small increase in earth's temperature will be accompanied by
changes in climate such as cloud cover, precipitation, wind patterns and
duration of seasons.
• Carbon dioxide is responsible for 60% of the "enhanced greenhouse
effect".
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
10
Energy Management
What is Energy Management ?
➢ Energy management is a set of policies and procedures integrated and put into
practice to track, analyze, and plan for energy production and usage.
➢ Designed to help organizations to minimize the negative impacts of their
operations on the environment.
08/03/2021
https://www.viatech.com/en/solutions/smart-industry/energy-management/
12
What is Energy Management ?
➢ In other words, the fundamental goal of energy management is to produce
goods and provide services with the least cost and least environmental
effect.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
13
Energy Management Value
➢Energy management has been an important tool to help organizations meet
these critical objectives for their short term survival and long-term success.
➢Energy management helps improve environmental quality, for example,
the primary culprit in global warming is carbon dioxide, CO2
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
14
Energy Management Value
• Energy management reduces the load on power plants as fewer
kilowatt hours of electricity are needed.
• Less energy consumption means less petroleum field development
and subsequent on-site pollution.
• Most facilities (manufacturing plants, schools, hospitals, office
buildings, etc) can save according to the profile as shown in Figure
below, more savings have been accomplished by some programs.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
15
The Energy Management Profession
• Energy management skills are important to people in many
organizations, and certainly to people who perform duties such as
energy auditing, facility or building management, energy and
economic analysis, and maintenance.
• Energy management skills are extremely important in this rapidly
expanding field, and even critical to those companies that are in the
business of identifying energy savings and providing a guarantee of
the savings results.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
16
Energy Management Framework
➢ PDCA is the most basic framework for any
management system.
• Plan: An action plan of the activities that need to be
done together with all relevant implementation details.
• Do: The implementation of the selected improvement
measures.
• Check: Monitor the results of the implementation via
effective data analysis and assessments.
• Act: The effectiveness of the plan is reviewed and
new targets are set for next PDCA cycle.
08/03/2021
Energy Management Plan and System, International Maritime Organization
17
Energy Management Framework
08/03/2021
U.S Department of Energy, 50001 Ready
18
Energy Management Processes
➢ Energy policy
➢ Energy planning
➢ Implementation
➢ Checking
➢ Management review
Source: ISO 50001:2011
08/03/2021
Energy Management Plan and System, International Maritime Organization
19
Energy Planning Processes
➢ Energy planning shall be consistent with
the energy policy.
➢ Energy planning should lead to activities
that
continually improve energy
performance.
➢ Energy planning shall involve a review
of the organization's activities that can
affect energy performance.
➢ Energy review forms the core of the
planning activities.
08/03/2021
Source: ISO 50001:2018
Energy Management Plan and System, International Maritime Organization
20
Effective Energy Management
Effective Energy Management
• Managing energy is not a just technical challenge, but one of
how to best implement those technical changes within
economic limits, and with a minimum of disruption.
• The need to manage energy will be permanent within our
society as there is a direct economic return, most
opportunities found in an energy survey have less than a two
year payback.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
22
Energy Management Program
• All the components of a comprehensive energy management
program are depicted in Figure below.
• These components are the organizational structure, a policy, and
plans for audits, education, reporting, and strategy.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
23
Energy Policy
• It provides the energy manager with the authority to be
involved in business planning, new facility location and
planning, the selection of production equipment, purchase of
measuring equipment, energy reporting, and training-things
that are sometimes difficult to do.
• To be effective, the policy should be short-two pages at
most.
• Many people confuse the policy with a procedures manual.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
24
Energy Policy
➢It should be bare bones, but contain the following four items as
a minimum:
• Objectives: this can contain the standard motherhood and flag
statements about energy, but the most important is that the
organization will incorporate energy efficiency into facilities and
new equipment, with emphasis on life cycle cost analysis rather
than lowest initial cost.
• Accountability: this should establish the organizational
structure and the authority for the energy manager, coordinators,
and any committees or taskgroups.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
25
Energy Policy
• Reporting: Without authority from top management, it is often
difficult for the energy manager to require others within the
organization to comply with reporting requirements necessary to
properly manage energy. The policy is the place to establish this.
It also provides a legitimate reason for requesting funds for
instrumentation to measure energy usage.
• Training: If training requirements are established in the policy,
it is again easier to include this in budgets. It should include
training at all levels within the organization.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
26
Energy Management Implementation
A- Organization:
1. Energy Manager: shall report directly to the Vice President of
Facilities, and shall have overall responsibility for carrying out
the Energy Management Program.
2. Energy Committee: to advise the Energy Manager on the
operation of the Energy Management Program, and to provide
assistance on specific tasks when needed.
3. Energy Coordinators: shall be responsible for maintaining an
ongoing awareness of energy consumption and expenditures in
their assigned areas.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
27
Energy Management Implementation
B- Reporting: The energy Coordinator shall keep the Energy Office
advised of all efforts to increase energy efficiency in their areas.
C- Training: The Energy Manager shall provide energy training at all
levels of the Company.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
28
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
29
Energy Auditing
Energy Audit
➢Customers whose energy bills represent a substantial fraction of their
company’s operating costs, have a strong motivation to initiate and
continue an ongoing energy cost-control program.
➢In many cases these energy cost control programs will also result in both
reduced energy consumption and reduced emissions of environmental
pollutants.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
31
Energy Audit
➢Energy audit is one of the first tasks to be performed in the
accomplishment of an effective energy cost control program.
➢Energy audit consists of a detailed examination of how a facility uses
energy, what the facility pays for that energy, and finally, a
recommended program for changes in operating practices or energy
consuming equipment that will cost-effectively save dollars on energy
bills.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
32
Energy Auditing Types
➢The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:
1.
2.
3.
Function and type of industry
Depth to which final audit is needed, and
Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired
➢Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types:
1.
2.
Preliminary Audit
Detailed Audit
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
33
Preliminary Energy Audit
➢Methodology:
• Establish energy consumption in the organization
• Estimate the scope for saving
• Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention)
• Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings
• Set a 'reference point'
• Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
• Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
34
Detailed Energy Audit
➢A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project
implementation plan for a facility, since it evaluates all major
energy using systems.
➢This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy
savings and cost.
➢Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases:
1. Pre Audit Phase
2. Audit Phase
3. Post Audit Phase
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
35
Detailed Energy Audit – Phase 1
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
36
Detailed Energy Audit – Phase 2
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
37
Detailed Energy Audit – Phase 2
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
38
Detailed Energy Audit – Phase 2
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
39
Detailed Energy Audit – Phase 3
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
40
Session 2
Auditor’s Toolbox
(Practical Session)
Auditing Levels
Auditing Levels
08/03/2021
Applications of the infrared thermography in the energy audit of buildings, Elena Lucchi, 2018
43
Walk-Through Audit
08/03/2021
Applications of the infrared thermography in the energy audit of buildings, Elena Lucchi, 2018
44
Standard and Simulation Audit
08/03/2021
Applications of the infrared thermography in the energy audit of buildings, Elena Lucchi, 2018
45
Auditor’s Toolbox
The Auditor’s Toolbox
➢ To obtain the best information for a successful energy cost
control program, the auditor must make some measurements
during the audit visit.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
47
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Tape measures: used to check the dimensions of walls, ceilings,
windows and distances between pieces of equipment for purposes
such as determining the length of a pipe for transferring waste
heat from one piece of equipment to the other.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
48
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Light meter: used to measure illumination levels in facilities. A
light meter that reads in foot-candles allows direct analysis of
lighting systems and comparison with recommended light levels
specified by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES).
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
49
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Thermometers: generally needed to measure temperatures in
offices and other worker areas, and to measure the temperature of
operating equipment. Inexpensive electronic thermometers with
interchangeable probes are now available.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
50
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Infrared Cameras: Very expensive pieces of equipment used to
find overheated electrical wires, connections, neutrals, circuit
breakers, transformers, motors and other pieces of electrical
equipment. They can also be for “Thermography Scans” which
is to find wet insulation, missing insulation, roof leaks, and cold
spots. Many insurers require infrared scans of buildings for
facilities once a year.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
51
What is Infrared ?
➢ Our eyes are detectors that are designed to detect electromagnetic radiation in
the visible light spectrum. All other forms of electromagnetic radiation, such as
infrared, are invisible to the human eye.
➢ Infrared radiation lies between the visible and microwave portions of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The primary source of infrared radiation is heat or
thermal radiation.
➢ Any object that has a temperature above absolute zero (-273.15 degrees
Celsius or 0 Kelvin) emits radiation in the infrared region. Even objects that
we think of as being very cold, such as ice cubes, emit infrared radiation
08/03/2021
THERMAL IMAGING GUIDEBOOK FOR BUILDING AND
RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS, FLIR
52
Thermal Imaging
➢Solar Panels: use of thermal imaging cameras for solar panel
evaluation offers several advantages. Anomalies can clearly be
seen on a crisp thermal image and - unlike most other methods thermal cameras can be used to scan installed solar panels during
normal operation.
08/03/2021
THERMAL IMAGING GUIDEBOOK FOR BUILDING AND
RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS, FLIR
53
Thermal Imaging
➢Wind Turbines: A windmill contains a lot of mechanical and
electrical components that can easily be checked with a thermal
imaging camera. Correct maintenance inspections of all parts of a
windmill ensure that they will keep generating electricity for
many years to come.
08/03/2021
THERMAL IMAGING GUIDEBOOK FOR BUILDING AND
RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS, FLIR
54
Thermal Imaging
• A tool to locate building defects such as missing insulation,
delaminating render and condensation problems.
• Here thermal imaging can see what the human eye can’t.
08/03/2021
THERMAL IMAGING GUIDEBOOK FOR BUILDING AND
RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS, FLIR
55
Thermal Imaging
• The thermal image clearly shows insufficient insulation in the
wall below the window.
08/03/2021
THERMAL IMAGING GUIDEBOOK FOR BUILDING AND
RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS, FLIR
56
Thermal Imaging
• A perfect tool to detect blocked or broken pipes and other
plumbing relates issues. Even if the pipes are laid under the floor
or inside a wall it can be possible to determine the exact location
of the problem by having hot water flowing through the pipes.
The heat will radiate and the problem area will become clearly
visible on a thermal image.
08/03/2021
THERMAL IMAGING GUIDEBOOK FOR BUILDING AND
RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS, FLIR
57
Thermal Imaging Drones
• Unmanned Aerial Systems/Vehicles (UAS/UAV) enable
professionals to analyze such issues rapidly and accurately while
reducing operational costs and minimizing safety risks, and when
paired with video recording, photography, or multi spectral
imaging, drones can safely, economically, and efficiently carry
out a broad variety of surveying services.
08/03/2021
Review of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) applications in the built environment:
Towards automated building inspection procedures using drones, Tarek Rakha
58
High Performance Building Lab - Georgia Tech
• Please pick up your smartphones and enter to the given
website:
https://sketchfab.com/hpbl-gt
08/03/2021
59
Thermal Imaging Drones
08/03/2021
Review of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) applications in the built environment:
Towards automated building inspection procedures using drones, Tarek Rakha
60
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Voltmeter: useful for determining operating voltages on
electrical equipment, and especially useful when the nameplate
has worn off of a piece of equipment or is otherwise unreadable
or missing.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
61
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Clamp on Ammeter: useful instruments for measuring
current in a wire without having to make any live
electrical connections.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
62
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Combustion Analyzer : portable devices capable of estimating
the combustion efficiency of furnaces, boilers, or other fossil fuel
burning machines.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
63
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Airflow Measurement Devices: Measuring air flow from
heating, air conditioning or ventilating ducts, or from other
sources of air flow is one of the energy auditor’s tasks.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
64
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Blower Door Attachment: used in buildings to determine the air
leakage rate or the number of air changes per hour in the facility.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
65
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Smoke Generator: used in buildings to find air infiltration and
leakage around doors, windows, ducts and other structural
features.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
66
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Safety Equipment: use of safety equipment is a vital precaution
for any energy auditor.
1. Safety glasses
2. Hearing protectors
3. Electrical insulated gloves
4. Breathing masks
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
67
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Miniature Data Loggers: devices that can be held in the palm of
the hand, and are electronic instruments that record
measurements of temperature, relative humidity, light intensity,
light on/ off, and motor on/off.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
68
The Auditor’s Toolbox
• Vibration Analysis Gear: The correlation between machine
condition (bearings, pulley alignment, etc.) and energy
consumption is related and this equipment monitors such machine
health. In addition to simply measuring vibration amplitude, the
machine vibration can be displayed in time or frequency domains.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
69
Data Collection Hints
➢It is important to plan additional data gathering carefully. Here
are some basic tips to avoid wasting time and effort:
• measurement systems should be easy to use and provide the information to the
accuracy that is needed, not the accuracy that is technically possible
• measurement equipment can be inexpensive (flow rates using a bucket and
stopwatch)
• the quality of the data must be such that the correct conclusions are drawn (what
grade of product is on, is the production normal etc)
• define how frequent data collection should be to account for process variations.
• measurement exercises over abnormal workload periods (such as startup and
shutdowns)
• design values can be taken where measurements are difficult (cooling water
through heat exchanger)
DO NOT ESTIMATE WHEN YOU CAN CALCULATE
DO NOT CALCULATE WHEN YOU CAN MEASURE
08/03/2021
GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT
70
Session 3
Introduction to
High-Performance Buildings
Building Envelopes
Building Envelope
➢Building Envelope is components separating conditioned and
unconditioned spaces.
➢Consists of mainly walls, roofs, windows, ceilings, and floors.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
73
Building Envelope
➢The thermal energy transfer rate is generally referred to as “heat loss” when
we are trying to maintain an indoor temperature that is greater than the
outdoor temperature.
➢The thermal energy transfer rate is referred to as “heat gain” when we are
trying to maintain an indoor temperature that is lower than the outdoor
temperature.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
74
Building Envelope
➢In hot regions, the main contributor of Building Energy Consumption is
HVAC systems.
77 % of Energy
Consumption is used for
Air Conditioning and
Lighting Systems
17%
21%
6%
56%
Fans Systems
08/03/2021
Electrical Appliances
Air Conditioning Systems
Lighting Systems
Building Energy Consumption in Egypt (2008)
Energy Efficient Performance of Commercial Buildings in Developing Countries : Essam Khalil
75
Building Energy Breakdown
➢ The building is located in hot-humid climate.
08/03/2021
William, Micheal A., et al. "Energy-efficient retrofitting strategies for healthcare facilities in hothumid climate: Parametric and economical analysis." Alexandria Engineering Journal (2020).
76
Glazing
➢ Largest space heat gain is through glazing*.
08/03/2021
*ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot and Humid Climates (2nd Edition)
77
Glazing
➢ Reducing this gain can be summarized as:
•
•
•
•
Reduce Window-Wall Ratio (WWR~20%).
Installing Double Glazing.
Installing Low-E glazing.
Avoid glazing that faces West direction.
➢ Proper Glazing Selection:
• Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC).
• Thermal Insulation of Glazing.
08/03/2021
ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot and Humid Climates (2nd Edition)
Saint-Gobain UK, (High Performance Glass Solutions Edition 2000)
78
Thermal Insulation
➢ Used within building envelopes
to achieve:
• Reduction of Overall heat transfer
coefficient in walls and roofs.
• Lower HVAC system initial costs.
• Lower HVAC operating costs.
08/03/2021
CIBSE Guide for Energy Efficiency in Buildings (UK)
79
Quantifying Building Envelope Performance
➢The rate of heat transfer through the building envelope will be found to
be related to the following important variables:
1.
2.
3.
Indoor and outdoor temperature
Conductivity of the individual envelope components
The square footage (meter) of each of the envelope components.
➢ Outdoor design conditions should be according to the Latest ASHRAE
Handbook of Fundamentals.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
80
Rating Systems of
Green Buildings
What are Buildings Rating Systems ?
➢Building rating systems represent key tools to evaluate and compare
green buildings.
➢They provide systematic frameworks for specifying performance
criteria, thereby enabling actors in the building industry to be more
accurate about the movement towards more sustainable forms of
designing, constructing and operating buildings.
➢The key advantage of rating systems is that it is a tool that provides
credible frameworks for specifying and achieving high performance
buildings.
08/03/2021
Development of Rating System For Sustainable Building in Malaysia, ZUHAIRUSE MD DARUS
82
Why use Buildings Rating Systems ?
➢Building rating systems essentially provide a standard for what systems,
materials and strategies can help make a building green
➢They are also key tools for using the market to increase demand for high
performance buildings.
➢They provide a means for a building owner or tenant to ask for a green
building, and to compare the “green-ness” of their building choices.
08/03/2021
SEARCHING FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN BUILDINGS: The case of the Near East University Library,
Suleiman Umar Yusuf, 2009
83
Common International Rating Systems
08/03/2021
Restoration Towards sustainable green heritage buildings, Case Study: Mansoura Opera House,
Mansoura, Egypt
84
International and National Rating Systems
International Rating System
Country
National Rating Systems
Country
LEED
USA
Green Globes
Canada
BREEAM
UK
PROMISE
Finland
CASBEE
Japan
Green Star
08/03/2021
Australia
DGNB
Green Pyramids
Germany
Egypt
85
LEED Rating System
LEED Rating System
➢LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a
certification program for the design, construction and operation of high
performance green buildings.
➢LEED is developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) in
2000, it serves as a tool for buildings of all types and sizes.
➢LEED certification offers validation of a project’s green features and
verifies that the building is operating exactly the way it was designed to.
08/03/2021
87
LEED Rating System Building Types
08/03/2021
LEED Presentation @ JEMAI Environment Labeling User Group Meeting 2014
88
LEED Rating System Goals
➢Aim to promote a transformation of the construction industry through
strategies designed to achieve seven goals:
08/03/2021
89
LEED Rating System Points
➢LEED is a point based system where building projects earn points for
satisfying specific green building criteria.
➢Within the LEED credit categories, projects must satisfy particular
prerequisites and earn points.
➢The number of points earned determines the level of LEED
Certification the project receives.
➢There are 100 base points; 6 possible Innovation in Design and
4 Regional Priority points Regional credits are another feature of
LEED.
08/03/2021
90
LEED Rating System Points
➢LEED projects will be able to earn “bonus points” for implementing
green building strategies that address the important environmental
issues facing their region.
➢LEED certification is available in 4 levels :
▪ Certified 40–49 points
▪ Silver 50–59 points
▪ Gold 60–79 points
▪ Platinum 80+ points
08/03/2021
91
LEED Crediting Categories
➢The 5 categories of LEED (except LEED for Homes and for
Neighborhood Development) plus the 2 categories for Innovation in
Design (ID) and Regional Priority (RP):
08/03/2021
92
Green Pyramid Rating System
(GPRS)
GPRS Rating System
➢The Green Pyramid Rating System is a national environmental rating
system for buildings.
➢It provides definitive criteria by which the environmental credentials of
buildings can be evaluated, and the buildings themselves can be rated.
➢Additionally, the System should assist building designers, constructors
and developers to make reasoned choices based upon the environmental
impact of their decisions.
08/03/2021
94
GPRS Rating System
➢ The Green Pyramid Rating System is designed for use in new building
works. The Rating can be used to assess individual new buildings at
Design Stage and/or Post-Construction Stage.
➢ Green Pyramid Category Weightings are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Sustainable Site, Accessibility, Ecology 15%
Energy Efficiency 25%
Water Efficiency 30%
Materials and Resources 10%
Indoor Environmental Quality 10%
Management 10%
Innovation and Added Value Bonus
08/03/2021
95
GPRS Rating System
➢ To earn Green Pyramid certification, a project must satisfy all the stated
Mandatory Minimum Requirements and may obtain Credit Points by
meeting certain criteria.
➢Projects will be rated, based on Credit Points accumulated, according to
the following rating system:
▪ Uncertified: less than 40 credits
▪ Certified: 40 – 49 credits
▪ Silver Pyramid: 50 – 59 credits
▪ Gold Pyramid: 60 – 79 credits
▪ Green Pyramid: 80 credits and above
08/03/2021
96
Waste-Heat Recovery
Waste-Heat Recovery
➢Waste heat, in the most general sense, is the energy associated
with the waste streams of air, exhaust gases, and/or liquids that
leave the boundaries of a plant or building and enter the
environment.
➢The absorption of waste energy by the environment is often
termed thermal pollution.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
98
Waste-Heat Recovery
➢Waste heat is that energy which is rejected from a process at a
temperature high enough above the ambient temperature to
permit the economic recovery of some fraction of that energy for
useful purposes.
➢ Example: Waste-Heat recovery steam generator
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
99
Heat Recovery in Buildings
➢Heat recovery systems are used during the heating season to
extract waste heat and humidity from exhaust air which is used to
preheat cold fresh air from outside.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
100
Economizers
➢The use of outside air to actively cool interior spaces is referred
to as an economizer, or economizer cycle.
➢It is efficient when the outside air is cooler than the cooling
setpoint temperature only distribution energy is required to
provide cooling with outside air.
08/03/2021
ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty
101
Thank You
Further notes will be forthcoming!
View publication stats