Name
Section
Suyu, Zheckie Shane B.
Cruz, Charlie P.
Ong Maia Ayla Fritzie L.
Gopez, Paolo B.
Raymundo, Abegail R.
Social Studies 2-B
Chapter
II. The Origins and Growth of Cities
Topic
Ancient and Classical Cities
Medieval and Baroque Cities
Post-Industrial and Emerging Cities
City Evolution: Ancient to Emerging Cities
I.
Introduction
Cities have played an essential part in shaping the development of human civilization.
Metropolitan areas went through a transformation from small origins to emerge as centers of
innovation, cultural development, and social unity. The examination of urban areas, including their
origins, expansion, and many historical periods, provides significant perspectives on the
advancement of diverse communities, systems of governance, remarkable architectural
achievements, and cultural legacy. Acquiring an understanding of these cities enables individuals
to have a deeper appreciation for the basic foundations of our modern urban landscape. This
information is of greatest value to professionals in fields such as history, urban planning,
architecture, as well as those with an undying curiosity in the complex structure of human history
and progress.
This study provides an insight into the complex subject of urban planning, unveiling the influence
of religion on architectural design and the transformation of urban landscapes in periods
characterized by changes in social, political, and cultural concepts. The examination of urban
history holds major importance within the setting of post-industrial and emerging cities. This field
of study demonstrates the continuous transformation of urban areas and addresses present-day
challenges such as industrialization, globalization, and sustainability. As a result, it enhances the
understanding of contemporary urban challenges and opportunities.
Purpose:
The main purpose of studying urban history is to gain an understanding of the development of
cities and their significant influence on the development of human civilization. These subjects
together explore the rise, expansion, and evolution of urban areas throughout history, providing
valuable insights into the advancement of dynamic societies, heritage of culture, architectural
creativity, and the difficulties and possibilities brought about by modern urbanization.
Objectives:
1. To acknowledge the historical importance of these cities for developing our societal
heritage.
2. To investigate the unique features of urban landscapes during the medieval period,
involving elements such as walls and temples.
3. To Understand the various challenges and opportunities that occur in the context of postindustrial and rising cities.
II.
Outline
Ancient and Classical Cities
 Ancient City
 The First City
 Population in Ancient Cities
 The Walled City
 The Benefits and Cost of the City
 The Ancient Cities
o Ancient Greece
o The Birth of the City-State
 Ancient Rome
o Origins of Rome
 Ancient Egypt
 Classical Cities
 Classical Civilization
o Carthage
o Teotihuacan
o Chang’an in China
o Athens
o Rome
Medieval and Baroque Cities
 Structures of the City
o Emergence of Medieval Cities
 Medieval Cities: Life and People
o Population of a Medieval City
o Economic & Political Situation
o Hygiene & Sanitation
o Guilds
o Medieval City Walls, Murder Holes, and Defenses
 Baroque City
o Definition of baroque
o Baroque: 17th Century
o The Capital City
o Structure of Baroque City
Post-Industrial and Emerging Cities
 Post-Industrial Society
o The Creation of Post-Industrial (Knox and Pinch, 2010)
o Edge citied
o Master planned communities
o Gated communities
o Corporate campuses
 Processes Causing Changes in the Spatial Structure of Contemporary Cities
o De-industrialization
o Commercialization
o Ghettoization
o Gentrification
o Depopulation of city centers
 Characteristics of Postindustrial Societies/Cities (Bell, 1973)
 Post-Industrialism: Dynamics and Trends

10 most advanced Cities in the World with High-tech Infrastructure
o Tokyo, Japan
o Silicon Valley, USA
o Singapore
o Seoul south Korea
o Taipei, Taiwan
o New York City, USA
o San Francisco, California, USA
o Hong Kong
o Stockholm, Sweden
o Shanghai, China
Content
III.
Ancient and Classical Cities
ANCIENT CITY (3000 BC – AD 500)
An urban settlement that was in existence throughout the time period spanning from 3000 BCE
to 500 CE is typically recognized as an ancient city. The urban centers that existed thousands of
years ago up to a few hundred years ago are found in many places around the world and
represent a wide range of historical periods. Ancient towns frequently possess significant
historical and cultural significance, serving as important centers of early civilizations, commerce,
intercultural interaction, and administration.
When studying ancient civilizations, a "city" is commonly defined as a significant and densely
populated center where a large number of persons reside, participate in businesses, and manage
governmental matters. Furthermore, these urban areas often have well-established regulations
and methodical approaches for ensuring sanitation and hygiene.
Within the ancient world, the term "city" commonly referred to a geographical area that exhibited
an outstanding number of inhabitants. These cities frequently displayed a unique architectural
arrangement that emerged from a central religious structure, such as a temple. However, the
classification of a location as a "city" relied on several variables, which encompassed:

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population of the settlement
height of buildings
density of buildings/population
presence of some kind of sewer system
level of administrative government
presence of walls and/or fortifications
geographical area of the settlement
or whether a `settlement' was called a `city' in antiquity and fits at least one of the above
qualifications.
The classification of a settlement as a "city" in ancient times depended on various factors, such
as population, architecture, and administrative features. These ancient cities provide valuable
insights into the evolution of human societies throughout history.
The First City
What was lifelike in the earliest cities created by humankind?
The Indus Valley civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization (circa 3300–1700 BCE),
was one of the earliest urban civilizations. The urban centers of the Indus Valley civilization were
characterized by a high level of organization and sophisticated infrastructure, notably including
well-designed towns and efficient drainage systems. The socioeconomic foundation was
established upon agriculture, which was sustained by the implementation of irrigation systems.
The ancient culture actively participated in vast trading networks, possessed a distinctive script
that has yet to be deciphered, and conducted religious observances and rituals within their temple
structures. Pottery, jewelry, and seals decorated with animal themes were crafted by proficient
craftsmen. It is believed that the society had a system of social classification, and with time, the
civilization experienced a fall and eventual disappearance, thereby leaving an enduring influence
on the cultural and historical landscape of South Asia.
Mesopotamia
A significant advancement in human civilization
took place over the period of 4500 to 3100 BCE,
originating in the historical region commonly
referred to as Mesopotamia. The ancient city of
Uruk, which is currently recognized as the oldest
known metropolis worldwide, experienced its first
establishment approximately in the year 4500 BCE.
It is worth noting that around 2900 BCE, fortified city
walls emerged as a prevalent characteristic in the
region, largely serving defensive functions.
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ity=75
The Sumerian civilization designated Eridu, located near Uruk, as the "first city in the world."
Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that numerous other ancient cities also assert their
status as the "first city." These cities include Byblos, Jericho, Damascus, Aleppo, Jerusalem,
Sidon, Luoyang, Athens, Argos, and Varasani. These cities symbolize important landmarks in the
initial process of urbanization and the socioeconomic development of humankind.
The emergence of ancient urban centers such as Uruk and Eridu in the region of Mesopotamia
was a significant milestone in the development of human civilization, initiating the process of
urbanization and the establishment of complex social structures. The discussion around the
designation of the "first city" highlights the complex process of retracing our ancient past, shedding
light on the diverse and captivating beginnings of human urbanization.
Population in Ancient Cities
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Population_curve_of_Uruk_1.sv
g/1920px-Population_curve_of_Uruk_1.svg.png
The population of ancient cities, as interpreted by
various definitions of the concept of a "city,"
exhibited significant variations from modern
understandings of urban density. As per the
findings of Professor Smith, numerous ancient
cities had relatively small populations, frequently
amounting to less than 5,000 inhabitants. On the
other hand, researchers such as Modelski offer a
more extensive range of potential population
statistics, proposing estimates that vary between 10,000 and 80,000, depending on the historical
period. As an example, it is observed by Modelski that the population of Uruk was recorded to be
14,000 in 3700 BCE and experienced a significant increase to 80,000 by 2800 BCE.
To provide a context, it is important to note that the population figures for contemporary cities
such as Edinburgh, Scotland, were recorded at 495,360 individuals in the year 2011 CE. Similarly,
London, England had a population of 8.174 million in the same year, while New York City in the
United States of America had a population of 8.337 million in 2012 CE. The phenomenon of
suburbanization was frequently observed in ancient cities as a result of significant population
increase, leading to the expansion of communities beyond their initial bounds. The issue of
defining a city is a complex challenge for contemporary researchers, requiring them to deal with
the task of establishing a specific and accurate definition. There is a variety of opinions about the
inclusion of suburban development in the analysis, with advocates arguing for its exclusion and
others emphasizing its significance as a fundamental component of urban growth.
It can be observed that the populations of ancient cities, as viewed by various concepts, had
notable differences when compared to modern urban centers. The historical expansion and
suburbanization of these cities highlight the ever-changing process of urbanization. The task of
defining ancient cities presents a complex difficulty, providing insights into the ever-changing
history of human settlements and the flexible idea of urbanity throughout different periods.
The Walled City
Walled cities were a prominent characteristic
throughout the historical span of Mesopotamia.
Among the various cities under consideration,
Babylon appears as the most distinguished and
frequently discussed, often serving as a topic of
controversy in present-day discussion. The primary
source of its popularity and fame can be attributed to
its prominent appearance in several biblical accounts,
https://res.cloudinary.com/dk-findwhich primarily portray it in an unfavorable manner. In
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contrast to its commonly held portrayal as a 'city of wickedness,' Babylon was renowned for its
vibrant cultural and intellectual environment in ancient times. It accomplished a number of
groundbreaking accomplishments, most notably developing the craft of glassmaking in 1500 BCE.
Babylon made notable contributions to various fields of study, including astronomy, astrology,
physics, mathematics, law, literature, architecture, and art.
The historical significance of Babylon was further strengthened by the influential figure of King
Hammurabi, who initially built the city with walls in the year 1792 BCE. Additionally, he was
responsible for the establishment of the premiere religious edifice, the Esagila, dedicated to the
god Marduk. This sacred temple complex featured the well-known ziggurat, an imposing multilevel
construction that maybe served as a source of inspiration for the biblical narrative of the Tower of
Babel. The location of this facility was intentionally chosen to be in close range to the Euphrates
River. The Babylonian civilization had its peak under the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, who held
power from 605 until 562 BCE. Under his guidance, the urban center was defended with walls of
incredible size, standing at a towering height of 40 feet. These defenses were of such significant
construction that they even facilitated the operation of horse races on their solid foundations. The
defenses of Babylon, notably the renowned Ishtar Gate, were regarded as one of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World, encompassing the city over a remarkable distance of ten miles.
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The presence of walls in the urban environments of
Mesopotamia, as well as their ultimate appearance
in Greek and Roman cities, represented a
distinctive feature. The architectural characteristic
in question showed a lack of uniqueness just within
the boundaries of Mesopotamia, because it existed
in numerous other civilizations. For example, the
walls of the Great Zimbabwe in present-day
Zimbabwe and those of the city of Benin in presentday Nigeria were both widely recognized as
significant symbols of their respective locations.
The complex historical narrative of Babylon serves as evidence to the diverse nature of ancient
urban centers, covering a wide range of cultural advancements and impressive defensive
structures. The legacy of walled towns presents concerns to overly simplistic stories and
highlights the collective significance that these cities hold across many civilizations. This
emphasizes the lasting value of defense and identity in the broader human history.
The Benefits and Cost of the City
The research community has yet to reach an
agreement on the exact factors that led to the
development of urbanization in Mesopotamia. As a
result, there have been multiple speculative
theories proposed. The theories include a variety of
variables, including natural conditions such as
limited water in the region and the expansive open
plains that left residents vulnerable to extreme
weather conditions and potential invasions in the
lack of reinforced urban centers. An alternative
argument, which is more direct in its approach,
suggests that villages that experienced wealth were
naturally appealing to individuals, leading to a
gradual transformation into urban centers.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/AbdulamirHamdani/publication/271898791/figure/fig2/AS:566861050
The
shift towards urban living resulted in a significant disconnection between individuals and their
138624@1512161614462/Schematic-map-of-a-canalnatural
surroundings, leading to the establishment of an artificial ecosystem in which survival was
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no longer dependent on harmonizing with the natural cycles of the environment. The collection
and storage of rainwater, as well as the preservation of plenty of crops, present practical strategies
for securing water resources for future consumption. By using human creativity to irrigate fields,
societies can reduce their dependence on divine intervention for rainfall.
Nevertheless, the natural artificiality of urban
environments played a significant role in the
vulnerability of numerous ancient towns. The entities
that were not subjected to invaders frequently
encountered either destruction or abandonment at
the hands of their own residents. An example
illustration of this phenomenon is the abandonment
of the significant Mayan metropolitan centers, which
were all left prior to the year 900 CE. Likewise, a
number of significant urban centers in Mesopotamia,
such as Uruk and Eridu, experienced abandonment
early in advance of the mentioned historical period.
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earlier theory, whether influenced by
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a limited availability of essential resources such as water
or other contributing elements, had a major impact on the decline of numerous famous cities in
ancient civilizations. The enduring significance of this phenomenon continues in contemporary
times, particularly observable in geographical areas such as the Fertile Crescent, where
previously fertile territory today faces the challenges of dry conditions and limited resources.
The development of urbanization in Mesopotamia can be traced to a complex interaction between
environmental elements, human creativity, and adaptability. The enduring historical trend of urban
expansion and contraction, pushed by the limitations of scarce resources, remains relevant in
contemporary locations dealing with comparable challenges of dryness and lack of resources.
This statement highlights the ongoing importance of understanding the processes of urbanization
in influencing our global landscape.
The Ancient Cities
Ancient Greece
The designation of "Ancient" or "Archaic" Greece
refers to a historical period that dates the classical
era by a duration of three centuries, including the
time frame from around 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. This
period represents an extremely advanced stage in
global history. During the period of Archaic Greece,
major progress was made in several fields,
including art, poetry, and technology. However,
possibly the most important advancement during
this era was the creation of the "polis," generally
known as the city-state.
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The
creation of the polis marked an important point in the political situation of ancient Greece.
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concept developed as the fundamental and unique characteristic of Greek political existence,
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lasting
for many decades afterwards. The polis can be understood as more than just a physical
city, as it represented a diverse socio-political entity. It was a community defined by its unique
political institutions, social systems, and cultural uniqueness. The occurrence represented an
important difference from earlier modes of governing and established the foundations for the
dynamic and diversity political environment observed in ancient Greece.
The Archaic period of Ancient Greece was characterized by notable advances and creativity,
represented by the development of the "polis" or city-state as its recognizing accomplishment.
This revolutionary concept had an important effect on the political environment, resulting in a
lasting mark on the history of Greece and the global development of governance.
The Birth of the City-State
During the period following the Archaic Period, commonly
known as the "Greek Dark Ages," the inhabitants of Greece
primarily lives in geographically distributed agricultural
communities. However, as these towns progressively grew
in size, remarkable societal advancements occurred. A
significant number of these developing towns made the
decision to strengthen their security by constructing
defensive walls, while almost all of them built a central
marketplace, sometimes referred to as an agora, and a
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_6e94383f07_b.jpg
social gathering space. In addition to these concrete advancements, these developing
communities began the establishment of governance structures, effectively organizing their
inhabitants through the creation of multiple constitutional frameworks or legal systems.
As these communities expanded, they also established military forces and systems for revenue
generation to sustain the development of their civic foundations. The city-states, referred to as
"poleis" in the plural form, showed an important role in shaping the societal structure of ancient
Greece. It was often held that each polis enjoyed the divine protection of a particular deity, to
whom the citizens of the city owed deep respect, honor, and the act of making sacrificial offerings.
The religious element was closely connected with the political and cultural structure of each citystate, emphasizing the importance of the divine in the daily lives of its inhabitants.
In summary, the evolution of ancient Greek society from distributed agricultural communities to
independent urban centers, known as "poleis," emphasizes the complex relationships between
governance, religion, and culture. This change established the basis for the changing and
multicultural political environment of ancient Greece, molding its unique nature in the records of
history.
Ancient Rome
Beginning its rise in the eighth century B.C.,
Ancient Rome went on a revolutionary journey
that observed its modest beginnings as a lowly
town located along the banks of the Tiber River
in central Italy. Throughout a period of several
centuries, Rome experienced an outstanding
transformation, ultimately establishing itself as a
powerful empire. During the height of its territorial
growth, the Roman Empire exerted control over
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large
geographical areas, including a significant portion of continental Europe, the British Isles,
important territories in western Asia, the northern portions of Africa, and multiple islands in the
Mediterranean.
The remarkable expansion of territory shows the continuous growth and impact of Rome during
this historical period. The lasting important influence of Ancient Rome, involving both its systems
of government and cultural contributions, remains evident throughout the course of recorded
history.
The transformation of Ancient Rome from a little village into a large and influential empire serves
as a tribute to the remarkable capabilities of human civilization. The constant value of its evolution
in history is evident in its influence on governance and culture, highlighting the major
consequences it has had.
Origins of Rome
The city of Rome is believed to have its origins in the
legendary tale of Romulus and Remus, who were
traditionally regarded as the twin children of Mars, the deity
associated with warfare. This story tells the events
surrounding the twins who were assigned to a basket and
abandoned on the dangerous banks of the Tiber River by
an emperor coming from the neighboring municipality of
Alba Longa. Remarkably, their lives were saved by the help
of a female wolf. In addition to their survival, Romulus and
Remus successfully arranged the removal of the emperor
https://greennewz.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/romulus-and-remuswho had left them. Following this, in the year 753 B.C., the
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people decided to establish a city of their own along the shores of the Tiber River.
The creation of Rome is commonly attributed to Romulus, who, in a terrible twist of fate, was
responsible for the passing away of his own sibling Remus, so assuming the role of the first
emperor of Rome. The city was given with its name as a tribute to him. The initial period of Rome's
history was characterized by a series of leaders originating from various cultural backgrounds,
including the Sabine, Latin, and Etruscan civilizations that inspired the establishment of Rome in
Italy. Furthermore, the early kings of Rome did not acquire their authority through inheritance, but
rather attained power through a non-hereditary process. This highlights the shifting and
progressive character of Rome's early system of leadership.
The mythical establishment of Rome by Romulus and Remus, who were believed to be children
of the deity associated with warfare, serves as a representation of a combination of mythological
elements and historical narratives. The rise to power, the ever-changing character of
administration, and various early leaders of the city established the basis for Rome's extraordinary
development into a strong and influential civilization during ancient times.
Ancient Egypt
With a duration of around 30 centuries, starting with its establishment around 3100 B.C. to its
eventual destruction by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C., ancient Egypt had a prominent role as
the dominating civilization in the Mediterranean region. Egypt's extensive and distinguished
historical background has had a profound impact on the science of archaeology and the discipline
of history, giving rise to the establishment of a distinct area of study commonly referred to as
Egyptology. For years, historians have been intrigued by the captivating appeal of Egypt's rich
past.
The major sources of knowledge regarding ancient Egypt contain an extensive variety of
monuments, items, and artifacts that have been unearthed at various archaeological sites. These
highly precious artifacts are often adorned with hieroglyphs, a sophisticated writing system that
has been discovered quite lately. The persistent efforts of academics have resulted in the
formation of a vivid depiction of Egyptian culture.
This depiction reveals a civilization that exhibits
excellence in multiple aspects. Egyptian art is widely
recognized for its exceptional aesthetic qualities,
which are distinguished by elaborate details and
symbolic
depictions.
The
architectural
achievements, as demonstrated by the famous
pyramids of the Old Kingdom, persist in astonishing
and inspiring. Moreover, the religious tradition in
Egypt is characterized by a complex and detailed
fabric, highlighting the outstanding spiritual
importance that was deeply rooted in all aspects of
everyday existence. The timeless legacy of ancient
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Egypt serves as a witness to its great achievements
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and significant contributions to the records of human history and culture.
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The lasting impression of ancient Egypt, which embraces an extensive period of time, serves as
evidence of its major impact on the evolution of human history and cultural development. The art,
architecture, and religious traditions of this civilization have consistently generated a sense of
wonder and mystery, leaving an impression that captivates both experts and fans. This serves to
emphasize the continually appeal of this magnificent culture.
Classical Cities
Traditional form, style, or substance are all examples of
what is referred to as classical. The literature, artwork, and
architecture of the classical Greek and Roman eras are
related by the term "Classical Cities." Those of classical
civilizations are also included.
Classical Civilization
 According to the Department of Historical Studies of
University of Toronto Mississauga (2015), The study of
classical civilization focuses on the worlds of Greece and
Rome, as well as other ancient Mediterranean cultures.
Additionally, it is the time span in cultural history from the
eighth century B.C. to the sixth century AD.
 The study of literatures, classical languages, artwork,
philosophy, political theory, and history, as well as its
receptions in later times, offers an ideal insight into the
evolution of various societies in the modern world and is a crucial gateway to many
Humanities courses.
Carthage
 Carthage founded by the Phoenician Queen Elissa in 813
BCE. The city is located in modern-day Tunisia in North Africa.
It was known as Karthadasht which meant new city.
 It was known by this name to set it apart from the
surrounding older city of Utica. It was known as Carthago by the
Romans and Karchedon by the Greeks.
Administration
 In addition to a senate, a citizen assembly, and pentarchies (five-person commissions),
the Carthaginians had two elected sufetes, who the Greeks regarded as kings. The "court
of 104" was another organization that occasionally crucified vanquished Carthaginian
generals. Furthermore, those from wealthy families had a good chance of winning
elections.
Economy
 Before Rome's ascent, Carthage rose to be the most influential city in the Mediterranean.
All the traditional ancient commodities, including fish paste and olive oil, were traded in
Carthage. The Iberian Peninsula was one of the most significant trading hubs for the
Carthaginians, where they gathered abundant amounts of copper and silver. They
exchanged commodities for silver with Tyre and other Phoenician cities in order to trade
them around the Mediterranean. Another crucial component of the commercial economy
was tin. It was crucial to the Bronze Age since it was used to produce bronze.
Population
 In the second century B.C., the city's population was believed to reach over half a million.
Before the Romans destroyed the city, the residents were Phoenicians who went by the
name Poeni.
TEOTIHUACAN
 The first great culture of the classical period was in the
capital of Teotihuacán. The name means “City of the Gods”
and is located northeast of present-day Mexico City.
Administration
 Although there isn't much information available to draw any conclusions about the type of
governance Teotihuacan had, it can be presumed that there was only one monarch in
charge of the city in the second century AD.
Economy
 The city's economic prosperity was based on obsidian, a green glass formed in volcanic
rock that served as the primary trading commodity. The vicinity of the city contains
Mesoamerica's largest obsidian deposit.
Population

In the years 500 to 700 AD, the population grew dramatically to around 200,000.
Numerous neighborhoods were partitioned into apartments as a result. These highly
skilled architects are thought to have been Otomi in origin, while they are also occasionally
identified as Nahuatl and may have been Aztec forebears, although this is uncertain.
CHANG’AN, CHINA
 The junction of the Wei and Feng rivers marks
Chang'an, sometimes referred to as Xi'an, as the
geographic center of what is now Shaanxi Province.
Administration
 The administration actually resembled a carbon replica of the government. Districts were
governed by magistrates, while prefectures were under the control of prefects. The socalled "commandaries" were prefectures that oversaw militarily significant territories and
were themselves governed by commanders.
Economy
 Along with silk, caravans traveling the Silk Roads carried glass, gold, jewels, stones, ivory,
and other metals. The northern caravan route delivered items from Persia, including dates,
saffron powder, and pistachios; Somalia, including frankincense and myrr; India, including
sandalwood; and England, including glass bottles. In exchange, the Chinese brought
pottery, furs, jade, bronze items, lacquer, and iron to the Mediterranean.
Population
 As mentioned above, Chang'an had a population of over 2 million people, making it the
largest city of its time.
ATHENS
 One of the most significant and influential cities in classical
Greece was Athens. Of all the Greek city states, it was the
first to achieve full democracy.
 The Attica area was governed by Athens, which at the time
was Greece's greatest city. It was tucked in between a
number of mountains that had valleys full of farmland.
Administration
 Athens was one of the first cities with a democracy, which was "the rule by the people".
 The economy of Athens was supervised by boards of officials in charge of the mint, the
marketplace, weights and measures, and the grain and water supplies. The Agora, the
heart of the Athenian life, provided a location for these officials.
Economy
 They were forced to engage in international trade as a result of Athens' insufficiently
productive grounds. Cereals, wine, olives, figs, pulses, eels, cheese, honey, sheep and
goat meat, tools, perfumes, and exquisite pottery were among the commodities traded
among the city states, which of course included Athens.
Population
 The total population of Athens was 315,500 people.
ROME

Rome’s legend of origin is that it was founded by
Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars who was known as
the god of war.
Administration
 To make administration simpler, the Romans divided the Empire into smaller
administrative units known as provinces (Provinciae). Local self-government was indeed
left to the Greeks by the Romans. Many of these practices may have been altered by the
Romans, although it is unlikely that they even tried to do so.
Economy
 Romans traded with Britain for silver, which they used to make jewelry and coins, and
wool which they used to make clothes.
 Spices for favoring and dyes to color clothing were products that were imported. Wine was
another important trading object.
 From the Far East, what is now China, they imported silk to make fine clothing.
 Cot ton came from Egypt and exotic and wild animals for the gladiator fights came from
Africa by sea.
Medieval and Baroque Cities
The feudal system led to the development of medieval cities. They were either poorly populated
or highly populated, and they were built along riverbanks or next to monasteries and castles.
Structure of the City
The layout of the medieval metropolis was
comparable to that of current towns and cities, but
the society that existed there was not as developed
as that of today. A Medieval city had a much lesser
population and was much smaller. There weren't
any paved streets or tarmac roads like there are
now. Although they started off extremely muddy and
filthy, medieval cities eventually grew more
organized and organized. The rudimentary but
otherwise useful Medieval city served as the forerunner of the contemporary city.
The development of medieval towns was delayed by a lack of safe roadways, which also
prevented the growth of commerce. With the exception of a brief resurgence under Charlemagne,
trade had been reduced to merely exchanging basic goods. Each domain had to produce the
requisite amounts of wheat, iron, timber, and wool in order to be nearly self-sufficient. And big
cities are impossible without commerce.
IMMERGENCE OF MEDIEVAL CITIES
The medieval cities partially occupied the locations of former Roman colonies and
municipia, while new ones sprang next to a fortress or a monastery. The population and wealth
of medieval cities significantly increased as a result of the rebirth of production and trade that
occurred between the 10th and the 13th century, and they achieved their heydays in the second
half of the 14th century.
MEDIEVAL CITIES: LIFE AND PEOPLE

Populations of a Medieval City
Medieval cities would likely be considered modest by modern standards. For instance, the
medieval city of London had a about 100,000-person population, which is a smaller number than
the typical city's population today. Medieval cities had less than 300,000 inhabitants, were less
than one square mile in size, and had a small population. Streets were sometimes muddy, narrow,
and unpaved. The principal roadways, or routes leading to the market square, were usually
cobblestoned. The medieval city dwellers had a duty to greet the country people who came to the
market square to buy products.
 Economic & Political Situation
The medieval towns might have their own court and be capable of self-government. They
consequently had unique customs, a unique set of punishments for offenses, unique ways to
conduct court proceedings, and unique local laws and regulations. Through local conventions and
the expansion of the law merchant in the Mediterranean cities, the cities of the Middle Ages had
a significant impact on the evolution of European law.
Market fairs were occasionally held in towns and cities, drawing attendees from nearby villages
and other cities. Such occasions frequently attracted sizable audiences, which boosted the
population of medieval cities. Peasants started to find tax records to be a hassle. Despite the local
lord's authority to impose taxes, the tax list was far from accurate, and individuals who were not
on it were exempt from paying a penny. The inaccuracy of tax registries was criticized during the
peasant insurrection of the late 14th century. Since trading with villagers was frequent, mayors
put safety measures in place to safeguard their towns. Towns without walls built high fences and
locked them at night to deter trespassers. The quantity of merchants a Medieval city was able to
draw was a key indicator of its success. Cities governed by nobility were frequently more wellliked than other cities. Lords went above and beyond to placate merchants.
Their presence ensured a boom in tax revenue. Sadly, the vast disparity between the rich and the
poor rendered the tax system vulnerable to unethical behavior, which caused towns to clamor for
a charter.
The inhabitants of chartered cities were granted certain privileges, such as the ability to levy their
own taxes. A Medieval city no longer need the services of dishonest and abusive tax sheriffs once
it obtained the authority to set its own taxes. The creation of local courts by chartered cities sped
up the legal process.
 Hygiene & Sanitation
There was little emphasis placed on hygiene. Chamber pots were routinely dumped into the
streets by medieval city inhabitants. It became even more difficult when the streets grew muddy.
The residents were relieved that the streets could finally be cleaned of debris by a significant
downpour. Cities in the Middle Ages lacked efficient drainage and sewage systems. Light rain
made matters worse by adding to the water contamination and health worries of local residents.
It's possible that a lack of water supplies contributed to medieval residents' preference for wine
and beer over water.
Additionally, there were a lot of beggars and homeless individuals, who were misfits and didn't
belong in the social structure. Most of the time, when someone was sick, it was thought to as
some type of heavenly punishment. Smallpox and leprosy were two common ailments and
diseases that plagued Medieval city residents, and their victims had to be isolated from the
general public. In theory, wealthy people could purchase power.
Guild masters were well-to-do people who oversaw the activities of specific guilds. Merchant
guilds were governed by wealthy businesspeople, while craft guild leaders hosted well-known
artists and craftspeople.
 Guilds
The development of the guilds aided in the revitalization of the medieval cities. The guilds, or
corporations, existed in Germany and England by the second half of the 12th century and were
fully formed in France and Italy by the same time. In the following century, they will reach a
comparable level of organization. Members of the corporations worked for themselves and
marketed and sold their goods.
People with the same occupations were concentrated on one street, which made it easier for
guilds to form in medieval towns. A "Tanners street," a "Saddlers street," etc. existed. Every
profession had its own common fund, banner, patron saint (the carpenters had Saint Joseph, the
shoemakers Saint Crispin), and set of rules. These rules outlined requirements for entry into the
trade, eligibility for voting in the trades assembly, and other details. By prohibiting the sale of
anything but items that were honestly manufactured, they were also intended to protect the guild's
reputation.
MEDIEVAL CITY WALLS, MURDER HOLES AND DEFENSES
Walls served as a barrier between rural and urban areas as well as a means of protecting towns
and cities from invaders. The inhabitants of Medieval cities were often free, despite the fact that
the walled arrangement provided the image of seclusion. However, freedom did not always imply
democracy and equality.
Compared to unchartered towns and cities, chartered towns and cities had additional rights and
advantages. Usually, the fields were located immediately outside the walls. The walls had a moat,
round and square towers that rose at regular intervals, and were constructed of brick or huge
stones. Soldiers would be posted at the wall during times of conflict while the enemy tried to
breach the defenses. Moats also prevented opponents who lacked equipment from climbing the
wall.
These defenses had one fatal flaw: holes put on the wall's passageway with planning and purpose
to catch attackers off guard. The French term for these holes is "murderriere," and city guards
could fill them with just about any dangerous item or substance they could find, such as arrows,
boulders, boiling water, tar, scorching sand, or searing oil. Large gated fences were erected in
place of wall defenses by cities who could not afford them.
BAROQUE CITY
Out of the Renaissance, grew a reversal of thought which was to have important consequences
during the Baroque and ensuing periods:



it was now the designer's objective to impose his defined, individual project on its
immediate environment to place it within the urban fabric and let it influence and react with
its surroundings, to an extent largely controlled by the importance of the project and that
of its client or patron.
theory and practice lose their planning basis and their view of the overall concept (Ideal
Cities); they become architectural or, at best, concerned with incidental urban design.
the urban population and its needs are no longer of importance in the design process, the
project itself only is important; everything else was irrelevant.
Definition of Baroque (Barocco)
 queer, absurd, originally a derogatory term then taken as degenerate form of
Renaissance.
 style which succeeded Mannerism and was widely applied throughout the 17th century
and well into the first half of 18th century.
 style was originally associated with religious fervour calculated to appeal to the observer's
emotions. It had started in Rome, in 16th century its basis being religious, and was
primarily aimed to express the role of Rome as dominant focus of the Catholic World.
Baroque: 17th Century
 is one of open systems with axes which dominate both the city and countryside. (no longer
centralized, closed, limited scale and sized structures of Renaissance.)
 for the first time, networks of urbans streets tend towards integration with 'territorial' roads
outside of cities.
 forces of urbanism extend beyond city borders, implying the permanent presence of a
political power, the prince or king, who was an absolute ruler, and believed that his palace
was both reference point and dominant centre of the surrounding territory.
 urban spaces, buildings, gardens, squares are no longer autonomous and juxtaposed
precincts but are subordinated to dominant systems of axes cutting across such precincts.
 streets turn into major axes of great length.
 squares become nodal points and focal points of strong representative character.
The Capital City




"The capital city is the basic, original conception of the general period of Baroque
urbanism" – Professor C. Norberg-Schulz
The true Baroque City, then is a Capital City. The term 'Baroque City' is considered
synonymous with Capital City. The latter were noted already in 17th century as reducing
secondary urban centers to mere satellites having no real life of their own.
This conception of the capital city influences every aspect of city and country development
of the period. the true Baroque City becomes center of forces extending beyond its
borders.
Such forces were already struggling to emerge during 16th century but had failed to to do
so because most cities still required a wide belt of fortifications which separated them from
the countryside.
Structure of Baroque City
Dominant Tendency (Quality)
Baroque environment is ordered according to a hierarchic centralization.
 Whole city = focus of a territorial network

its parts = condensed networks focused on monumental buildings which in turn are
geometrically organized into still more condensed systems until the very center is reached.
Post-Industrial and Emerging Cities
Post-Industrial Society
It is a society marked by a transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based
economy, a transition that is also concerned with subsequent societal restructuring. Postindustrial is the next evolutionary step from an industrialized society.
Processes Causing Changes in the Spatial Structure of Contemporary Cities:
a) De-industrialization- Loss of the original industrial use of urban space, decay and non-use
of formerly industrial buildings and the origins of brownfields.
b) Commercialization- New use of the city area for the commercial functions.
c) Ghettoization- Increasing spatial concentration of poor people in a certain area that leads
to the creation of a specific social environment that lacks institutions, social roles, patterns
and values needed to succeed in society.
d) Gentrification- Rehabilitation of buildings associated with the arrival of specific population
groups - young, educated, high-income status professionals, often living individually or in
small households. The process of gentrification is often accompanied by economic
embossing of socially weaker population from traditional locations of the city core.
e) Depopulation of city centers- Concentration of tertiary in the center of the city cause
significant differences between day and night population in the city center (Maryas and
Vystoupil 2004).
Characteristics of Postindustrial Societies/Cities (Bell, 1973)
A transition from the production of goods to the production of services
-The service sector of the economy is starting to dominate the production sector.
The replacement of technical and professional workers for manual labourers in blue-collar jobs.
-Demand for skilled and professional staff increased as barehand labour was replaced by
machine production.
The replacement of practical knowledge with theoretical knowledge.
-The importance of learning and comprehending theoretical concepts and principles is placed
above practical or hands-on experience.
Greater attention is being paid to the theoretical and ethical implications of new technologies.
-Cities in the post-industrial era place more emphasis on theoretical understanding of people as
a distinctive characteristic.
The development of newer scientific disciplines.
-These disciplines often intersect with technology, information, and innovative research methods
A stronger emphasis on the university and polytechnic institutes.
- Universities and polytechnic institutions have been emphasised more as important institutions
for education, research, and skill development in the post-industrial age.
Other Characteristics:
Divides in Society
In post-industrial societies, various divides can become more pronounced, including economic,
educational, and digital divides. These disparities can lead to unequal access to opportunities and
resources.
Social and Economic Polarization
Economic polarization is a notable feature, with a growing gap between the wealthy and the
disadvantaged. The expansion of high-skilled, high-paying jobs can exacerbate income
inequality.
Sharp Gender Division
Gender divisions can persist in post-industrial societies, particularly in industries that have
historically been male dominated. However, there have been efforts to address gender disparities
in the workplace.
New Character of Modern Economy - Globalization
Globalization is a defining feature of the post-industrial economy. It involves the integration of
economies, markets, and supply chains on a global scale. It has both positive and negative
effects, including increased trade, but also challenges like job displacement and environmental
impacts.
Interaction between Informational Mode of Development and Capitalism Restructuring
The synergy between information technologies and changes in the organizational mode of
development reshapes capitalism in several ways:
 Information Technologies: The rapid development and widespread use of information
technologies have transformed industries, enabling automation, data-driven decisionmaking, and the emergence of digital platforms.
 Organizational Mode of Development: New organizational models, such as the gig
economy and remote work arrangements, have disrupted traditional labor structures,
affecting job security and labor relations.
Post-Industrialism: Dynamics and Trends
Services: Post-industrialism is characterized by a shift from a manufacturing-based economy to
a service-based economy. The service sector, including industries such as finance, healthcare,
education, and entertainment, becomes a dominant driver of economic activity.
Multi-national Corporations: Globalization is a central feature of post-industrialism. Multinational
corporations play a key role in this dynamic by expanding their operations across national borders
to take advantage of diverse markets, resources, and labor pools.
Information Technologies: Advanced information technologies, including computers, the internet,
and digital communication tools, are pivotal in post-industrial economies. These technologies
enable real-time information exchange, automation, and connectivity.
Informational Mode of Development: Post-industrial economies rely on an informational mode of
development, where the production and dissemination of information, knowledge, and ideas
become essential drivers of economic growth and innovation.
Information Occupations: In post-industrial societies, information-based occupations become
increasingly important. This includes professionals in fields such as technology, research, design,
and content creation.
Think Work: Post-industrial economies place a premium on intellectual work, often referred to as
"think work." Workers are expected to engage in problem-solving, creativity, and critical thinking.
Knowledge Elites: A small, highly educated and skilled group, often referred to as knowledge
elites, emerges as a significant force in post-industrial societies. They are responsible for driving
innovation and contributing to economic growth.
New Servile Class: Alongside knowledge elites, there may be a "new servile class" consisting of
workers in low-wage, less-skilled service jobs. These workers may face job insecurity and
economic vulnerability.
Uneven Global Development: Globalization and post-industrialism can lead to uneven
development, where certain regions and countries benefit more than others. Disparities in income,
technology access, and development outcomes can widen.
New Social Movements: Post-industrial societies often witness the emergence of new social
movements focused on various issues, including environmentalism, civil rights, gender equality,
and social justice. These movements advocate for change and social reform.
These dynamics and trends reflect the profound shifts that occur as societies transition from
industrial to post-industrial modes of production and organization. The impact of these changes
is felt across multiple aspects of life, including the economy, work, culture, and social structures.
10 Most Advanced Cities in the World with High-Tech Infrastructure
Tokyo, Japan
The world's most advanced metropolis is Tokyo. Tokyo is fortunate to have a tech-savvy
population and a higher proportion of STEM workers. They also have superior infrastructure in
comparison to other international locations. Tokyo residents enjoy the newest automobiles,
contemporary homes and apartments, excellent roads, high-speed internet, e-Government
services, a low crime rate, cutting-edge technology, and many other amenities.
Silicon Valley, USA
Any IT professionals throughout the world do not need an introduction to Silicon Valley. Many big
businesses and enterprises in the USA call it home. In the United States and around the world,
they have covered practically every technological sector. When compared to other US locations,
Silicon Valley's majority of IT and IT-related industries pay highly. Silicon Valley is home to
numerous well-known American IT firms, including Google, Apple, Facebook, Facebook, eBay,
Intel, HP, Sun Microsystems, AOL, Mozilla, Symantec, and many more.
Singapore
The most well-liked location in Asia for modern technology is Singapore. Asia's highest-tech city
is Singapore. Numerous businesses, including Microsoft, IBM, HP, Fuji, Temasek Holdings,
Google, and others, have research facilities in Singapore. Singapore is renowned for its housing
complexes and tall structures. The Marina Bay Sands, Underwater World, and other stunning
modern buildings may be found across the city. Singapore offers its residents free access to highspeed Internet. Most retailers accept credit cards, debit cards, and mobile payments. Singapore
uses toll technology that calculates how much time you have spent on the road and charges you
accordingly.
Seoul, South Korea
South Korea's capital of high technology is Seoul. The nation's capital is renowned throughout
the world for its high-tech way of life. Numerous multinational corporations, including Samsung,
LG, Hyundai, and many others, have their headquarters in Seoul. Seoul merely makes up 0.6%
of South Korea's total land area, but it produces 21% of the nation's GDP. Another Asian
metropolis featuring high-rise and skyscraper structures equipped with the newest technologies
is Seoul. The majority of the city's residents are employed in the high-tech sector.
Taipei, Taiwan
One of the world's most technologically advanced cities is Taipei. In Asia, it is a well-liked IT
location. Skyscrapers have become more prevalent recently. When compared to other worldwide
cities, they have superior urban infrastructure. They have skilled labor and well-trained personnel.
The inhabitants of Taipei have access to some of the fastest internet speeds. They provide topnotch education, incredible healthcare options, first-rate infrastructure, tech-savvy residents, eGovernment services, and many other benefits.
New York City, USA
New York is the sixth most developed metropolis in the world. They are well-liked everywhere,
from cutting-edge construction to the most well-liked new year's celebration in the globe in Times
Square. They are in the lead in everything. Skyscrapers and notable buildings from throughout
the world can be found in New York City. New Yorkers are technologically sophisticated and
employ top-tier items, including the newest cellphones, gadgets, electronics, and internet of
things.
San Francisco, California, USA
One of the nation's top tech centers is San Francisco. San Francisco is the top location for startups
as well. San Francisco, California, is home to several entrepreneurs and tech firms that have a
significant global effect. Among them are Google, Apple, Microsoft, Facebook, and Cisco. San
Franciscans are technologically sophisticated and benefit from world-class infrastructure and
high-speed internet. They use the majority of contemporary technology, electronics, cutting-edge
consumer items, and many other things.
Hong Kong
One of the most expensive cities in the world is Hong Kong. Hong Kong is well recognized around
the world for its skyscrapers and high-rise structures. Southeast Asia's financial center is Hong
Kong. Hong Kong residents benefit from some of the fastest internet speeds. Online citizen
services are made possible by e-government infrastructure. It has every amenity and piece of
infrastructure needed for a modern metropolis.
Stockholm, Sweden
One of the most stunning cities on earth is Stockholm. Stockholm has just become Europe's
technological hub with the fastest rate of growth. The Swedish city of Stockholm is home to
several tech businesses. It is one of the fastest growing technological centres in Europe since
thousands of people work for these enterprises. The high-speed Internet, electronic offices, and
modern schools are enjoyed by the residents of Stockholm. The citizens of Stockholm were able
to access the majority of services online thanks to a fully automated government.
Shanghai, China
One of the world's financial centers with the quickest growth is Shanghai. Many businesses have
established offices in Shanghai in recent years to expand their company in China. The city is wellequipped with respect to infrastructure, high-speed internet access, internet penetration,
business-friendly laws, skilled labor, and other factors.
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