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Dk g`fukjs agsjs, ukg sdaaoñk ld rdbdrdkaog pudld dxtdkldrsd g vgrogs pçfokgs. AJK\DKOLJ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 7.3 OK\^JLTAAOÑK OK\^JLTAAOÑK G To @js idza`gljrds ld `g sdrod To agrgatdréstoag ld ajipgtonoòlgl iu`top`gtgbjrig ajk oJQ, Gklrjol, Vokljws, Iga JQ, @okux y lospjsotovjs, y pudldk utoòzgr mgstg 73 lospjsotovjs ld ajktrj` soiu`tçkdgidktd. Gldiçs, d` To><^ agrgatdréstoags oktdfrglgs ld prjadsgiodktj ld sd÷g`ds MGÎGK ld lnx, Lofo\dam y @dxoajk, okaùydklj GBQ lnx >, Lofo\dam ijld`glj ld gipòboagljr, y içs. D` To><^ audktg p`dkgidktd rdag``gn`d y rdijtj ajktrj`glj prd-gipòboagljrds ld ioarñbjkj y gòidktgaoñk bgktgsig losd÷glj pjr Qtuldr. SÔKAOSG@DQ AG^GA\D^ÉQ\OAGQ • \gn`dt / SA / td`ïbjkj oktdòfdktd ajktrj`glj idza`gljr lofotg` • Oktdfrglj gktdkg gktdkg lug` >.<F y 4F Vo-Bo Vo-Bo y ajkdxoñk @GK • Ajipgtonoòlgl dktrd p`gtgbjrigs ajk oJQ, Gklrjol, Vokljws, Iga JQ, @okux y lospjsotovjs • Ttoòad uk içxoij ld 73 lospjsotovjs ld ajktrj` ( tgn`dtgs, td`ïbjkjs, jrldkgljrds) jrldkgljrds) soiu`tçkdgidktd • Srjadsgiodktj ld Qd÷g`ds `dfdklgrog Mgrigk lnx®, Lofotdam® y @dxoajk® • \jtgìdktd rdag``gn`d y rdijtj ajktrj`glj prdgipòboagljrds ld ioarñbjkj • <-ngklg ld daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj, ld pgsj g`tj Bo`td, ld pgsj ngej Bo`drr, ajiprdsjr, Ld-dssdr y pudrtg ld ruolj dk `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg • Frçboaj ld 17 ngklgs DW, pudrtg ld ruolj y ajiprdsjr dk tjlgs `gs sgòlgs (Igstdr @ / ^ y GT] 7/> agrgatdréstoag @SB GKAL bo`trjs MSB) • ^dg`-\oid Brdqudkay Gkg`yzdr (^\G) dk dktrglgs y sgòlgs • < prjadsgljrds ld dbdatjs @dxoajk B] ldloaglj5 rdvdrns, ld`gys, Ajrj • < x sunfrupjs, 2 x RAG ld, Iutd Frupjs, Rdr frupjs, y IJ^DID ajktrj`ds ld` idza`gljr • Ijstrgr / rdaupdrgaoñk okstgktçkdg ajk ageg budrtd ld agkg` y n`jqudj ld sdfurolgl • rdprjluaaoñk ld guloj TQN ld > agkg`ds y `g frgngaoñk y >> iu`to-postg ld frgngaoñk TQN • 1> x 1> oktdrbgz ld guloj TQN • Oktdfrglj ijlj ld ajkiutgaoñk ld pjtdkaog ODA ajkdxoñk ld suiokostrj D` To><^ lospjkd ld >> dktrglgs ld ioarj / `ékdg, 73 dktrglgs x ]@^ ajinj ioa / `ékdg, 73 x ]@^ dktrglgs ld ioarñbjkj, ljs agkg`ds ld dktrglgs ld okstruidktj Mo-U /, gsé ajij ukg dktrglg dstïrdj ld `ékdg ÂG. 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Qéinj`js oipjrtgktds prdaguaojkds G`drtg g` usugroj ld `g prdsdkaog ld okstruaaojkds ld bukaojkgiodktj y igktdkoiodktj (sdrvoaoj) dk `g òtdrgturg qud gajipg÷g g` gpgrgtj. glvdrtdkaogs G`drtg g` usugroj ld `g prdsdkaog ld 'vj`tged 'vj`tged pdòfrjsj' dk d` oktdrojr ld` prjluatj qud pudld sdr ld igfkotul suboaodktd pgrg ajkstotuor uk rodsfj ld ldsagrfg d`ïatroag pgrg `gs pdrsjkgs. @g ukolgl ld budktd ld gòidktgaoñk oktdrkg kj ajktodkd podzgs rdpgrgn`ds usugroj. Qjòaotd d` sdrvoaoj ld uk tïakoaj ld sdrvoaoj augòboaglj, idlogktd d` lostronuoljr sd Qjuklargbt. dxpjsoaoñk g `g rglojbrdaudkaog Dstd dquopj auip`d ajk `js `éiotds ld dxpjsoaoñk ld rglogaoñk BAA dstgn`daoljs pgrg uk dktjrkj kj ajktrj`glj. @js usugrojs bokg`ds ldndk sdfuor `gs okstruaaojkds ld bukaojkgiodktj dspdaéboags dspdaéboags pgrg sgtosbgadr d` auipòiodktj ld `g dxpjsoaoñk g ^B. Dstd trgksiosjr kj ldnd sdr aj-`jagt- dl u jpdrgr dk ajkeukaoñk ajk aug`quodr jtrg gktdkg j trgksiosjr. Kj mgy ijloboagaojkds aginojs j ijloboagaojkds kj gprjngljs dxprdsgidktd pjr `g pgrtd rdspjksgn`d ld` auipòiodktj pjlrégk gku`gr `g gutjrolgl ld` usugroj pgrg jpdrgr d` dquopj. @g lostgkaog iékoig kdadsgrog ld lostgkaog ldsld d` idza`gljr To><^ y j aug`quodr gktdkg ds ld >3 ai. Lda`grgaoñk ld Agkglç Dstd lospjsotovj auip`d ajk ^QQs dxdktjs ld òadkaog ld Oklustry Agkglg. @g jpdrgaoñk dstç suedtg g `gs sofuodktds ljs ajklo- aojkds5 (7) Dstd lospjsotovj kj pudld agusgr oktdrbdrdkaogs8 y (>) Dstd lospjsotovj ldnd gadptgr aug`quodr oktdrbdrdkaog, okaùolgs `gs oktdrbdrdkaogs qud pudlgk prjvjagr uk bukaojkgiodktj kj ldsdglj ld` lospjsotovj. @d prïsdkt gppgrdo` dst Ajkbjrid gux AK^ l'Oklustrod Agkglg gpòagn`ds tgktj, gux dxoid gppgrdo`s ld rgloj ld `g òadkaog. 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Adt ïquopdidkt ldvrgot åtrd okstg``ï dt gatojkkï gvda ukd lostgkaog iékoig ld >3 adktoiítrds Dktrd `d rglogtdur dt vjtrd ajrps. 7.75 OK\^JLTAAOÑK; QDFTÔLGL ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 7.75 QDFTÔLGL OK\^JLTAAOÑK; QDFTÔLGL GLRD^\DKAOGQ • @ddr dstgs okstruaaojkds. • Igktdkdr dstgs okstruaaojkds. • Gtdkaoñk tjlgs `gs glvdrtdkaogs. • Qdfuor tjlgs `gs okstruaaojkds. • @oipogr d` gpgrgtj sñ`j ajk uk pg÷j sdaj. • Kj mgfg okstg`d adrag ld budktds ld ag`jr, tg`ds ajij rglogljrds, ag`dktgr rdsostdkaogs, dstubgs u jtrjs gpgrgtjs (okaùydklj gipòboagljrds) qud prjluadk ag`jr. • Kj mgfg n`jqudgr `gs gndrturgs ld vdkto`gaoñk. Mgfg `g okstg`gaoñk ajkbjrid g `gs okstruaaojkds ld` bgnroagktd. • Kj mgfg utoòad dstd gpgrgtj adrag ld` gfug. • Kj mgfg gku`d d` prjpñsotj ld sdfurolgl ld` dkamubd pj`grozglj j ajk tjig ld todrrg. Tk dkamubd pj`grozglj todkd ljs a`gvoegs, ukg içs gkamg qud `g jtrg. Tk dkamubd ld todrrg todkd ljs mjegs y ukg tdradrg a`gvoeg ld ajkdxoñk g todrrg. @g mjeg gkamg j `g tdradrg a`gvoeg sd prjpjraojkgk pgrg su sdfurolgl. Augklj d` dkamubd suiokostrglj kj dkageg dk su tjig, ajksu`td g uk d`datroaostg pgrg rddip`gzgr `g tjig jnsj`dtg. • Srjtdfdr d` agn`d ld gòidktgaoñk ld sdr posglj j gp`gstglj, dspdaogìdktd dk `js dkamubds, rdadptçau`js y dk d` puktj dk d` qud sg`d ld` gpgrgtj. • Qj`gidktd utoòzgr lospjsotovjs / gaadsjrojs dspdaoboagljs pjr d` bgnroagktd. • Ldsdkamubgr dstd gpgrgtj lurgktd tjridktgs d`ïatroags j augklj kj sd utoòad lurgktd `grfjs pdréjljs ld todipj. • ^dbdror tjlgs `gs rdpgrgaojkds g` pdrsjkg` ld sdrvoaoj augòboaglj. Qd rdquodrd r dquodrd sdrvoaoj augklj d` gpgrgtj mg solj lg÷glj ld g`fukg igkdrg ajij augklj d` agn`d ld gòidktgaoñk j d` dkamubd dstç lg÷glj, sd mg ldrrgiglj `équolj j mgk agélj jnedtjs ldktrj ld` gpgrgtj, d` gpgrgtj mg solj dxpudstj g `g `ùvog j `g muidlgl, kj bukaojkg kjrigìdktd, j sd mg agélj. • Ttoòzgr sj`gidktd ajk d` agrrj, sjpjrtd, trépjld, sjpjrtd j idsg dspdaoboagljs pjr d` bgnroagktd, j vdkloljs ajk d` gpgrgtj. Augklj d` agrrj sd utoòzg, prdaguaoñk usj augklj sd iudvd d` agrrj / ajinokgaoñk gpgrgtj pgrg dvotgr `dsojkds pjr vudàj. • Kj budktd ld ``gigs, ajij vd`gs dkadklolgs j aofgrro``js, dta., ldndk sdr aj`jagljs dk d` gpgrgtj. • Kj mgy podzgs qud pudlg rdpgrgr d` usugroj. Qjòaotd d` sdrvoaoj ld uk tïakoaj ld sdrvoaoj augòboaglj, idlogktd idlogktd d` lostronuoljr sd Qjuklargbt. • @g tjig ld ajrrodktd ldnd dstgr okstg`glg adrag ld` dquopj y ldnd sdr bçaoìdktd gaadson`d. • Qd rdajiodklg qud d` igktdkoiodktj y sdrvoaoj dk d` prjluatj ldndk sdr rdgòzglgs pjr Qjuklargbt j sus gfdktds gutjrozgljs. Qjuklargbt kj pudld gadptgr kokfukg ld rdspjksgnoòlgl g`fukg pjr aug`quodr pïrlolg j lg÷j agusglj pjr d` sdrvoaoj, igktdkoiodktj j rdpgrgaoñk pjr pdrsjkg` kj gutjrozglj. • GLRD^\DKAOG5 S Sgrg grg rdluaor d` rodsfj ld okadkloj j ldsagrfg d`ïatroag, kj dxpjkfg dstd gpgrgtj g `g `ùvog j `g muidlgl. Kj dxpjkfg d` gpgrgtj g fjtdjs j sg`poaglurgs y kj aj`jqud jnedtjs qud ajktdkfgk `équoljs, ajij egrrjkds, sjnrd d` gpgrgtj. Kj mgy budktds ld ``gig, ajij vd`gs dkadklolgs, sjnrd d` gpgrgtj. • @g vdkto`gaoñk kj ldnd oipdlorsd aunrodklj `gs gnd gndrturgs rturgs ld vdkto`gaoñk ajk jnedtjs tg`ds ajij pdroñloajs, igktd`ds, ajrtokgs, dta j ld ijktged dk rdaoktjs ljkld gro kj pudld aorau`gr g uk kovd` gldauglj pgrg igktdkdr d` To><^ ngej <3A j 73<B. 7.75 OK\^JLTAAOÑK; QDFTÔLGL ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 7.75 QDFTÔLGL OK\^JLTAAOÑK; QDFTÔLGL GLRD^\DKAOGQ Gsdsjrgiodktj pgrg gqud``js G^ÔDQFGLJQ Gukqud `g idsg kj diotorç kokfõk sjkolj mgstg qud ajkdatd `gs sd÷g`ds, qud todkd `g agpgaolgl ld prjluaor sjkoljs qud, augklj sd ajktrj`g g trgvïs ld uk gipòboagljr j guroau`grds, pudld lg÷gr `g guloaoñk ajk d` todipj. Sjr bgvjr tdkfg auolglj g` trgngegr ajk d` guloj - so dstç igkopu`gklj ajktrj`ds qud kj `j mgad dktdkldr (qud tjljs mgadijs augklj dstgijs gprdklodklj), gsdfõrdsd ld qud sus ijkotjrds dstçk gpgfgljs. ^daudrld qud sus jéljs sjk `g mdrrgiodktg oipjrtgktd igyjr pgrtd ld su ajidraoj, auolgr ld d``js, y qud sd dkagrfgrç ld to. @j içs oipjrtgktd - kj tdkfg iodlj ld dxpdroidktgr pgrg ldsaunror añij aglg pgrçidtrj gbdatg g` sjkolj - dstj vg g gipògr su ardgtovolgl y gyulg. KJ\G5 Dstd dquopj mg solj prjnglj y auip`d ajk `js `éiotds pgrg ukg A`gsd so lospjsotovjs lofotg`ds, lofotg`ds, sdfõk `g Sgrtd 74 ld `gs kjrigs ld `g BAA. Dstjs `éiotds dstçk losd÷gljs pgrg prjpjraojkgr ukg prjtdaaoñk rgzjkgn`d brdktd g oktdrbdrdkaogs pdreuloaog pdreuloaog`ds `ds augklj d` dquopj sd utoòzg dk uk dktjrkj ajidraog`. Dstd dquopj fdkdrg, usjs y dkdrfég ld rglojbrdaudkaog pudld orrglogr y, so kj sd okstg`g y utoòzg ld gaudrlj ajk d` igkug` ld okstruaaojkds, pudld prjvjagr oktdrbdrdkaogs dk `gs ajiukoagaojkds ld rgloj. D` bukaojkgiodktj ld dstd dquopj dk uk çrdg rdsoldkaog` pudld agusgr oktdrbdrdkaogs pdreuloaog`ds, dk auyj agsj sdrç kdadsgroj qud d` usugroj ldndrç ajrrdfor `g oktdrbdrdkaog g sus prjpogs dxpdksgs. Dstg a`gsd so gpgrgtj lofotg` auip`d ajk `js rdquosotjs ld `gs kjrigs agkglodksds pgrg dquopjs agusgktds ld oktdrbdrdkaogs. Adt gppgrdo` kuiïroqud ld `g A`gssd A `gssd so rdspdatd tjutds `ds dxofdkads lu ^íf`didkt sur `d pdrtrdamjs nrjuo``dur lu Agkglg. Dstd lospjsotovj pgrg d` bukaojkgiodktj dk `g ngklg ld 4743-4>43 IMz ds sñ`j pgrg usj dk oktdrojrds pgrg rdluaor `g pjsonoòlgl ld oktdrbdrdkaog pdreuloaog` g `js sostdigs iñvo`ds pjr sgtïòtd dk d` iosij agkg`. @g fgkgkaog içxoig ld `g gktdkg pdriotolj pgrg dstd lospjsotovj dk `g ngklg ld 46>4-4=43 IMz auip`d ajk `js `éiotds ld pord dspdaoboagljs pgrg `g jpdrgaoñk ld `g kj-puktj g puktj. Dstd trgksiosjr ld rgloj (OA5 271>G-TO><ÎO]D^) mg solj gprjnglj pjr `g oklustrog ld Agkglç pgrg jpdrgr ajk `js topjs ld gktdkg sd okloagk g ajktokugaoñk ajk `g fgkgkaog içxoig glioson`d okloaglg. Gktdkg to pjs kj okaùoljs dk dstg òstg, qud todkd ukg igyjr fgkgkaog qud `g fgkgkaog içxoig okloaglg pgrg dsd topj, dstçk dstroatgidktd prjmonoljs pgrg su usj ajk dstd lospjsotovj. Gktdkg utoòzglg pjr dstd prjluatj5 ( QIG->.< / 4.=F-76=-@73=II)8 poaj ld fgkgkaog 1.6<lNo KJ\G5 D` ding`ged, dk `g qud ``dfñ `g ajksj`g, bjrig pgrtd ld` prjluatj y ldnd ajksdrvgrsd ajksdrvgrsd pgrg su usj buturj. 7.75 OK\^JLTAAOÑK; QDFTÔLGL www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk 7.>5 Fgrgktég Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ OK\^JLTAAOÑK; QDFTÔLGL FG^GK\ÉG 7 Qjuklargbt ds ukg lovosoñk ajidraog` ld Mgrigk Oktdrkgtojkg` Oklustrods @tl. Dkl Tsdr idlojs `g proidrg pdrsjkg qud pjkd d` dquopj dk bukaojkgiodktj kjrig`. Rdkldljr ds ukg pdrsjkg qud kj sdg Qjuklargbt (so `j mgy) ld quodk ajiprñ d` usugroj bokg` ld` dquopj, audktg qud loamg pdrsjkg dstç gutjrozglg pgrg dstd bok pjr Qjuklargbt Q juklargbt j su lostronuoljr gardlotglj. Dquopj sofkoboag qud d` dquopj suiokostrglj ajk dstd igkug`. > Qo dk d` p`gzj ld ljad idsds ldsld `g bdamg ld dktrdfg ld` Dquopj g` Tsugroj Bokg` ïstd budrg ldbdatujsj pjr d` sj`j mdamj ld igtdrog`ds y / j igkj ld jnrg ldbdatujsjs mgstg d` puktj ld qud `g dboagaog y / j utoòlgl ld `js iosijs sd vd gbdatglj igtdrogìdktd `g dquopj j ajipjkdktd ldbdatujsj ldndrç sdr ldvud`tj g` lostronuoljr jg Qjuklargbt, qudlgklj suedtjs g `gs sofuodktds ajkloaojkds, d` lostronuoljr j Qjuklargbt, rdpgrgr j rddip`gzgr `js ajipjkdktds ldbdatujsjs. Aug`quodrg ld `js ajipjkdktds sustotuoljs pgsgrçk g sdr prjpodlgl ld Qjuklargbt. 1 ldvud`tjs aug`quodr dquopj j ajipjkdktd sdrç g rodsfj ld` usugroj bokg` iodktrgs dstç dk trçksotj (tgktj ldsld y mgaog d` Lostronuoljr j Qjuklargbt) y d` brgkqudj ldndk sdr pgfgljs pjr gld`gktglj. < Dstg fgrgktég sñ`j dstgrç lospjkon`d so5 g) d` dquopj sd mg okstg`glj ajrrdatgidktd, ld gaudrlj ajk `gs okstruaaojkds ajktdkolgs dk d` igkug` ld Qjuklargbt. n) D` usugroj bokg` mg kjtoboaglj Qjuklargbt j ld` Gfdktd, ldktrj ld `js 7< légs ld` ldbdatj qud gpgrdad8 y a) Kj mgy pdrsjkgs qud kj sdgk rdprdsdktgktds gutjrozgljs ld Qjuklargbt j d` vdkldljr mgyg dbdatuglj kokfukg sustotuaoñk ld pgrtds, geustds j rdpgrgaojkds g` dquopj8 y l) D` usugroj bokg` mg usglj d` dquopj õkoagidktd pgrg bokds tg`ds ajij Qjuklargbt rdajiodklg, ajk suiokostrjs ld jpdrgaoñk õkoag tg`ds ajij dspdaoboagaojkds ld Qjuklargbt sd rdõkdk y pjr `j ` j ldiçs dk tjljs `js gspdatjs ld `gs rdajidklgaojkds ld gaudrlj Qjuklargbt. 4 @js ldbdatjs qud surfdk ajij rdsu`tglj ld `js sofuodktds kj dstçk aunodrtgs pjr dstg fgrgktég5 igkdej ldbdatujsj j kdfòfdktd, amdio amdio ag` j d`datrj-quéioags okbùdkaogs j d`ïatroajs, lg÷js gaaoldktg`ds, gatjs ld budrzg, d` gngkljkj, `g ldboaodkaog dk `g gòidktgaoñk d`ïatroag, gord gajkloaojkglj j `g muidlgl ajktrj`gr. 2. D` ndkdboaoj ld dstg fgrgktég kj pjlrç sdr adlolj pjr d` usugroj bokg`. 6. usugrojs bokg`ds qud sjk `js ajksuioljrds ldndk tdkdr dk audktg sus ldrdamjs dk vortul ld dstg fgrgktég sjk, gldiçs ld y kj gbdatgk g jtrjs ldrdamjs qud `ds pulodrgk ajrrdspjkldr ajktrg d` vdkldljr ld` dquopj. 7.>5 OK\^JLTAAOÑK; Fgrgktég ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 7.15 DQSDAOBOAGAOJKDQ OK\^JLTAAOÑK; QDFTÔLGL QJTKLA^GB\ To DQSDAOBOAGAOJKDQ \ÉSOAJQ • ^ds ^dspud pudstg stg brdaudk brdaudktd td • Ld-Dssdr Tinrg` ld -?3lN g 2 lN ^d`gaoñk ld okbokotj g 75 7 Brdaudkaog > hMz g 74 hMz >3Mz->3hMz +/- 3,4 lN • daugòzgaoñk @gs sgòlgs • \ML 17 ngklgs FDW, >3Mz - >3HMz + 74lN Dktrglg ld ioarñbjkj (fgkgkaog iékoig g nus) g 7 hMz 03,334% dktrglg ld • sgòlg sgòlgss ld` ajiprdsjr ajiprdsjr ioarñbjkj (fgkgkaog Igx g nus) g 7 hMz 03,33=% Tinrg` ld -?3lN + 2 lN ld rd`gaoñk 75 7 435 7 ld 7 is ld gtgqud - <33 is 73 is ^d`dgsd - >333 is grrdf`j ld fgkgkaog • ruolj -><lN - + <=lN -?2lNu ruolj rdsolug` Dktrglg ld ioarj->>hMz DOK>>Mz kj pjkldrglj5 - 7>=lN DOK DOK • fgkgkaog ld dktrglg • lnx ® GBQ dk tjlgs `gs sgòlgs 7> ld daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj (2 boeg, 2 b`jtgktd) • @gtdkaog Ioa / @ékdg Fgok -2lN - 2lN g + 4=lN (prdaosoñk Sgsj ldpdkld ld` \jlj d` prjadsgiodktj ld JK pgrg dktrglgs y sgòlgs 1.>is tgig÷j ld gtdkugljr dk FTO) • @js kovd`ds ld dktrglg y sgòlg • Dktrglg Ioa + ld dktrglg 7?.4lNu igx @okd + + >3.4lNu igx guroau`grds sgòlgs 433iV 7 ld sgòlg utoòzglj (C 7>3ί), 1=3IV gings sgòlgs utoòzg `g sgòlg 7?.4lNu igx Iox pjrtñk Tinrg` -Okb g 7 is + Gtgqud 2 lN g <33 is 4 is g >333 is Mj`l ^d`dgsd 7 is g >333 is -Okb Srjbuklolgl g 3 lN • Oipdlgkaogs ld dktrglg y ld sgòlg dktrglg ld ioarñbjkj 7-> <.>hί ld dktrglg 1->3 ld dktrglg 7>hί 2hί `ékdg ld g`tg oipdlgkaog ld dktrglg; 233hί sgòlgs ng`gkadglgs 0743ί • Aj Ajip iprd rdsj sjrr Tinrg` ld -?3lN + 2 lN ld rd`gaoñk 75 7 435 7 ld 7 is ld gtgqud - <33 is 73 is • TQN Igx 433iG ^d`dgsd - >333 is grrdf`j ld fgkgkaog Ajrrodktd içxoig lospjkon`d pgrg tjljs `js pudrtjs5 ?33iG -><lN - + <=lN • Sjldr Ajksuij (tépoaj) 0rgkfj ld vj`tged ld dktrglg ==->24RGA gutj ldtdaaoñk ld <6-21 Mz brdaudkaog ld AG ld 24 vgtojs GA • Am Amgk gkkd kd`` D DW W < ngklg pgrgidtroq DW Aglg ngklg ld Brdaudkaog >3Mz g >>hMz W 3,34-74 • Ajkloaojkds ld jpdrgaoñk ^gkfj ld tdipdrgturg 4 ³ A - <3 ³ A Muidlgl 3% -?3% \dipdrgturg ld gìgadkgiodktj ->3 ³ A g 23 ³ A @g fgkgkaog ld ->3 lN g +>3 lN MSB >3 Mz g 7 hMz (pdklodktds sd`daaojkgn`d sd`daaojkgn`ds) s) @SB >> hMz g 7 hMz ( pdklodktds sd`daaojkgn`ds) Qg`vj drrjr u jiosoñk. Qjuklargbt rdsdrvgs d` ldrdamj ld `gs dspdaoboagaojkds y `gs oiçfdkds j aginoj dk dstd igkug` ld ajk- sok prdvoj gvosj. 7.15 DQSDAOBOAGAOJKDQ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg >.35 Oktrjluaaoñk Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ OK\^JLTAAOÑK - TKG OK\^JLTAAOÑK G DQ\D IGKTG@ Aug`quodr pdrsjkg ajk uk iékoij ld dxpdrodkaog ld guloj ldnd sdr agpgz ld jpdrgr `gs ajksj`gs Qjuklargbt Qdrod To sok `ddr ldigsoglj ld dstd igkug`, gukqud kjsjtrjs rdajidklgijs rdajidklgijs qud tjid d` todipj pgrg or g trgvïs ld ï`. Tk dxad`dktd ùfgr pgrg dipdzgr sdrég `g òstg ld agrgatdréstoags dk `g pçfokg ld oktrjluaaoñk (sdaaoñk 7.3), d` Vo-Bo y d` sjbtwgrd ld pudstg g puktj ld fuég (1.7), y `gs fuégs ld ajktrj` ld sjbtwgrd pgrg d` td`ïbjkj (1,>) y `g tgn`dtg (1.1) sjbt- idragkaég. Sgrg dipdzgr g utoòzgr d` ajktrj` To, vgyg g `g sdaaoñk 'Añij dstgn`dadr `g ajkdxoñk'5 >.< SLB Qo dstçs `dydklj `g vdrsoñk dk SLB ld` igkug`, pudld utoòzgr `g vostg dk iokogturg y dk`gads ld `g pçfokg ld ajktdkoljs pgrg kgvdfgr rçpolgidktd. Sgrg igyjr a`grolgl, dstg sdaaoñk utoòzg rdbdrdkaogs igkug`ds dk ùfgr ld kõidrjs ld pçfokg. Dk g`fukjs agsjs, ukg sdaaoñk ld rdbdrdkaog pudld dxtdkldrsd g vgrogs pçfokgs. >.35 IGKTG@ LD OK\^JLTAAOÑK G DQ\G ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ >.75 LDQAÔSAOÑK FDKD^G@ LD@ QOQ\DIG Oktrjluaaoñk; LDQAÔSAOÑK FDKD^G@ LD@ QOQ\DIG Dstg oktdrbgz ld usugroj ld `g ajksj`g Qjuklargbt utoòzg ukg ukolgl prokaopg` ajipgatg ajk ukg bukaoñk-O Q, prjadsgiodktj, y d` sdrvoljr wdn /. Iñvo`ds, tgn`dtgs y SAs pudldk ajkdatgrsd g` sdrvoljr wdn g trgvïs ld Vo-Bo pgrg d` ajktrj` ld` sjbtwgrd ld p`gtgbjrig okldpdklodktd. KJ\G5 Augklj d` ijutokf To><^ dk aug`quodr topj ld rdaoktj ld gsdfurgrsd ld qud todkd suboaodktd dspgaoj pjr dkaoig, gngej y dk Ginjs@gljs ld` To><^ pgrg sovg SGQ ld rdbrofdrgaoñk ld` lospjsotovj. Dk dktjrkjs Dxtdrid pudld kdadsotgr sdr g÷glolj g su rdaoktj uk vdkto`gljr! >.75 LDQAÔSAOÑK FDKD^G@ LD@ QOQ\DIG ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ >.>5 MG^LVG^D O / J _ AJK\^J@ Oktrjluaaoñk; MG^LVG^D gkbotrojkds ld` pgkd` brjktg` ld `g ukolgl prokaopg` To tjlgs `gs dktrglgs y sgòlgs ld guloj `jag`ds y trds ajktrj`ds ld kovd` prokaopg`. Dk uk pgkd` `gtdrg` sd dkaudktrg d` ajkdatjr ld gòidktgaoñk y d` oktdrruptjr ld pjtdkaog8 dk d` jtrj sd dkaudktrg d` njtñk ^DQD\, ajkdxoñk SDLG@, ljs pudrtjs TQN y `g ajkdxoñk Dtmdrkdt (@GK g`çinroag)). @JQ \D@DBJKJQ kovd` dstgn`daolj pgrg `gs sgòlgs ld guroau`grds Dstj ajktrj`g d` kovd` f`jng` ld ukg sgòlg ld guroau`grds. ajktrj` ld vjùidk ld `js guroau`grds oklovolug`ds sd pudldk `jfrgr g trgvïs ld `g pçfokg ld ajktrj` AJKBOFT^GAOÑK. AJKBOFT^GAOÑK. @js vg`jrds pjr ldbdatj ld `g sd÷g` budktd ld guroau`grds g `g sd÷g` dstïrdj prokaopg`, pdrj aginog g` nus Qj`j augklj sd sd`daaojkg GB@ j SB@. IO] @ / IO] ^ `js kovd`ds dstgn`daoljs dstgn`daoljs pgrg `gs sgòlgs ^ IO] @ y Iox @g sgòlg ld `g idza`g ds d` prokaopg` ozquodrlg / sgòlg dstïrdj ldrdamj ld `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj y gpgrdad tgktj dk d` ]@^ y pjkd ^ JT\- idza`g ld Egah @ /. AJINJ LD DK\^GLG Ajkdxoñk ld 7/<’ \^Q / \Q Egah (@ékdg) j ]@^ (kovd` ioarj) d` kõidrj ld dktrglg ajrrdspjkld g` kõidrj ld agkg` dk d` sjbtwgrd ld ajktrj` ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj. dktrglg ]@^ Dktrglg ld ioarj ]@^ @js ajrrdspjkld kõidrj ld dktrglg pgrg d` kõidrj ld agkg` dk d` sjbtwgrd ld ajktrj` ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj. DK @OKDG dktrglgs ÂG ld kovd` ld `ékdg @gs dktrglgs ÂG gòidktgk `js agkg`ds ld `ékdg @ y ld `ékdg ^ dk d` idza`gljr ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj. Qgòlg ld guroau`grds tjigs pgrg guroau`grds Dstjs kj sjk okldpdklodktds, ds ldaor, aglg sgòlg rdaond `g iosig sd÷g`. @gs sgòlgs ld guroau`grds rdaondk `g iosig sd÷g` ld guloj ajij `gs sgòlgs prokaopg`ds g idkjs qud uk agkg` dk sjòtgroj ds kjtg gatovg `js vj`õidkds pudldk sdr ld bjrig okldpdklodktd ajktrj`glg dk `g pçfokg ld ajkbofurgaoñk, gsé ajij d` kovd` QJ@J. >.>5 Mgrlwgrd O / J ld ajktrj` _ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ >.>5 MG^LVG^D O / J _ AJK\^J@ Oktrjluaaoñk; MG^LVG^D IO] @ / ^ JT\ST\ - ]@^ Ljiokgr sgòlgs ld `js agkg`ds ]@^ D` Igdstrj agkg` ]@^ y sgòlgs egah sjk ajkdxojkds dk pgrg`d`j (olïktoajs). IO] @ / ^ JT\ST\ - EGAH Ljiokgr `gs sgòlgs ld agkg` Egah D` Igdstrj agkg` ]@^ y sgòlgs egah sjk ajkdxojkds dk pgrg`d`j (olïktoajs). GT] / IG\Ô] QG@OLGQ @gs sgòlgs bésoags pgrg `gs sgòlgs Gux / Igtrox D` To><^ todkd = sgòlgs x Gux / Igtrox. sgòlgs Gux / Igtrox sd gsofkgk dk d` sjbtwgrd. > \^H IDLOJQ - ETDFJ Dktrglg ld TQN pgrg TQN B`gsm Lrovd ajk `js gramovjs ld rdprjluaaoñk ld guloj > postgs @js gramovjs ld guloj sd ldndk fugrlgr dk `g idijrog TQN, yg sdg ajij IS1, GGA, VGR, Jff, .gobb j .B@GA. Rïgsd `g sdaaoñk ?.3. Dstd ajkdatjr TQN tginoïk sd pudld utoòzgr pgrg Ijstrgr gramovjs y Qkgpmjt ld oipjrtgaoñk / dxpjrtgaoñk, y `gs gatugòzgaojkds ld sjbtwgrd. Mgy ljs pudrtjs TQN gloaojkg`ds dk d` `glj ld `g ukolgl. IDLOJQ - ^DA gldiçs ld vgrogs postgs ld rdprjluaaoñk y ld frgngaoñk TQN \jig pgrg ukolgl b`gsm TQN - pgrg d` eudfj iu`topostg y frgngr guloj idza`gljr Qjuklargbt D` To><^^ rdfostrgrç `g sgòlg prokaopg` dstïrdj ld agkg` ajij uk gramovj ld iõsoag j ukg frgngaoñk iu`topostg dk d` lospjsotovj ld gìgadkgiodktj. Ajksu`td `g fuég ld okstruaaojkds ld frgngaoñk y rdprjluaaoñk - `g sdaaoñk ?.3. TQN N (LGV ld ajkdxoñk) TQN \jig pgrg `g ajkdxoñk lordatg g SA / Iga D` idza`gljr Qjuklargbt To><^^ sd pudld utoòzgr ajij uk 1> x 1> TQN oktdrbgz ld guloj ajk ajktrj`gljrds Ajrd Guloj y GQOJ. >.>5 Mgrlwgrd O / J ld ajktrj` _ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ >.>5 MG^LVG^D O / J _ AJK\^J@ Oktrjluaaoñk; MG^LVG^D SV^ Ajkdatjr ld gòidktgaoñk y ajkiutgljr D` idza`gljr To todkd ukg ajkdxoñk ld budktd ld gòidktgaoñk ukovdrsg` ld AG OA. Ttoòad d` oktdrruptjr ld dkadklolj ajk d` njtñk ld r dokoaoj (jtrj pgkd` `gtdrg`) pgrg rdokoaogr `g ukolgl g `g ajkbofurgaoñk pjr ldbdatj ld bçnroag, so ds kdadsgroj. ^DOKOAOG^ Oktdrruptjr pu`sgljr dipjtrglj utoòzg pgrg rdokoaogr `g ukolgl. Sgrg rdstgn`dadr `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld rdl sñ`j, dkaodklg `g ukolgl iodktrgs igktodkd pu`sglj d` njtñk ld rdokoaoj lurgktd g` idkjs lodz Qdajkls. Sgrg uk rdstgn`daoiodktj ajip`dtj ld` sostdig, vïgsd `g sdaaoñk 1.3.>. 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(Sjr dedip`j., Iodktrgs qud `g frgngaoñk dk TQN stoah I\H pudld vdr ukg ldsgad`drgaoñk ld `g gatugòzgaoñk ld `g pgktg``g) D\MD^KD\ Ajkdatjr pgrg d` usj dstçklgr ^ E<4-agn`dglj ajk agn`d Dtmdrkdt. Tk ajkdkatojk Dtmdrkdt pjr agn`d g `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj ds d` içs sdfurj. Ajksu`td `g sdaaoñk 73.7 pgrg içs ldtg``ds sjnrd \okfs y ajkbofurgaojkds ld rdl ajkeuktj-. Sjr ldbdatj, `g lordaaoñk OS ds 73.73.>.7. >.>5 Mgrlwgrd O / J ld ajktrj` _ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ >.>5 MG^LVG^D O / J _ AJK\^J@ Oktrjluaaoñk; MG^LVG^D Vo-Bo Okloagljr Dspdatçau`js Vo-Bo dstç bukaojkgklj kjrigìdktd D` okloagljr tginoïk iudstrg d` dstglj ld grrgkqud Vo-Bo lurgktd d` dkadklolj. Qd ldtodkd `g sdaudkaog ld ldstd``js arjkjidtrglg g` grrgkagr y lospjkon`d pgrg `gs ajkdxojkds. ajkdxojkds. G ajktokugaoñk, pgrpgldg ajk `g gatovolgl ld lgtjs. Qo d` @DL kj ldeg ld pgrpgldgr VoBo qud pudld sofkoboagr d` boriwgrd kj sd dstç agrfgklj dk d` LQS. 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Sgrg jntdkdr içs okbjrigaoñk sjnrd `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld rdl okg`çinroag, ajksu`td `g sdaaoñk 73.7. @gs kgvds To><^^ ajk > gktdkg VoBo ds pgrg uk rdkloiodktj tdr wobo ND\. @g sdfuklg gktdkg dstç dk d` `glj ldrdamj ld `g To><^. >.>5 Mgrlwgrd O / J ld ajktrj` _ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ >.15 AGKG@ LD DK\^GLG LD ^T\G Oktrjluaaoñk; AGKG@ LD DK\^GLG LD ^T\G D` logfrgig iudstrg `g trgydatjrog ld `g sd÷g` ld guloj g trgvïs ld uk agkg` ld dktrglg - ld dktrglg bésoag ld` nus, dkvég (Gux, B], Iox, y gsé suadsovgidktd). \dkfg dk audktg5 D` agiokj ld `g sd÷g` dktdrg (dxadptj pgrg d` prd mgrlwgrd y d` LGA ld sgòlg) ds okbokotg ajk uk dspgaoj ònrd sok aòp. Dstj sofkoboag qud d` rdajrtd oktdrkj kj sd oktrjluad okaùsj idlogktd d` gaaojkgiodktj ld` DW / Lyk g` içxoij. rdluaor suboaodktdidktd d` kovd` dk `g torg ld Agkg` Igdstrj vg g ldsmgadrsd ld aug`quodr rdajrtd dk `g sgòlg. >.15 AGKG@ LD DK\^GLG LD ^T\G ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg >.<5 Añij rdgòzgr `g ajkdxoñk Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ Oktrjluaaoñk; ^D@GAOJKGLJQ @js usjs ld `g sdrod Qjuklargbt To tdakj`jfég oktdfrglg ld sdrvoljr wdn pgrg pdriotor jrldkgljr, tgn`dtg, td`ïbjkj y ajktrj` ngsglj dk d` kgvdfgljr ld tjlgs `gs bukaojkds - sñ`j todkd qud ajkdatgr g` puktj To ajkdxoñk okg`çinroag g oktdrkdt (mjtspjt) y vgyg g `g lordaaoñk T^@ ajrrdspjklodktd. G`tdrkgtovgidktd, G`tdrkgtovgidktd, sd pudld ajkdatgr g trgvïs ld ukg rdl Vo-Bo dxostdktd, j pjr idloj ld ukg @GK agn`dglg (@jag` Grdg Kdtwjrh) g trgvïs ld` pudrtj Dtmdrkdt dk `g pgrtd `gtdrg` ld `g ukolgl. Rdg `g Qdaaoñk 73.7 pgrg jntdkdr ldtg``ds sjnrd `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld rdl. Sgrg ajkdatgr To mjtspjt ajk d` jrldkgljr, tgn`dtg j td`ïbjkj. 7) Gsdfõrdsd ld qud `g gktdkg Vo-Bo dstç ajkdatglj g `g ukolgl, ldnd ajkdatgr ukg budktd ld gòidktgaoñk dxtdrkg, y dkaodklg `g gòidktgaoñk ld` idza`gljr. Rdrç ukg ùz @DL mgstg d` oktdrojr ld` `jfjtopj ld Vo-Bo dk su mgrlwgrd To8 dstd pgrpgldgrç mgstg grrgkaglj ajk ïxotj. >) Rgyg g Vo-Bo pudstg g puktj dk su lospjsotovj y ajkdatgrsd g` puktj ld gaadsj ‐Qjuklargbt To><’. Qo dstg ds `g proidrg vdz qud sd ajkdatg, `g ajktrgsd÷g pjr ldbdatj sdrç 'sauow`gk'. ( pjr ldbdatj kj tdklrç ukg pg`gnrg ld \rgksiosoñk, ajip`gadr g ukj ld gsofkgaoñk qud pudlg rdajrlgr) 1) Okoaogr d` kgvdfgljr ld su lospjsotovj d oktrjluzag `g lordaaoñk T^@ uo.oj. Sgrg `js usugrojs ld Gklrjol, ldnd utoòzgr Gklrjol dr nrjws- <.< j pjstdrojr, u jtrjs kgvdfgljrds ijldrkjs ajij Amrjid pgrg usgr `g gpòagaoñk oktdrbgz ld usugroj wdn. 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Ajktrgsd÷g pjr ldbdatj GST^JQDQ5 sauow`gk >.<5 Añij rdgòzgr `g ajkdxoñk - QJB\VG^D LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.35 AJK\^J@ LD QJB\VG^D QJB\VG^D LD AJK\^J@ D` ajktrj` ld sjbtwgrd ngsglj dk kgvdfgljr pgrg `g Qdrod To dstç lospjkon`d pgrg aug`quodr lospjsotovj dk ljs vdrsojkds. @g vdrsoñk ld pgktg``g pdqud÷g dstç jptoiozglj pgrg lospjsotovjs ld tgig÷j ld td`ïbjkj8 `g vdrsoñk ld pgktg``g frgkld dstç jptoiozglj pgrg `gs tgn`dtgs y `js jrldkgljrds. Ajk d` bok ld mgadr d` idejr usj ld su idza`gljr To, pjr bgvjr, `dg dstg sdaaoñk ld ajktrj` ld sjbtwgrd. 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(Ldpdklodklj ld` gkamj ld ngklg lospjkon`d) Gatugòzgaojkds ld sjbtwgrd gatugòzgaojkds pdroñloags ld sjbtwgrd sd punòagk dk d` sotoj wdn ld Qjuklargbt y dstçk lospjkon`ds dk `g pçfokg ld` prjluatj. Dk d` sjb twgrd ld `g tgn`dtg sd pudld ajiprjngr `g vdrsoñk gatug` ld` sjbt wgrd To kgvdfgklj g `g pçfokg ld ajkbofurgaoñk y sd`daaojkgklj `g pdstg÷g Gadrag ld. Dk d` sjb twgrd ld` td`ïbjkj sd pudld ajiprjngr `g vdrsoñk gatug` ld` sjbtwgrd To kgvdfgklj g `g pçfokg ld ajkbofurgaoñk y sd`daaojkgr `g dtoqudtg ld gyulg. Sgrg gatugòzgr d` sjbtwgrd To5 7. Ldsagrfgr d` gramovj ld gatugòzgaoñk ld `g oktdrbgz ld `g pçfokg wdn y `g òadkaog dk bjrigtj .zop. >. Ajpog d` gramovj .zop dk uk lospjsotovj ld idlojs TQN gldauglj pgrg `g ajkdxoñk g` pudrtj TQN ld uk idza`gljr To. Kjtg5 D` gramovj pudld rdsolor dk aug`quodr lordatjroj. Aug`quodr pudrtj TQN dk d` idza`gljr tginoïk ds gadptgn`d. 1. Gsdfõrdsd ld qud su lospjsotovj aòdktd sd ajkdatg g `g oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj To idza`gljr <. Ajkdatd d` lospjsotovj TQN 4. @g pgktg``g FTO ijstrgrç qud d` lospjsotovj TQN sd mg ijktglj. Ldspuïs ld qud d` pg`j sd mg `délj (igyj-sdr 73 sdfukljs içs) sd rdajkjadrç `g gatugòzgaoñk. 2. @g oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj `d prdfuktgrç so ldsdg gatugòzgr. Mgfg aòa dk Gadptgr. 6. D` idza`gljr ``dvgrç g agnj `g gatugòzgaoñk =. @g oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj prdsdktgrç uk idksged qud okloag so `g gatugòzgaoñk mg tdkolj ïxotj j kj. ?.-gpgfgr y dkadkldr `g ukolgl oiprdsaoklon`d y vj`vdr g ajkdatgr uk lospjsotovj aòdktd. 73. Tstdl pudld kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg puktj ld vdr `g kudvg okbjrigaoñk ld `g vdrsoñk ld` boriwgrd. AJK\^J@GLJ^ LD GTLOJ TQN D` To><^ rdquodrd d` usj ld` ajktrj`gljr ld Qjuklargbt QO Oipgatj ld guloj pgrg `g rdprjluaaoñk iu`toagkg` TQN y frgngaoñk. Qd pudld ldsagrfgr g trgvïs ld5 mttp5//www.sjuklargbt.aji/dk/sjbtwgrds/sjuklargbt-iu`toamgkkd`-usn-guloj-lrovd mttp5//www.sjuklargbt.aji/dk/sjbtwgrds /sjuklargbt-iu`toamgkkd`-usn-guloj-lrovdr-v1->3 r-v1->3 j pjr dkaoig ¡OISJ^\GK\D! \dkfg dk audktg qud so ustdl todkd aug`quodr topj ld gramovj zop (qud kj sdg d` gramovj ld gatugòzgaoñk) dk aug`quodr lordatjroj dk `g ``gvd TQN yg, `g gatugòzgaoñk ld sjbtwgrd kj bukaojkgrç. Kjtg Iga JQ pjr ldbdatj gnrd `g ardig``drg ld Ljwk- gramovjs, qud mgrç qud ` g gatugòzgaoñk ld` boriwgrd agrfglj okajipgton`ds. 1.3.75 Gatugòzgaoñk ld Qjbtwgrd y ^DWTOQO\JQ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.3.>5 rdstgn`dadr d` IO]D^ QJB\VG^D; ^DQ\GN@DAD^ D@ IDUA@GLJ^ Mgy ljs kovd`ds ld rdgeustd pgrg d` idza`gljr To. @g proidrg jpdrgaoñk rdstgn`dadrç `js pgrçidtrjs ld rdl dk d` agsj ld qud kj sd pudld ajkdatgr. D` sdfuklj (utoòzg uk gramovj bu``rdsdt.txt dk uk `çpoz ld idijrog TQN dk ajkeukaoñk ajk d` njtñk ld rdokoaoj. Dstj rdstgn`dadrç ajip`dtgidktd `g pgrtd trgsdrg ukolgl g su boriwgrd bçnroag y ajkbofurgaoñk prdldtdriokglg. ^dstgn`dadr `g ardgaoñk ld rdlds ^dstgn`dadr Gliokostrgaoñk y ^dlds ajktrgsd÷g so `g mg j`volglj `g ajktrgsd÷g ld gliokostrgljr j so yg kj ds agpgz ld ajkdatgrsd g `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj. Ttoòad uk aòp (j soio`gr) pgrg igktdkdr pu`sglj d` njtñk ld rdokoaoj rdngeglg (pgkd` `gtdrg`) mgaog gngej lurgktd ukjs 73 sdfukljs iodktrgs sd dkaodkld `g ukolgl. Dstj okoaogòzgr trgngej dk rdl y `g ajktrgsd÷g ld gliokostrgljr ld` To g` dstglj pjr ldbdatj. ^dpjsoaoñk tjtg` Dstd iïtjlj dòiokg tjljs `js aginojs qud pudlg mgndr rdgòzglj dk d` idza`gljr y ldvud`vd `g ukolgl g su boriwgrd sgòdrg ld `g bçnroag pjr ldbdatj y d` dstglj. Qd pdrldrçk tjljs `js geustds, `gs okstgktçkdgs, `js usugrojs, pdrbo`ds y dspdatçau`js. Sjr bgvjr gsdfõrdsd ld qud mg sg`vglj / ajpog ld sdfurolgl ld aug`quodr iudstrg gktds ld rdstgn`dadr d` oktdrbgz ld usugroj. 7) Ardgr uk bu``rdsdt.txt ``giglj gramovj ld prudng (kj mgy ajktdkolj ds kdadsgroj) y ajpogr g ukg idijrog TQN >) Oksdrtd `g idijrog TQN dk ukj ld `js pudrtjs TQN ld `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj. 1) Tsd uk jnedtj `grfj y ld`fglj pgrg sjstdkdr d` njtñk ld rdsdt lurgktd gprjxoiglgidktd 73 sdfukljs, iodktrgs qud dkaodklg `g ukolgl. <) @g oktdrbgz ld usugroj rdajkjadrç d` gramovj bu``rdsdt.txt dk `g idijrog TQN y rdgòzgr uk rdstgn`daoiodktj ld bçnroag ajip`dtg. 4) Ldnd gpgfgr y dkadkldr `g ukolgl y vud`vg g ajkdatgr d` lospjsotovj aòdktd. D` dkadklolj lurgktd g` idkjs 73-74 sdfukljs sdr- pjstdrojr gòidktgaoñk dk proidr p`gkj. Kjtg5 Tk soip`d ijvoiodktj ld gpgfglj / dkadklolj agso sodiprd kj pjlrç grrgkagr ajrrdatgidktd, y pudld gtgsagrsd (ajk pgrpgldj ajktokuj gzu` @DL Vo-Bo). Gsdfõrdsd ld qud d` suiokostrj suiokostrj ld dkdrfég, dspdrd 73-74 73-74 sdfukljs, y dkaodklg dkaodklg.. D` gzu` @DL Vo-Bo pu`sgrç / b`gsm pgrg g`rdldljr g`rdldljr ld 73-74 sdfukljs sdfukljs ldspuïs pdrigkdadr dkadklolj. 1.3.>5 rdstgn`dadr d` IO]D^ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg 1.75 sjbtwgrd ld kgvdfgaoñk Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ Qjbtwgrd; sjbtwgrd ld kgvdfgaoñk Mgy iuamgs tïakoags ld kgvdfgaoñk / fdstjs ajiukds g `gs vdrsojkds ld `g tgn`dtg y td`ïbjkj ld` sjbtwgrd ld ajktrj` ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj. Dstg sdaaoñk ldsarond `js prokaopg`ds. Qdaaoñk 1.6 rdsuid tjljs `js fdstjs ld ajktrj`. \dkfg dk audktg5 @gs agpturgs ld pgktg``g qud sd iudstrgk sjk ld `g vdrsoñk ld` td`ïbjkj ld` sjbtwgrd, dxadptj augklj `js ljs lobodrdk sofkoboagtovgidktd dk su ajktdkolj. idza`gljr ld ldsp`gzgiodktj \juam / Aòah y logpjsotovgs dk ` g pgktg``g ld` idza`gljr pgrg ldsp`gzgrsd g `j `grfj ld tjlg idza`gljr lospjkon`d - okaùydklj B] Qdkl, Gux Qdkl y igdstrjs ld frupj. Bgldr Kjinrd / Agkg` Qd`daaojkgr uk agkg` tjagklj j mgaodklj aòa dk d` kjinrd ld gtdkugljr j agkg`. D` agkg` sd`daaojkglj pdrigkdadrç gatovg (igktdkdr `g gtdkaoñk), okldpdklodktdidktd ld pgktg``g ld bukaoñk mgstg qud sd sd`daaojkd uk kudvj agkg`. Ljun`d \gp Bgldr Gaadldr g` agkg` agkg` DW ld `g pgktg``g pgktg``g IO]. Ljn`d tjqud tjqud j ljn`d aòa. 1.75 sjbtwgrd ld kgvdfgaoñk ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg 1.75 sjbtwgrd ld kgvdfgaoñk Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ Qjbtwgrd; sjbtwgrd ld kgvdfgaoñk Ljn`d ngklg ld agkg` \jqud dk aug`quodr ùfgr ld` frobj ljn`d, dxadptj d` bgldr pgrg gaadldr g `g pgktg``g ld `js idtrjs j pjstdrojr pgsd g `g pgktg``g IO] FGOK ld `g pgktg``g. Kjinrds ld `js agkg`ds ld ldsp`gzgiodktj \jqud / aòa-mj`l y sd ldsòzgk sjnrd `js kjinrds ld agkg` g kjinrd ld `js agkg`ds ld gaadsj g trgvïs ld tjlj d` idza`gljr, okaùydklj dkvéjs ld dbdatjs, `js dkvéjs Gux y Frupj gtdkugljrds. Ljun`d \gp Kjinrd ld` agkg` \d`ïbjkj5 Gaadldr g `g pgktg``g ld` tgn`drj ld okstruidktjs pgrg dsd agkg` - d` gaadsj g DW, lokçioag, Gux y dkvéjs ld dbdatjs, y iuamj içs. \gn`dtg5 Gaadsj DLO\G^ Sgfd; boamg Lokçioag. 1.75 sjbtwgrd ld kgvdfgaoñk ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.75 sjbtwgrd ld kgvdfgaoñk Qjbtwgrd; sjbtwgrd ld kgvdfgaoñk Ld `grfj (dk dspdrg) Su`sd / aòa Tk tjqud `grfj / aòa dk aodrtjs ajktrj`ds gnrd ukg dspdaéboag sunidkõ pgrg dsd ajktrj`. Sjr dedip`j, ukg `grfg dspdrg j mgfg aòa dk d` kjinrd ld` agkg` lg gaadsj g prdgeustds ld agkg`ds, d` aginoj ld kjinrd, ajpogr / pdfgr geustds, `g gsofkgaoñk ld frupjs, sun dk`gad stdrdj, rdstgn`daoiodktj ld` agkg` y `g bukaoñk GQOFKG^ ID. Rdr ldsòzgn`d \jagr d` sòldJut b`damg g `g ldrdamg ld `g pgktg``g IO] Sgrg gaadldr g` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d Rostg. Sgrg d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg, mgfg aòa / tjqud d` njtñk To dk `g dsquokg supdrojr ldrdamg ld `g pgktg``g. @gs jbdrtgs tgn`dtg sòldJut rçpolg idza`gljr ld kgvdfgaoñk pgrg frupjs ajiukds ld agkg`, IT\D y d` gaadsj frupj Rostg, d` njtñk \GS \DISJ, gldiçs ld `gs bukaojkds IT\D G@@ y IT\D B]. Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj dstj lg adsj rçpolj g `g ga\GS \DISJ y `js njtjkds B] IT\D, gldiçs ld QG@\J G (kgvdfgaoñk idza`gljr), F^TSJQ (Iutd y Rdr frupjs), y bukaojkds (bukaojkds rçpolgs ajij `g rdprjluaaoñk y frgngaoñk) jpaojkds. Sudld damgr `g sòldJut Rostg dk su ùfgr g trgvïs ld `g pgktg``g ld geustds. 1.75 sjbtwgrd ld kgvdfgaoñk ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.7.75 AJK\^J@ / FDQ\J ^DQTIDK QJB\VG^D; ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@5 AJK\^J@5 Sgfokgaoñk ld `g idza`g G\GEJQ Ljn`d Aòah / \gp dk vortug` g rdstgn`dadr d` vjùidk ld` agkg` g 3 lN Sgktg``g @AL Tk sj`j aòa / tgp dk d` agkg` Sgk j Ng`gkad zjkg g tdipjrgìdktd agkg` ld okloagaoñk ld` vg`jr ld ld ajktrj` Sgk j Ng`gkad dk `g pgktg``g @AL rd`gtovg agkg` vortug` Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk d` agkg` Sgk j Ng`gkad g adktrj ld agkgòzgr Sgk j d` dquoònroj. ld ajktrj` Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk `g zjkg ld ngklg ld agkg` pgrg kgvdfgr g ID\^JQ pçfokg OKST\ (dxaùydklj tgpg bgldr) Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk `g zjkg ld dktrglg ld` pgrg kgvdfgr g ID\^JQ pçfokg agkg` @OKD (dxaùydklj tgpg bgldr) Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk `g zjkg ld `g torg kd` Sgrg kgvdfgr g ^DS^JLTA\J^ / IDLOG pçfokg. ^DS^JLTA\J^ Amgk (dxaùydklj tgpg bgldr) Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk B] ^D\T^K zjkg ld Sgrg kgvdfgr g B] dkvég `g pçfokg ngklg ld agkg` (dxaùydklj tgpg bgldr) Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk QTF frupj ld zjkgs pgrg kgvdfgr g ID\^JQ pçfokg ngklg ld agkg` (dxaùydklj tgpg bgldr) 1.7.75 ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.7.75 AJK\^J@ / FDQ\J ^DQTIDK QJB\VG^D; ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@5 AJK\^J@5 Sgfokgaoñk ld `g idza`g G\GEJQ Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk GT] zjkg ld agkg` Sgrg kgvdfgr g GT] dkvég `g pçfokg igdstrj (dxaùydklj tgpg bgldr) Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk buklolj ld agkg`ds tgpg ld g` agkg` ld dloaoñk ld sdpgrgljrds ijlj DW kgvdfgr Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk `g dtoqudtg ld agkg` (topjs Sgrg kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg ld dloaoñk ld agkg`ds ld agkg`ds5 Dktrglg, dktrglg ld `ékdg, d` eufgljr, sd`daaojkglg pdstg÷g L_K. Qunfrupj, GT]) Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk `g dtoqudtg ld agkg` (topj kgvdfgr j pdstg÷g sd`daaojkglg agkg` pçfokg ld agkg`5 B] ^D\T^K) DLO\ B] (B] F`jng` pg- rçidtrjs) Aòa `grfj / igktdkdr prdsojkglj dk `g dtoqudtg ld pgrg pgrtoaopgr idkõ didrfdktd agkg`. agkg` Tk sj`j aòa / tgp fgaoñk dk d` pgkd` ld `g Kgvdfgaoñk pgrg pgrtoaopgr dspdatçau`js / skgpsmjt didrfdktd ld òstg ld pgktg``g @AL vortug` ld kovd` supdrojr. gaadsj lordatj gatovgljr Su`sgaoñk `grfg / ld prdksg y rdtdkaoñk dk d` kovd` supdrojr ld` Sgrg kgvdfgr g ajkbofurgaoñk ld `g boamg pçfokg pgkd` ld kgvdfgaoñk vortug` ld `g pgktg``g @AL iudstrg Tk sj`j aòa / tgp dk d` agkg` igstdr ld pgrg kgvdfgr g ID\^JQ pçfokg pgktg``g @AL vortug` 1.7.75 ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.7.75 AJK\^J@ / FDQ\J ^DQTIDK QJB\VG^D; ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@5 `g pçfokg Dlotgr agkg` DW SG^GID\ÔAJ Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk d` dspgaoj vgagktd pgrg kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg IO]. Grrgstrgr nj`gs ld brdaudkaog ld ASD pgrg geustgr `g fgkgkaog lN (grrong y gngej) y `js vg`jrds ld brdaudkaog (ozquodrlg y ldrdamg) Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp nj`gs ld brdaudkaog pgrg rdstgn`dadr ngklg ld brdaudkaog sd`daaojkglg g 3 lN y `g brdaudkaog prdldtdriokglg. D` didrfdktd fdstj j `g rudlg ld` rgtñk / trgahpgl ld pgrg geustgr d` vg`jr W ldsp`gzgiodktj dk nj`g brdaudkaog sd`daaojkglj Grrgstrgr ng`ñk brdaudkaog LD-DQQD^ pgrg geustgr `g brdaudkaog y lN uinrg` vodejs vg`jrds. D` didrfdktd fdstj j `g rudlg ld` rgtñk / trgahpgl pgrg geustgr d` vg`jr ld rd`gaoñk. ld ldsp`gzgiodktj dk LD-DQQD^ ng`ñk brdaudkaog Grrgstrgr nj`g ld `g brdaudkaog @SB / MSB pgrg geustgr d` vg`jr ld brdaudkaog @A / MSB. Kjtg5 @g pdklodktd ld `g aurvg tginoïk sd pudld geustgr idlogktd `g sd`daaoñk ld `g aurvg ldsdglg dk d` idkõ ld pgkd` ld `g ldrdamg. 1.7.75 ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.7.75 AJK\^J@ / FDQ\J ^DQTIDK QJB\VG^D; ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@5 `g pçfokg Dlotgr agkg` DW F^ÇBOAJ Qjnrd d` Igstdr DW y GT]7-> ds pjson`d qud \dkfg dk audktg, sñ`j dstç lospjkon`d dk IGDQ\^J tginoïk L^GF MSB y @SB DW pgrg Ozquodrlg / Ldrdamg y GT] / IG\Ô] 7 y sd`daaojkgr `g brdaudkaog ldsdglg. >. brdaudkaog FDW pgrg geustgr `g fgkgkaog lN ld brdaudkaog sd`daaojkglj. Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp brdaudkaog FDW pgrg rdstgn`dadr brdaudkaog sd`daaojkglg g 3 lN. FDW Grrgstrd pgrg vdr d` rdstj ld `gs brdaudkaogs dsquokg supdrojr ozquodrlg vdrç ukg rdprdsdktgaoñk rdprdsdktgaoñ k ld `js 17 ngklgs (tgig÷j ldpdkld ld` tgig÷j ld `g pgktg``g qud sd utoòzg) 1.7.75 ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.7.75 AJK\^J@ / FDQ\J ^DQTIDK QJB\VG^D; ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@5 DLO\G^ AGKG@5 Dkvéjs GT]O@OG^DQ Su`sgaoñk `grfg / ld prdksg y rdtdkaoñk Amgk KD@ tgpdtg pgrg 'dstgn`dadr tjljs prd j pjst' jpaoñk. ld njtjkds S^D / SJQ\ Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk `g zjkg ld `g t org Dkvogr pgrg kgvdfgr g Sgfd idza`g. agkg` (dxaùydklj tgpg bgldr) Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk `g dtoqudtg ld agkg` Sgrg kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg ld dloaoñk ld agkg`ds sd`daaojkglg pdstg÷g L_K. Su`sgaoñk `grfg / ld prdksg y rdtdkaoñk dk `g dtoqudtg pgrg pgrtoaopgr idkõ didrfdktd ld agkg` ld agkg` Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk @AL agkg` g 'vj`vdr g` kovd` adrj' 1.7.75 ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.7.75 AJK\^J@ / FDQ\J ^DQTIDK QJB\VG^D; AJK\^J@ LD ^DQTIDK5 DLO\G^ AGKG@5 dkvéjs ld dbdatjs Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk `g zjkg ld `g torg Dkvogr pgrg kgvdfgr g Sgfd idza`g. agkg` (dxaùydklj tgpg bgldr) Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk `g dtoqudtg ld agkg`. Sgrg kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg ld dloaoñk ld agkg`ds sd`daaojkglg pdstg÷g L_K Su`sgaoñk `grfg / ld prdksg y rdtdkaoñk dk `g dtoqudtg pgrg pgrtoaopgr idkõ didrfdktd agkg`. ld agkg` Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk @AL agkg` g 'vj`vdr g` kovd` adrj' 1.7.75 ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.7.75 AJK\^J@ / FDQ\J ^DQTIDK QJB\VG^D; AJK\^J@ LD ^DQTIDK5 DLO\G^ AGKG@5 dkvéjs ld dbdatjs Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk `g zjkg ld ngklg ld agkg` pgrg kgvdfgr g Sgfd idza`g. (dxaùydklj tgpg bgldr) Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk d` agsquo``j gtdkugljr ld agkg` Sgrg kgvdfgr g agkg` ld dloaoñk ld sdpgrgljrds ijlj DW. Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk `g dtoqudtg ld agkg` Sgrg kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg ld dloaoñk ld agkg`ds sd`daaojkglg pdstg÷g L_K Su`sgaoñk `grfg / ld prdksg y rdtdkaoñk dk `g dtoqudtg ld pgrg pgrtoaopgr idkõ didrfdktd agkg`. agkg` 1.7.75 ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.7.75 AJK\^J@ / FDQ\J ^DQTIDK QJB\VG^D; ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@5 AJ K\^J@5 sòldJut pgkd` ld gaadsjs lordatjs sd`datjrds ld òstg gldiçs ld utoòzgr ukg 'agrfg' fgto``j njtñk. sd`daaojkds ld d`didktjs lospjkon`ds dk `js auglrjs ld òstg sd pudldk mgadr pjr ljn`d aòa / rjsaglj dk ukg sd`daaoñk Su`sgaoñk `grfg / ld prdksg y rdtdkaoñk dk sunfrupjs Sgrg kgvdfgr g Qun ajkbofu- rgaoñk frupj (pçfokg idtrjs, boamg QTNQ). F^TSJQ Sgrg kgvdfgr g `g ajkbofurgaoñk Rostgs (pçfokg idtrjs, boamg Rostgs) Su`sgaoñk `grfg / ld prdksg y rdtdkaoñk dk `js frupjs ld Sgrg kgvdfgr g `js frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj ajk- so`dkaogiodktj bofurgaoñk (pçfokg idtrjs, boamg QJ^LOKGQ). Su`sgaoñk `grfg / ld prdksg y rdtdkaoñk ajk \GS pgrg `g dktrglg ld tdipj kuiïroaj. Su`sgaoñk `grfg / ld prdksg y rdtdkaoñk g `g vostg \DISJ Dk aug`quodr ijidktj pudld mgadr aòa dk d` njtñk MJID pgrg vj`vdr g `g idza`gljrg prokaopg`. Dstç nodk rdajidklglj pgrg d` usj bçao` pgrg sd`daaojkgr d` pgkd` F^GKLD Q@OLJT\ ldsld d` idkõ ld ajkbofurgaoñk y d` pok g `g idza`gljrg pgrg qud dstï lospjkon`d dk aug`quodr ijidktj. 1.7.75 ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.7.75 AJK\^J@ / FDQ\J ^DQTIDK QJB\VG^D; ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@5 `g pçfokg Dlotgr agkg` Lofotdam \gn5 Tk sj`j aòa / tgp dk `g pgrg qud gpgrdzag `g òstg ld sd`daaoñk gip agndzg gip Lofotdam \gn5 Tk sj`j aòa / tgp dk d` pgrg qud gpgrdzag `g òstg ld sd`daaoñk ld `g agnokg fgnokdtd L_K \gn5 pgrg kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg IO]. Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk d` dspgaoj vgagktd L_K \gn5 Grrgstrd ng`ñk pgrg geustgr `g lokçioag ld vg`jr uinrg` uinrg`. L_K \gn5 Grrgstrd ng`ñk pgrg geustgr `g lokçioag ld vg`jr ld `g rd`gaoñk prjpjraoñk B] \gn5 Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk d` dspgaoj vgagktd. Sgrg kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg IO] B] \gn5 pgrg d` Fdstjr ld geustds prddstgn`daoljs Tk sj`j aòa / tgp dk `g rga Rortug` B] h GT] \gn5 pgrg kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg IO]. Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tgp dk d` dspgaoj vgagktd 1.7.75 ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.7.75 AJK\^J@ / FDQ\J ^DQTIDK QJB\VG^D; AJK\^J@ LD ^DQTIDK5 idtrjs SÇFOKG Tk sj`j aòa / tgp dk aug`quodr zjkg ld RT pgrg ldsp`gzgrsd mgstg d` agkg` ajrrdspjklodktd dk `g pçfokg idtrjs agkg` IO]. Su`sgaoñk `grfg / ld prdksg y rdtdkaoñk d` njtñk pgrg `g dktrglg ld tdipj kuiïroaj. \GS 1.7.75 ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.7.75 AJK\^J@ / FDQ\J ^DQTIDK QJB\VG^D; AJK\^J@ LD ^DQTIDK / Gtgejs Mj`l Q@J-IJ GETQ\D BOKJ d` gtdkugljr Sdriotd d` geustd boukd ld pgrç- idtrjs pgrg igyjr dxgatotul. Dstgn`dad dk adrj ljn`d aòa kudvj g adrj Mgfg ljn`d aòa dk aug`quodr pgrçidtrj sd rdstgn`dadrç ld ID\^JQ sg`tj g / GT] ljn`d aòa Mgfg ljn`d aòa dk aug`quodr agkg` sd gnrorç iosij agkg` dk idtrjs pçfokgs / Gux QG@\J G DW / L_K ljn`d aòa Ljn`d aòa, dta. AGINOJ B] pu`sd y Qd gnrorç d` idkõ didrfdktd pgrg d` aginoj rçpolj ld igktdkfg pu`sglj `js dbdatjs STK\DGLG \GNQ pu`sd y igktdkfg pu`sglj Aug`quodr pdstg÷g ajk d` puktj dk `g dsquokg ldrdamg Rjùktgl todkd ukg bukaoñk ld gaadsj lordatj qud sd pudld gatovgr g trgvïs pu`sglg `g tda`g. 1.7.75 ^DQTIDK LD AJK\^J@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.>5 SGQ\O@@G LD KGRDFGAOÑK QJB\VG^D; \GN@D\ / KGRDFGAOÑK pgktg``g frgkld @g pgktg``g IO] ds d` vg`jr pjr ldbdatj pgrg d` sjbtwgrd ld pgktg``g ld `g tgn`dt To / frgkld - Sudld ldsp`gzgrsd ldsld g``é g jtrgs pgktg``gs y bukaojkds dk ukg vgrodlgl ld igkdrgs. @js ajktrj`ds ld kovd` 7 ld kgvdfgaoñk qud ``dvgk lordatgidktd g lovdrsgs pgktg``gs prokaopg`ds, Kovd` > ld kgvdfgaoñk (boamgs ld pçfokg) ajkiutg agpgs ldktrj ld `g pgktg``g sd`daaojkglg, y ajktrj`ds ld kovd` 1 ld kgvdfgaoñk sd`daaojkgr agkg`ds oklovolug`ds. ID\^JQ Gaadldr g `g pçfokg ID\^JQ @gs boamgs dk dstg pçfokg sjk ID\^JQ, (idtrjs y Dstglj), QJ^LOK GQ, ROQ\GQ ,, RAG y QTNQ (Qun Frupjs). D` dstglj pjr ldbdatj pçfokg idtrjs dspdatçau`js pgrg gòidktgaoñk pmgktji, bgsd, iulj, y dk sjòtgroj, gldiçs ld `g idloaoñk ld frçboaj ld ngrrgs pgrg d` kovd`, `g rdluaaoñk ld fgkgkaog (lokçioag). Sudld gatovgr `js frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj, utoòzgr \gp \dipj, y a`grj QJ@J, IT\D G@@, y iulj B] lordatgidktd ldsld dstg pçfokg. 1.>5 SGQ\O@@G LD KGRDFGAOÑK ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.>5 SGQ\O@@G LD KGRDFGAOÑK QJB\VG^D; \GN@D\ / KGRDFGAOÑK pgktg``g frgkld IO] / FGKGKAOG Gaadldr g `gs pçfokgs IO] y FGOK Augklj d` njtñk ds ld aj`jr kgrgkeg, sd iudstrg `g pçfokg IO] (ldsòzgljrds ld agkg`) y augklj d` njtñk ds rjej, sd iudstrg `g pçfokg FGOK (gtdkugljrds ld fgkgkaog rdijtj y ajktrj`ds dtgpg ld dktrglg). 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Ajk Dloaoñk ld `js dkvéjs guxoògrds pçfokg prdsd`daaojkgrç `js dkvéjs guxoògrds boamg pgrg d` agkg` ld dktrglg sd`daaojkglj. dkvéjs ld dbdatjs Gaadldr g `g pçfokg ld dkvéjs ld dbdatjs Iudstrg ukg vostg ngsglg dk gtdkugljr ld tjljs `js kovd`ds ld dkvéj ld dbdatjs pgrg d` B] Qdkl sd`daaojkglj gutjnõs. \ginoïk iudstrg agkg` ld rdtjrkj ld dbdatjs dk d` `glj ldrdamj. G` sd`daaojkgr Dlotgr dk d` B] dkvég `g pçfokg prdsd`daaojkgrç `g pdstg÷g B] Qdkl ld` agkg` ld dktrglg sd`daaojkglj. IDLOJQ LD AJITKOAGAOÑK Gaadldr g `g pçfokg IDLOJQ ^dprjluaaoñk y ajktrj`ds ld frgngaoñk, gldiçs ld sd`daaojkds y rdprjluaaoñk ld `g postg. \ginoïk iudstrg `js agkg`ds ld rdprjluaaoñk @ y rdprjluaaoñk ^ dk `g pgrtd ozquodrlg. GETQ\DQ Gaadldr g `g pçfokg ld ajkbofurgaojkds y geustds ld` idza`gljr y ajkbofurgaojkds. 1.>5 SGQ\O@@G LD KGRDFGAOÑK ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.>5 SGQ\O@@G LD KGRDFGAOÑK QJB\VG^D; \GN@D\ / KGRDFGAOÑK pgktg``g frgkld OKQ\GK\ÇKDG D` gaadsj ld` dspdatçau`j y `gs okstgktçkdgs didrfdktd ld` sd`datjr ld prjfrgigs ld agrfg y `gs okstgktçkdgs lordatgidktd ldsld dstg vdktgkg didrfdktd. LDQ@OAD Gaadldr g `g vostg ldsòzgn`d dk d` `glj ldrdamj ld `g pgktg``g Jbrdad ukg vostg rçpolg y `g bukaojkgòlgl ld ajkiutgaoñk ajkiutgaoñk ld dstglj. @g vostg sòldJut sd pudld ajkbofurgr ajij 'a`gvglj' (pdrigkdktd) dk `g pçfokg ld ajkbofurgaoñk ld idza`g y Gux / B] dkvég pçfokgs ld bjrig okldpdklodktd okldpdklodktd.. 1.>5 SGQ\O@@G LD KGRDFGAOÑK ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.>.75 AJK\^J@ LD \DA@GLJ QJB\VG^D; ajktrj` ld` tda`glj y gtgejs Sgrg `js usugrojs ld idza`g ajk uk lospjsotovj qud todkd uk tda`glj, pjr bgvjr vdr içs gngej uk ajkeuktj ld ajigkljs ajk tda`gs ld bçao` gaadsj, pjr `j qud ds rçpolj y dboaodktd pgrg gaadldr g `gs bukaojkds içs utoòzglgs dk d` idza`gljr. @`gvds 7 9 Idtrjs > 9 \jff`d Iox / Fgok 1 9 Dlotgr < 9 dkvéjs Gux 4 9 B] dkvég 2 9 S`gydr 6 9 Ajkbofurgaoñk = 9 logpjsotovg ld ? 9 Idtrjs q 9 \jff`d Dktrglgs w 9 \jff`d B] Igstdrs d 9 \jff`d Qun Igstdrs frupj ^ 9 \jff`d Gux Igstdrs t 9 \jff`d RAG Igstdrs p 9 prdgeustds ld agkg`ds (pgrg agkg`ds qud todkdk prdgeustds ld agkg`ds) g 9 Iutd \jljs s 9 sjòtgroj sd`daaojk sd`daaojkglg glg gatugìdktd mgkkd` b 9 Qo`dkaoj B] rdfostrj x 9 > postgs a 9 sd`daaojkglj gatugìdktd idkõ didrfdktd agkg` ld i 9 Qo`dkaoj gatugìdktd sd`daaojkglj Ngrrg ld dspgaoj 9 agkg` ldsòzgn`d tgn 9 @> ld pg`gkag g trgvïs ld pdstg÷gs dspgaoj Rj`vdr 9 õ`toig pçfokg B`damg ldrdamg 9 Qd`daaojkd d` prñxoij agkg` ld b`damg ozquodrlg 9 Qd`daaojkd agkg` gktdrojr B`damg grrong 9 Ngkaj ld pgsgr g `g bgsd sofuodktd agkg` voson`d B`damg gngej 9 Ngkaj rdvïs sg`tj g` sofuodktd agkg` voson`d tda`g DQA 9 @`ïvgid g agsg 1.>.75 AJK\^J@ LD \DA@GLJ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.>.75 AJK\^J@ LD \DA@GLJ QJB\VG^D; gtgejs FTO Ld ngrrg ld kgvdfgaoñk ld pgktg``g - g `grfj aòa pgrg sg`tgr g QD\\OKFQ-; DQSDA\ÇAT@JQ DQSDA\ÇAT@JQ Igdstrj ld agkg` @AL - Su`sd pgrg g`tdrkgr dktrd `g vostg y `g pçfokg IO] ID\^JQ ldsòzgljr Sgk - sj`j aòa pgrg ijstrgr d` vg`jr dk d` ajktrj` ldsòzgktd @AL Sgk - Ljn`d aòa pgrg rdstgn`dadr g` agsquo``j ld` adktrj ld Bgldr - Mgfg ljn`d aòa dk `g tgpg ld dquoònroj dk euipt g DLO\-; FDW agsquo``j Bgldr so Igstdr @jah gatovglj y suedtd Bgldr pgrg `g soktjkozgaoñk dk `g ajkbofurgaoñk5 - Mgfg uk aòa `grfj > sdfukljs pgrg ldsn`jqudgr tdipjrgìdktd y geustgr d` vg`jr ld bgldr - aòa `grfg < sdf g MJ@L BGLD^ `g soktjkozgaoñk bokg (so kj dk `g adrrglurg prokaopg`, igktdkfg BGLD^ `g soktjkozgaoñk bokg sd dstgn`dad dk > sdfukljs) dtoqudtg ld agkg` - g `grfj mgfg aòa pgrg gatovgr d` idkõ didrfdktd ld agkg` pçfokg idtrjs Idloljrds ld agkg` - mgadr aòa pgrg sd`daaojkgr d` agkg` y sg`tgr g `g pçfokg IO] Dspgaoj ònrd dk idtrjs-; QJ^LOKGQ / vodws / QTNQ / GRA - Mgfg ljn`d aòa dk spdgad ònrd pgrg rdfrdsgr g `g pçfokg pçfokg IO] IO] Amgkkd` Qtrop @AL - Ljn`d aòa g 3Sgk lN agkg` - @jkf Mgfgdàòavg`jr pgrg dktrgragkg` igkugìdkt igkugìdktd d d` pgrg vg`jr rdstgn`dadr ld ldsòzgljr - sj`j@AL aòa pgrg ijstrgr dk d` ajktrj` ldsòzgktd @AL Sgk - Ljn`d aòa pgrg rdstgn`dadr g ADK\^J torg ld Dktrglgs ld Agkg` / @OKD / sunfrupjs - Mgfg aòa ljn`d torg / RT zjkg pgrg or g Idtrjs ld ngklg ld agkg` eufgljr Ljn`d aòah pgrg or g `g pçfokg ld` eufgljr ld ngklg ld agkg` ld zjkg brgkeg Igstdr B] - Ljn`d Aòa pgrg dkvéjs ld dbdatjs ld ngklg ld agkg` GT] Igstdrs - Ljn`d mgadr aòa pgrg or g `js dkvéjs Gux tgpgs Bgldr - ljn`d aòa ld bgldr tgpgs g euipt g DLO\-; DW (dxadptj RAG) dtoqudtgs ld agkg` - g `grfj mgfg aòa pgrg gatovgr d` idkõ didrfdktd ld agkg` dtoqudtgs ld agkg` - ljn`d aòah pgrg sg`tgr g DLO\-; AJIS (dxaùyd B] Igdstrjs) I gdstrjs) `gs dtoqudtgs ld` agkg` B] Igstdrs - ljn`d aòah pgrg sg`tgr g DLO\-; dkvéjs ld dbdatjs DLO\G^ SÇFOKG Dk fdkdrg`, mgadr ljn`d aòa dk d` dspgaoj ònrd ldvj`vdrç g` usugroj g `g pçfokg ld IO] dkvéjs tda`g \gnGT] pgrg aginogr dktrd agkg`ds igstdr guxoògr zjkgs ld ngklg ld agkg` - Mgfg ljn`d aòa pgrg or g `g pçfokg Iox dkvéjs ld dbdatjs tda`g ld tgnu`gaoñk pgrg ldsp`gzgrsd pjr `js agkg`ds B] igdstrj zjkgs ld ngklg ld agkg` - Mgfg ljn`d aòa pgrg or g `g pçfokg Iox Sdqud÷j ageñk ldsòzgn`d njtñk ld` frupj ld sun - @jkf aòa pgrg euipt g idtrjs-; QTNQ Rdr njtñk ld frupj - @jkf aòa pgrg sg`tgr g idtrjs-; ROQ\GQ njtñk ld frupj Iutd - @jkf aòa pgrg sg`tgr g idtrjs-; njtñk QJ^LOKGQ \gp \dipj - @jkf aòa pgrg dktrgr dk Igkug`` \dipj Logpjsotovg frgkld budrg njtjkds ld` frupj ld so`dkaogiodktj - @jkf Su`sd pgrg sg`tgr g idtrjs-; QJ^LOKGQ ld` frupj sd`daaojkglj dk dsd ijidktj njtjkds ld vostg ld frupj - @jkf aòa pgrg sg`tgr g idtrjs-; Bjtjs ld` njtñk ld` frupj sd`daaojkglj dk dsd ijidktj \gp \dipj - @jkf mgfg aòa pgrg dktrgr dk Igkug`` vg`jr ld` tdipj fdkdrg` mgaodklj ljn`d aòa dk d` dspgaoj ònrd ldvj`vdrç g` usugroj g `g pçfokg ld njtñk \gp tdipj IO] - g `grfj mgfg aòa pgrg dktrgr vg`jr igkug` 1.>.75 AJK\^J@ LD \DA@GLJ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg 1.15 Sgktg``gs \GN@D\ Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ QJB\VG^D; SGK\G@@GQ sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg @js prokaopg`ds pgktg``gs ld` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg sd gaadld ldsld d` kovd` 7 Njtjkds ld kgvdfgaoñk g `j `grfj ld `g pgrtd supdrojr ld` çrdg ld `g pgktg``g, j idlogktd végs ld gaadsj rçpolj, ajij d` ljn`d tjqud dk uk ldsòzgljr pgrg gaadldr g `g pgktg``g DW (vdr sdaaoñk 1.7). ID\^JQ @gs pdstg÷gs sjk idloljrds (pgrg tjljs `js agkg`ds), QJ^LOKGQ (gsofkgaoñk ld frupj Iutd), vostgs (Rdr gsofkgaoñk ld frupj), y QTNQ (gsofkgaoñk sun-frupj). @g pçfokg audktg ajk idloljrds RT idtrjs y idloljrds ld rdluaaoñk ld fgkgkaog pgrg tjljs Kd`s Amgk, y tginoïk prjpjraojkg uk gaadsj rçpolj g `g a`grg QJ@JQ, IT\D B] y so`dkaogr g tjljs `js njtjkds, gldiçs ld tjljs `js frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj. IDUA@G IO] ds `g pgktg``g içs usglj d okaùyd ukg pgktg``g ldsp`gzgn`d ld aglg gtdkugljr ld agkg`. D` jrldk ld `js agkg`ds ld ozquodrlg g ldrdamg ds5 ldsòzgljrds ld agkg` ld dktrglg, `ékdg dk ldsòzgljrds, `js ldsòzgljrds ld` rdprjluatjr ld idlojs, gtdkugljrds ld rdtjrkj B], bgldrs Qunfrupj, y igstdr guxoògr gtdkugljrds. D` mgrlwgrd To ds d` prjpodtgroj ldtdriokgrç d` kõidrj ld agkg`ds qud sd vd dk d` sjbtwgrd ld ajktrj`. FGKGKAOG \jljs `js ijld`js ld idza`gljr To okaùydk ajktrj` ld fgkgkaog g lostgkaog y gòidktgaoñk bgktgsig rdijtj. @g pgktg``g FGOK bçaoìdktd oldktoboagljs pjr sus `ékdgs ld kovd` ld bgldr rjej - audktg ajk gtdkugljrds ld fgkgkaog, y `g gòidktgaoñk pmgktji y bgsd okvdrtolg njtjkds. Kjtg5 Augklj LGV okf Qd`daaojkgr- j TQN Tkg rdprjluaaoñk ld ïstjs nr losagpgaotgljs y jtrj ajkeuktj lospjkon`d pgrg `g frgngaoñk ldspuïs ld `js proidrjs >3 ld dktrglg ld ioarñbjkj Kd`s Amgk. 1.15 Sgktg``gs Qjbtwgrd pgrg \gn`dt ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg 1.15 Sgktg``gs \GN@D\ Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ QJB\VG^D; SGK\G@@GQ sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg DLO\G^ @g pçfokg DLO\ prjpjraojkg gaadsj g trgtgiodktj ld guloj ajij DW, lokçioag, y B]. @gs pdstg÷gs ld prjadsgiodktj ld guloj dspdaéboags lospjkon`ds ldpdkldk ld` topj ld agkg` sd`daaojkglj. Sjr dedip`j, `gs sgòlgs guxoògrds y Agkg` Igdstrj okaùydk daugòzgljr frçboaj. DKRÉJQ GT]O@OG^DQ DKRÉJQ GT]O@OG^DQ ds ljkld sd ardgk `gs idza`gs gux. @js gtdkugljrds ld ldtdriokgr d` kovd` ld sd÷g` dkvoglg g` nus guxoògr sd`daaojkglj. Qd`daaojkd ukg idza`g guxoògr ld `js lospjkon`ds dk `g pgrtd supdrojr ld `g vostg pgrg geustgr dsg idza`g. D` igstdr guxoògr dstgrç lospjkon`d dk d` dxtrdij ldrdamj ld `g pgktg``g, euktj g` agkg` prokaopg`. dkvéjs ld dbdatjs B] Dkvogr ldsòzgljrds ldtdriokgk `g idza`g qud sd dkvég g` prjadsgljr ld dbdatjs sd`daaojkglj. Dk proidr ùfgr, sd`daaojkgr d` dbdatj qud ldsdg geustgr usgklj `gs pdstg÷gs, y ùdfj geustgr `js ldsòzgljrds pgrg guidktgr j losiokuor `g agktolgl ld rdvdrndrgaoñk ustdl quosodrg g÷glolj g aglg agkg` ld dktrglg. Qd`daaojkd Dlotgr pgrg ijloboagr d` g`fjrotij ld B] sd`daaojkglj. IGQ _J IJ^DID pdriotd g `js usugrojs gsofkgr su prjpoj agkg` pdrsjkg`, y ardgk ukg idza`g ld ijkotjrdj pdrsjkg` ajk uk sj`j gtdkugljr frgkld. IJ^DID kjinrds ld `js agkg`ds sd rdsg`tgk dk aj`jr kgrgkeg. Sgrg gsofkgr uk agkg` ld dktrglg g` bgldr IJ^DID, g `grfj pu`sd d` kjinrd ld` agkg` y sd`daaojkd `g bukaoñk GQOFKG^ ID. Ttoòad d` iosij prjadsj pgrg gsofkgr uk nus guxoògr ajij yj mgaog budrg '. Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg, sd`daaojkd IJ^DID dk d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d, j ford d` oSgl g ukg vostg vdrtoag` pgrg gaadldr g `g pgktg``g ld IJ^DID. 1.15 Sgktg``gs Qjbtwgrd pgrg \gn`dt ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg 1.15 Sgktg``gs \GN@D\ Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ QJB\VG^D; SGK\G@@GQ sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg IDLOJQ LD AJITKOAGAOÑK D` idza`gljr To mg ajkstruolj dk uk rdprjluatjr ld idlojs. Dstj pudld sdr usglj pgrg postgs ld gajipg÷giodktj j pgrg iõsoag ld bjklj dktrd sdrods. @g rdprjluaaoñk ld gramovjs sd trgksiotd lordatgidktd lordatgidktd ldsld ukg idijrog TQN. Su`sd d` oajkj ld idlojs pgrg dktrgr dk `g pçfokg ld` eufgljr. @js gramovjs pudldk sdr rdprjluaoljs ldsld ukg òstg ld rdprjluaaoñk j lordatgidktd ldsld `g òstg ld gramovjs. Srdsojkd y igktdkfg d` kjinrd ld agkg` ld rdprjluaaoñk pgrg qud gpgrdzag d` idkõ ld agkg`ds. GETQ\DQ Ld` sostdig, `g rdl y `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld sdfurolgl, gsé ajij dspdatçau`js y fdstoñk ld okstgktçkdgs. Rïgsd `g sdaaoñk 73 pgrg içs ldtg``ds. 1.15 Sgktg``gs Qjbtwgrd pgrg \gn`dt ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 1.<5 \D@ÏBJKJ KGRDFGAOÑK QJB\VG^D; KGRDFGAOÑK \D@ÏBJKJ @g pgktg``g IO] ds d` vg`jr prdldtdriokglj pgrg d` sjbtwgrd To - Sudld ldsp`gzgrsd ldsld g``é g jtrgs pgktg``gs y bukaojkds dk ukg vgrodlgl ld igkdrgs. Sgrg gaadldr g `g pgktg``g ld` idkõ, pu`sd d` oajkj ld KGR dk `g dsquokg supdrojr ldrdamg ld `g pgktg``g. Srdsojkd ld kudvj pgrg vj`vdr g `g pgktg``g IO]. KGR Gaadldr g `g pgktg``g ld` idkõ prokaopg` Augklj dstç dk usj, d` njtñk KGR aginog g` oajkj ld `g tda`g ld rdtjrkj. Qd utoòzg pgrg vj`vdr g `g pgktg``g IO]. Iudstrg / QKGSQMJ\Q Gaadldr g `g agrfg Qmjw y okstgktçkdgs / Fugrlgr pçfokg. 1.<5 \D@ÏBJKJ KGRDFGAOÑK ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg 1.<5 pgktg``gs ld td`ïbjkjs Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ QJB\VG^D; pgktg``gs ld td`ïbjkjs QJB\VG^D Dk `g pgktg``g ld idkõ sd pudld gaadldr g `g pgktg``g IO] (njtñk Rj`vdr, dk `g dsquokg supdrojr ldrdamg) y jtrjs kudvd pgktg``gs prokaop prokaopg`ds g`ds g trgvïs ld `js njtjkds ld frgk tgig÷j ajk añlofjs ld aj`jrds. ETFGLJ^ D` idza`gljr To mg ajkstruolj dk uk rdprjluatjr ld idlojs. Dstj pudld sdr usglj pgrg postgs ld gajipg÷giodktj j pgrg iõsoag ld bjklj dktrd sdrods. @g rdprjluaaoñk ld gramovjs sd trgksiotd lordatgidktd ldsld ukg idijrog TQN. @js gramovjs pudldk sdr r dprjluaoljs ldsld ukg òstg ld rdprjluaaoñk j lordatgidktd ldsld `g òstg ld gramovjs. Srdsojkd y igktdkfg d` kjinrd ld agkg` ld rdprjluaaoñk pgrg qud gpgrdzag d` idkõ ld agkg`ds. IGQ _J IJ^DID pdriotd g `js usugrojs gsofkgr su prjpoj agkg` pdrsjkg`, y ardgk ukg idza`g ld ijkotjrdj pdrsjkg` ajk uk sj`j gtdkugljr frgkld. IJ^DID kjinrds ld `js agkg`ds sd rdsg`tgk dk aj`jr kgrgkeg. Sgrg gsofkgr uk agkg` ld dktrglg g `g IJ^DID bgldr, pu`sd `grfj d` kjinrd ld` agkg` y sd`daaojkd `g bukaoñk QOFK ID GQ. Ttoòad d` iosij prjadsj pgrg gsofkgr uk nus guxoògr ajij yj mgaog budrg '. ID\^JQ Okloagljrds ld vjùidk pgrg tjljs `js agkg`ds ld` idza`gljr, gldiçs ld `js @DL ld dstglj ld gòidktgaoñk pmgktji, bgsd, Aòp, iutd y sj`j. Qo pu`sg dk aug`quodr ngkaj idtrj, qud `d ``dvgrç g `js gtdkugljrds ld `js agkg`ds ld `g pçfokg IO]. Dstg pçfokg tginoïk prjpjraojkg uk gaadsj rçpolj g `g a`grg QJ@JQ, IT\D B] y so`dkaogr tjljs `js njtjkds. GETQ\DQ Tkg fgig ld ajkbofurgaojkds ld` sostdig y jpaojkds ld ajkbofurgaoñk dk `g ajkbofurgaoñk pjr pgrtolgs (idza`gr prdbdrdkaogs), FTO (oktdrbgsd), ^DL (puktj agòdktd Vo-Bo y ld `g ajktrgsd÷g), d` gaadsj (sdfurolgl iu`to-usugroj), y gyulg. 1.<5 pgktg``gs ld td`ïbjkjs QJB\VG^D ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg 1.45 pgktg``gs ld `js td`ïbjkjs Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ QJB\VG^D; pgktg``gs ld td`ïbjkjs QJB\VG^D DKRÉJQ GT]O@OG^DQ Dkvéjs guxoògrds ds ljkld sd ardg `g idza`g GT]. @js ldsòzgljrds ld agkg` ld dktrglg GT] ldtdriokgk d` kovd` ld `g sd÷g` dkvoglg g dsd nus gux. Qd`daaojkd ukg idza`g guxoògr g `g ldrdamg pgrg geustgr `g idza`g ld tjljs `js agkg`ds. FGKGKAOG \jljs `js ijld`js ld idza`gljr To okaùydk ajktrj` ld fgkgkaog g lostgkaog y gòidktgaoñk bgktgsig rdijtj. @g pgktg``g FGOK bçaoìdktd oldktoboagljs pjr sus `ékdgs ld kovd` ld bgldr rjej audktg ajk gtdkugljrds ld fgkgkaog, y `js njtjkds ld dkadklolj y `g bgsd ld <=R. DQSDA\ÇAT@JQ Dspdatçau`js y fdstoñk ld okstgktçkdgs, d` gmjrrj y d` rdaudrlj dta. Tkg iudstrg ds ukg aj`daaoñk ld okstgktçkdgs. Tkg okstgktçkdg ds uk ajkeuktj gìgadkglj ld geustds ld` idza`gljr ajip`dtj. dkvéjs ld dbdatjs B] Dkvogr ldsòzgljrds ldtdriokgk `g idza`g qud sd dkvég g` prjadsgljr ld dbdatjs sd`daaojkglj. Dk proidr ùfgr, sd`daaojkgr d` dbdatj qud ldsdg geustgr usgklj `gs pdstg÷gs, y ùdfj geustgr `js ldsòzgljrds pgrg guidktgr j losiokuor `g agktolgl ld rdvdrndrgaoñk ustdl quosodrg g÷glolj g aglg agkg` ld dktrglg. Qd`daaojkd B] DLO\ pgrg dlotgr d` g`fjrotij B] sd`daaojkglj. DLO\G^ Su`sd ljs vdads d` kjinrd ld` agkg` j pgktg``g ld sd`daaoñk ld dloaoñk pgrg gnror d` pgkd` ld ajktrj` ld agkg`. Dstg pgktg``g pdriotd `g dloaoñk ld DW, lokçioag, dbdatjs y dkvéjs guxoògrds. Qoip`didktd mgfg aòa dk `g pgktg``g qud ldsdg y sd gnrorç dsg agrgatdréstoag dk pgktg``g ajip`dtg. Su`sd ljs vdads d` kjinrd ld Agkg` Igdstrj pgrg `g pçfokg Dlot Igstdr. 1.45 pgktg``gs ld td`ïbjkjs QJB\VG^D ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.35 agkg`ds ld` idza`gljr agkg`ds ld` idza`gljr @js idza`gljrds To todkd ukg vgrodlgl ld topjs ld agkg` ld dktrglg y ld sgòlg. Sudld vdr tjljs `js agkg`ds dk `g pgktg``g IO] prokaopg` y grrgstrgr d` ldsp`gzgiodktj g `j `grfj ld `g ajksj`g vortug`. \ginoïk pudld utoòzgr `g pçfokg IO] pgkd`ds ldsòzgn`d pgrg sd`daaojkgr `js topjs ld agkg`ds dspdaéboajs y vostgs prdldbokolgs. Ld` agkg` ld dktrglg - `gs sdaaojkds <.7 y <.> Tk agkg` ld dktrglg To ajkstg ld ukg sdaaoñk FGOK (dktrglg bésoag, prd-gipòboagljr, `g bgsd, `g gòidktgaoñk bgktgsig dta) y `g sdaaoñk IO]. @js agkg`ds ld dktrglg sd gòidktgk ld` nus dstïrdj prokaopg` (pgrg d` agkg` igdstrj), `js nusds GT] QDKL (g `js agkg`ds Gux Igstdr), y `js nusds B] QDKL (y dk g `js rdtjrkjs ld dbdatjs). @g ajktronuaoñk ld uk agkg` ld dktrglg pgrg dstjs nusds sd ajktrj`g dk `g pçfokg ld sjbtwgrd ajrrdspjklodktd, j dk `g pgktg``g ld dloaoñk ld` agkg`. DKRÉJQ GT]O@OG^DQ / GT] AMGKKD@ IGQ\D^ - sdaaoñk <.1 Qgòlgs guxoògrds (gnrdvogturg ld Guxoògr) sjk `gs sgòlgs dk ` g pgrtd supdrojr ldrdamg ld` mgrlwgrd ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj. Dstgs sgòlgs todkdk aglg ukj su prjpog idza`g ld budktds ld dktrglg, sdpgrgr ld `g idza`g igdstrg. Dk fdkdrg`, sgòlgs guxoògrds sd utoòzgk pgrg `js iõsoajs pgrg dsauamgr su prjpog idza`g dk d` dsadkgroj g trgvïs ld uk g`tgvjz ijkotjr ld dsadkgroj j pgrg gipòboagljrds ld guroau`grds pgrg `g ijkotjrozgaoñk ok-dgr. G`tdrkgtovgidktd, `gs sgòlgs guxoògrds pudldk sdr dkvogljs g ukolglds ld dbdatjs dxtdrkjs ld mgrlwgrd. QTN F^TSJ AMGKKD@ IGQ\D^ - sdaaoñk <.4 Qo ustdl quodrd tdkdr d` ajktrj` oklovolug` ld `js ajipjkdktds ld `g idza`g ld eudfjs ld ngtdrég, pjr dedip`j, pdrj tginoïk quodrdk ajktrj` ld dquoònroj sjnrd ukg sj`g ajktronuaoñk ld tjlj d` hot g `g idza`g, sd utoòzgrég uk sunfrupj. Dkvéjs B] / B] ^D\T^K AMGKKD@ - sdaaoñk <.< B] DKRÉG bgldrs ldtdriokgk dbdatovgidktd `g agktolgl ld dbdatj dk aglg agkg` ld dktrglg. \rgngegk ajij dkvéjs guxoògrds dk d` qud ukg idza`g ld `gs ajktronuaojkds ld `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg sd ardg dk d` B] dkvég `g pçfokg - ukg pgrg aglg prjadsgljr B]. AMGKKD@ IGQ\D^ - sdaaoñk <.2 D` Igstdr Qtdrdj Amgkkd` ds d` agkg` ld sgòlg pgrg d` dstïrdj prokaopg` (ozquodrlj y ldrdamj) idza`gr - ldtdriokglj pjr d` agkg` ld dktrglg y ldsòzgljrds ld agkg` ld rdtjrkj B] y ajktrj`ds / ng`gkzg ld p`gto``js. <.35 agkg`ds ld` idza`gljr ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.35 7 AMGKKD@ \O^G LD AGKG@ @g ngklg ld agkg` todkd ukg frgk agktolgl ld okbjrigaoñk g su gàgkad. D` sofuodktd ds uk ldtg``d ld `j qud uk usugroj pudld dspdrgr dkajktrgr. Iutd y Qj`j njtjkds augklj gatovglg j nodk sd so`dkaogr d` agkg`, sgaçklj`j ld `g idza`g j Qj`j idlogktd `g dòiokgaoñk ld tjljs `js ldiçs agkg`ds. okbjrigaoñk ld frupjs RAG sd iudstrg `g pgrtd supdrojr ld @M pgrg iõ`top`ds gfrupgaojkds RAG dipgrdegiodktj dstïrdj augklj sd gatovg sd gsjaogrç ljs agkg`ds glygadktds y pgk d``js ozquodrlg / ldrdamg gzu`. agkg` ld` idloljr ld fgkgkaog sd iudstrg dk gatovglj. Augklj sd gatovg d` so`dkaogiodktj ld` iudstrgk dk `g dsquokg okbdrojr ^M augklj dstç okloagljrds RAG y sunfrupjs sd okloagljrds agkg` ld fgkgkaog @DL iudstrgk d` kovd` ld fgkgkaog. @js kovd`ds içxoijs sd iudstrgk dk rjej. @js agkg`ds pudldk sdr kjinrgljs pjr uk ljn`d aòa sjnrd d` kõidrj ld agkg` <.35 7 AMGKKD@ \O^G ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.35 > To QOLD SGKD@ LD AGKG@ D` pgkd` `gtdrg` To ds ukg oktdrbgz iu`tobukaoñk qud pdriotd uk bçao` gaadsj pgrg vdr y frupjs Iutd. D` bjrigtj dxpgklolj todkd pdstg÷gs sdpgrglgs pgrg `js ngkajs, Idlog S`gydr y bukaojkds qud pdriotdk ukg igyjr gaad- sonoòlgl. D` ld`fglj ldsòzgn`d To Fgzg iudstrg `gs dktrglgs, `js rdtjrkjs ld dbdatjs, Qun Frupjs GT], Igstdrs, Rostg y iulj gqué. Frupj, \gp \dipj, Qo`dkaogr tjlj, Qo`dkaoj y B] Içs jpaojkds Id. G` mgadr aòa sjnrd d``js D` bjrigtj frgkld sòldJut To D` bjrigtj frgkld @g frgk bjrigtj ldsòzgn`d ld Fgzg dk d` ijlj ld sòldJut To Fgzg dk ijlj To Fgzg dk bukaojkds ld` Ngkajs sd dxpgkld dk `g torg ld eufgljr g`- iékoijs ld ijlj pdriotd g` usugroj ldsòzgn`d dstçklgr ajk gaadsj rçpolj g Iuòto gaadldr g Fugrlgr Qigrt ldsp`gzçkljsd pjr `g postgs y > postgs TQN okstgktçkdg, `g pgktg``g ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj ^dprjluaaoñk y gatugòzgaoñk okstgktçkdg y pdstg÷gs rçpolgs pgrg frgngaoñk. gatug`, prdvo- jus trgks- pjrtd g` usugroj g` okoaoj okstgktçkdg / okstgktçkdg j bokg` ld `g pgktg``g. sofuodktd ldsp`gzgiodktj g trgvïs ld okstgktçkdgs. gnrorç sus pgktg``gs ld bukaojkds qud pdriotdk g` usugroj gaadsj rçpolj. @gs trds torgs To frgk bjrigtj pdriotdk gaadldr bçaoìdktd g Rdr y frupjs Iutd, Iutd B], \gp \dipj, B] Igstdrs, Igstdrs GT], RAG Igstdr y Qun Frupjs. @g bukaoñk içs ld ié sd gaadld g trgvïs ld ukg boamg dk `g pgktg``g Ajktgljrds <.35 > To QOLD SGKD@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.75 Dktrglg5 FGOK SÇFOKG AGKG@DQ; Dktrglg5 FGOK SÇFOKG @g pçfokg ld fgkgkaog `d pdriotd ajktrj`gr `js gspdatjs ld `g dtgpg ld dktrglg ld uk agkg` ld dktrglg To. Ds ukg pgktg``g ld topj ld agkg` ajk okloagljrds ld kovd` ld bgldr rjej. \GN@D\G5 Aòah / frobj njtñk IO] / FGOK pgrg g`tdrkgr pçfokgs IO] y fgkgkaog. \D@ÏBJKJ5 Ttoòad d` njtñk ld idkõ FGOK pgrg kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg ld FGOK. KJ\G5 @g pgktg``g FGOK todkd `g pgktg``g ld dktrglg y `js ajktrj`ds Sgk / Ng`gkad dk ajiõk ajk `g pgktg``g IO] - ajksu`td `g sdaaoñk <.> pgrg içs ldtg``ds. \jljs `js ijld`js ld idza`gljr To okaùydk ajktrj` ld fgkgkaog g lostgkaog y gòidktgaoñk bgktgsi bgktgsig g rdijtj. Dstg frgk agrgatdréstoag `d pdriotd aginogr `g dktrglg ld ioarñbjkj ld fgkgkaog y gòidktgaoñk Smgktji ld bjrig rdijtg dk su sjbtwgrd To sok kdadsolgl ld tjagr d` mgrlwgrd). FGKGKAOG @gs dktrglgs ld guloj todkdk uk rgkfj ld fgkgkaog ld dktrglg ld -73 lN g + 23 lN. Ds ukg nudkg oldg pgrg gsdfurgrsd ld qud `g fgkgkaog ld gtdkugljr sd mg rdluaolj g` dkamubgr kudvgs budktds. Dvotgr ld rdajrtgr`gs y `g dktrglg - augklj vdg `g ùz aòp rjej ajkstgktdidkt ajkstgktdidktd d d` rdfostrj, sd lostjrsojkg `g sd÷g`. Qoip`didktd Qoip`didkt d rdluaor `g fgkgkaog pgrg dvotgr dstj. Augklj aginog g IO] ld FGOK, `js ajktrj`ds ld vjùidk aginogk g `js ldsòzgljrds ld fgkgkaog (`ékdg rjeg ldngej ld `g pdro``g ld` ajktrj`). Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg, `js njtjkds IT\D y QJ@J aginogk g + <=R (gòidktgaoñk bgktgsig) y ς (bgsd okvdrsg) y `js njtjkds ld rdtgrlj. Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj dsjs ajktrj`ds dstçk dk `g pçfokg DLO\ (sd pudld puktdgr ljs vdads dk uk kjinrd ld agkg` pgrg aginogr g `g pçfokg DLO\ içs rçpolj). \dkfg dk audktg augklj ukg dktrglg LGV sd sd`daaojkg g uk agkg` ld ajktrj` `g fgkgkaog sdrç ijvolj g `g sdaaoñk ld fgkgkaog ld guloj. <.75 Dktrglg5 FGOK SÇFOKG ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.75 Dktrglg5 FGOK SÇFOKG SJLD^ BGK\GQIG Qd rdquodrd Smgktji Sjwdr pgrg gaaojkgr ldtdriokgljs ioarñbjkjs, tg`ds ajij ioarñbjkjs ld ajkldksgljr, u jtrj gatovj lospjsotovjs tg`ds ajij uk LO gatovj. Qd gatovg pjr agkg`. Tstdl pudld jntdkdr ukg vosoñk fdkdrg` ld` dstglj ld `g gòidktgaoñk tji pmgk- dk `g pgktg``g ID\^JQ (okloagljr gzu`). Augklj sd gatovg `g gòidktgaoñk bgktgsig, bgktgsig, `g sgòlg ld` agkg` ds ijidktçkdg ijidktçkdgidktd idktd so`dkaoglj pgrg dvotgr `js trgksotjrojs sodklj trgksiotolj g` rdstj ld `g agldkg ld guloj (`g prjtdaaoñk ld sus g`tgvjads SG). bgsd okvdrsg @g okvdrsoñk ld `g bgsd pudld gyulgr g dòiokgr `gs brdaudkaogs kj ldsdglgs qud pudldk rdsu`tgr dk `g rdtrjgòidktgaoñk j soip`didktd gyulgr g ajrrdfor d` sjkolj augklj sudkg 'ldsbgsglj' j kj ld` tjlj nodk. MO-U (sñ`j lospjkon`d dk AM7 y AM>) Ld g`tj vj`tged, @jw budktds ld ajrrodktd ajij fuotgrrgs, tda`gljs y ngejs sd ndkdboaogrç ld` usj ld `g dktrglg Mo-U dk AM7 y AM>. ^D\^GQJ LD DK\^GLG D` rdtgrlj ld dktrglg sd pudld vgrogr ldsld 7->43is. Dstj pdriotorç g` usugroj pgrg pdriotor lobdrdktds dip`gzgiodktjs ld `js ioarñbjkjs dk uk frgk dsadkgroj, pjr dedip`j. G` rdtrgsgr `gs sd÷g`ds ld dktrglg bjrigk lovdrsgs budktds, d` usugroj pudld ardgr ukg idza`g içs ajmdrdktd. Oktrjluzag `g `dkfðdtg ld FGOK. Aglg ngmég bgldr ld dktrglg jbrdadrç uk njtñk ld rdtgrlj. Augklj sd pu`sg ukg dktrglg ijlg` ld rdtgrlj sd gnrorç pdriotodklj qud `g dktrglg ld` usugroj ld vg`jr ld rdtgrlj sd`daaojkglj. D` usugroj oktrjluad uk vg`jr ld rdtgrlj dk `g DI, i, bt, j iudstrgs. GOQ@G^ pgrçidtrjs ld agkg` gos`gr ld aginogr ajk `g ldijstrgaoñk j okstgktçkdg rdvosojkds. Dstj prjtdfd d` pgrçidtrj ld sdr gku`glj pjr aginojs ld okstgktçkdgs. <.75 Dktrglg5 FGOK SÇFOKG ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.>5 Dktrglg5 IO] SÇFOKG AGKG@DQ; DK\^GLG5 Sgfokgaoñk ld `g idza`g @g pçfokg ld IO] ds `g pçfokg pjr ldbdatj ld` sjbtwgrd ld ajktrj` ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj y `d pdriotd ajktrj`gr d` dkrutgiodktj y d` pgkdj y d` bgldr ld uk agkg` ld dktrglg To. Sjr bgvjr kjtg - `gs pgktg``gs ld` sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj pgkjrçioag / dquoònroj, dk sjòtgroj, y d` dstglj ld so`dkaoj, pdrj pgrg d` ajktrj` qud ldnd utoòzgr `g pçfokg ld dloaoñk. Dstjs ajktrj`ds sd ldsarondk dk dstg sdaaoñk. \GN@D\G5 Aòah / frobj njtñk IO] / FGOK pgrg g`tdrkgr pçfokgs IO] y fgkgkaog. \D@ÏBJKJ5 D` njtñk ^D\T^K sodiprd `d rdfrdsg g `g pçfokg IO]. Tk aòa ljn`d / ngrro` dk ukg torg ld agkg` ld fgkgkaog (kj `g tgpg bgldr), rdfrdsgrç g `g pçfokg ld IO]. Tk aòa ljn`d / fj`pdaotj dk uk kjinrd ld agkg` `d ``dvgrç g `g pçfokg ld dloaoñk pgrg dsd agkg`. BGLD^ Geustd d` kovd` ld dstd agkg` dk `g idza`g prokaopg` dstïrdj. IDLOLG idloaoñk RT pgrg d` kovd` ld dktrglg y d` kovd` ld vjùidk. @js okloagljrds ld vjùidk dk `g pçfokg IO] iudstrgk ljs aj`jrds. @js idloljrds gzu`ds iudstrgk `g fgkgkaog ld dktrglg (ldsld `g pçfokg FGOK) y `js idloljrds ld aj`jr gigro``j sjnrd `g pgrtd supdrojr iudstrgk d` kovd` ld vjùidk. \dkfg dk audktg, DW y L_K gbdatg g `js ajktgljrds ld vjùidk. <.>5 Dktrglg5 IO] SÇFOKG ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.>5 Dktrglg5 IO] SÇFOKG AGKG@DQ; Dktrglg5 FGOK SÇFOKG ITLJ Gpgfgr `g sd÷g` ld guloj ld uk agkg` IT\D ds uk budrg ld guloj okidlogtg, dk ùfgr ld tdkdr qud ldsòzgrsd pjr d` bgldr (y dòiokg `g pjsonoòlgl ld j`volgr su pjsoaoñk jrofokg`). @js iuljs njtñk ld so`dkaoj `g sgòlg ld` agkg` g` nus dstïrdj prokaopg`. \ginoïk pudld so`dkaogr ukg sgòlg guxoògr, ldpdklodklj ld` dstglj ld S^D j SJQ\ ld` gux (pjst bgldr gux sd so`dkaogrç). QJ@J Qj`j dstd agkg` D` njtñk QJ@J ds fros augklj kj dstï dk usj y gigro``j augklj dstç bukaojkgklj. Su`sd d` njtñk QJ@J sñ`j pgrg dsauamgr d` agkg` dk 'sj`j'. Dk GETQ\DQ `g sd÷g` njtñk QJ@J sd pudldk lorofor g `js guroau`grds j pgrg `gs sgòlgs Igs- tdr + guroau`grds. \ginoïk mgy ljs ijljs dk sjòtgroj5 QJ@J 7 (pu`sgklj uk njtñk QJ@J ldsgatovg uk sj`j gktdrojr) y QJ@J + (sj`js sjk gauiu`gtovjs y kj sd gku`gk gos`giodktjs gktdrojrds). KJ\G5 Qo `g jpaoñk 'GT]' sd dstgn`dad pgrg d` pgrçidtrj ld sgòlg ld guroau`grds (GETQ\DQ), `g sgòlg ld guroau`grds kj rdb`degrç `g sd`daaoñk Qj`j. D` dkagiokgiodktj pjr ldbdatj ds 'SB@' (Srd Buklolj Dsauamgr. Qok dingrfj, Qj`js sd pudld ajkbofurgr pgrg GB@ (Ldspuïs ld Bgldr @ostdk) dk d` pgrçidtrj \OSJ QJ@J dk ajkbofurgaoñk f`jng` (vïgsd `g sdaaoñk 73). SGK / NG@GKAD Geustd d` / ng`gkzg ld p`gto``js SGK\G@@G LD AGKG@ kovd` ld bgldr kuiïroaj y Sgk Iudstrg `g dktrglg ajij uk kovd` ld lN. \ginoïk iudstrg `g pjsoaoñk ld `g agadrj`g pjr trds sdfukljs ldspuïs ld qud d` ldsòzgljr sd iudvd `g agadrj`g. KJIN^D LD@ AGKG@ Agkg` ld gaadsj sunidkõ, d` kjinrd ld` agkg` ld ldsp`gzgiod dktj, ktj, sd`daaoñk ld agkg` D` kjinrd ld` agkg` ds pjr `j fdkdrg` uk kjinrd / ldsaropaoñk ld dsd agkg`. Sudld mgadr aòa dk `js kjinrds ld agkg`ds pgrg sd`daaoj jkgr kgr d` agkg`, mgfg ljn`d aòa / pu`sd uk kjinrd ld agkg` pgrg or g `g pgktg``g ld dloaoñk pgrg dsd agkg`, j pudld `grfj Aòah / Su`sd dk uk kjinrd ld agkg` pgrg gaadldr g` agkg` sunidkõ (vïgsd `g sdaaoñk <.1). <.>5 Dktrglg5 IO] SÇFOKG ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.>.75 DK\^GLG QTN-IDKÕ AGKG@DQ; DK\^GLG QTN-IDKT (RAG G÷glor ldspuïs ld Gsofkgaoñk ld Qun Frupj ld gfgrrd dk `g oigfdk) Sjr `grfj aòa / rjsaglj dk uk kjinrd ld agkg` sd pudld gaadldr g` sunidkõ agkg` pgrg d` gaadsj g lovdrsjs pgrçidtrjs ld` agkg` ... prdgeustds ld agkg` ^dajrlgr y fugrlgr `js geustds ld agkg`ds dktdrgs - ngkajs ld bçnroag y prdldbokoljs pjr d` usugroj. ^DNGT\OUG^ Aginod d` kjinrd ld` agkg`. D` kudvj kjinrd sd ijstrgrç dk `js agipjs Kjinrd ld agkg`. Ajpogr / pdfgr GETQ\DQ Ajpogr `js geustds ld` agkg` ld `g idsg ld trgngej. Jpaoñk G 'pdfgr `js vg`jrds' gpgrdadrç augklj sd`daaojkd jtrj idkõ sunagkg` ld dktrglg. Ttoòzgr dsj pgrg pdfgr `js geustds ajpogljs g dsd agkg`. F^TSJ QTN GQQOFK D`dfor uk sunfrupj pgrg dstd agkg`. Sjr dedip`j, ds pjson`d qud ldsdd gsofkgr tjljs `js ioarñbjkjs ld` eudfj ld ngtdrég g uk sunfrupj 'Ngtdrég'. Tkg vdz gsofkglj, `g rdeo``g ld `g gsofkgaoñk ld frupjs sun sdrç rddip`gzglj ajk ukg jpaoñk 'QTNF^TSJ TKGQQOFK'. <.>.75 DK\^GLG QTN-IDKÕ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.>.>5 frupjs RAG GQOFKG^ RAG Frupjs RAG pdriotdk ajktrj`gr frupjs ld agkg`ds ld dktrglg ldsld ukg õkoag RAG Igstdr. Sjr dedip`j, sd pudld pjkdr tjlj d` hot ld ngtdrég ngej d` ajktrj` ld uk sj`j RAG Igstdr, j so todkd uk iõ`top`ds ioarñbjkjs dk ukg rdl ld `g fuotgrrg d` grigroj d`ïatroaj pjlrég dstgn`dadr `gs rd`gaojkds ajk `js agkg`ds oklovolug`ds y ùdfj ardgr ukg fuotgrrg RAG Igstdr - ijvdr d` RAG Igstdr Amgkkd` y tjljs `js kovd`ds Frupj iodinrjs sdrçk 'ajipdksgr' g `js kovd`ds gatug`ds ld kovd` RAG Igstdr. D` To><^ ds agpgz ld gsofkgr RAG ldsld d` idkõ Idloljrds Qun j ld oklovoluj sunidkõ ld Agkg`. ºAñij g÷glor / dòiokgr IODIN^JQ LD AGKG@DQ RAG agkg`ds sd gsofkgk g trgvïs ld` idkõ didrfdktd gaadson`d igktdkodklj pu`sglj d` agkg` ldsoordl. \jljs `js aginojs sd pudldk mgadr g trgvïs ld dstd idkõ. RAG OKLOAGLJ^DQ LD NGKLG LD AGKG@ Okloagljr ld aj`jr pgrg d` pgkd` @AL agkg` vortug` sd vud`vd vdrld augklj RAG sd ldloag pgrg dsd agkg`. \ginoïk `g torg ld agkg` ijstrgrç R7-2 dk bukaoñk vdrld dk d` aug` RAG sd ldloag. RAG IT\D Augklj iutd sd aj`jag dk uk igdstrj RAG, tginoïk sd so`dkaogk tjljs `js agkg`ds iodinrjs. Q\D^DJ @OKH Ardgr y agkg` dstïrdj ld ljs agkg`ds ijkj. Sgr / oipgr (@ / ^) pgrds dstçk vokau`gljs, pjr `j qud so sd vokau`g d` agkg` > (ldrdamg), sd ardgrç uk agkg` dstïrdj ajk d` agkg` 7 (ozquodrlg). AGKG@DQ ^DOKOAOJ ^dstgn`dadr agkg` dkvég uk agkg` ld rdtjrkj g su ajkbofurgaoñk prdldtdriokglg. LD^^GID RAG G` mgadr aòa dk `g pdstg÷g ld ldrrgids dk d` agkg` RAG, d` usugroj pudld gipògr tjlg `g dxtdksoñk ld RAG pgrg dsd agkg`. <.>.>5 frupjs RAG ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.>.15 IG\ÔU IG\ÔU G Igtrox pudld sdr idejr ldsarotj ajij uk idza`gljr dk d` oktdrojr ld` idza`gljr. Dk su bjrig içs soip`d, ukg igtroz mgad ukg sd`da- aoñk ld `gs dktrglgs (kjrigìdktd ldrovglj ld` frupj y gutjnusds prokaopg`ds ld sgòlg) y pdriotd d` dkagiokgiodktj ld dsgs sd÷g`ds, ajip`dtj ajk ajktrj` ld kovd`, g ukg sdrod ld sgòlgs. @js sostdigs ld igtroz jbrdadk `g pjsonoòlgl ld d`dfor dktrd ukg vgrodlgl ld dktrglgs okaùydklj budktds dxtdrkgs, y d` prjadsgiodktj bokg` jbdrtg sofokaùydklj DW, ajiprdsoñk, pudrtg ld ruolj y rdtgrlj / rdvdrn. ajktronuaojkds ajktronuaojkds ajsgs AJK\ÔNTAOJKDQ IG\Ô] Igtrox @gs ajktronuaojkds pudldk prjvdkor ld5 Dkvéjs GT] Qun Frupjs Igstdr @ / ^ (pudld sdr prd / pjst bgldr) \dkfg dk audktg qud `gs sgòlgs ]@^ idloj qud sd gsofkg gutjiçtoagidktd g GT] 7/> j 7/> Igtrox todkd bo`trjs MSB y @SB qud pudldk sdr utoòzgljs ajij aruads. <.>.15 IG\ÔU ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg <.>.<5 idtrjs Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ ID\^JQ @g pçfokg Idtrjs iudstrg tjlgs `gs `daturgs gatovgs agkg`ds idtrjs g `j `grfj ajk okloagljrds pgrg Iutd, Qj`j, <=R y ld bgsd okvdrsg. @js usugrojs pudldk mgadr aòa dk aug`quodr idloljr ld agkg` y sdrçk ``dvgljs g lordatgidktd g dsd agkg`. G`tdrkgtovgidktd, mgadr ljn`d aòa dk uk agkg` ld dktrglg trgdrç `g pgrtd pjstdrojr ld` usugroj g `g pçfokg ld idloljrds. Tk añlofj ld aj`jrds pgrg `js okloagljrds ld <=R, Okvdrsd, Iutd y Qj`j. Ld uk vostgzj, d` usugroj pudld igktdkdr uk jej dk `js kovd`ds içxoijs pgrg tjljs `js agkg`ds <.>.<5 idtrjs ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.15 dkvéjs guxoògrds AGKG@DQ; Dkvéjs GT]O@OG^DQ Qgòlgs guxoògrds (gnrdvogturg ld Guxoògr) sjk `gs sgòlgs dk `g pgrtd supdrojr ldrdamg ld` mgrlwgrd ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj. Dstgs sgòlgs todkdk aglg ukj su prjpog idza`g ld budktds ld dktrglg, sdpgrgr ld `g idza`g igdstrg. Dk fdkdrg`, sgòlgs guxoògrds sd utoòzgk pgrg `js iõsoajs pgrg dsauamgr su prjpog idza`g dk d` dsadkgroj g trgvïs ld uk g`tgvjz ijkotjr ld dsadkgroj j pgrg gipòboagljrds ld guroau`grds pgrg `g ijkotjrozgaoñk ok-dgr. G`tdrkgtovgidktd, `gs sgòlgs guxoògrds pudldk sdr dkvogljs g ukolglds ld dbdatjs dxtdrkjs ld mgrlwgrd. DKRÉJQ GT]O@OG^DQ ds ljkld sd ardgk `gs idza`gs gux - dstjs pudldk sdr pgrg sgòlgs ld ijkotjr, pjr B] dxtdrkj dkvég, y iuamj içs. Qd mgk ldloaglj sgòlgs dk d` mgrlwgrd ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj. @js gtdkugljrds gux todkdk `ékdgs okloagljrgs ld kovd` kgrgkeg y ldtdriokgr `g agktolgl ld aglg agkg` ld dktrglg sd ajktronuyñ g` nus guxoògr. To><^ todkd = nusds guxoògrds prokaopg` gvgo`gn`d._ju pudld vdr tjlgs `gs ajktronuaojkds gux ld uk sj`j agkg`, kgvdfgklj g `g pçfokg ld dloaoñk ld dsd agkg` y `g sd`daaoñk ld `g pgktg``g / pdstg÷g Dkvéjs GT]O@OG^DQ. Qd`daaojkd `g pdstg÷g GT] qud ldsdg idza`gr (GT] 7 g GT] =), y ùdfj geustgr `js vj`õidkds ld agkg` (ajktronuaojkd (ajktronuaojkdss ld `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg). D` Bgldr GT] g `g ldrdamg (bgldr kgrgkeg) ds d` bgldr ld` agkg` igstdr guxoògr - d` vjùidk f`jng` ld sgòlg pgrg d` GT] idza`gr. Igstdr guxoògr ldsòzgljrds ld agkg` sd pudldk vdr euktjs, yg sdg ajk d` njtñk GT] IGQ\D^Q dk d` pgkd` ld `g tgn`dtg vdrsoñk sòldJut, j ldsld `g jpaoñk QG@\J G dk d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj. \ginoïk pudld ldsp`gzgrsd mgstg d` dxtrdij ld `g ldrdamg ld `g pçfokg ld` agkg` IO]. agkg`ds igstdr guxoògr pudldk sdr rdkjinrgljs y dk`gzglj dk stdrdj (vïgsd içs gld`gktd). Q\D^DJ GT] Qtdrdj-grtoau`gr agkg`ds ds pjson`d tgktj pgrg d` agkg` ld dktrglg dkvég y `js Igdstrjs Gux. Sgrg `js guxoògrds ld dk`gad dstïrdj, utoòad d` agkg` sunidkõ igstdr guxoògr (g `grfj aòa / tjqud dk d` kjinrd ld` agkg`). Or g` idkõ didrfdktd Agkg` (mgfg aòa dk d` kjinrd ld` agkg` ld `grfj) pgrg gaadldr g `g bukaoñk Qtdrdj @okh. Augklj `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg > ijkj sjk dstïrdj-òfglj dk `g pçfokg prokaopg` IO], dsjs agkg`ds tginoïk sdrçk dstïrdj-òfglj dk d` GT] dkvég `g pçfokg. (> agkg`ds pgkjrgiozglgs ozquodrlg y ldrdamg ajk ukg `ékdg ld dk`gad vdrld dkaoig ld `g pgktg``g lN). B] JK GT] Ds pjson`d dkvogr B] g su idza`g gux. Rgyg mgstg d` bokg` ld `g òstg ld agkg`ds y vdrç d` B] ^D\T^K ^D \T^K bgldrs.Vmdk g÷glor d` B] dstç g÷glodklj ukg sd÷g` f`jng` ld B] ld `g idza`g prokaopg`. <.15 dkvéjs guxoògrds ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.15 dkvéjs guxoògrds AGKG@DQ; Dkvéjs GT]O@OG^DQ I-GT] / AJS_ IO] Ajpogr `g idza`g prokaopg` g dstg idza`g guxoògr Dstd njtñk ajpog `gs pjsoaojkds ld `js ldsòzgljrds ld `g pçfokg ld `g idza`g y iudvd tjljs `js ldsòzgljrds ld dkvéj gux g `g iosig pjso- aoñk ld `js dkvéjs guxoògrds pçfokg. Dstd ds uk puktj ld pgrtolg õto` pgrg idza`gr uk GT] ùfgr ld pgrtor ld qud tjljs `js bgldrs gngej. Sudld pu`sgr dstd njtñk dk aug`quodr ijidktj so ustdl quodrd qud su ijkotjr ld idza`gr `gs pjsoaojkds ld` ldsòzgljr pgrg pgrdadrsd g `g idza`g prokaopg`. Sjr rgzjkds ld sdfurolgl, sd rdquodrd `g ajkborigaoñk ld` usugroj. S^D / SJQ\ (sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg) Gux ajktronuaoñk ajkiutgljr ld agkg` ld dktrglg dktrd prd y pjst Budktds ld agkg`ds GT] sjk prd-bgldr pjr ldbdatj, ds ldaor, `js gtdkugljrds ld vjùidk dk `g pçfokg IO] kj gbdatgk `js kovd`ds guxoògrds. Su`sd d` njtñk S^D pgrg aginogr `js agkg`ds oklovolug`ds g pjst bgldr. Tkg pu`sgaoñk `grfg dk d` njtñk S^D / SJQ\ gnrd uk loç`jfj pgrg tjljs `js agkg`ds pgrg prd j pjst. GT] QDKL IT\D (sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg) Qo`dkaogr `g ajktronuaoñk ld` agkg` ld dktrglg g dstg idza`g guxoògr. Qdpgrgr g `js iuljs agkg` ld dktrglg kjrig` - sñ`j gbdatg g `g ajktronuaoñk g `g idza`g guxoògr sd`daaojkglj. S^D \^G\GIODK\J / SJQ\ Sdriotd `g sd`daaoñk pgrg prd j pjst-prjadsgiodktj ld` agkg` pgrg sdr dkvoglj g `g idza`g gux <.15 dkvéjs guxoògrds ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.15 dkvéjs guxoògrds AGKG@DQ; GT] SJS IDKÕ prdgeustds ld agkg` ^dajrldijs y fugrlgr `js geustds dktdrjs GT] ld agkg` - Bçnroag y ngkajs ld prdsdts ld usugroj. ^DNGT\OUG^ Aginod d` kjinrd ld` agkg` GT]. D` kudvj kjinrd sd ijstrgrç dk `js agipjs Kjinrd GT]. Ajpogr / pdfgr GETQ\DQ Ajpogr `js geustds ld` agkg` GT] g `g idsg ld trgngej. Jpaoñk G 'pdfgr `js vg`jrds' gpgrdadrç g` sd`daaojk sd`daaojkgr gr jtrj idkõ ld agkg`ds sun GT]. Ttoòzgr dsj pgrg pdfgr `js geustds ajpogljs g dsd agkg` GT]. Q\D^DJ @OKH agkg`ds ld dk`gad ld ljs GT] dk dstïrdj. Agkg`ds ozquodrlj y ldrdamj sd dkauglrgrç gutjiçtoagidktd ozquodrlg yg `g ldrdamg. AGKG@DQ ^DOKOAOJ ^dstgn`dad agkg` g` geustd prdldtdriokglj. OK\D^^TS\J^ LD IG\ÔU Oktdrruptjr ld agkg` GT] sd`daaojkglj g ijlj ld Igtrox. ajktronuaojkds GT] ld agkg` g ijlj ld sgòlg; @ékdg \jljs `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg, gui dk d` Igstdrs Ijlj Igtrox eufgljr y B]; GT], sunfrupjs y Igdstrj Ozquodrlg / Ldrdamg GQOFKGAOÑK LD IO QG@OLG agkg`ds GT] sd pudldk gsofkgr ajij ijkotjr pdrsjkg` j ‐IO QG@OLG’ ld` idkõ ld` agkg` didrfdktd. Qñ`j uk ‐IO QG@OLG’ pudld sdr gsofkglj pjr d` usugroj, pdrj `js usugrojs oklovolug`ds pudldk tdkdr lobdrdktds agkg`ds GT] dstgn`daoljs ajij su pdrsjkg` ‐Io JT\’. 'IO QG@OLG’tginoïk trgngej pgrg `js agkg`ds dstïrdj vokau`gljs qud ds pdrbdatj pgrg `js ODI. <.15 dkvéjs guxoògrds ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.15 dkvéjs guxoògrds AGKG@DQ; Dkvéjs GT]O@OG^DQ DKRÉJQ GT]O@OG^DQ Dk d` ijlj ld dloaoñk ld agkg`ds @js dkvéjs guxoògrds pdstg÷g ijstrgrç `js agkg`ds sd`daaojkglg dkvég g tjljs GT] ld `g ardgaoñk ld uk puktj ld vostg ngsglj GT] agkg` g`tdrkgtovj. <.15 dkvéjs guxoògrds ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg <.1.75 GT] IGDQ\^J Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ AGKG@DQ; GT] AMGKKD@ IGQ\D^ D` agkg` guxoògr Igstdr ds `g rutg ld sgòlg ld `js nusds Gux. Dk jtrgs pg`gnrgs, `g idza`g Gux 7 ld `gs ajktronuaojkds ld tjljs `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg pgsg g trgvïs ld` agkg` igdstrj Gux 7 gktds ld sdr dkvoglj budrg ld `g bésoag Gux 7 ld sgòlg. To><^ todkd augtrj nusds guxoògrds lospjkon`ds, y To><^ todkd sdos. @g içs g`tg ajk kõidrjs5 pgrds gux (1/< pgrg To><^ y 4/2 pgrg To><^) dstçk lospjkon`ds ajij sgòlgs bésoags augklj `js td`ïbjkjs MDGL- JT\ jpaoñk sd dstgn`dad dk 'GT]' dk GETQ\DQ Igstdr guxoògr agkg`ds todkdk sus prjpojs agkg`ds ld dloaoñk, ajk uk daugòzgljr frçboaj (Frgpmoa DW) dk ùfgr ld uk daugòzglj daugòzgljrr pgrgiïtroaj, y `g dòiokgaoñk ld `g rdgòidktgaoñk GBQ> lnx (vïgsd `g sdaaoñk 4). Sudld vdr tjljs `js agkg`ds igstdr guxoògr yg sdg dk `g pgktg``g IO] (ldsp`gzgiodktj g `g ldrdamg) pgrg sd`daaojkgr GT] IGQ\D^Q pjr d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg j ldsld d` sg`tj g` idkõ didrfdktd dk d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj. \D@ÏBJKJ \GN@D\G <.1.75 GT] AMGKKD@ IGQ\D^ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.<5 dkvéjs ld dbdatjs AGKG@DQ; dkvéjs ld dbdatjs B] DKRÉG bgldrs ldtdriokgk ajk dboagaog `g agktolgl ld dbdatj (rdtgrlj, rdvdrndrgaoñk, ajrj) dk aglg agkg` ld dktrglg. \rgngegk ajij dkvéjs guxoògrds dk d` qud ukg idza`g ld `gs ajktronuaojkds ld `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg sd ardg dk d` B] dkvég `g pçfokg - ukg pgrg aglg prjadsgljr B]. Ldspuïs ld` prjadsgiodktj, dsg idza`g sd ldvud`vd g trgvïs ld su prjpog B] agkg` ld rdtjrkj, qud bukaojkg ajij uk agkg` ld dktrglg - geustgr d` kovd` f`jng` ld `g idza`g ld dsd prjadsgljr dk `g idza`g dstïrdj prokaopg`. D` agkg` ld rdtjrkj ld dbdatjs pgrg d` prjadsgljr ld dbdatjs sd`daaojkglj sd iudstrg dk `g vostg ld dkvéjs ld dbdatjs, euktj g` agkg` prokaopg`. \jljs `js agkg`ds ld rdtjrkj B] sd pudldk vdr yg sdg ldsp`gzçkljsd dk `g vostg prokaopg` ld idza`g, dk `g d`daaoñk ld `js rdtjrkjs ld dbdatjs ldsld d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d dk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg, j ldsld d` sg`tj g `g jpaoñk dk d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj. Sudld vdr tjlgs `gs ajktronuaojkds ld B] ld uk sj`j agkg`, kgvdfgklj g `g pçfokg ld dloaoñk ld dsd agkg` y `g sd`daaoñk ld `g pgktg``g / pdstg÷g Dkvéjs GT]O@OG^DQ. Dk d` B] dkvég `g pçfokg, sd`daaojkd dk proidr ùfgr, qud d` dbdatj qud ldsdg geustgr usgklj `gs pdstg÷gs. Geustd `js ldsòzgljrds frosds pgrg guidktgr j losiokuor `g ajktronuaoñk ld loamj agkg` g` prjadsgljr ld dbdatjs sd`daaojkglj. Geustd d` gtdkugljr B] ^D\T^K gzu` dtoqudtglg B]^ 7 ^DRD^N pgrg ajktrj`gr `g agktolgl tjtg` ld rdvdrndrgaoñk dkajktrglg dkajktrglg dk `g idza`g. B] agkg` ld dktrglg @js dkvéjs sd pudldk so`dkaogr oklovolugìdktd dk d` B] dkvég ` g pçfokg. KJ\G5 dkvéjs ld dbdatjs sjk SJQ\ BGLD^, `j qud sofkoboag uk aginoj ld kovd` dk `g pçfokg prokaopg` ld idza`g gbdatg g` kovd` dkvoglg g` prjadsgljr ld dbdatjs. Dstj gsdfurg qud `g ajktronuaoñk ld aglg agkg` ld dktrglg g` dkvéj ld dbdatjs ds sodiprd prjpjraojkg` g su oipjrtgkaog dk `g idza`g prokaopg`. <.<5 dkvéjs ld dbdatjs ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg <.45 QTN F^TSJ IGDQ\^J Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ AGKG@DQ; F^TSJ QTN AMGKKD@ IGQ\D^ (< x Qun Frupjs) Qo ustdl quodrd tdkdr d` ajktrj` sjnrd `g idza`g ld pdrausoñk, pjr dedip`j, pdrj tginoïk quodrdk ajktrj` ld dquoònroj sjnrd ukg sj`g ajktronuaoñk ld tjlj d` hot g `g idza`g, sd utoòzgrég uk sunfrupj. Augklj `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg sd gsofkgk g Qun Frupjs, yg sdg g trgvïs ld `g sun-idkõ ld agkg`ds ld dktrglg, j g trgvïs ld `g pgktg``g QTNQ dk `g pçfokg ld` pgkd` / idtrjs, qud dstçk euktjs idza`gljs dk uk sj`j agkg` dstïrdj. Qun frupj Igstdr agkg`ds todkdk sus prjpojs agkg`ds ld dloaoñk, ajij pjr aug`quodr jtrj agkg` ld dktrglg To. F^TSJQ QTN GQQOFK Qun frupjs sd gsofkgk g pjajs idtrjs; QTNQ <.45 QTN F^TSJ AMGKKD@ IGQ\D^ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.4.75 Rdr / frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj AGKG@DQ; Rostg y `js frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj ROQ\G y `js frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj Mgy 2 Rdr y 2 frupjs Iutd lospjkon`ds pgrg `js usugrojs ld `g To><^. Dstjs sd pudldk kgvdfgr g trgvïs ld `g ngrrg `gtdrg` To><^. @js usugrojs pudldk kjinrgr d` frupj, dstgn`dadr d` kõidrj ld frupj y d`didktjs ld` frupj ajk dstg pgktg``g. F^TSJQ IT\D Frupjs Rdr <.4.75 Rdr / frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg <.25 agkg` igdstrj Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ AGKG@DQ; agkg` igdstrj D` Igstdr Qtdrdj Amgkkd` ds d` agkg` ld sgòlg pgrg d` dstïrdj prokaopg` (ozquodrlj y ldrdamj) idza`gr - ldtdriokglj pjr d` agkg` ld dktrglg y ldsòzgljrds ld agkg` ld rdtjrkj B] y ajktrj`ds / ng`gkzg ld p`gto``js. D` agkg` prokaopg` todkd sus prjpogs boamgs pçfokg ld dloaoñk, g` ofug` qud jtrjs agkg`ds (vïgsd `g sdaaoñk 4). D` DW pgrg `js agkg`ds ld sgòlg To (okaùydklj Gux Igstdrs) ds uk daugòzgljr frçboaj (FDW) dk ùfgr ld uk daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj (agkg`ds ld dktrglg y igdstrjs ld frupj ld sun). D` gtdkugljr prokaopg` (igklj ld` ldsòzgljr rjej) ajktrj`g d` vjùidk ld sgòlg fdkdrg` ld su idza`gljr. D` ajkeuktj ld kovd` rdg` pjr d` gtdkugljr sd iudstrg dk `g pgktg``g supdrojr dkaoig ld` bgldr dk lN (ldaondòjs). Ijstrgr d Okloagljrds Gsé ajij lN, dstg pgktg``g tginoïk todkd 1 okloagljrds õto`ds5 A@OS (A) `d gvosg ld aug`quodr rdajrtd ld fgkgkaog ld dktrglg. Augklj ukg sd÷g` ld agkg` ld dktrglg dstç ldigsoglj agòdktd y qud pudlgk dstgr lostjrsojkgklj, pu`sd dstg pgktg``g pgrg sg`tgr g `g pçfokg ld pgkd`. Dk sg`poagldrj, pu`sd `g pg`gnrg fgkgkaog dk `g dsquokg supdrojr ldrdamg ld` ngkaj gbdatglj pjr `g lostjrsoñk, dktjkads rdluzag d` ldsòzgljr ld agkg` ld fgkgkaog. IT\D (I) Dstj okloag qud uk agkg` dstç so`dkaoglj. Su`sd `g pgktg``g pgrg vdr `g okbjrigaoñk fdkdrg` sg`poagldrj dk `g qud tjljs `js iuljs sjk voson`ds. QJ@J (Q) \D@ÏBJKJ Dstj okloag qud uk agkg` dstç dk d` ijlj dk sjòtgroj. Su`sd `g pgktg``g pgrg vdr `g okbjrigaoñk fdkdrg` sg`poagldrj dk `g qud tjljs `js sj`js sjk voson`ds. NG@GKAD (\gn`dt Qjbtwgrd) D` bgldr Dquoònroj mjrozjktg` pdriotd qud d` vjùidk ld ozquodrlg y ldrdamg qud sd guidktg j losiokuyd, pdrj `g idza`g ld ozquodrlg y ldrdamg ds aginoglj JKT. Ljn`d pu`sd d` ldsòzgljr ld ng`gkad pgrg ldvj`vdr`j g `g pjsoaoñk adktrg`. Sgrg geustgr d` ng`gkad ld sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj, pu`sd ljs vdads d` kjinrd ld` agkg` prokaopg` pgrg gaadldr g su pçfokg ld dloaoñk. B7 y B> (Njtjkds ld `g tgn`dtg Qjbtwgrd) @g oigfdk iudstrg B7 y B> dstgn`dadk ajij S@G_ y ^DAJ^L ( To><^). B7 y B> sjk njtjkds \GN@D\G prjfrgign`ds qud sd pudldk utoòzgr pgrg i õ`top`ds jpaojkds. Dstgs jpaojkds sd pudldk sd`daaojkgr dk GETQ\DQ; ajkbofu- rgaoñk. @gs jpaojkds sjk5 Kudvg okstgktçkdg, gatugòzgaoñk okstgktçkdg gatug`, rdprjluaaoñk, frgngaoñk (To><^ õ`toig vdrsoñk ld` boriwgrd, To><^). Qo sd sd`daaojkg d` rdfostrj, rdfostrj ld prdksg pgrg okoaogr `g frgngaoñk lordatgidktd dk d` lospjsotovj TQN. D` njtñk ^DA rdsg`tgrç dk rjej. Ldnd tdkdr ukg idijrog TQN ijktglj pgrg mgadr ukg frgngaoñk. JQAT^J Augklj sd iudstrg d` njtñk LOI sd gtdkugrç (rdluaor) d` kovd` ld sgòlg ld >3 lN, dstj sd utoòzg fdkdrgìdktd augklj d` sdfuoiodktj dk d` dstuloj. <.25 agkg` igdstrj ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ <.2.75 IGDQ\^J QTNIDKÕ AGKG@DQ; AMGKKD@ IGQ\D^; JS\OJK Sjr `grfj pu`sgklj / rjsaglj dk uk Igdstrj d` kjinrd ld` agkg` sd pudld gaadldr g` sunidkõ ld Agkg` Igdstrj pgrg d` gaadsj g `g bukaoñk 'pusodrjk g adrj' y d` Fdstjr ld geustds prddstgn`daoljs Agkg` Igdstrj. Dstgn`dad dk adrj LN Dstg ds ukg bjrig rçpolg ld dstgn`dadr d` kovd` ld bgldr ld agkg` pjstdrojr g adrj lN. Mgfg aòa y igktdkfg d` kjinrd ld` agkg` IGDQ\^J, g ajktokugaoñk, tjqud boeg dk adrj LN. S^DLD\DÎOKGAOJKDQ IGDQ\^J Fugrlgr Agkg` Igdstrj ajkbofurgaojkds ajij prdldtdriokglgs. Õto` pgrg `g ajkstruaaoñk ld ukg nonòjtdag ld `g dtgpg bokg` ld prjadsgiodktj ld ijktgeds. OUWTOD^LG ^D\^GQJ / LD^DAMG ^D\^GQJ D` rdtrgsj pudld sdr aj`jaglj dk `js agkg`ds ld sgòlg ozquodrlj y ldrdamj pgrg pdriotor `g aj`jagaoñk ld `js g`tgvjads ldsofug` j mgnotgaojkds ld bjrigs orrdfu`grds. Mgfg aòa y igktdkfg d` kjinrd ld` agkg` IGQ\D^ y ùdfj sd`daaojkd Ozquodrlg j rdtrgsgr d` ldrdamj y dktrgr dk d` vg`jr ijlg` ld dktrglg y mgfg aòa dk JH. <.2.75 IGDQ\^J sunidkõ AGKG@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.35 DLO\G^ AGKG@ DLO\G^ AGKG@ @g pçfokg ld dloaoñk ds d` puktj ld gaadsj nçsoaj pgrg d` prjadsgiodktj ld sd÷g`ds ngsglj dk agkg`5 DW, lokçioag, y B] y dkvéjs guxoògrds. D` prjadsgiodktj y jpaojkds lospjkon`ds rdg`ds ldpdkldk ld` topj ld agkg`. D` agkg` sd`daaojkglj sd iudstrg g `g ozquodrlg ld `g pgktg``g ld dloaoñk. Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj, `g pçfokg DLO\ prdldtdriokglj ds uk idloj ld puktjs ld vostgs içs ldtg``glgs y tginoïk jbrdad gaadsj g `js pgrçidtrjs nçsoajs ld agkg` ajij / ng`gkzg ld p`gto``js, bgsd, gòidktgaoñk bgktgsig, y içs. Dlotgr pçfokg GAADQJ @g pçfokg DLO\ dstç lospjkon`d dk uk kõidrj ld lobdrdktds pgktg``gs ld sjbtwgrd ld TO. S grg sd`daaojkgr `g pçfokg dlotgr lordatgidktd j nodk mgfg aòa / pu`sd d` njtñk Dlotgr dk `g proidrg `ékdg ld `g ngrrg ld kgvdfgaoñk (sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg) j sd`daaojkd `g jpaoñk ld idkõ DLO\G^ (sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj). G`tdrkgtovgidktd, ustdl pudld5 • Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tjqud dk ukg fjrrg ld bgldr ld agkg` pgrg ldsp`gzgrsd mgstg d` agkg` ld dloaoñk ld sdpgrgljrds ijlj DW. • Mgadr ljn`d aòa / fj`pdaotj dk `g dtoqudtg ld` agkg` (topjs ld agkg`ds5 Dktrglg, Dktrglg ld `ékdg, eufgljr, Qunfrupj, GT]) pgrg kgvdfgr mgstg `g pçfokg L_K pdstg÷g ld dloaoñk ld agkg`ds sd`daaojkglj. • Mgadr ljn`d aòa / tjqud dk ukg dtoqudtg ld agkg` (topj ld agkg`5 B] ^D\T^K) pgrg kgvdfgr g` agkg` sd`daaojkglj pdstg÷g pçfokg DLO\ B] (B]) ld `js pgrçidtrjs f`jng`ds. 4.35 DLO\G^ AGKG@ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.75 LOFO\DAM DLO\G^ AGKG@; LOFO\DAM Lofo\dam prjadsgiodktj ld `g dktrglg y `g v ostg ld agkg`ds dstç lospjkon`d pgrg `js ljs proidrjs agkg`ds ld` idza`gljr To, d okaùyd Mo-U (g`tg oipdlgkaog ld dktrglg) ld sd`daaoñk ld budktds tg`ds fuotgrrg-dktrglg lordatg poah-up. D` prjadsgiodktj ld Lofo\dam okaùyd ijld`glj ld gipòboagljrds5 diu`gaojkds ld gipòboagljrds ld fuotgrrg (ajk pgrç- idtrjs gsjaogljs) y grigrojs. @g vostg Lofo\dam tginoïk pdriotd `g dloaoñk ld uk sj`j puktj ld vostg ld` agkg` sd`daaojkglj jbrdad g trgvïs ld `js 'Egah-Sùf Njtjkds'. Kjtg5 Dstd ds uk soiu`gljr ld gipòboagljr, kj ds ukg agldkg ajip`dtg ld B]. GIS QD@DA\ D`dfor uk ijld`j ld gipòboagljr ld fuotgrrg G` mgadr aòa j tjagklj aug`quodr puktj ld `g frçboag ld gipòboagljr ld fuotgrrg sd gnrorç uk idkõ didrfdktd ld ijld`js ld gipòboagljr ld fuotgrrg lospjkon`ds. AGN QD@DA\ D`dfor uk ijld`j ld ageg ld g`tgvjz ld fuotgrrg G` mgadr aòa j tjagklj aug`quodr puktj ld ` g frçboag ld `g agnokg ld fuotgrrg sd gnrorç uk idkõ didrfdktd ld ijld`js ld agnokg ld fuotgrrg lospjkon`ds. MO-U JK / JBB Forgr `g dktrglg Mo-U j ldsgatovgr Qo ustdl todkd ukg budktd ld dktrglg qud rdquodrd ukg dktrglg ld g`tg oipdlgkaog - tg`ds ajij `g sgòlg lordatg ld `g fuotgrrg d`ïatroag ld` poah-up - g su vdz `g jpaoñk Mo-U dk. 4.75 LOFO\DAM ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.75 LOFO\DAM DLO\G^ AGKG@; LOFO\DAM LOFO\DAM JK / JBB Forgr d` prjadsgiodktj Lofo\dam j ldsgatovgr Augklj d` prjadsgiodktj Lofo\dam dstç gpgfglj, d` agkg` vj`vdrç g su dtgpg ld dktrglg dstçklgr. S^DGETQ\DQ Gnrg `g fdstoñk S^DLD\DÎOKGAOJKDQ didrfdktd Sudld fugrlgr y agrfgr geustds ld prdsdts pgrg d` prjadsgiodktj ld Lofo\dam d` usj ld dstd didrfdktd. AJK\^J@DQ GIS Geustd `g ajkbofurgaoñk ldtg``glg pgrg d` ijld`j ld gipòboagljr sd`daaojkglj @js ajktrj`ds okaùydk FGOK, @DRD@, NGQQ, IOL, y gfuljs. Ttoòad d` ajktrj` FGOK pgrg sgturgr d` ijld`j ld gipòboagljr. AJK\^J@DQ LD AGKG@ vostg ld dloaoñk oklovolug` ld `js ajktrj`ds ld agkg` ld dktrglg sd`daaojkglj sdaaojkds ld agkg` ld dktrglg lospjkon`ds sjk5 B], bo`trj ld pgsj g`tj, bo`trj ld iudsag, Ajiprdsjr, Sudrtg 4.75 LOFO\DAM ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.>5 pgrgiïtroaj DW DLO\G^ AGKG@; daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj DW geustg `g gipòtul ld ukg sd÷g` ld guloj g brdaudkaogs pgrtoau`grds. agkg`ds To ld dktrglg, agkg`ds ld B] ld rdtjrkj y agkg`ds igdstrjs Qun frupj todkdk uk daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj ld augtrj ngklgs, gldiçs ld bo`trj ld pgsj g`tj (MSB), y uk Ld-Dssdr ajktrj`gljs ldsld `g iosig pgktg``g. @g pgktg``g tginoïk okajrpjrg uk jpaojkg` \odipj rdg` Gkg`yzdr (^\G), qud iudstrg ukg vostg dspdatrg` ld `g sd÷g` dktrgktd. Gldiçs, d` daugòzgljr sd pudld aginogr g ukg ld trds ngklgs (brdaudkaog boeg, boeg W) 'Dgsy ' Dgsy DW'. Dgsy DW JK / JBB Forgr bukaoñk Dgsy DW j ldsgatovgr Dgsy DW ds ukg ld trds ngklgs, br daudkaog boeg, ijlj W boeg ajk ukg ngklg ld agipgkg ld` idloj, içs ngejs y ngklgs ld dstgktdrégs g`tgs. Bçao` ld ajkiutgaoñk DW JBB ajksdrvg `g 'aurvg' dk d` daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj, sok dingrfj, forj s dkao``j DW JK rdstgn`dad `g aurvg ld ajrrodktd ldnolj g `js geustds ld` daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj kj sd pudldk gsofkgr g` bjrigtj daugòzgljr bçao`. ^\G - Gkgòzgljr dk \odipj ^dg` Forgr bukaoñk ^\G dkadklolj j gpgfglj @g pgktg``g iudstrg ukg vostg ^\G dspdatrg` dk todipj rdg` ld guloj dktrgktd. Dstj g vdads ds õto` pgrg jrodktgr `gs agrgatdréstoags dspdaéboags ajk ngklgs ld daugòzgaoñk rçpolgidktd. \dkfg dk audktg qud `g ^\G sñ`j sd gatovg dk uk agkg` g `g vdz. Qo gatovglg sd ldsgatovgrç ^\G gatovg ld aug`quodr jtrj agkg` (dk jtrjs aòdktds) LD-DQQD^ JK / JBB Ajkvdrtor d` prjadsgiodktj ld Ld-Dssdr dkadklolj j gpgfglj Augklj dstç gpgfglj, kokfukg nj`g Ld-Dssdr grrgstrgn`d sd ijstrgrç dk `g oktdrbgz ld DW frçboaj prokaopg`. 4.>5 pgrgiïtroaj DW ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.>5 pgrgiïtroaj DW DLO\G^ AGKG@; daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj ^DOKOAOG^ ^dstgn`dadr d` daugòzgljr g `js vg`jrds prdldtdriokgl prdldtdriokgljs js D` DW sd pjkd 'p`gkg', y `g brdaudkaog y `js vg`jrds W sd rdstgn`dadk g `js vg`jrds prdldtdriokgljs. LDÔRGAOÑK Nypgss `g sdaaoñk DW ld prjadsgiodktj ld agkg` Dstd ajktrj` kj pgsg sñ`j d` daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj. pgrgiïtroaj. prjadsgiodktj MSB y Ld-Dssdr kj sd vd gbdatglg. DW / LD-DQQD^ BGLD^ LD AJK\^J@ Dòeg DW j Ld-Dssdr ajktrj` ld dquoònroj @js ajktrj`ds pgrg d` qud dstï sd`daaojkglj sd gsofkgk g `js trds ldsòzgljrds ld ajktrj`. Sgrg DW, `js gtdkugljrds iudstrgk vg`jrds pgrg `g ngklg sd`daaojkglg gatugìdktd. LQ - NJ@G LD-DQQD^ Grrgstrgn`d frçboaj 'nj`g' pgrg d` ajktrj` ld Ld-Dssdr Grrgstrd dstd d`didktj frçboaj ld ajktrj`. G^ÔNG / GNGEJ geustg Tinrg`, OUWTOD^LG / LD^DAMG sd geustg `g brdaudkaog8 utoòzgr ukg pozag-fdstj j ldsp`gzgiodktj ld` rgtñk rudlgs / postg-pgl dk nj`g LD-DQQD^ pgrg geustgr d` v g`jr ld `g rd`gaoñk. Mgfg ljn`d aòa / tgp pgrg rdstgn`dadr. 7/>/1/< - DW NGKL NG@@ Grrgstrgn`d frçboaj 'nj`g' pgrg d` ajktrj` ld ngklgs ld daugòzgaoñk Grrgstrd dstd d`didktj frçboaj ld ajktrj`. G^ÔNG / GNGEJ geustg `g fgkgkaog, ozquodrlg / ldrdamg geustg `g brdaudkaog8 utoòzgr uk fdstj pd`òzajs d okaùsj ld ldsp`gzgiodktj ld` rgtñk rudlgs / postg-pgl dk `g nj`g ld daugòzgaoñk pgrg geustgr d` vg`jr 'W'. Mgfg ljn`d aòa / frobj pgrg rdstgn`dadr ukg ngklg oklovolug`. 4.>5 pgrgiïtroaj DW ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.>5 pgrgiïtroaj DW DLO\G^ AGKG@; daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj NJ@G MSB / @SB Grrgstrgn`d frçboaj 'nj`g' ld pgsj g`tj y ld pgsj ngej ajktrj`ds ld bo`trj Grrgstrd dstd d`didktj frçboaj ld ajktrj`. Ozquodrlg / Ldrdamg geustg `g brdaudkaog ld ajrtd. Mgfg ljn`d aòa / tgp pgrg rdstgn`dadr. @glj ldrdamj ld `g pdklodktd ld `g pgktg``g iudstrg sd`daaojkgn`ds. Ajktrj` ld `g pdklodktd ld MSB / @SB Ld pgsj g`tj y ld bo`trglj ld pgsj ngej dstç lospjkon`d pgrg `js usugrojs To><^ y ds gaadson`d g trgvïs ld` daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj. Sgsj G`tj sofkoboag qud sñ`j pdriotd `gs brdaudkaogs içs g`tgs pgrg eufgr g trgvïs, idlojs ld pgsj ngej sñ`j pdriotd brdaudkaogs içs ngegs pgrg eufgr g trgvïs. Idlogktd d` usj ld dstjs ljs bo`trjs dk d` daugòzgljr pgrgiït pgrgiïtroaj, roaj, d` usugroj pudld glgptgr d` sjkolj g sus dspdaéboags g`tdrg ajktrj` ld pdklodktd SG sdtup.\md d` frglj ld bo`trgaoñk. TIN^G@ LD-DQQD^ ajktrj` ld Bgldr ld Ld-Dssdr Tinrg` uinrg` ld-Dssdr ds d` kovd` dk d` qud d` Ld-Dssdr ajiodkzg g gtdkugr `g ngklg ld 'dss'. S grg gaadldr g `g dssdr gtdkugljr ajktrj`ds ld sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj, pu`sd d` njtñk AJKBOFT^GAOÑK LD-DQQD^. ^D@GAOÑK LD-DQQD^ ajktrj` ld dquoònroj ld `g rd`gaoñk ld Ld-Dssdr Ld-Dssdr ^gtoj ds `g agktolgl dk qud sd gtdkõg `g ngklg 'dss' augklj d` kovd` ld guloj aruzg d` uinrg`. Sgrg gaadldr g `g Ld-Dssdr gtdkugljr ajktrj`ds ld sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj, pu`sd d` njtñk AJKBOFT^GAOÑK LD-DQQD^ LD-DQQD^.. B^DATDKAOG LD-DQQD^ ajktrj` ld dquoònroj ld Ld-Dssdr Brdaudkaog Ldtdriokg `g brdaudkaog adktrg` ld` bo`trj lokçioaj Ld-Dssdr - `g brdaudkaog dk `g qud sd adktrg d` prjadsj ld ld-dssdr. Sgrg gaadldr g `g Ld-Dssdr gtdkugljr ajktrj`ds ld sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj, pu`sd d` njtñk AJKBOFT^GAOÑK LD-DQQD^. 4.>5 pgrgiïtroaj DW ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.>5 pgrgiïtroaj DW DLO\G^ AGKG@; daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj DW W ajktrj` ld dquoònroj ld DW 'W' W ds dbdatovgidktd ukg idlolg ld añij ds g`tj y ld`fglj `g bjrig ld agipgkg ld `g ngklg DW - Augktj idkjr sdg d` W, d` gkamj ld ngklg içs gipòj sdg d` gbdatglj, y voadvdrsg. ajktrj` ld dquoònroj ld DW sñ`j dstç lospjkon`d ajk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg. Ljn`d aòa / tgp pgrg rdstgn`dadr. DW FGOK ajktrj` ld Bgldr ld DW Fgok @g agktolgl dk `g qud `g ngklg ld daugòzgaoñk sd`daaoj jkglg kglg ds oipu`sglj j gtdkuglg. ajktrj` ld dquoònroj ld DW sñ`j dstç lospjkon`d ajk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg. Mgfg ljn`d aòa / tgp pgrg rdstgn`dadr. B^DATDKAOG DW ajktrj` ld dquoònroj ld` daugòzgljr ld ngklg ld brdaudkaog ajktrj` ld dquoònroj ld DW sñ`j dstç lospjkon`d ajk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg. Mgfg ljn`d aòa / tgp pgrg rdstgn`dadr. 4.>5 pgrgiïtroaj DW ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.15 F^GSMOA DW DLO\G^ AGKG@; DW F^ÇBOAJ To Gux agkg`ds Dkvogr Igdstrg y d` dstïrdj Agkg` Igdstrj okajrpjrgk daugòzgljr frçboaj (FDW) dk ùfgr ld` daugòzgljr pgrgiïtroaj ld `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg. Dstj okaùyd 17 ngklgs ld brdaudkaog boeg (qud ds pjson`d ldsp`gzgrsd pjr `g pgktg``g) ajk geustgn`d rdgàd / ajrtd. Gldiçs, `g pgktg``g FDW lg gaadsj g` trgtgiodktj lnx GBQ> (suprdsoñk ld rdgòidktgaoñk gutjiçtoag). gutjiçtoag). @g pgktg``g tginoïk okajrpjrg uk jpaojkg` \odipj rdg` Gkg`yzdr (^\G), qud iudstrg ukg vostg dspdatrg` ld `g sd÷g` dktrgktd. MSB / @SB @gs sgòlgs prokaopg`ds y Gux / Igtrox Jut 7/> MSB y @SB sd pudldk grrgstrgr g `js puktjs ld aruad ld ajkbofurgaoñk y bo`trjs ^\G Gatovgr `g bukaoñk Gkgòzgljr dk \odipj ^dg` @g pgktg``g iudstrg ukg vostg ^\G dspdatrg` dk todipj rdg` ld guloj dktrgktd. Dstj g vdads ds õto` pgrg jrodktgr `gs agrgatdréstoags dspdaéboags ajk ngklgs ld daugòzgaoñk rçpolgidktd. ^DOKOAOG^ ^dstgn`dadr d` FDW g 'p`gkj' 4.15 F^GSMOA DW ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.15 F^GSMOA DW DLO\G^ AGKG@; DW F^ÇBOAJ LDÔRGAOÑK Nypgss d` prjadsgiodktj FDW lnx GBQ> S^DSG^G^ Okstg`gr y jpdrgr d` sostdig ld dòiokgaoñk ld agptgaoñk dk dstd gutjnõs. Qñ`j lospjkon`d ajk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg. Rïgsd `g sdaaoñk 4.1.7 pgrg içs ldtg``ds. S^DGETQ\DQ Fugrlgr / prdgeustds ld` daugòzgljr frçboaj ld agrfg D` rdsu`tglj sdrç ukg fdstoñk prddstgn`daolj auglrj ld pjp-up dstçklgr. Ldsp`gzgiodktj ld `g pgktg``g Dk dsjs dsadkgrojs dk `js qud `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj ds okagpgz ld glgptgrsd g `g daugòzgljr frçboaj ajip`dtj. Qd pudld gaadldr ldsp`gzçkljsd g `j `grfj ld `js pgrçidtrjs pgrg mgadr usj ld tjlg `g fgig ld brdaudkaogs. MSB y @SB D` daugòzgljr frçboaj ld GT] / Igtroa 7 y > y Igstdr budrg sd pudld utoòzgr pgrg dstgn`dadr brdaudkaogs ld ajrtd pgrg `js agkg`ds Gux / Igstdr. 4.15 F^GSMOA DW ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.1.75 GBQ> DLO\G^ AGKG@; DW F^ÇBOAJ; GBQ> GBQ> ds uk sostdig ld suprdsoñk ld rdgòidktgaoñk qud utoòzg LN] 7> bo`trjs oktdòfdktds pgrg ldtdatgr y dòiokgr `g rdtrjgòidktgaoñk ld tjlj d` dspdatrj ld guloj. Sudld dstgn`dadr GBQ> grrong dk `g sgòlg dstïrdj prokaopg` y / j nus GT] agkg`ds igfostrg`ds ld kgvdfgr g `g pgktg``g ld dloaoñk ld` agkg` y sd`daaojkgklj `g pdstg÷g DW. GBQ> bukaojkg dk ljs ijljs. ijlj boejsd utoòzg pgrg 'sjkgklj' uk sostdig ld gktds ldukg gatugaoñk pgrg fgrgktozgr d` içxoij dspgaoj pgrg `g agndzg. Ijlj vovj,gatugòzg ajktokugidktd `g aj`jagaoñk ld` bo`trj y sd utoòzg lurgktdukg gatugaoñk. @js bo`trjs gatovjs sjk içs oktdòfdktds qud `js bo`trjs boejs. \odkdk `g agpgaolgl ld ldtdatgr `g rdtrjgòidktgaoñk ldktrj ld` igtdrog` ld prjfrgig ajip`dej. Dstj `gs mgad oldg`ds pgrg prjtdfdr d` sostdig ld rdtrjgòidktgaoñk g idlolg qud aginogk `gs ajkloaojkds lurgktd `g gatugaoñk. @js bo`trjs gatovjs tginoïk pudldk ldtdatgr augklj yg kj sjk kdadsgrojs y rdtorgrsd ld `g agldkg, `g rdstgurgaoñk dbdatovg boldòlgl sjkjrg y `g òndrgaoñk ld `js bo`trjs gatovjs pgrg su usj dk jtrjs ùfgrds. Dk bukaojkgiodktj kjrig`, `j mgrég ld ajkbofurgaoñk ld GBQ > dk d` ijlj boej gktds ld ukg gatugaoñk, g ajktokugaoñk, aginogr g` ijlj ld vovor pgrg d` ldsdipd÷j rdg`. D` sostdig ld sjkolj ld toinrd bo`trjs boejs sd dstgn`dadk gktds ld ukg gatugaoñk dk uk prjadsj ``giglj 'sjkgklj uk sostdig'. Dstj sd mgad ldspuïs ld tjlj jtrj sostdig ld daugòzgaoñk sd mg rdgòzglj. Qjkgklj d` sostdig ld sjkolj pgrg `g rdtrjgòidktgaoñk gktds ld usgr `d pdriotd dxproior içs fgkgkaog budrg ld` sostdig gktds ld` okoaoj ld `g rdgaaoñk y pudld gyulgr g gsdfurgrsd ld qud kj drds eustj dk d` njrld ld `g rdtrjgòidktgaoñk lurgktd d` usj ld` sostdig. lnx GBQ> S^DSG^G^ Okstg`gr y jpdrgr d` sostdig ld dòio kgaoñk ld agptgaoñk dk dstd gutjnõs. Tk auglrj ld loç`jfj sd gnrorç ajk `gs jpaojkds ld ajkbofurgaoñk. bo`trjs quotgr @oipogr `js bo`trjs GBQ> pgrg ukg kudvg gatugaoñk / pudstg g puktj \jljs `js bo`trjs kdadsotgk sdr òipoglj gktds ld `j kjrig` pudstg g puktj. Qok dingrfj, tginoïk pudld rdstgn`dadr `js bo`trjs boejs dk lordatj y ld bjrig okldpdklodktd, ldpdklodklj ld `g kdadsolgl. 4.1.75 GBQ> ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.1.75 GBQ> DLO\G^ AGKG@; DW F^ÇBOAJ; GBQ> GBQ> IJLJ Dòeg @ORD, boej j @JAH Ijlj boej ds ld pudstg g puktj gktds ld `g gatugaoñk, d` ijlj dk lordatj ds pgrg su usj lurgktd `g dedauaoñk, y dvotg d` n`jqudj aginog g` dstglj gatug` ld bo`trjs. QDKQONO@OLGL Geustd d` kovd` ld dktrglg ld `g gòidktgaoñk ld` ldtdatjr GBQ> y mgadr GBQ> içs j idkjs prjpdksj g igragr ukg sd÷g` ajij rdtrjgòidktgaoñk. G` dstgn`dadr dstd pgrçidtrj g`tg pdriotorç GBQ> pgrg ldtdatgr `g rdtrjgòidktgaoñk y `g iudsag g agnj ajk igyjr rgpoldz. Sjr d` ajktrgroj, pjkoïklj`j ngej mgrç qud GBQ> g sdr uk pjaj içs rdgaojs g dstgn`dadr uk bo`trj dk `gs vjtgaojkds mgstg qud ``dfg g uk kovd` içs g`tj. DKADKLOLJ GSGFGLJ Dkaodklg d` prjadsj GBQ>. Ldnd gsdfurgrsd ld qud GBQ ds d` oktdrruptjr JK pgrg utoòzgr d` prjadsj. Igkug` GBQ> Sudstg dk igramg dk d` ijlj BOEG (ad`dnrg d` bok ld` sostdig) 7) Gsdfõrdsd ld qud sd njrrgk tjljs `js bo`trjs y dstgn`dadr d` prjadsj GBQ> g nypgss usgklj d` njtñk gzu` ld ldrovgaoñk. >) ^dgòzgr ukg prudng ld sjkolj y ardgr ukg idza`g dk nrutj ld tjljs `js ioarñbjkjs qud dstgrçk gatovgs lurgktd `g gatugaoñk. \jid kjtg ld `g pjsoaoñk ld` gtdkugljr ld sgòlg pgrg d` igdstrj j igdstrg gux dstïrdj qud dstçk sjkgklj mgaog budrg - su jnedtovj fgkgk sdrç ld g`rdldljr ld 4 lN pjr dkaoig ld dstd (vdr pgsj 2). 1) Qo `gs pudrtgs ld ruolj sd utoòzgk dk `js ioarñbjkjs gatovjs - okaùydklj prjadsgljrds ld dbdatjs, ldktrj ld nypgss gktds ld sjkgr d` sostdig. Sudld vj`vdr g gatovgr`js ukg vdz qud d` prjadloiodktj ld sgòlg ld` gko``j ds ajip`dtg. <) \dkdr d` eudfj iõsoajs pgrglg y ngegr ajip`dtgidktd `js gtdkugljrds ld nus igdstrj. KJ\G5 Augklj sjkgklj d` sostdig dk ijlj boej, aug`quodr sjkolj sjstdkolj ldtdatglj pjr GBQ> gatovgrç bo`trjs boejs g dstgn`dadr. Sjr `j tgktj, gsdfõrdsd ld qud `js ioarñbjkjs dstçk gatovjs, pdrj kj mgy kokfukg sd÷g` gprdaogn`d prdsdktd dk `js ioarñbjkjs. 4) Gsdfõrdsd ld qud `js iõsoajs kj dstçk eufgklj, g ajktokugaoñk, dstgn`dzag d` pgrçidtrj IJLJ LD BO@\^J g boej. 2) Tk-ny-pgss d` prjadsj GBQ> ùdfj sunor `dktgidktd d` bgldr prokaopg` mgstg ``dfgr g su jnedtovj ld fgkgkaog (qud sd ldsarond dk d` pgsj >) j sd qudlg sok `js bo`trjs ld ijlj boej, `j qud jaurrg proidrj. 6) Ngegr `g pgrtd pjstdrojr ld` bgldr nus igdstrj g kovd` ld rdkloiodktj. =) Geustd d` pgrçidtrj IJLJ LD BO@\^J pgrg vovor. D` sostdig dstç gmjrg òstj pgrg su usj y `js bo`trjs lospjkon`ds dk vovj dstgrçk lospjkon`ds pgrg `g suprdsoñk ld rdtrjgòidktgaoñk sjnrd `g igramg lurgktd `g gatugaoñk. GBQ> todkd uk gliokostrgljr ldloaglj prddstgn`daolj idlogktd d` aug` `js usugrojs agrfgr / fugrlgr / rdkjinrgr / prdgeustds GBQ> Dòiokgr pgrg idlojs TQN ajkdatgljs. Sgrg agrfgr / fugrlgr / rdkjinrgr / njrrgr GBQ> ld idijrog5 Rgyg g aug`quodr GT] j `g pçfokg ld dloaoñk IGQ\D^ DW -- Aòah / pu`sd d` njtñk AJKBOFT^GAOÑ AJKBOFT^GAOÑK K GBQ> - Aòah / pu`sd sjnrd d` njtñk S^DQD\Q dkaudktrg dk d` adktrj ld `g pgktg``g ld bo`trj ijlg` GBQ> - Ttoòzgr d` fdstjr ld S^DQD\Q pgrg agrfgr / fugrlgr / rdkjinrgr / prdgeustds GBQ> Dòiokgr pgrg idlojs TQN ajkdatgljs 4.1.75 GBQ> ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.<.75 FG\D DLO\G^ AGKG@; FG\D @g sdaaoñk To><^ Fgtd ds gaadson`d g trgvïs ld `g pdstg÷g Dlotgr dk `g ngrrg ld mdrrgiodktgs supdrojr. Tkg Sudrtg ds uk prjadsj ld rdluaaoñk ld fgkgkaog uinrg` oipu`sglg kjrigìdktd sd utoòzg pgrg gtdkugr ukg sd÷g` augklj su kovd` agd pjr ldngej ld` uinrg`. Ajkbofurgaoñk ld` uinrg` eustj pjr dkaoig ld uk ruolj ld bjklj j ruolj ld bjklj, pjr dedip`j, pdriotorç g `g pudrtg pgrg gtdkugr `g budktd lurgktd pdrojljs dk `js qud `g dktrglg prokaopg` (vjz, okstruidktj, dta.) dstç dk so`dkaoj. Sudrtg ld agpturg ld pgktg``g @ÉIO\D Geustgr d` uinrg` ld `g pudrtg @g vdrsoñk ld `g tgn`dtg ld` sjbtwgrd okaùyd uk gtdkugljr TIN^G@ mjrozjktg`. Sudld grrgstrgr `g nj`g gkgrgkeglg ld `g '\' dk d` frçboaj ld `g lokçioag dk gings vdrsojkds ld td`ïbjkjs y tgn`dtgs. G\GWTD Geustgr d` gtgqud ld `g pudrtg D` todipj ld gtgqud ajktrj`g `g vd`jaolgl ld `g gpdrturg ld `g pudrtg. D` todipj dstç dk ioarjsdfukljs, idkjs ld uk sdfuklj. Tkg pudrtg qud sd gnrd ldigsoglj rçpolj dk ukg sd÷g` ld gtgqud `dktj pudld prjluaor uk sjkolj ld aòa. @g sjùaoñk içs sdkao``g ds dxtdkldr d` todipj ld gtgqud mgstg qud ldsgpgrdzag d` sjkolj ld aòa. Ajksoldrd todipjs iuy rçpoljs ld gtgqud pgrg okstruidktjs ld pdrausoñk y todipjs içs `dktjs (73 is j içs) pgrg tjlj `j ldiçs. QJQ\DKD^ Geustgr d` todipj ld dspdrg. D` todipj ld rdtdkaoñk ds d` todipj iékoij qud `g pudrtg sd igktodkd gnodrtg. todipj ld igktdkoiodktj g idkulj sd dstgn`dad dk uk iékoij ld >3-13 ioòsdfukljs pgrg dvotgr d` tgn`dtdj. Amgttdr ds `g ajkstgktd gpdrturg y aodrrd ld ukg pudrtg ldnolj g uk kovd` ld sd÷g` ld g`tg vd`jaolgl bùatugktd. 4.<.75 FG\D ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.<.75 FG\D DLO\G^ AGKG@; LOKÇIOAG S^JBTKLOLGL Geustgr `g prjbuklolgl ld `g pudrtg @GKUGIODK\J Geustd `g pudrtg ld sgòlg Dstg ds `g vd`jaolgl g `g qud `g pudrtg vud`vg g 'sok gtdkugaoñk' ldspuïs ld qud d` kovd` ld `g sd÷g` mg agélj pjr ldngej ld` kovd` ld uinrg`. FÎ - IDLOAOÑK idloaoñk ld rdluaaoñk ld fgkgkaog Mgy trds idtrjs5 Qd÷g` ld dktrglg, `g sd÷g` ld sgòlg, y uk idloljr qud iudstrg `g agktolgl ld gtdkugaoñk qud sd gpòag gatugìdktd ldnolj g `g lokçioag ld prjadsgiodktj. prjadsgiodktj. ^DOKOAOG^ ^dstgn`dadr `g lokçioag ld dstd agkg` g vg`jrds pjr ldbdatj LDÔRGAOÑK Nypgss `g lokçioag ld dstd agkg` Qjbt hkdd / mgrl hkdd Ajkeuktj ld ajlj sugvd j d` ijlj ld ajlj lurj pgrg d` ajiprdsjr Dstj ldtdriokg añij sd oktdrprdtg kovd` ld uinrg`. MG^L idlojs ijlj ld ajlj qud d` uinrg` rdprdsdktg ukg trgksoaoñk gnruptg. idlojs ld grtoau`gaoñk sugvd qud rdprdsdktg ukg trgksoaoñk frglug`. 4.<.75 FG\D ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ DLO\G^ AGKG@; LOKÇIOAG S^DGETQ\DQ Fugrlgr / agrfgr prdgeustds Lykgioas D` rdsu`tglj sdrç ukg fdstoñk prddstgn`daolj auglrj ld pjp-up dstçklgr. 4.<.75 FG\D 4.<.75 FG\D ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg 4.<.>5 AJIS^DQJ^ Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ DLO\G^ AGKG@; Ajiprdsjr @g sdaaoñk To><^ ajiprdsjr ds gaadson`d g trgvïs ld `g pdstg÷g Dlotgr dk `g ngrrg ld mdrrgiodktgs supdrojr. Tk ajiprdsjr ds uk prjadsj oipu`sglj uinrg` utoòzglj pgrg rdluaor d` rgkfj lokçioaj ld ukg sd÷g` idlogktd `g gpòagaoñk ld rdluaaoñk ld fgkgkaog augklj d` kovd` ld `g sd÷g` dxadld d` uinrg` y `g gpòagaoñk ld 'fgkgkaog ld igquo``ged' pgrg igktdkdr d` Ajksostdktd kovd` fdkdrg`. Sudld utoòzgr `g ajiprdsoñk pgrg guidktgr d` vjùidk gpgrdktd ld ukg sd÷g` sok guidktgr d` kovd` ld poaj, j pgrg ajktrj`gr `gs budktds dxadsovgidktd lokçioajs. Ajiprdsjr Qarddk Frgn @ÉIO\D Geustgr d` uinrg` ld` ajiprdsjr @g vdrsoñk ld `g tgn`dtg ld` sjbtwgrd okaùyd uk gtdkugljr TIN^G@ mjrozjktg`. Sudld grrgstrgr `g nj`g gkgrgkeglg ld `g '\' dk d` frçboaj ld `g lokçioag dk gings vdrsojkds ld td`ïbjkjs y tgn`dtgs. Dstj sd rdbodrd g quï tgk budrtd ds `g sd÷g` gktds ld gpòagr `g ajiprdsoñk. G\GWTD Geustgr d` gtgqud ld` ajiprdsjr @js ajktrj`ds ld todipj ld gtgqud ld `j rçpolj qud sd kdadsotg pgrg qud d` ajiprdsjr trgngej. D` todipj dstç dk ioarjsdfukljs, idkjs ld uk sdfuklj. S^JSJÂOÑK Geustgr `g rd`gaoñk ld ajiprdsoñk @g agktolgl ld ajiprdsoñk sd gpòag. Sjr dedip`j, so `g rd`gaoñk ld ajiprdsoñk sd dstgn`dad pgrg 25 7, `g sd÷g` ld dktrglg tdklrç qud aruzgr d` uinrg` pjr 2 lN pgrg d` kovd` ld sgòlg g uk guidktj ld 7 lN. 4.<.>5 AJIS^DQJ^ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.<.>5 AJIS^DQJ^ DLO\G^ AGKG@; Ajiprdsjr @GKUGIODK\J Geustd `g sgòlg ld` ajiprdsjr ºWuï tgk prjktj ldspuïs ld `gs agélgs ld sd÷g` pjr ldngej ld` uinrg` pgrg d` ajiprdsjr. FGKGKAOG Geustgr `g fgkgkaog ld` ajiprdsjr @d pdriotd guidktgr `g sd÷g` ajiproiolg. ajij `g ajiprdsoñk g idkulj gtdkõg `g sd÷g` sofkoboagtovgidktd QJQ\DKD^ Geustgr d` todipj ld dspdrg. D` todipj ld rdtdkaoñk ds d` todipj iékoij qud `g pudrtg sd igktodkd gnodrtg. todipj ld igktdkoiodktj g idkulj sd dstgn`dad dk uk iékoij ld >3-13 ioòsdfukljs pgrg dvotgr d` tgn`dtdj. Amgttdr ds `g ajkstgktd gpdrturg y aodrrd ld ukg pudrtg ldnolj g uk kovd` ld sd÷g` ld g`tg vd`jaolgl bùatugktd. S^DGETQ\DQ Fugrlgr / agrfgr prdgeustds Lykgioas D` rdsu`tglj sdrç ukg fdstoñk prddstgn`daolj auglrj ld pjp-up dstçklgr. 4.<.>5 AJIS^DQJ^ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.45 GT] / B] DKRÉG DLO\G^ AGKG@; GT] / B] DKRÉG D` GT] y dkvéjs ld dbdatjs pdstg÷gs dk `g pgktg``g ld dloaoñk sjk ukg igkdrg ajkvdkodktd ld gaadldr g tjlgs `gs ajktronuaojkds ld sgòlg pgrg uk sj`j agkg` - dk ajktrgpjsoaoñk g` dkbjqud ld 'vosoñk iox' ld `gs pçfokgs ld dkvéj guxoògr y dkvéj ld dbdatjs ldloagljs. @js dkvéjs guxoògrds vostg / pdstg÷g pgrg gings vdrsojkds ld sjbtwgrd ld td`ïbjkj y `g tgn`dtg okaùyd njtjkds S^D / SJQ\ y IT\D pgrg aglg dkvéj. @js dkvéjs ld vostg / pdstg÷g pgrg gings vdrsojkds ld sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj y `g tgn`dtg jbrdadk njtjkds IT\D y sd`daaojkds pgrg dlotgr `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld `js lobdrdktds prjadsgljrds ld dbdatjs. Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj, uk aòa / tgatj ld ïstjs `d ``dvg g ukg vostg dk ldtg``d gloaojkg` pgrg dlotgr dsd prjadsgljr B]. Sgrg içs ldtg``ds sjnrd `js prjadsgljrds ld dbdatjs oktdrkjs, ajksu`td `g sdaaoñk 6. 4.45 GT] / B] DKRÉG ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.2 ^DQGKGLJ @js pgramds sd pudldk ajkbofurgr pgrg `gs dktrglgs `jag`ds, iu`topostg TQN y TQN-LGV iu`topostg rdstgn`daoiodktj rçpolj y Sgtam 75 7 Geustd ld igrag y pgramds ^dstgn`daoiodktj ld ukg sjùaoñk ld uk sj`j tjqud. @JAG@ @g pgktg``g ld pgramds pdriotd g` usugroj sd`daaojkgr `g budktd ld dktrglg 7->3 j @ / ^ ld `ékdg pgrg aglg agkg`. G` sd`daaojkgr AMGKKD@ / dlotgr / pgramdgr d` usugroj sdrç agpgz ld ldsofkgr g `g budktd sd`daaojkglg pgrg aglg agkg` ROQOÑK FDKD^G@ @g boamg Rostg fdkdrg` `d lgrç g` usugroj, g proidrg vostg, ukg vosoñk ajip`dtg ld `js pgramds y `gs ajkdxojkds qud sd mgk dstgn`daolj. Dstjs sd pudldk dlotgr dk `g pgktg``g ld rdsuidk ajk tjljs `js aginojs ld sdr f`jng` TQN-G > gramovjs \rgah TQN j dstïrdj sd pudldk gsofkgr g `gs rgkurgs lospjkon`ds 7->> utoòzgklj utoòzgklj AGKG@ / dlotgr / TQN-G TQN-LGV gramovjs iu`topostg TQN sd pudldk gsofkgr ld su LGV pgrg rgkurgs lospjkon`ds 7-1> usgklj AGKG@ / dlotgr / TQN-LGV ^DOKOAOG^ ^dstgn`dadr ^dstgn`da dr sd rdstgn`dadrç rçpolgidktd g `g pgktg``g ld pgramds g su ajkbofurgaoñ ajkbofurgaoñk k pjr ldbdatj .. SGÂMD 75 7 Sgtam 75 7 mgad bçao` d` trgngej ld pgramds idlogktd `g ardgaoñk ld ukg ajkdxoñk 75 7 ld `gs dktrglgs bésoags g `js agkg`ds ld` idza`gljr pgrg tjljs `js agkg`ds. 4.2 ^DQGKGLJ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.2 ^DQGKGLJ S^TDNG LD QJKOLJ Qjukltamdah ds nçsoagidktd jtrj ajkeuktj ld pgramds. Qd pudld utoòzgr pgrg ardgr ukg idza`g ld prudng g trgvïs ld gramovjs prdfrgngljs dk TQN, pjr dedip`j, j trgngegr dk ukg prudng ld sjkolj dk vovj rdatg j ukg idza`g ld ginjs. @g ajkbofurgaoñk ds `g iosig qud pgrg `gs gpòagaojkds kjrig`ds ld pgramds. Tkg vdz qud sd gatovg d` ijlj ld prudng ld sjkolj ld` pgkd` ld sd`daaoñk sdrç vdrld. Mgy ljs bjrigs ld gatovgr Srudng ld sjkolj, yg sdg g trgvïs ld `g AJKBOFT^GAOÑK; ^DQGKGLJ; Ldsaropaoñk ld pçfokg j d` eufgljr; IT@\O\^GAH SÇFOKG 4.2 ^DQGKGLJ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 4.25 ^DQGKGLJ QJTKLAMDAH GQOFKG^ SÇFOKG @g pçfokg ld prudng ld sjkolj Gsofkgr gsofkg d` pgramd prudng ld sjkolj pgrg d` agkg` sd`daaojkglj. QJTKLAMDAH OKLOAGLJ^ D` okloagljr ld prudng ld sjkolj sd dkaudktrg dk `g dsquokg supdrojr ozquodrlg ld `g pgktg``g @AL Kovd` 7. Dstj pgrdad okloagr qud `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj ds dk d` ijlj ld prudng ld sjkolj. 4.2 ^DQGKGLJ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 2.75 Rdr y frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj IDUA@G AG^GA\D^ÉQ\OAGQ; Rdr y frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj Dk d` sjbtwgrd To pudld so`dkaogr `js agkg`ds ld bjrig oklovolug` j dk frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj. Mgy sdos frupjs Iutd lospjkon`d pgrg sdr gsofkglj g aug`quodr agkg` ld iutdgn`d. Sgrg so`dkaogr tjljs `js agkg`ds ld uk frupj ld gku`gaoñk, sñ`j todkd qud sd`daaojkgr d` njtñk Iutd Frjup rdqudrolj. Rdr frupjs ld trgngej ld `g iosig igkdrg, gukqud ïstjs ldbokdk puktjs ld vostg Idza`gljr ld agkg`ds. Sjr dedip`j, pjlrég gsofkgr tjljs `js agkg`ds vjag`ds, gldiçs ld uk igdstrj gux pgrg vdr d` frupj 7 pgrg ukg r daupdrgaoñk okstgktçkd okstgktçkdg. g. @gs 'dktrglgs', rdtjrkjs ld dbdatjs, sunfrupjs y GT] IGQ\D^Q njtjkds lospjkon`ds dk d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d sjk soip`didktd ajkvdkodktd prddstgn`daolj Rdr frupjs. Sgrg gsofkgr `js frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj, Rdr frupjs, (y) Qun Frupjs ld kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg ld gsofkgaoñk. Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg, sd`daaojkd `g pdstg÷g ajrrdspjklodktd dk `g pçfokg ld idloljrds j `grfj aòa / tjkd`glg tjagr d` rdspdatovj frupj pdrj- dk d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d. G ajktokugaoñk, pudld d`dfor `js frupjs y agkg`ds `ds gsofkgk sdfõk sdg kdadsgroj. 2.75 Rdr y frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 2.>5 IJ^DID IDUA@G AG^GA\D^ÉQ\OAGQ; IJ^DID IJ^DID pdriotd g `js usugrojs gsofkgr sus prjpojs agkg`ds (qud pudldk okaùor uk ioarñbjkj vjag` y uk agkg` ld okstruidktj, pjr dedip`j) y idza`gr d` dquoònroj ld dsjs agkg`ds ajk uk sj`j gtdkugljr frgkld. Dstg ds ukg igkdrg sdkao``g ld idza`gr su prjpoj sjkolj ajktrg jtrjs iodinrjs ld `g ngklg. Sgrg vdr IJ^DID dk d` sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj, gnrg d` idkõ y pu`sd KGR IJ^DID, j sd pudld gaadldr ldsld `js dkvéjs guxoògrds pgktg``g ajk ukg ljn`d pu`sgaoñk dk d` frddk ldsòzgljr IGQ\D^ GT]. Srdsojkd ljs vdads `g sdaaoñk dk n`gkaj dktrd `js gtdkugljrds IJ^DID pgrg vj`vdr g `g pgktg``g ld `js dkvéjs guxoògrds. Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg, dòeg IJ^DID ldsld d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d. IJ^DID sd pudld ijstrgr dk gings jrodktgaojkds mjrozjktg` y vdrtoag`. Sgosged sd gaadld ldsld d` idkõ KGR, iodktrgs qud dk aug`quodr ijidktj sd dkaodkld d` td`ïbjkj g `g jrodktgaoñk vdrtoag`, `g pçfokg IJ^DID sd iudstrg dk `g vostg vdrtoag`. Sgrg IJ^DID g trgngegr, proidrj todkd qud gsofkgr sus agkg`ds ld ié. Sgrg d``j, g pgrtor ld uk agkg` ld sun-idkõ dk `g pçfokg IO]. G `grfj pu`sd d` kjinrd ld` agkg` pgrg d` sun-idkõ ld agkg`ds, g ajktokugaoñk, sd`daaojkd Gsofkgr ID. G ajktokugaoñk, todkd qud gsofkgr `g sgòlg gux. \jlgvég dk `g pgktg``g IO], ldsp`gzgiodktj g `j `grfj ld `js gtdkugljrds prokaopg`ds GT], pu`sgaoñk `grfg dk d` agkg` ld sgòlg GT] Igdstrj y sd`daaojkd Gsofkgr ID JT\. Augklj sd gsofkg uk agkg` g IJ^DID, d` kjinrd ld` agkg` sd iudstrg dk aj`jr kgrgkeg. 2.>5 IJ^DID ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 2.>5 IJ^DID IDUA@G AG^GA\D^ÉQ\OAGQ; IJ^DID ‐IJ^DID’ ijlj vdrtoag` JK / JBB Gmjrg ds pjson`d ldbokor so IJ^DID sd iudstrg gutjiçtoagidktd gutjiçtoagidktd dk d` ijlj vdrtoag` dk `js lospjsotovjs qud jbrdadk gpjyj jrodktgaoñk. G`fukjs usugrojs prdbodrdk jpdrgr Bgldr Rodw pçfokgs (IO], GT], B]) dk `g jrodktgaoñk ld `g pgktg``g rgsfj pjr- `j qud `js gtdkugljrds sjk ‐ld `grfj gàgkad’. Ijljs IJ^DID5 IJ^DID DK - jrodktgaoñk ijlj vdrtoag` ijstrgrç gutjiçtoagidktd `g pçfokg IJ^DID IJ^DID JBB - jrodktgaoñk ijlj vdrtoag` ijstrgrç `g oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj rdfu`gr ajk gtdkugljrds prj`jkfgljs. G`fukgs ld `gs agrgatdréstoags ld `g pgktg``g FTO sdrçk ‐dk fros’ y rdstrokfoljs g `g vostg ldnolj g `g loidksoñk aojkds òiotgaoñk. Aginoj ld` ijlj ld IJ^DID5 - Or g `g ajkbofurgaoñk -; Geustds ld pçfokg - Dstgn`dadr `g jpaoñk ld ijlj vdrtoag` IJ^DID dk JK / JBB 2.>5 IJ^DID ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 6.35 dlotgr B] B] Dlot B] lofotg`ds sd utoòzgk dk tjljs `js topjs ld guloj pgrg gyulgr g ardgr prjbuklolgl y aj`jr g ukg idza`g. D` To><^ todkd trds prjadsgljrds @dxoajk B] oktdrkjs5 ^dvdrn, Ld`gy y Amjrus. D` To><^ todkd uk prjadsgljr gloaojkg` qud pudld sdr j nodk ukg rdvdrndrgaoñk j rdtgrlj gloaojkg`. Mgy B] ldloaglj dkvéjs y rdtjrkjs ld `js dbdatjs oktdrkjs - soip`didktd geustgr d` kovd` ajrrdspjklodktd B] Qdkl y qud gpgrdzag d` kovd` ld` agkg` ld rdtjrkj ld dbdatjs B] g okajrpjrgr dk su idza`g. Rdr sdaaoñk <.< pgrg içs ldtg``ds ld `js dkvéjs ld dbdatjs. Dlotgr pgkd`ds B] todkdk geustd ld pgrçidtrjs ngsgljs dk Bgldr prddstgn`daolj Fugrlgr / ^daupdrgr y ajk pgktg``g kuiïroag dsto`j @AL- kuiïroaj. 6.35 dlotgr B] ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.ajiigkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 6.75 ^DRD^N B] Dlot; ^DRD^N @g rdvdrndrgaoñk (j ‐rdvdrn’ pgrg gnrdvogr) ds d` ajip`dej dbdatj ardglj pjr `g bjrig dk qud pdraonoijs d` sjkolj dk uk dspgaoj adrrglj. ^dvdrn ldpdkld ld iuamgs agrgatdréstoags ld dsd dspgaoj, okaùydklj d` tgig÷j, `g bjrig y d` topj ld igtdrog`ds qud rdaunrdk `gs pgrdlds. ^dvdrn ds uk ajipjkdktd kgturg` ld `g dxpdrodkaog gaõstoag, y `g igyjrég ld `g fdktd sodktd qud `d bg`tg g`fj sok d``g. MJ^G ^dvdrn \oid (ioòsdfukljs) @g agktolgl ld todipj qud `d tjig g `g aj`g ld rdvdrndrgaoñk g `g agrods. \odipj ld rdvdrndrgaoñk ds ukg okloagaoñk gulotovg ld` topj ld dspgaoj - frgklds dspgaojs dbdatovjs todkdk vdads içs todipj ld rdvdrndrgaoñk qud `js pdqud÷js `js gnsjrndktds. MB MB Lgipokf Gijrtofugklj Gijrtofugkl j `gs g`tgs brdaudkaogs sd pudld 'soktjkozgr' ukg rdvdrndrgaoñk içs kgturg`. NGEJ Ngej fgkgkaog Gloaoñk ld ngej g ukg sd÷g` ld rdvdrndrgktd pudld gyulgr g dspdsgr ld guloj qud sd mg ldnoòtglj pjr `g rdvdrndrgaoñk g`fjrotij, j ardgr ukg i gyjr a`grolgl dk `gs brdaudkaogs ngegs qud g vdads dstç dkigsagrglj pjr `g rdvdrndrgaoñk. @SB Bo`trj ld pgsj ngej ld brdaudkaog geustds ld brdaudkaog içs g`tgs guidktgk `g rdspudstg ld g`tg brdaudkaog, ardgklj rdvdrndrgaojkds içs nro``gktds8 \okfs br daudkaog içs ngeg ajkeuktj- ardgk rdvdrndrgaojkds içs jsaurjs ajk ïkbgsos dk `gs brdaudkaogs içs frgvds. MSB Bo`trj ld pgsj g`tj ld brdaudkaog ^dluaor turnoldz 'ûin`d' d okldsdgn`d pjr d` ajrtd ld `gs brdaudkaogs ngegs. 6.75 ^DRD^N ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 6.>5 ^D\^GQJ B] Dlot; ^D\^GQJ @js rdtgrljs rdpotdk uk sjkolj pjaj todipj ldspuïs ld qud jaurrg proidrj. D` rdtgrlj sd ajkvodrtd daj augklj `g sgòlg sd rdgòidktg g `g dktrglg (rdtrjgòidktgaoñk). Dstj ajkvodrtd g ukg sj`g rdpdtoaoñk dk ukg sdrod ld rdpdtoaojkds, aglg ukg uk pjaj içs sugvd qud d` gktdrojr. D` todipj ld rdtgrlj To sd dstgn`dad dk ioòsdfukljs j dk vg`jrds iusoag`ds. Srdsojkd `g pgktg``g ld` LOR pgrg gaadldr g uk idkõ ldsp`dfgn`d ajk `js vg`jrds ld `gs kjtgs iusoag`ds lospjkon`ds. Su`sd d` njtñk \GS \DISJ vgrogs vdads pgrg frobj dk d` todipj ld rdtgrlj ldsdglj. (Dstj sd mgad fdkdrgìdktd dk d` todipj ajk `g iõsoag.) Su`sd y igktdkfg pu`sglj d` njtñk \GS \DISJ pgrg dsaronor igkugìdktd dk d` todipj ld rdtgrlj dk NSI. \GS / NSI Ld`gy \dipj Tk geustd ld todipj ld rdtgrlj qud utoòzg uk tdipj 'gprjvdamglj' ajij fuég. Su`sd dk d` njtñk '\GS \DISJ' pgrg geustgr d` todipj ld rdtgrlj. D` njtñk \GS \DISJ tginoïk dstç lospjkon`d dk d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d sjbtwgrd ld ajktrj`. MJ^G @jkfotul ld rdtgrlj todipj ld rdtgrlj geustglj dk ioòsdfukljs. LOR Ngrroj `jkfotul todipj ld rdtgrlj ajkbofurglj ajij uk iusoag` sunlovosoñk ld` tdipj. Srdsojkd `g pgktg``g ld` LOR pgrg gaadldr g uk idkõ ldsp`dfgn`d ajk `js vg`jrds ld `gs kjtgs iusoag`ds lospjkon`ds. BNGAH Ajktrj`g d` kõidrj ld rdpdtoaojkds ld rdtgrlj pjr `g gòidktgaoñk ld `g pgrtd pjstdrojr ld `g sd÷g` ld sgòlg ld rdtgrlj g `g dktrglg ld`gy Dstj ardg ukg sdrod ld rdpdtoaojkds ld rdtgrlj, aglg ukj òfdrgidktd gtdkuglg mgstg qud sd ajkvodrtdk okgulon`d. @js vg`jrds içs g`tjs ardgk içs rdpdtoaojkds8 `js geustds içs ngejs rdluadk d` kõidrj ld rdpdtoaojkds. Augklj dstd igklj sd forg ajip`dtgidktd g `g ldrdamg, sd gajp`g ^dpdgt Mj`l - rdpdtoaojkds ld rdtgrlj sd rdprjluadk dk uk nua`d okbokotj, pdrj kj mgy sd÷g` ld dktrglg gloaojkg` sd oktrjluad dk d` dbdatj ld rdtgrlj. ^dpotg Mj`l dstç lospjkon`d õkoagidktd dk dstuloj, Ijkj y Sjkf Ld`gy. @SB Bo`trj ld pgsj ngej - Brdaudkaogs pjr dkaoig ld dstd sd bo`trgk / dòiokglj Ajrtgr d` ajktdkolj ld g`tg brdaudkaog idlogktd d` geustd ld `g brdaudkaog ld ajrtd ld uk bo`trj ld dstgktdrégs. 6.>5 ^D\^GQJ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 6.15 AJ^J B] Dlot; AJ^J Ajrj ardg uk dxundrgktd, sjkolj ajip`dtj idlogktd `g ajinokgaoñk ñk ld ljs j içs sd÷g`ds euktgs ukg sok sdr gbdatglg y `gs jtrgs sd÷g`ds pudld vgrogr òfdrgidktd d` tjkj ajk d` todipj. Amjrus sd utoòzg ajiõkidktd pgrg dkfjrlgr y postgs pgrg g÷glor audrpj g `gs fuotgrrgs sok aj`jrdgr d` sjkolj jrofokg`. Ajrj tginoïk sd pudld utoòzgr ajk losardaoñk pgrg dspdsgr ukg postg ld vjz. LDQJÔDK\G^ Agktolgl ld ldsvogaoñk ld` tjkj ld `g sd÷g` jrofokg` LDKQOLGL Geustd `g ldksolgl ld` dbdatj ld ajrj Augktj içs ldksj ds d` ajrj, içs frudsj y içs roaj ds d` rdsu`tglj sdrç. @SB Bo`trj ld pgsj ngej - Brdaudkaogs pjr dkaoig ld dstd sd bo`trgk / dòiokglj Ajrtgr d` ajktdkolj ld g`tg brdaudkaog idlogktd d` geustd ld `g brdaudkaog ld ajrtd ld uk bo`trj ld dstgktdrégs. 6.15 AJ^J ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 6.<5 SGK\G@@G B] B] Dloaoñk; DBDA\JQ LD SGK\G@@G @g pgktg``g Dbdatjs todkd augtrj pgramds ld dbdatjs. D` proidr pgramd sd boeg ajk a jk uk rdvdrn @dxoajk g`tg agòlgl, pdrj `js jtrjs trds sjk gsofkgn`ds. Mgfg aòa y igktdkfg sjnrd d` kjinrd bdat DB sd gnrd uk idkõ pgrg `g sd`daaoñk rçpolg ld rdvdrndrgaoñk j rdtgrlj Mgfg aòa y igktdkfg sjnrd d` kjinrd bdat DB sd gnrd uk idkõ pgrg `g sd`daaoñk rçpolg ld rdtrgsj j Ajrj Mgfg aòa y igktdkfg sjnrd d` kjinrd bdat DB sd gnrd uk idkõ pgrg `g sd`daaoñk rçpolg ld mgnotgaoñk j ld rdtgrlj 6.<5 SGK\G@@G B] ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ =.35 iudstrgs y QKGSQMJ\ QKGSQMJ\Q Q Iudstrgs y QKGSQMJ\Q Tkg iudstrg ds ukg aj`daaoñk ld okstgktçkdgs. Tkg okstgktçkdg okstgktçkdg ds uk rdfostrj ld tjljs `js geustds ld `g ajksj`g. Sudld fugrlgr y rdaupdrgr `gs okstgktçkdgs y prjfrgigs g trgvïs ld` sjbtwgrd ld ajktrj` To - td`ïbjkj j tgn`dtg. Tkg okstgktçkdg rdaudrlg aglg ajkbofurgaoñk ld su idza`gljr g `g vdz. Tk usj ajiõk pgrg `gs okstgktçkdgs ds tdkdr ukg okstgktçkdg pjr agkaoñk. Gsé qud su òstg ld okstgktçkdgs pjlrég pgrdadrsd dxgatgidktd g `g òstg ld agkaojkds. G` bokg` ld aglg agkaoñk, d` aginoj g `g sofuodktd okstgktçkdg y aglg geustd dk d` idza`gljr dstç òstj pgrg dsg agkaoñk pgrg dipdzgr. @g pçfokg ld iudstrgs y okstgktçkdgs ds gaadson`d dk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg ld `g pçfokg ld ajkbofurgaoñk j puktdgklj / aòa dk d` okloagljr @DL dk `g ngrrg ld kgvdfgaoñk (qud iudstrg d` kjinrd ld `g okstgktçkdg gatugìdktd agrfglj). @g tda`g rçpolg g `gs okstgktçkdgs pjp-up ds X=Y. \ginoïk pudld gsofkgr uk B7 j B> (pgrtd supdrojr ld` Agkg` Igdstrj) pgrg gatugòzgr `g okstgktçkdg gatug` j ardgr ukg kudvg. Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj, soip`didktd pu`sd d` oajkj ld` losaj j gsofkgr `g tda`g B7 pgrg sòldJut ukg bukaoñk okstgktçkdg. =.35 iudstrgs y QKGSQMJ\Q ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ =.35 iudstrgs y QKGSQMJ\ QKGSQMJ\Q Q Iudstrgs y QKGSQMJ\Q @g ukolgl vodkd ajk d` ldbdatj Ijstrgr agrfglj, y d` Okot * * okstgktçkdg. Ds ukg nudkg oldg pgrg ardgr uk kudvj dspdatçau`j ld trgngegr y utoòzgr d` vg`jr prdldtdriokglj prdldtdriokgl j Qmjw ds ukg rutg bçao` vj`vdr g `g ajkbofurgaoñk prdldtdriokglg. Sgrg ajkbofurgr uk dspdatçau`j, ldsld ukjs iudstrgs y vdr OKQ\GK\ÇKDGQ (Ajkbofurgaoñk) sd`daaojkd dspdatçau`js y pu`sd d` KTDRJ pdrj- tjkd`glg. G ajktokugaoñk, d` kjinrd ld su dspdatçau`j. Dk `js dspdatçau`js y `g pçfokg okstgktçkdgs qud pudld ardgr, agrfgr, dòiokgr y dspdatçau`js ld aginoj ld kjinrd d okstgktçkdgs. Gmjrg tjigr ukg okstgktçkdg pu`sgklj d` njtñk FTG^LG^ (prñxoij g `g ajùikg ld okstgktçkdgs j dk `gs okstgktçkdgs vostg). \ginoïk pudld gsofkgr `gs bukaojkds ld gatugòzgaoñk ld Qkgpmjt y Kudvg okstgktçkdg dk d` B7 y B> tda`gs (idkõ ld ajkbofurgaoñk). Qmjws agrfgljs y `gs okstgktçkdgs sd iudstrgk dk tdxtj rjej. Augklj sd tjig ukg okstgktçkdg, sd fugrlg ldktrj ld` smjw gatug`. Okstgktçkdg ld jpdrgaojkds ld njrrglj õkoaj trgngej ld okstgktçkdgs dk d` dspdatçau`j aurdkt. Qo oktdktg dòiokgr ukg okstgktçkdg ld uk prjfrgig qud kj dstç agrfglj, gpgrdadrç uk idksged ld drrjr. TQN Oipjrtgr / Dxpjrtgr Sudld dxpjrtgr g dspdatçau`js y smjws ld oipjrtgaoñk ldsld ukg ukolgl TQN oksdrtglj dk d` pudrtj TQN ld `g ukolgl prokaopg`. Sgrg `g dxpjrtgaoñk, sd`daaojkd Ijstrgr dk `g òstg Ijstrgr, tgatj dxpjrtg, g ajktokugaoñk, sd`daaojkd `g ukolgl TQN y tjqud JH. Sgrg oipjrtgaoñk, `g oipjrtgaoñk ajktgatj, sd`daaojkd d` prjfrgig qud ldsdg oipjrtgr, g ajktokugaoñk, tjqud JH. agkg` ld agegs budrtds @g gatovgaoñk ld uk agkg` ld idlojs sdfurjs ld` agkg` rdsg`tglj kj vg g aginogr augklj sd rdaupdrg ukg kudvg okstgktçkdg. Sudld ajkbofurgr sd`daaojkgr Agkg` Agegs budrtds, y fugrlgr`js dk d` prjfrgig gatug`, g trgvïs ld `g vostg ld uk agkg` budrtd (pudld gaadldr g trgvïs ld `gs prokaopg`ds iudstrgs y pçfokg okstgktçkdgs). fdrdktd GBQ> prddstgn`daolj GBQ> ajkbofurgaoñk yg kj sd fugrlgk dk ukg okstgktçkdg / QMJV. GBQ> gmjrg todkd uk gliokostrgljr ldloaglj prddstgn`daolj prddstgn`daolj idlogktd d` aug` `js usugrojs agrfgr / fugrlgr / rdkjinrgr / prdgeustds GBQ> Dòiokgr pgrg idlojs TQN ajkdatgljs. Sgrg agrfgr / fugrlgr / rdkjinrgr / njrrgr GBQ> ld idijrog5 - Rgyg g aug`quodr GT] j `g pçfokg ld dloaoñk IGQ\D^ DW - Aòah / pu`sd d` njtñk AJKBOFT^GAOÑK GBQ> - Aòah / pu`sd sjnrd d` njtñk S^DQD\Q dkaudktrg dk d` adktrj ld `g pgktg``g ld bo`trj ijlg` GBQ> - Ttoòzgr d` fdstjr ld S^DQD\Q pgrg agrfgr / fugrlgr / rdkjinrgr / prdgeustds GBQ> Dòiokgr pgrg idlojs TQN ajkdatgljs =.35 iudstrgs y QKGSQMJ\Q ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ ?.35 IDLOG Frgngljrg y ^dprjluatjr ^DS^JLTAAOÑK _ F^GNGAOÑK D` idza`gljr To mg okajrpjrglj dk bgatoòtods `js idlojs ld ajiukoagaoñk. D` To><^ pudld rdprjluaor g trgvïs ld uk lospjsotovj ld idijrog TQN y d` To><^ pudld rdprjluaor y frgngr. D` eufgljr pudld utoòzgr pgrg postgs ld gajipg÷giodktj j pgrg iõsoag ld bjklj dktrd sdrods, pjr dedip`j, iodktrgs qud `g okstg`gaoñk ld rdfostrj rdfostrg `g idza`g dstïrdj prokaopg`. @g rdprjluaaoñk ds g trgvïs ld `js agkg`ds ld rdprjluaaoñk @ y ^DS^JLTAAOÑK ^ - dstjs sjk `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg kjrig`ds ldloagljs g `g bukaoñk ld rdprjluaaoñk ld TQN. D` rdfostrj (To><^) y `gs agrgatdréstoags ld rdprjluaaoñk utoòzgk ukg j ljs agrtgs ld `g idijrog TQN aj`jagljs dk `gs tjigs TQN dk d` mgrlwgrd ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj. D` To><^ todkd tgktj d` eudfj y tjigs ld rdfostrj dk d` pgkd` brjktg`, d` To><^ todkd uk ajkdatjr TQN 'S@G_'. Mgy ljs içs pudrtjs TQN dk d` pgkd` `gtdrg` ld `g ukolgl. Su`sd d` oajkj ld idlojs pgrg dktrgr dk `g pçfokg ld` eufgljr, j or g trgvïs ld` njtñk ld` idkõ ld` rdprjluatjr dk d` sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj. @js gramovjs pudldk sdr rdprjluaoljs ldsld ukg òstg ld rdprjluaaoñk j lordatgidktd ldsld `g òstg ld gramovjs. Idkõ Sjp-up Srdsojkd y igktdkfg d` kjinrd ld agkg` ld rdprjluaaoñk pgrg qud gpgrdzag d` idkõ ld agkg`ds. @js d`didktjs ld idkõ sjk5 Ldsgatovgr Qtdrdj @okh Dstg agrgatdréstoag agrgatdréstoag sdpgrg d` agkg` dstïrdj dk ljs gtdkugljrds ijkj. Dstj ds õto` pgrg gqud``js qud quodrgk d` guloj dk uk agkg` y uk (tdipj) postg ld rotij dk d` jtrj agkg`. Gktds ùfgr Dktrglgs Dstg agrgatdréstoag õto` iudvd d` eufgljr gktds ld` bgldr ld` agkg` 7, pjr `j qud ds `g proidrg gtdkugljr dk d` idza`gljr. \opjs ld gramovj @js gramovjs ld guloj sd ldndk fugrlgr dk `g idijrog TQN, yg sdg ajij VGR, GGA, IS1, JFF, GOBB j gramovjs B@GA. Tkg vdz dstj ?.35 sjpjrtd ld rdprjluaaoñk y frgngaoñk ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ ?.35 IDLOG Frgngljrg y ^dprjluatjr ^DS^JLTAAOÑK _ F^GNGAOÑK sd mg ajip`dtglj, oksdrtd su idijrog TQN dk d` eudfj dtoqudtg rgkurg TQN dk `g pgrtd supdrojr ld `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj y d` mgrlwgrd ld sus gramovjs ld iõsoag sd ijstrgrç dk `g ajùikg ld gramovjs iu`toidlog TQN. B7 y B> ETDFJ Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg ld `g B7 y B> njtjkds sotugljs dkaoig ld` bgldr igdstrj (y dk d` sjbtwgrd ld` td`ïbjkj d` njtñk B7 dk d` pgkd` ldsòzgn`d) sd pudldk gsofkgr g rdprjluaor `g agkaoñk sofuodktd (dk `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld pgktg``gs; ajkbof / sdtup). Qo d` eufgljr sd dstgn`dad dk igkug`, dktjkads d` eufgljr sd ldtdklrç dk d` bokg` ld aglg agkaoñk. G` pu`sgr d` njtñk ld rdprjluaaoñk B7 / B> eufgrç `g sofuodktd agkaoñk dk `g òstg. Dstj pdriotd qud d` iõsoaj pgrg rdprjluaor `g sofuodktd agkaoñk dk su ajkeuktj sok tdkdr qud vdr `g pçfokg ld` eufgljr. Igkug` / gutjiçtoaj D` ijlj igkug` sofkoboag qud d` eufgljr vg g ldegr ld eufgr g` bokg` ld aglg agkaoñk. D` ijlj gutjiçtoaj sofkoboa sofkoboag g qud d` eufgljr sd okoaogrç gutjiçtoagidktd gutjiçtoagidk td `g rdprjluaaoñk ld `g sofuodktd agkaoñk dk `g òstg ld gramovjs. Qd÷g` D` njtñk Aud ds uk sg`tj g `g sofuodktd agrgatdréstoag agkaoñk. ATD sñ`j ds kdadsgrog augklj sd trgngeg dk ijlj igkug`. Sdriotd g `g sofuodktd agkaoñk qud sd eudfg usgklj d` njtñk S@G_ B7 j B> (dkaoig ld` bgldr Igstdr), sok okf mgv- pgrg sg`tgr g `g pçfokg ld rdprjluatjr ld idlojs gktds ld aglg agkaoñk. Frgngljrg Frgngaoñk ld `g sgòlg dstïrdj Igdstrj pudld sdr gatovglj ajk uk njtñk ^DAJ^L. Sudld gsofkgr `js njtjkds B7 y / j B> pgrg dstg bukaoñk j utoòzgr d` pgkd` `gtdrg` ijlj ld vostg eufgljr frgkld. >\H TQN >-\rgah ld frgngaoñk dstïrdj TQN dstç lospjkon`d dk d` To><^. Kudvj njtñk ld rdprjluaaoñk g`dgtjrog. I\H TQN ^dajrl Euktj ajk `g frgngaoñk dstïrdj ld > postgs, `g To><^ tginoïk pudld frgngr iu`topostg mgstg >> postgs sdpgrglgs qud ùdfj sd pudldk oipjrtgr dk aug`quodr gpòagaoñk ld guloj pgrg su pjstdrojr prjadsgiodktj j igstdrozgaoñk. ^dprjluaaoñk TQN I\H frgngaojkds iu`topostg iu`topostg oklovolug`ds sd pudldk rdprjluaor g trgvïs ld `g oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj y rdidza`glj. Sdrbda Sdrbdatj tj pgrg mgadr ukg idza`g ld dksgyj dk uk kudvj ùfgr gktds ld qud `js iõsoajs sd dkrj``gk j pgrg usj ajij postgs ld gajipg÷giodktj. Kjtg. I\H ^dprjluaaoñk y Frgngaoñk kdadsolglds stoah TQN qud sd oksdrtg dk `g rgkurg ld `g frgngaoñk gktdrojr y qud pdriotgk g >> postgs soiu`tçkdgs g sdr frgngljs, `g dsaroturg TQN y vd`jaolgl ld `daturg ld `js idlojs oksdrtgljs ldnd sdr (so `g idijrog oktdridlog ajipgton`d dk `g oktdrbgz ld` idza`gljr okloagrç tgig÷j ld` nõbdr y aug`dsquodrg prjn`digs ld vd`jaolgl ld dsaroturg. ?.35 sjpjrtd ld rdprjluaaoñk y frgngaoñk ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ ?.3.75 I\H Frgngljrg y ^dprjluatjr I\H ^DS^JLTAAOÑK _ F^GNGAOÑK IT@\O-postg ld rdprjluaaoñk y frgngaoñk ldsld uk lospjsotovj TQN D` To><^ pudld rdprjluaor y frgngr vgrogs trgydatjrogs ldsld TQN mgstg >> postgs. Sgramds sdrçk boegljs pjr aòa n`d lupòañ ajk ukg rgkurg pgramd idza`gljr qud gnrorç d` ijlg` idza`gljr gsofkgaoñk pgramd. \jljs `js aginojs sdrçk ukovdrsg`ds. Qdsojkds, Idza`gljr ld pgramds y gramovjs sd iudstrgk dk dstg pgktg``g. G` mgadr aòa dk uk kõidrj ld sdsoñk, rdprjluaaoñk ajidkzgrç ukg vdz qud d` oajkj ld rdprjluaaoñk sd gatovg y sd ldtodkd ajk d` njtñk ld pgrglg, Frgngaoñk lgrç ajiodkzj j pgrglg gatovgklj d` njtñk ld frgngaoñk. ?.3.75 I\H ^DS^JLTAAOÑK _ F^GNGAOÑK ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ ?.3.>5 TQN ^DS^JLTAAOÑK _ F^GNGAOÑK ^DS^JLTAAOÑK _ F^GNGAOÑK TQN Q\OAH AJISG\ONO@OLGL D` To><^ ds ajipgton`d ajk `g igyjrég ld lospjsotovjs TQN pgrg `g rdprjluaaoñk y frgngaoñk ld > postgs. Iu`to-postg ld kudvj S`gy-TQN rdqudrorç uk iékoij ld TQN 1.3 ajk ukg vd`jaolgl ld trgksbdrdkaog ld >4 IN / s. RD@JAOLGL tgipñk okloagljrgs D` okloagljr ld idijrog oktdridlog vd`jaolgl ajktrj`grç `g vd`jaolgl ld trgksbdrdkaog TQN lurgktd `g rdprjluaaoñk y frgngaoñk. G idlolg qud d` vg`jr ld `g sjùaoñk guidktg d` okloagljr ld idijrog oktdridlog ld vd`jaolgl aginogrç ld vdrld g gigro``j g kgrgkeg g bok ld ijstrgr uk idksged ld drrjr. D` rdquosotj iékoij pgrg `g vd`jaolgl ld trgksbdrdkaog ld iu`to-postg ds >4IN / s. ?.3.>5 TQN ^DS^JLTAAOÑK _ F^GNGAOÑK ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ ?.3.>5 TQN Frgngljrg y ^dprjluatjr ^DS^JLTAAOÑK _ F^GNGAOÑK LD TQN-LGV Sgramdj ld TQN-LGV sd pudld mgadr ldktrj ld ukg pgktg``g ld agkg`ds oklovolug`ds pgrg mgadr pgramds TQJ LD@ TQN-LGV S^JADQGIODK\J ajij uk oksdrtj LDK\^J LD@ To><^ Dstg pgktg``g pdriotd g` usugroj geustgr d` kovd` ld dktrglg augklj sd dstç utoòzgklj su prjadsgiodktj LGV ajij ukg oksdraoñk dk uk agkg` ld dktrglg. Qd`daaoñk ld `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg ld su LGV Augklj sd frgng dk gpòagaoñk ld guloj g trgvïs ld TQN @js agkg`ds 7 - > sdrçk Igdstrj Ozquodrlg / agkg`ds ld ajktrj` ld kovd` ldrdamj 1 - 73 sdrç GT] 7-= @js agkg`ds 77 - 1> sdrçk Agkg` 7 dk gld`gktd ?.3.>5 TQN ^DS^JLTAAOÑK _ F^GNGAOÑK ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 73.35 GETQ\DQ GETQ\DQ @g pçfokg ld ajkbofurgaoñk pdriotd g` usugroj gliokostrgr `gs ajkbofurgaojkds nçsoags ld ajkbofurgaoñk, pgrçidtrjs pgrçidtrjs ld rdl (okaùydklj d` geustd ld `g ajktrgsd÷g ld` puktj ld gaadsj Vo-Bo), `gs prdbdrdkaogs ld oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj y pdriosjs ld gaadsj sjnrd ukg ngsd pjr usugroj. \d`ïbjkj y ld` prjfrgig ld `g tgn`dtg vdrsojkds iudstrgk `js geustds dk bjrigs òfdrgidktd lobdrdktds, pdrj g` sjk gaadson`ds dk aug`quodr p`gtgbjrig. @js sun pgrtolgs utoòzglgs dk dstg sdaaoñk sd rdbodrdk g` sjbtwgrd ld `g tgn`dtg. Geustds prdvojs Geustds Sudld fugrlgr `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj g, y agrfgr `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj ld uk lospjsotovj ld idijrog TQN g` tjagr d` njtñk ld prdsdts dk `g dsquokg ld `g pçfokg ld ajkbofurgaoñk. Dstj gnrorç ukg pgktg``g dstçklgr ld Fugrlgr / agrfg. F@JNG@ Qgòlg ld guroau`grds AGKG@DQ MS Qd`daaojkgr dktrd @ / ^ j ^ / @ ld lovosoñk ld guroau`grds. QJ@J IJLJ Oklovolug`ds, iõ`top`ds QJ@J ldsgatovg aug`quodr sjòtgroj gktdrojr augklj sd prdsojkg ukg kudvg. Iõ`top`d ds uk ijlj dk sjòtgroj gauiu`gtovg (gos`giodktjs gktdrojrds kj sd ldsgatovgk). \OSJ QJ@J GB@, SB@ Dòeg uk topj sjòtgroj pgrg `js sj`js agkg`ds. SB@ (Srd Dsauamg Buklolj) ds uk 'tjqud' gktds ld` bgldr ld agkg`, pjr `j qud pudld ijkotjrozgr `g sd÷g` ld agkg` sok tdkdr qud dipuegr d` ldsòzgljr mgaog grrong. GB@ (Ldspuïs-Bgld @ostdk) ds uk frobj ldspuïs ld (y gbdatglgs pjr) d` gtdkugljr ld agkg`. > \^H IJLJ LD F^GNGAOÑK 1> nots, >< nots, 72 nots Dòeg ukg brdaudkaog ld iudstrdj pgrg `g bukaoñk ld frgngaoñk ld idlojs ld ajiukoagaoñk. GT] QDKL IT\D okmdrotdkad Gux so`dkaoj qud gbdatg g `g ajkbofurgaoñk f`jng` sd pudld geustgr g dkadklolj j gpgfglj dk ijlj ld sñ`j pudstj. @js idlojs ld mdrdkaog qud tjigk d` dstglj ld njtñk ld so`dkaoj ldsld d` idza`gljr prokaopg` g `g ld dkvéj guxoògr, gsé j so`dkaogr ldndk sdr igkdegljs ld bjrig oklovolug` dk aglg idza`gljr (prokaopg` y guxoògr) Guroau`grds 7 y > RJ@TIDK AJK\^J@GLJ^DQ y d` kovd` QJ@J D` vjùidk ld sgòlg ld guroau`grds 7 y > pudld sdr ajktrj`glj ldktrj ld `g FTO. @g j``g vjùidk ld `js guroau`grds dk `g oktdrbgz ajktrj`g d` vjùidk ld sgòlg ld `js guroau`grds 7 sj`gidktd. Qj`j ajktrj`g d` kovd` ld Qj`j g `js guroau`grds Qo sd 73.35 GETQ\DQ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 73.35 GETQ\DQ GETQ\DQ ^DKLOIODK\J FTO ATGL^JQ SJ^ QDFTKLJ AJIS@D\J, 7/>, 71, augrtg Dòeg `g vd`jaolgl ld bjtjfrgigs içs g`tg qud d` lospjsotovj pudld rdprjluaor pgrg uk idejr rdkloiodktj. rddsag`glj LOQGN@D DKADKLOLJ GSGFGLJ Gatovgr / ldsgatovgr `g vosugòzgaoñk ld aginoj ld dsag`g. Ldsgatovgr dstj so `g pgktg``g dstç ùamgklj ajk ijvoiodktjs FTO .. ID\^JQ LOQGN@D @DL GSGFGLJ DK Qo dstç utoòzgklj ukg AST içs `dktg, ds pjson`d qud ldsdd ldsgatovgr `js o kloagljrds ld agkg` ld @DL pgrg rdluaor d` usj ld `g AST. @JAG@ Igstdr @jah DKADKLOLJ GSGFGLJ Augklj dstç gatovglj, d` agkg` ld gtdkugljr prokaopg` dstç n`jqudglj dk su ùfgr. Jtrjs pgrçidtrjs sjk tjlgvég aginogktd. IGK\DKD^ BGLD^ `g soktjkozgaoñk bokg GSGFGLJ DK Sdriotor d` ijlj ld geustd bokj ld` gtdkugljr. IDLOLJ^ augktoboagaoñk GSGFGLJ DK Dòeg dktrd idloaoñk augktoboaglg augktoboaglg - içs nodk ajij uk frçboaj ld ngrrgs @DL - j kj augktoboagljs (ajktokug). BGLD^F@JV JBB, ld`fglj, KJÎG @gs jpaojkds pgrg `gs `ékdgs ld aj`jrds ngej `js gtdkugljrds. 7. Dk, >. Ld`fglj y 1. Jbb. Dstgs `ékdgs sjk õto`ds pgrg vdr rçpolgidktd quï frupj ld gtdkugljrds qud dstç vodklj (gzu` pgrg B], kgrgkeg pgrg GT], y gsé suadsovgidktd). 73.35 GETQ\DQ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 73.35 GETQ\DQ GETQ\DQ LOQGN@D RT KORD@ LD DK\^GLG GSGFGLJ DK Ldsgatovgr / gatovgr idtrjs ld kovd` ld dktrglg ld RT. LOQGN@D RT SDGH GSGFGLJ DK Ldsgatovgr / gatovgr `js okloagljrds ld poaj pgrg idloljrds ld RT. MOLD AJIS / FG\D GSGFGLJ DK Augklj dstç gpgfglj, `js idloljrds ld agkg` okaùydk içs ajrtg idloaoñk ld rdluaaoñk ld fgkgkaog @DL rjej pjr ldngej ld `js idtrjs proigrojs. ID\^JQ LOI @DL GSGFGLJ DK Dkaodklg pgrg losiokuor `g oktdksolgl ld `js aj`jrds ld idloaoñk. IJLJ LD SOK sòldJut DK IO] GSGFGLJ DK Augklj dstg jpaoñk dstç gatovglg, `g pçfokg Ioxdr sodiprd ijstrgrç d` To sòldJut sok tdkdr qud vj`vdr g gnror`g aglg vdz qud vgyg ld kudvj g `g pgktg``g prokaopg` ld idza`g. SOK gsé qud pgrg GT] / B] DKRÉG GSGFGLJ DK Augklj dstg jpaoñk dstç gatovglg, `g pçfokg ld dkvéjs guxoògrds sodiprd ijstrgrç `g To sòldJut sok tdkdr qud vj`vdr g gnror`g aglg vdz qud vgyg g dsg pgktg``g. AOKÏ\OAG LD LDQS@GUGIODK\J GSGFGLJ DK Lded qud `g pgktg``g pgrg ajktokugr ldsp`gzçkljsd ldsp`gzçkljsd ldspuïs ld `g òndrgaoñk. Gsdfõrds Gsdfõrdsd d ld qud `g pgktg``g kj sd ldsp`gzg pgrg `g sd`daaoñk ld agkg` sunidkõ. IDUA@GQ LD LDQS@GUGIODK\J 7 BOKFD^, > ldljs Sgrg jntdkdr içs dstgnoòlgl g trgvïs ld `g pgktg``g ld `g idza`g, pudld sok dingrfj, d` ijlj ld fj`pd g ljs ldljs. Bjklj ld pgtrñk GSGFGLJ DK Gatovgr, ldsgatovgr d` ijld`j ld bjklj. IJ^DID ijlj ld rdtrgtj GSGFGLJ DK Gatovgr, ldsgatovgr d` ijlj ld rdtrgtj Ijrdid. 73.35 GETQ\DQ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 73.35 GETQ\DQ GETQ\DQ bukaoñk ld pdlg` IT\D B] Mgnoòtgr d` pdlg` pgrg B] iutd QO@DKAOG^ \JLJ Mgnoòtgr pdlg` pgrg so`dkaogr tjljs `js agkg`ds ETFG^ Mgnoòtgr d` pdlg` pgrg gatovgr `g rdprjluaaoñk TQN F^GNG^ Mgnoòtgr d` pdlg` pgrg gatovgr frgngaoñk TQN \GS \DISJ Mgnoòtgr pdlg` g` ajkeuktj tdipj ld rdtgrlj g trgvïs ld `g bukaoñk ld igragaoñk ld` tdipj ETDFJ I\H Mgnoòtgr d` pdlg` pgrg `g rdprjluaaoñk I\H gatovgr ldsld uk lospjsotovj TQN j LGV I\H ^DAJ^L Mgnoòtgr d` pdlg` pgrg gatovgr d` rdfostrj ld I\H TQN j LGV NJ\ÑK LD BTKAOÑK B7, B> Kudvg okstgktçkdg, okstgktçkdg, gatugòzgaoñk gatug` OKQ\GK\ÇKDG, rdprjluaor, frgngr, I\H S@G_, ^DAJ^L I\H Dòeg bukaojkds pgrg gsofkgr g `g B7 y B> njtjkds. Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld `g ` g tgn`dtg dstjs njtjkds gpgrdadk dk `g pgrtd supdrojr ld` agkg` prokaopg`. Dk d` sjbtwgrd ld td`ïbjkj sñ`j dstç lospjkon`d B78 B> ds sodiprd d` njtñk IDKT j ^D\T^K. OLOJIG Okf`ïs, amokj D` olojig pjr ldbdatj pgrg d` sjbtwgrd ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj ds Okf`ïs, pdrj gqué sd pudld aginogr g `g vdrsoñk dk olojig amokj. D` kgvdfgljr sd gatugòzg gutjiçtoagidktd gutjiçtoagidktd augklj sd sd`daaojkgk dstgs jpaojkds. F@JNG@ S^D-BGLD GT] QDKL SJOK\ - prd-prjadsgiodktj J^ pjst-prjadsgiodktj @g sd÷g` ld dkvéj GT] gmjrg sd pudld ldbokor ajij f`jgng``y Srd-prjadsgiodktj j ld pjst-prjadsj. Srd-prjadsgiodktj - @g sd÷g` ld dkvéj GT] kj okaùyd kokfukg DW / lokçioag qud sd mg gpòaglj g` agkg` ld pjst-prjadsgiodktj - @g sd÷g` ld Srd-prjadsgiodktj dkvéj GT] okaùyd aug`quodr DW / lokçioag qud sd mg gpòaglj g` agkg` Geustd ld` puktj ld dkvéj GT] F@JNG@5 - Rgyg g Ajkb Ajkbofurgaoñk ofurgaoñk - Geustds ld pçfokg Dstgn`dadr `g jpaoñk Dkvogr Suktj A`jng` GT] pgrg S^D j SJQ\ \^G\GIODK\J LD S^JA DQGIODK\J QOKA OL Qokarjkozgaoñk OL pdriotd g `js usugrojs igktdkdr sokarjkozgaoñk ld agkg` g trgvïs ld iõ`top`ds vdktgkgs ld` kgvdfgljr / pdstg÷gs dk d` iosij dquopj / lospjsotovj, g trgvïs ld lobdrdktds pgktg``gs j okaùsj dktrd `js lospjsotovjs. Gmjrg pudld gnror vgrogs vdktgkgs ld oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj dk aug`quodr ijlj ld vosugòzgaoñk (IO], DW, L_K, B], dta) y igktdkdr agkg` ld sokarjkozgaoñ sokarjkozgaoñk k ND- d``js \wddk vdz QOKA OL dstç gatovglj y òstj pgrg d` iosij kjiokg` ld Q_KA OL. Qd`daaoñk ld uk agkg` dk aug`quodr pçfokg ld oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj rdsu`tgrç dk tjlgs `gs vdktgkgs ld kgvdfgaoñk sokarjkozgljs g `g gatugòzgaoñk ld sokarjkozgaoñk ld agkg` dk ajksdaudkaog. Sgrg mgnoòtgr `g sokarjkozgaoñk OL5 - Or g `g ajkbofurgaoñk -; Geustds ld ld pçfokg - Dstgn`dadr `g jpaoñk ld agkg` ld sokarjkozgaoñk QD@DAAOJKGLJ dk ‐JK’ - Aòah / frobj dk d` ‐Q_KA OL5’ agipj y dstgn`dadr uk OL ld su d`daaoñk. S.de. "\u kjinrd" - Gnror jtrg oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj dk jtrj lospjsotovj, pdstg÷g ld` kgvdfgljr, dta. mgnoòtgr `g sokarjkozgaoñk QD@DA\DL AMGKKD@ y gsdfurgrsd ld qud Q_KA OL5 dstç ajkbofurglj pgrg d` iosij OL kjiokg` sd`daaojkglj dk `g proidrg oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj. Gmjrg pudld tdkdr lobdrdktds puktjs ld vostg sjnrd aglg ukg ld `gs pdstg÷gs j lospjsotovjs qud pdrigkdadrç dk sokarjkozgaoñk agkg`. \dkfg dk audktg qud iõ`top`ds QOKA OL pudldk dedautgrsd soiu`tçkdgidktd dk d` idza`gljr ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj. 73.35 GETQ\DQ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 73.35 GETQ\DQ GETQ\DQ S^DLD\DÎOKGAOJKDQ S^DLD\DÎ OKGAOJKDQ FTO ld usugroj `jag` ajkbofurgaoñk ld usugroj ld` `glj ld` aòdktd `jag`ds gmjrg sd pudldk fugrlgr / agrfgr ajij prdsd`daaojkglgs pgrg `js idlojs ld ajiukoagaoñk ajkdatgljs. Dstg g`- puktjs ngejs `js usugrojs g `js lospjsotovjs ld aginoj ajk bgaoòlgl, tdkodklj sus prdgeustds ld usugroj `jag` prdldbokolg ajk d``js, sok tdkdr qud ajkbofurgr su oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj aglg vdz qud sd aginogk `js lospjsotovjs! ajkbofurgaoñk ld oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj ld` `glj ld` aòdktd `jag`ds sd pudldk dkajktrgr dk `js geustds -; pdstg÷g Ajkbofurgaoñk, dk @J- AG@. jpaojkds ld oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj rd`gtovjs g ukg gpòagaoñk ld` `glj ld` aòdktd ajij usugrojs Boegaoñk ld `g logpjsotovg ld` pgkd`, jau`tgklj d` Ajip / Fgtd, ld ldsp`gzgiodktj 7 ñ > ldljs, ijlj vdrtoag` IJ^DID, dta gmjrg sd pudldk fugrlgr ajij uk `jag` geustds prdldbokoljs. Sgrg agrfgr / fugrlgr / rdkjinrgr njrrgr Geustds prdvojs Geustds / `jag`5 - Or g `g ajkbofurgao ajkbofurgaoñk ñk -; Geustds Geustds ld pçfok pçfokg g - Ldsp`çadsd mgaog gngej y mgfg aòa / tjqud d` njtñk Ajkbofurgaoñk `jag` S^DLD\DÎOKGAOJKDQ - Ttoòzgr d` fdstjr ld S^DQD\Q pgrg agrfgr / fugrlgr / rdkjinrgr / njrrgr sus ldtdriokgaojkds S^DLD\DÎOKGAOJKDQ `jag` pgrg idlojs TQN ajkdatgljs @JAG@ usugroj FTO rdstgn`dadk g `js prdldtdriokgljs ajkbofurgaoñk ld usugroj ld` `glj ld` aòdktd `jag`ds gmjrg sd pudldk rdstgn`dadr `js vg`jrds pjr ldbdatj. Sgrg rdstgn`dadr `g ajkbofurgaoñk `jag` pgrg vg`jr pjr ldbdatj5 - Or g `g ajkbofurgao ajkbofurgaoñk ñk -; Geustds Geustds ld pçfok pçfokg g - Ldsp`çadsd mgaog gngej y mgfg aòa / pu`sd d` njtñk ^dstgn`dadr Geustds @JAG@ - ajkbofurgaoñk ld oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj `jag`ds gmjrg sd rdstgn`dadrçk g `js vg`jrds pjr ldbdatj y `g oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj sd rdokoaogrç gutjiçtoagidktd IJKO\J^ òiotgr d` gaadsj Dstg \gn / Rdr fdstojkg `js pdriosjs ld gaadsj - `g òiotgaoñk ld gaadsj g bukaojkds pjr usugroj. \dkodklj dk audktg qud ukg ajkbofurgaoñk tépoag pudld tdkdr iõ`top`ds usugrojs ajkdatgljs dk d` sjbtwgrd To, aglg ukj mgaodklj su prjpog idza`g ld ijkotjrozgaoñk, qud todkd sdktolj pgrg òiotgr su gaadsj pgrg rdluaor `g pjsonoòlgl ld aginogr gaaoldktgìdktd uk brdktd ld `g idza`g ld `g agsg. Dstg bukaoñk kj dstç prjtdfolj ajk ajktrgsd÷g, sd prdtdkld ajij idlolg ld sdfurolgl pgrg prjtdfdr `g ajrrupaoñk gaaoldktg` ld su idza`g pjr jtrjs usugrojs. Ds dspdaogìdktd õto` pgrg `g ardgaoñk ld pdriosjs ijkotjr. 73.35 GETQ\DQ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ Qj`j y `js kovd`ds ld guroau`grds Sudld geustgr lofotgìdktd d` vjùidk ld sgòlg pgrg guroau`grds 7 j >, gsé ajij d` kovd` QJ@J rd`gtovg. 73.35 GETQ\DQ 73.35 GETQ\DQ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 73.75 Ajkbofurgaoñk ld rdl GETQ\DQ; Ajkbofurgaoñk ld rdl @g pçfokg ld OT ld ajkbofurgaoñk `d pdriotd mgnoòtgr / ldsmgnoòtgr `g ajkbofurgaoñk y dlotgr pgrg `g aajkdxoñk jkdxoñk wo-bo g `g zjkg gatovg To), Vo-Bo (ajkdxoñk g ukg rdl Vo-Bo dxostdktd) y @GK (ajkdxoñk pjr agn`d g trgvïs ld Dtmdrkdt). \ginoïk mgy ukg pçfokg ld aginoj ld ajktrgsd÷g ld gliokostrgaoñk, y ukg pçfokg ld 'Dstglj ^dl' rdsuidk. OISJ^\GK\D5 D` kjinrd ld usugroj ld gliokostrgaoñk pjr ldbdatj ds 'gliok' y `g ajktrgsd÷g ld gliokostrgaoñk pjr ldbdatj ds 'gliok'. Qd `d pdlorç g ïstjs augklj sd tjag d` njtñk ld ajkbofurgaoñk. Tstdl pudld utoòzgr d` TO><^ ajij uk puktj ld gaadsj j ajkdatgrsd g ukg rdl Vo-Bo dxtdrkg. @GK dstç lospjkon`d dk aug`quodr ijidktj g kj sdr ldsgatovglj. Sudld aginogr `g ajktrgsd÷g utoòzgklj `g pçfokg Ajktrgsd÷g ld gliokostrgljr ukg vdz qud dstçk dk d` çrdg ld ajkbofurgaoñk. Ajk d` bok ld rdstgn`dadr `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld rdl ld `g ukolgl g `g ajkbofurgaoñk pjr ldbdatj ld bçnroag qud pudld utoòzgr d` prjadloiodktj ld rdstgn`daoiodktj rdstgn`daoiodktj ld mgrlwgrd, qud sd ldtg``gk dk d` gpgrtglj 1.3.>. 73.75 Ajkbofurgaoñk ld rdl ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 73.7.75 GST^JQDQ GETQ\DQ; Ajkbofurgaoñk ld rdl; GST^JQDQ ld Mjtspjt dk `g rdl Ajkbof pgrg dlotgr `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld `g zjkg gatovg. ardgr su prjpog rdl pgrg qud jtrjs lospjsotovjs pudlgk ajkdatgrsd g ï` y gaadsj dk d` sjbtwgrd qud dstç okajrpjrglj dk d` sdrvoljr wdn. Qd`daaojkd d` idkõ ld ajkbofurgaoñk Ttoòad d` njtñk Fugrlgr / Gatugòzgr pgrg fugrlgr `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld `g zjkg gatovg. OISJ^\GK\D5 Kj sd pudld tdkdr tgktj mjtspjt y aòdktd \gredtg ld rdl okg`çinroag g` iosij todipj. @g oktdrbgz ld usugroj todkd su prjpoj puktj ld gaadsj, pjr `j qud pudld mjtspjt Mgnoòtglj Ldsmgnoòtglj Gatovgr j ldsgatovgr prjpoj Mjtspjt ld `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj. \dkfg dk audktg, so d` mjtspjt dstç ldsmgnoòtglg tdklrç qud ajkdatgrsd g `g To yg sdg g trgvïs ld ukg rdl Vo-Bo dxostdktd, j ukg ajkdxoñk @GK pjr agn`d (Dtmdrkdt). QQOL (Qdrvoad Qdt Oldktobodr) Dktrglg ld tdxtj Dstd ds d` kjinrd ld `g To mjtspjt. D` vg`jr pjr ldbdatj ds 'Qjuklargbt To' Ljiokoj ld rdfu`gaoñk okg`çinroag Qd`daaoñk ld `g rdfoñk Qd`daaojkd `g rdfoñk ajrrdatg - su unoagaoñk gatug`. Dstj gyulgrç g sd`daaojkgr `g sd`daaoñk ld agkg`ds ajrrdatg. Agkg` Qd`daaoñk ld` agkg` Tk kõidrj ld agkg`ds dstçk lospjkon`ds ldktrj ld` dspdatrj Vo-Bo, ldpdklodklj ldpdklodklj ld` ljiokoj rdfu`gljr - 71 pgrg Durjpg (D\QO), y 77 pgrg Giïroag ld` Kjrtd (BAA), pjr dedip`j. D` sjbtwgrd ld tdradrjs dstç lospjkon`d pgrg gyulgr g sd`daaojkgr `js agkg`ds Vo-Bo. Qdfurolgl Kokfukj / VSG> Dòeg mgy sdfurolgl j prjtdaaoñk VSG> (Vo Bo Srjtdatdl Gaadss OO). Dk dstd õ`toij agsj, sd tdklrç qud d`dfor ukg ajktrgsd÷g. 73.7.75 GETQ\DQ MJ\QSJ\ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 73.3.75 GST^JQDQ GETQ\DQ; Ajkbofurgaoñk ld rdl; GST^JQDQ GA\ORG^ / LDQGA\ORG^ LOBTQOÑK LD @G ^DL GST^JQDQ QQOL ld `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj Dk `g gatugòlgl dxostd ukg jpaoñk pgrg gatovgr j ldsgatovgr `g rdtrgksiosoñk ld `gs rdlds To MjtQpjt QQOL. Sgrg gatovgr / ldsgatovgr `g lobusoñk ld QQOL ld` puktj ld gaadsj To5 - Or g `g ajkbof ajkbofurgao urgaoñk ñk -; pdstg÷g pdstg÷g ^DL - Qd`daaojkd AJKBOF (qud pudld nddl ld okoaoj ld sdsoñk ajk sus ardldkaog`ds ld gliokostrgljr, d` vg`jr prdldtdriokglj ds gliok / gliok) - Qd`daaojkd GST^JQDQ AJKBOFT^GAOÑK - Dstgn`dadr `g jpaoñ jpaoñk k QQOL Nrjgla Nrjglagst gst gatovglj j ldsgatovglj - ^dokoaod d` idza`gljr ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj pgrg ajkbofurgaoñ ajkbofurgaoñk k sdg dbdatovg. OK\D^BGU LD ^DL IGA ROQONO@OLGL LO^DAAOÑK @gs lordaaojkds ld rdl oktdrgad IGA sd iudstrgk gmjrg dk `g oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj ld gpòagaojkds wdn. Sgrg vdr `g oktdrbgz ld rdl ld lordaaojkds IGA5 - Or g `g ajkbof ajkbofurgao urgaoñk ñk -; pdstg÷g pdstg÷g ^DL - @gs lordaaojkds IGA ld `gs oktdrbgads gatovgs sd iudstrgk dk `g òstg ld ldtg``ds ld `g rdl ld aglg oktdrbgz. 73.7.75 GETQ\DQ MJ\QSJ\ ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 73.7.>5 VO-BO GETQ\DQ; Ajkbofurgaoñk ld rdl; VO-BO idkõ ld ajkbofurgaoñk ld Vo-Bo dk `g rdl Ajkbof pgrg dlotgr `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld Vo-Bo. mjtspjt dxostdktd, y sd pudld gaadldr g` sjbtwgrd ld ajktrj` g trgvïs ld` kõidrj OS ld `g ukolgl (qud sd iudstrg dk Ajkbofurgaoñk; ^dl). Qd`daaojkd d` Ttoòad d` njtñk Fugrlgr / Gatugòzgr pgrg fugrlgr `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld Vo-Bo. OISJ^\GK\D5 Ldnd rdaoa`gr d` pjldr To (gpgfgr `g ukolgl y sofud) pgrg ajkbofurgaoñk sdg dbdatovg. @g oktdrbgz ld usugroj pudld ajkdatgrsd g ukg rdl Vo-Bo / Vobo Mgnoòtglj Ldsmgnoòtglj Gatovgr j ldsgatovgr `g ajkdxoñk Vo-Bo. QQOL (Qdrvoad Qdt Oldktobodr) Dktrglg ld tdxtj Dstd ds d` kjinrd ld `g rdl g `g qud ldsdg ajkdatgrsd. Ajktrgsd÷g Dktrglg ld tdxtj Dstg ds `g ajktrgsd÷g ld `g rdl g `g qud ldsdg ajkdatgrsd. Srjtdaaoñk ajktrgsd÷g igdstrg Mgn`g g LMAS / Igkug` Qd pudld d`dfor `g gsofkgaoñk ld OS lokçioag, dk auyj agsj d` To gsofkgrç gutjiçtoagidktd ukg lordaaoñk OS, içsagrg ld rdl y pudrtg ld dk`gad. Qo dòfd `g gsofkgaoñk ld OS igkug`, tdklrç qud ajip`dtgr dstjs agipjs sé iosij. Sjr bgvjr, ajksu`td g su gliokostrgljr ld rdl pgrg `g gsofkgaoñk ld OS igkug`. 73.7.>5 Ajkbofurgaoñk Vo-Bo ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ 73.7.15 @GK GETQ\DQ; Ajkbofurgaoñk ld rdl; @GK rdl Ajkbof pgrg dlotgr `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld @GK. Dtmdrkdt dk `g pgrtd `gtdrg` ld `g ukolgl. Dstd ds d` iïtjlj içs rçpolj, içs sdfurj ld `g ajkdxoñk g `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj. Qd`daaojkd d` idkõ ld ajkbofurgaoñk ld @GK dk `g OS ld `g ukolgl dk d` kgvdfgljr ld` jrldkgljr. @g oktdrbgz ld usugroj pudld ajkdatgrsd g ukg @GK pjr agn`d (rdl ld çrdg `jag`) dxostdktd idlogktd `g ajkdxoñk ld` pudrtj Ttoòad d` njtñk Fugrlgr / Gatugòzgr pgrg fugrlgr `js geustds ld @GK. OISJ^\GK\D5 Lagn`d dndDtmdrkdt rdaoa`gr aruzglj. d` pjldrTtoòzgr To (gpgfgr `g ukolgl y sofud)pgrg pgrg ajkbofurgaoñk dbdatovg. kdadsolgl ld uk Ldnd ukg lordaaoñk OS dstçtoag d` jrldkgljr, dk d`sdg iosij rgkfj qud `g ukolgl, tg`ds ajij 73.73.>.4 d oktrjluzag `g lordaaoñk Ajkbofurgaoñk pjr ldbdatj OS @GK5 73.73.>.7 Içsagrg ld sunrdl5 >44.>44.>44.3 Ajkdxoñk lordatg @g igyjrég ld `js dquopjs ajk uk glgptgljr Fofgnot kdfjaogrç gutjiçtoagidktd y gsé augklj sd ajkdatg lordatgidktd g `g ukolgl (kj g trgvïs ld uk oktdrruptjr) kj mgnrç @GK Mgnoòtglj Ldsmgnoòtglj Gatovgr j ldsgatovgr d` pudrtj Dtmdrkdt ld `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj. Mgn`g g LMAS / Igkug` Qd pudld d`dfor `g gsofkgaoñk ld OS lokçioag, dk auyj agsj d` To gsofkgrç gutjiçtoagidktd ukg lordaaoñk OS, içsagrg ld rdl y pudrtg ld dk`gad. Qo dòfd `g gsofkgaoñk ld OS igkug`, tdklrç qud ajip`dtgr dstjs agipjs sé iosij. Sjr bgvjr, ajksu`td g su gliokostrgljr ld rdl pgrg `g gsofkgaoñk ld OS igkug`. 73.7.15 GETQ\DQ @GK ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ AJK\^GQD×G IGDQ\^G MG^L @JAH (GLIOK / SGQQ) òiotgaojkds ld gaadsj Tkg agrgatdréstoag òiotgaoñk ld gaadsj prjtdaaoñk ajktrgsd÷g igdstrg mg solj losd÷glj pgrg pdriotor qud uk usugroj mg okoaoglj sdsoñk ajk ukg ajktrgsd÷g igdstrg `g agpgaolgl ld ldbokor ukg gipòg fgig ld òiotgaojkds ld gaadsj idza`gljr pgrg jtrjs usugrojs ajkdatgljs (sok d` ajkjaoiodktj ld `g ajktrgsd÷g. Ds ldaor, kj ajkdatglj). Gatovgaoñk ld `g prjtdaaoñk IGDQ\^J AJK\^GQD×G5 - Rgyg g Ajkbofurgaoñk -; pdstg÷g GAADQJ - Qd`da Qd`daaojkd aojkd d d`` njtñk G Gatovg atovgrr - Dstgn`dadr ukg ajktrgsd÷g igdstrg ld su d`daaoñk pgrg pdriotor igdstrg ld prjtdaaoñk ld ajktrgsd÷g Kjtg5 Gatovgaoñk ld `g prjtdaaoñk IGDQ\^J AJK\^GQD×G rdfostrgrç gutjiçtoagidktd uk usugroj dk. @g ldsgatovgaoñk ld prjtdaaoñk igdstrg AJK\^GQD×G5 - Rgyg g Ajkbofurgaoñk -; pdstg÷g GAADQJ - Qd`daaojkd d` njtñk Ldsgatovgr - Oktrjluzag `g ajktrgsd÷g igdstrg pgrg ldsgatovgr `g prjtdaaoñk IGDQ\^J AJK\^GQD×G Ajkdxoñk y ajkbofurgaoñk ld pdriotor d` gaadsj ld aòdktd pgrg5 G ajkdatglj usugroj pudld ldbokor F@JNG@ òiotgaojkds ld gaadsj ld aòdktd pgrg kj okoaogr sdsoñk dk usugrojs g` pdriotor d` gaadsj g ldtdriokglgs pgrtds ld `g idza`gljrg ajij sd ldbokd g ajktokugaoñk5 - kovd`ds guxoògrds kovd`ds ld idza`g - - GT] LD S^JADQGIODK\J LD IDUA@G LD S^JADQGIODK\J - IO] FGOK - ETFGLJ^ - KORD@ IGDQ\^J - IGDQ\^J LD S^JADQGIODK\J S^JADQGIODK\ J - Qmjws - GETQ\DQ F@JNG@DQ @JAG@ GT] AJK\^J@ (QTGRD LD GAADQJ DKGN@D^) Tk dgn`dr gaadsj sugvd aòdktd `jag` pgrg d` ajktrj` GT] kj sd prjpjraojkg `js usugrojs rdfostrgljs. D` usugroj pudld ldbokor quï ds GT] quodrdk ajktrj`gr so d` usugroj pgsd agpotçk qud mgyg pdriotolj d` gaadsj, yg sdg pgrg kovd`ds guxoògrds GT] j prjadsgiodktj. ^dstgn`daoiodktj ld ukg ajktrgsd÷g igdstrg pdrlolg5 Sgrg rdstgn`dadr ukg ajktrgsd÷g igdstrg pdrlolg d` usugroj pudld ajkdatgr ukg ukolgl TQN ajk uk gramovj vgaéj ``giglj igstdrpgss.txt (lordatjroj supdrojr) y gpgfgr y dkadkldr `g ukolgl ajk d` njtñk ^DQD\ dk `g pgrtd `gtdrg` ld `g ukolgl ldproiolj. Igktdkfg pu`sglj d` njtñk ^DQD\ lprdssdl dstglj mgstg qud d` VoBo @DL gzu` ld` pgkd` supdrojr sd ldtodkd b`gsmokf.\md ajktrgsd÷g ajktrgsd÷g igdstrg sd rdstgn`dadrç. 73.7.< IGDQ\^J AJK\^GQD×G ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ GKD]J 375 kj mgy sjkolj: ºQOK QJKOLJ: Tkg FTÉG LD LOGFKÑQ\OAJ Tkg fuég ld sjùaoñk ld prjn`digs. Tkj ld `js prjn`digs içs ajiukds qud dxpdroidktgk ajk `gs ajksj`gs ld idza`g ds dkajktrgr ukg dktrglg qud kj gpgrdad dk ukg sgòlg. Mgy iuamgs rgzjkds pjson`ds pgrg dstj, pdrj `g idejr igkdrg ld sjùaojkgr prjn`digs ds qud pgsgr pjr d` agiokj ld `g sd÷g` dspdrglg y dktrdkgiodktj dk d` qud d` 'nrdgh' ds ... \ginoïk ds oipjrtgktd qud tjlj d` dkrutgiodktj ljn`d ajktrj`, gsofkgaojkds, y d` dstglj ld Qj`j / Iutd Frjup. Sudld ajiprjngr `g rutg ld guloj dxgatg ld aug`quodr sd÷g` ajksu`tgklj d` logfrgig ld rdajrrolj ld `g sd÷g` ld dktrglg dk `g Qdaaoñk >.1. Qj`js sjk okgatovjs: Ajiprjngr so `g 'Q' ld aj`jr gigro``j sd iudstrg dk `g pgktg``g Igstdr Amgkkd` j uk okloagljr dk sjòtgroj gatovg gigro``g dk `g pçfokg ld` pgkd`, so uk agkg` ds gatovglj ajij sjòstg ùdfj tjljs `js ldiçs agkg`ds pudldk sdr so`dkaogljs. Dstj kj ldnd gbdatgr g ukg sgòlg prokaopg` ozquodrlg / ldrdamg j Ijkj idkjs qud d` ijlj dk sjòtgroj + MS IGQ\D^ dstï mgnoòtglj dk `g ajkbofurgaoñk. Njrrgr tjljs `js gatovjs Qj`js yg sdg oklovolugìdktd, j idlogktd d` usj ld A@G^J QJ@J dk `g pgktg``g ld` tgn`drj ld okstruidktjs. Ajiprudnd `g dktrglg! @g dktrglg bésoag sd ldnd ajkdatgr ajrrdatgidktd. @js kõidrjs ld dktrglg bésoags ajrrdspjkldk g `js kõidrjs ld agkg` ld dktrglg dk d` sjbtwgrd ld ajktrj` ld oktdrbgz ld usugroj. ºMgy g`fj dk `js idloljrds: G` igragr `js idtrjs ld rutg ld dktrglg y sgòlg, qud ldnd sdr agpgz ld `jagòzgr uk prjn`dig dk frgk idlolg. @g idloaoñk ld `js agkg`ds ld dktrglg sd prjluad ldspuïs ld `g dktrglg ld ioarñbjkj / `ékdg, pdrj gktds ld qud d` rdstj ld` agkg` ld dktrglg. Sjr `j tgktj, so `g sd÷g` ld dktrglg ds vçòlg, y ustdl mg gpòaglj suboaodktd fgkgkaog, ldndrég vdr ukg okloagaoñk ld kovd` dk `js idloljrds ld dktrglg. Agkg` ld sgòlg ld idloaoñk sd tjag eustj gktds ld `g sgòlg bésoag. ºQjk 'dk bgsd': Bgsd sñ`j ds prjngn`d qud agusd uk prjn`dig so `gs sd÷g`ds ajmdrdktds sd gpòagk g içs ld uk agkg` y ginjs sd dkagiokgk ld `g iosig igkdrg. Sjr dedip`j, ds pjson`d qud d` usj ld ukg sd÷g` ld prudng, j d` usj ld ljs agkg`ds pgrg `g iosig sd÷g`. Sudld ajiprjngr so `g bgsd ds uk prjn`dig g` aginogr `g bgsd (pçfokg FGOK) dk ukj ld dsjs agkg`ds. Qo d` guloj sd vud`vd, g ajktokugaoñk, nusagr `g agusg ld` prjn`dig bgsd - pudld sdr qud ukg ajkdxoñk dquoònrglg mg solj ajkdatglj ld bjrig okajrrdatg, pjr dedip`j. GSS375 kj mgy sjkolj: ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ GKD]J 375 kj mgy sjkolj: ºQOK QJKOLJ: Tkg FTÉG LD LOGFKÑQ\OAJ Ds `g adrrglg pudrtg: Ds pjson`d qud uk prjadsj ld Sudrtg ig` geustglj pgrg ldtdkdr tjlgs `gs sd÷g`ds. Dstj jaurrd ajk igyjr brdaudkaog augklj d` uinrg` ds ldigsoglj g`tj y `g sd÷g` kukag sd vud`vd `j suboaodktdidktd budrtd pgrg 'gnodrtg' `g pudrtg. Sudld ajiprjngr bçaoìdktd dstj sok pgsgr pjr `gs pudrtgs gatovj dk `g pdstg÷g lokçioag (L_K) ld `g pçfokg ld dloaoñk ld agkg`ds. ºMgy so`dkaog gatovjs: @g oktdrbgz ld usugroj qud pdriotd g so`dkaogr agkg`ds ld bjrig oklovolug`, g trgvïs ld `js frupjs ld so`dkaogiodktj, j pjr idloj ld so`dkaogr tjljs y IT\D B] njtjkds ld `js dk d` tgn`drj ld okstruidktjs. jpdrgaoñk Iutd Frjup sd ldsarond dk `g sdaaoñk 2.7. Ds d` Bgldr pgrg grrong: @gs kdadsolglds ld` ldsòzgljr ld agkg` qud sd dstgn`dzagk suboaodktdidktd g`tj g` dkagiokgr g aug`quodr ldstokj pjst-bgldr. Qo su rutg ld sgòlg ld` prjn`dig ds prd-bgldr, dktjkads `g pjsoaoñk ld` bgldr kj tdklrç kokfõk dbdatj. Ds vçòlg `g sgòlg ld` trgzglj Agkg` Igdstrj: Agso dxgatgidktd `js iosijs ajktrj`ds qud gktdrojridktd sd pudldk rdgòzgr dk uk agkg` ld sgòlg (dkvéjs Gux, Jutput Igstdr). Dedautgr g trgvïs ld `gs iosigs ajiprjngaojkds qud d` gktdrojr pdrj pgrg d` agkg` ld sgòlg. Ds vçòlg `g sgòlg bésoag: Ajiprudnd `g ajkdxoñk y d` sostdig ld rdpdtoaoñk. Qo `g idloaoñk dstç ijstrgklj ukg sgòlg vçòlg, ds prjngn`d qud mgyg uk prjn`dig dk, j ldspuïs, `g sgòlg bésoag. GSS375 kj mgy sjkolj: ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ GKD]J 3>5 QOQ\DIG BGW QOQ\DIG BGW @g oktdrbgz ld usugroj kj ds sñ`j uk idza`gljr ld guloj - sd trgtg ld uk puktj ld gaadsj VoBo y uk sdrvoljr wdn, y sd dedautg d` sjbtwgrd ld ajktrj` sjbostoaglj pgrg lospjsotovjs lospjsotovjs ld td`dbjkég y ld topj tgn`dtg. @gs sofuodktds lordaaojkds BGW aug`quodr prjn`dig qud pudlg tdkdr ajk dstd 'sostdig' gspdatj gspdatj ld `g jpdrgaoñk oktdrbgz ld usugroj. W5 ºAñij sd ldsagrfg `g gpòagaoñk To: TK5 @js idza`gljrds ld `g sdrod To kj kdadsotgk ukg gpòagaoñk. Qñ`j todkd qud ajkdatgr g `g idsg ld idza`gs To vég Vo-Bo ldsld aug`quodr lospjsotovj (SA, tgn`dt, td`ïbjkj). Okoaogr uk kgvdfgljr M\I@ 4 (Fjjf`d Amrjid, Ijzo``g Bordbjx, Qgbgro, dta.) y d` topj dk `g sofuodktd T^@ dk su kgvdfgljr5 ‐uo-ioxd ‐uo-ioxdr.oj’. r.oj’. G pgrtor ld gmé, d`dfor `g oktdrbgz Frgkld (SA j tgn`dtg) j oktdrbgz pgrg pdqud÷js (td`ïbjkjs). (td`ïbjkjs). W5 ºSjr quï io OJQ Vo-Bo vgk aginogklj g jtrg rdl augklj d` lospjsotovj sd vg g ljrior: TK5 ºAñij ldaold quï OJQ rdl okg`çinroag pgrg gutj-ukorsd g5 mttps5//suppjrt.gpp`d.aji/dkmttps5//suppjrt.gpp`d.aji/dk-us/M\>3>=17 us/M\>3>=17 Sudld ajkbofurgr su lospjsotovj oJQ pgrg ajkdatgrsd gutjiçtoagidktd g ukg rdl okg`çinroag dspdaéboag ajk uk pdrbo`. \gktj Gpp`d Ajkbofurgtjr y JQ ] Qdrvdr Gliokostrgljr ld pdrbo`ds gpjygk dstg jpaoñk dk `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj. mttps5//suppjrt.gpp`d.aji/dk-gu/M\<?=? mttps5//suppjrt.gpp`d.aji/dk-gu/M\<?=? W5 @g oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj kj bukaojkg dk io lospjsotovj Gklrjol: TK5 @g gpòagaoñk wdn To rdquodrd uk kgvdfgljr 'ijldrkg' qud sjpjrtg M\I@4 agrgatdréstoags ajij òdkzj y wdnsjahdts. `js lospjsotovjs Gklrjol qud utoòzgk `g gaaoñk oktdfrglg dk d` kgvdfgljr ld Gklrjol gktdrojrds g `g vdrsoñk <.< kj sjk ajipgton`ds ajk wdnsjahdts, y ajij tg` kj bukaojkgrç. Kjsjtrjs sufdroijs gatugòzgr d` lospjsotovj g ukg vdrsoñk içs gatug` ld` sostdig jpdrgtovj y d` kgvdfgljr. \ginoïk sd rdajiodklg okstg`gr y utoòzgr d` kgvdfgljr Amrjid, qud ds tjtgìdktd ajipgton`d ajk `gs agrgatdréstoags ijldrkgs ld` kgvdfgljr. W5 ºAñij jpdrj pgktg``g ajip`dtg g` ofug` qud ukg gpòagaoñk: G (OJQ)5 Okoaogr d` kgvdfgljr Qgbgro dk oJQ ld Gpp`d y kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg wdn j dk `g wdn qud ldsdg gfrdfgr g `g pgktg``g prokaopg`. \jag d` njtñk Ajipgrtor dk `g ngrrg ld mdrrgiodktgs ld` kgvdfgljr - qud ds d` rdatçkfu`j ajk ukg b`damg gpuktgklj mgaog grrong. Ds dk `g ngrrg dk `g pgrtd supdrojr ld `g pgktg``g dk uk oSgl, y dk `g ngrrg dk `g pgrtd okbdrojr ld `g pgktg``g dk uk oSmjkd j oSjl \juam. Su`sd dk `g jpaoñk Gfrdfgr g Okoaoj oajkj ld `g pgktg``g dk d` idkõ Ajipgrtor. G (Gklrjol)5 @gkzgr Amrjid pgrg Gklrjol y gnror `g pçfokg wdn j wdn qud ldsdg pok g `g pgktg``g prokaopg`. Su`sd dk d` njtñk ld idkõ y tjag G÷glor g pgktg``g ld okoaoj. Sjlrçs oktrjluaor uk kjinrd pgrg d` gaadsj lordatj y ùdfj Amrjid `j g÷glordijs g `g pgktg``g prokaopg`. D` oajkj gpgrdadrç dk `g pgktg``g prokaopg` ajij aug`quodr jtrg gpòagaoñk j uk wolfdt ld gaadsj lordatj, pjr `j qud pudld grrgstrgr g su g`rdldljr y pjkdr`j ljkld quodrg. Amrjid pgrg Gklrjol agrfgs ld `g pçfokg wdn ajij ukg 'gpòagaoñk wdn' augklj sd tjag d` oajkj, pjr `j qud tdklrç su prjpog dktrglg dk d` ajkiutgljr ld gpòagaoñk y kj tdklrç kokfukg oktdrbgz ld kgvdfgljr dk d` agiokj. Jtrjs kgvdfgljrds Gklrjol pjpu`grds tginoïk jbrdadk dstg bukaoñk. Sjr dedip`j, Bordbjx pgrg Gklrjol pudld mgadr dstj so tjag d` njtñk ld idkõ, tjag `g jpaoñk Sçfokg y tjag G÷glor g pgktg``g ld okoaoj. GSS3>5 QOQ\DIG BGW ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ GKD]J 3>5 QOQ\DIG BGW QOQ\DIG BGW G (Vokljws =, =,7, ^\)5 Jnvogidktd, dstj ds içs õto` dk tgn`dtgs, kj dk SAs ld dsarotjroj dk d` qud kj quodrd vdr `g pgktg``g ld okoaoj. Rgyg g `g pçfokg wdn qud ldsdg pgsgljr, tord mgaog grrong ld `g ngrrg ld `g gpòagaoñk mgaodklj aòa ldrdamj j ldsp`gzçkljsd mgaog grrong ldsld `g pgrtd okbdrojr ld `g pgktg``g y tjqud dk d` oajkj ld dstrd``g. \jag d` oajkj ld igragljr, dsarong uk kjinrd pgrg d` gaadsj lordatj y mgfg aòa dk Gka`gr g Okoaoj. D` sotoj wdn gpgrdadrç ajij uk ijsgoaj dk `g pgktg``g ld okoaoj. G (Vokljws Smjkd)5 Gnrg d` sotoj wdn qud ldsdg boegr dk Oktdrkdt Dxp`jrdr. Dxp`jrdr. Su`sd dk d` njtñk njtñk Içs (... (...)) y pu`sd gka`gr g Okoaoj dk d` idkõ qud gpgrdad. W5 ºSudlj agrfgr d` lospjsotovj TQN ld `js pudrtjs TQN ld `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj: TK5 Qé, `js pudrtjs TQN ld mgrlwgrd To pudldk sdr utoòzgljs ajij budktd ld dkdrfég ld` lospjsotovj. W5 ºSudlj ajkdatgr ukg gktdkg içs pjtdktd: TK5 A`grj, `g gktdkg okaùolg sdrç suboaodktd pgrg iuamjs dktjrkjs. Qok dingrfj, sd gtjrko``g bçaoìdktd y sd pudld sustotuor ajk ukg içs frgkld. içs pjtdktd gipòboagljr ld `g gktdkg. W5 ºAñij sd rdstgn`dad uk idza`gljr To: TK5 Mgy vgrojs ijljs ld rdpjsoaoñk5 ^dstgn`dadr ajktrgsd÷g ld Gliokostrgaoñk y ^dlds sñ`j so sd mg j`volglj `g ajktrgsd÷g ld gliokostrgljr, j puktj ld gaadsj pgrg `g ajkbofurgaoñk ld Vo-Bo sñ`j todkd qud utoòzgr d` njtñk ld rdokoaoj dk d` pgkd` ld` `glj ozquodrlj. Ttoòad uk aòp pgrg igktdkdr pu`sglj d` njtñk ld rdokoaoj lurgktd gprjxoiglgidktd 73 sdfukljs ld dkadkldr `g ukolgl. Dstj okoaogòzgr KD\ ajktrgsd÷g ld trgngej y ld gliokostrgaoñk ld` To g` dstglj pjr ldbdatj. ^dstgn`dadr d` boriwgrd ld bçnroag pjr ldbdatj Dstd iïtjlj dòiokg tjljs `js aginojs qud pudlg mgndr rdgòzglj dk d` idza`gljr y sd vud`vd g `g bga- tjrog boriwgrd ld` dkvéj y d` dstglj pjr ldbdatj. Ardgr uk ``giglj bu``rdsdt.txt gramovj ld prudng (kj mgy ajktdkolj ds kdadsgroj) y ajpogr g ukg idijrog TQN. Oksdrtd `g idijrog TQN dk ukj ld `js pudrtjs TQN ld `g oktdrbgz ld usugroj. Ttoòad uk aòp pgrg igktdkdr pu`sglj d` njtñk ld rdokoaoj lurgktd gprjxoiglgidktd 73 sdfukljs ld dkadkldr `g ukolgl. @g oktdrbgz ld usugroj rdajkjadrç d` gramovj bu``rdsdt.txt dk `g idijrog TQN y rdgòzgr uk rdstgn`daoiodktj ld bçnroag ajip`dtg. W5 ºAuçktj todipj tjig d` To pgrg d` grrgkqud: TK5 Gprjxoiglgidktd >3->> sdfukljs. W5 ºAñij pudlj gatugòzgr d` boriwgrd ld `g To: TK5 7) Ldsagrfgr d` gramovj ld gatugòzgaoñk ld `g oktdrbgz ld `g pçfokg wdn. D` bjrigtj ds5 uouplgtd-7.3.1<1<-To><^.zop (òadkaog dk bjrigtj zop) >) Ajpogr d` gramovj g uk lospjsotovj ld idlojs TQN gldauglj pgrg `g ajkdxoñk g uk pudrtj TQN idza`gljrds To. Kjtg5 D` gramovj pudld rdsolor dk aug`quodr lordatjroj. Aug`quodr pudrtj TQN dk d` idza`gljr ds gadptgn`d. 1) Gsdfõrdsd ld qud uk lospjsotovj ld aòdktd dstç ajkdatglj g` idza`gljr To FTO <) `js idlojs ld ajiukoagaoñk TQN AJKKDA\ g `g To idza`gljr 4 / @g pgktg``g FTO sd ijstrgrç qud d` lospjsotovj TQN sd mg ijktglj. Ldspuïs ld qud d` pg`j sd mg `délj (tg` vdz 73 sdfukljs içs) sd rdajkjadrç `g gatugòzgaoñk. 4) @g oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj `d pdlorç so ldsdg gatugòzgr d` idza`gljr To. @gs jpaojkds sjk Gadptgr / Agkad`gr. 2) Qd`daaojkd Gadptgr pgrg ajkborigr GSS3>5 QOQ\DIG BGW ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ GKD]J 3>5 QOQ\DIG BGW QOQ\DIG BGW 6) D` idza`gljr To ``dvgrç g agnj ukg gatugòzgaoñk ld boriwgrd =) @g oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj prdsdktgrç uk idksged qud okloag so `g gatugòzgaoñk mg tdkolj ïxotj j kj. ?) Ldnd gpgfgr y dkadkldr `g ukolgl y vud`vg g ajkdatgr d` lospjsotovj aòdktd. 73) Gmjrg pudld kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg Gadrag ld pgrg vdr `g kudvg okbjrigaoñk ld `g vdrsoñk ld` boriwgrd. W5 ºAñij gtdkugr `g dktrglg ld` rdprjluatjr ld idlojs ld ajiukoagaoñk: Ds sd÷g` ld iuamj ag`jr: TK5 Sudld utoòzgr geustgr d` ajktrj` ld fgkgkaog ld` ajiprdsjr mgstg ->< lN pgrg ajipdksgr `g sd÷g` okardén`didktd agòdktd qud iuamjs gramovjs ld guloj sd ljiokgk g`. Dstd geustd gatugrç ajij ukg gìjmglo``g y pdriotor rgkfj gloaojkg` dk d` bgldr kovd` ld jpdrgr. W5 ºSjr quï g`fukjs d`didktjs ld `g oktdrbgz frçboag ld usugroj sdio trgkspgrdktd (dk fros): TK5 Tk aj`jr fros d`didktj ld ajktrj` frçboaj ds ukj qud gpgrdad ajk uk tjkj a`grj ld (dstglj trgkspgrdktd j sdio) ld aj`jr fros, pgrg okloagr qud sd dkaudktrg gatugìdktd ldsgatovglj y kj sd pudld utoòzgr j sd`daaojkglj pjr d` usugroj. Dstg ajkvdkaoñk ds gipògidktd utoòzglj dk `gs oktdrbgads frçboags ld usugroj, pgrg okloagr vosugìdktd d` qud `gs gaaojkds kj sd pudldk tjigr dk `g sotugaoñk gatug`. Dstd dkbjqud mgad pjson`d ldsgatovgr uk ajktrj` augklj kj sd pudld utoòzgr, y lgr ukg sd÷g` a`grg ld dsd dstglj, iodktrgs sd igktodkd d` d`didktj ld ajktrj` frçboaj dk uk ùfgr ajksostdktd, iokoiozgklj ld dstg igkdrg `g ajkbusoñk pgrg d` usugroj. W5 ºSudlj usgr `g iosig idijrog TQN pgrg `g rdprjluaaoñk y `g frgngaoñk: TK5Sgrg `js lospjsotovjs ld idlojs TQN vd`jaolgl rçpolg qud dstj bukaojkgrç. Sgrg idijrogs TQN suboaodktdidktd rçpolj `g frgngljrg pudld sg`tgr iudstrgs y rdfostrj arueolj. W5 ºSjr quï kj pudlj ajkdatgr ldspuïs ld aginogr `g ajktrgsd÷g VSG: TK5 G` aginogr `g ajktrgsd÷g ld rdl sd rdajiodklg sodiprd sd j`vold `g ajkdxoñk ld rdl VoBo ajrrdspjklodktd dk `js aòdktds gktds ld oktdktgr Sgrg vj`vdr g ukor. Aodrtjs lospjsotovjs agamï `g okbjrigaoñk ld `g rdl y kj pdriotdk ajkdxojkds ldspuïs ld aginogr `g ajktrgsd÷g VSG mgstg qud ` g rdl sd j`volg dk d` aòdktd. G vdads pudld tginoïk sdr sdr ndkdboaojsj pgrg ldsgatovgr y ùdfj pdriotor qud d` glgptgljr Vo-Bo pgrg gsdfur gsdfurgr gr `g okbjrigaoñk ld rdl ld` aòdktd brdsag. brdsag. W5 ºSjr quï tdkfj ajkdxojkds pdrlolgs: Augklj sd utoòzg d` idza`gljr dk dktjrkjs VoBo g`tgidktd pjn`glgs j lostgkaog dxtdklolg sd rdajiodklg utoòzgr ukg gktdkg ld g`tg pjtdkaog j rjutdr dxtdrkj. GSS3>5 QOQ\DIG BGW ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ GKD]J 3>5 QOQ\DIG BGW QOQ\DIG BGW-MLIO prjn`digs ld ajkdxoñk MLIO5 D` To><^ rdquodrd qud MLIO ajkdatglj ajipjkdktds sdgk agpgads ld rdajkjadr y sd ajiukoagk dktrd sé. Dstj sd ajkjad ajij d` ‐gprdtñk ld igkjs MLIO’. Qo d` ‐gprdtñk ld igkjs’ kj bukaojkg, d` aobrglj MLAS qud dstç okarustglg dk `g sd÷g` MLIO kj dstç sodklj rdajkjaolj gldauglgidktd pjr ukj, j içs, ld `js ajipjkdktds ajkdatgljs. Dstj g idkulj rdsu`tg dk kj sdr agpgz ld vdr kglg dk su ijkotjr. Gktds qud qud `g brustrgaoñk brustrgaoñk dk, dk, mgy g`fukgs g`fukgs ajsgs ajsgs qud pudld mg mgadr adr ustdl ustdl iosij so ustdl dk dkaudktrg audktrg q qud ud sus ajipjkdk ajipjkdktds tds ajkdatgljs ajkdatgljs pjr pjr MLIO kj sd sd ajiukoagk ajrrdatgidktd. 7. Oktdktd uk lovdrsj tjig ld ajkdxoñk pgrg `js ajipjkdktds ld sdaudkaog5 Dk jtrgs pg`gnrgs, so ustdl todkd `g ajstuinrd ld dkadkldr d` Ijkotpr proidrj, dktjkads su To><^ trgtgr d` forj okvdrsj ld `g sdaudkaog y vdr so bukaojkg. Qo dkaudktrg ukg sdaudkaog qud bukaojkg, rdajrlgr`j. Sjr supudstj, gsdfõrdsd ld qud augklj tjlj dstç dkadklolg y ld qud mg sd`daaojkglj `g dktrglg ajrrdatg dk d` ijkotjr. Tkg vdz qud mgyg ldtdriokglj `g idejr sdaudkaog ld dkadklolj - gkjtgr`g pgrg rdbdrdkaog buturg. >. Ajiprjngr ^dsjùaoñk ld véldj Geustd ld sgòlg ld su lospjsotovj Budktd5 To><^ rdsjùaoñk ld sgòlg sd boeg dk 6>3p ajiprjngaoñk ld qud d` ijkotjr sd dstgn`dad dk `g iosig rdsjùaoñk, gsé, `g igyjrég ld `js ijkotjrds ld dsag`g gutjiçtoagidktd g `g rdsjùaoñk ajrrdatg, gukqud g`fukjs kdadsotgk sd`da- aoñk igkug`. 1. Qjùaoñk ld prjn`digs ld MLIO g LRO j LRO g MLIO prjn`digs ld ajkdxoñk Jtrj prjn`dig ld ajkdxoñk MLIO g vdads surfd augklj ds kdadsgroj ajkdatgr uk lospjsotovj ajipgton`d ajk MLIO g uk td`dvosjr j ijkotjr qud todkd ukg ajkdxoñk LRO, j uk lospjsotovj ld budktd LRO mgnoòtglj g uk td`dvosjr dquopglj ajk MLIO. Dk dstd agsj, ds kdadsgroj utoòzgr uk agn`d ld ajkvdrsoñk MLIO-LRO (MLIO dk uk dxtrdij - LRO dk jtrg jtrg) j utoòzgr uk agn`d MLIO ajk uk glgptgljr g÷glolj ld MLIO g LRO j uk agn`d LRO ajk uk glgptgljr LRO-g - glgptgljr ld MLIO. Damg uk vostgzj g `js dedip`js ld glgptgljrds y agn`ds LRO / MLIO dk Gigzjk.aji D` rdquosotj gloaojkg` ds qud d` lospjsotovj dquopglj ajk LRO qud sd dstç ajkdatgklj dstç mgnoòtglj pgrg MLAS. Dstj pdriotd qud `g ajrrdatg ajiukoagaoñk dktrd ginjs lospjsotovjs MLIO y LRO. Sjr `j fdkdrg`, kj ldndrég mgndr uk prjn`dig ld ajkvdrsoñk ld MLIO g LRO, pdrj kj pudld mgndr. Sjr dedip`j, sd dkaudktrg qud dk 1L y <H sd÷g`ds kj sjk ajipgton`ds. Ajk sd÷g`ds ld véldj 73=3p <=3p ùaoñk rdsjkgkaogs dstçklgr, 6>3p, j. Sjr jtrj `glj, tginoïk sd pudld dedautgr dk ukg sotugaoñk dk `js içs gktofujs td`dvosjrds dquopgljs-LRO qud, okaùsj so sjk ajipgton`ds ajk MLAS, pudld qud kj tdkfgk d` boriwgrd gldauglj pgrg rdajkjadr `g oldktolgl ld` ajipjkdktd budktd MLIO qud dstç oktdktgklj ajkdatgr. Tk MLIO GA\ORJ g LRO j MLIO g RFG kjrigìdktd bukaojkg idejr qud ukg pgsovg. GSS3>5 QOQ\DIG BGW www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ GKD]J 3>5 QOQ\DIG BGW pgktg``g ld` sostdig BGW-\juam \jqud prjn`digs ld ajkdxoñk5 D` To><^ rdquodrd qud `g okbjrigaoñk ld `g pgktg``g tçato` pudld pgsgr g trgvïs ld uk agn`d TQN g ukj ld igkdrg ld ajkdxoñk TQN G. Aglg pgktg``g todkd su prjpoj kõidrj ld oldktoboagaoñk ld `` giglg TQN ROL y SOL, dk g`fukjs agsjs, okaùsj d` iosij ijld`j pudld tdkdr uk ROL y d` SOL lobdrdktd ldpdklodklj ld` pgés dk qud sd glquoroñ g. Mdijs oip`didktglj vgrojs tg`ds Oldktoboagaoñk ld `g To><^ pdrj ds oipjson`d pgrg kjsjtrjs sgndr tjlj d` kõidrj ld OL y tjlg `g pgktg``g qud pudld dstgr lospjkon`d dk uk todipj buturj. Dk tg`ds agsjs ajip`gadr d` gpjyj ld ajktgatj y ajrrdj d`datrñkoaj su ROL y SOL, d` ijld`j y `g vdrsoñk ld `g pgktg``g ld gyulg Qjuklargbt pgrg qud pjlgijs g÷glor`j g` boriwgrd ld `g To><^. @okux5 Qoip`didktd dedautd dk d` tdriokg` y dkajktrgr `js ldtg``ds ld su pg`j `susn IGA JQ5 systdiZprjbo`dr systdiZprjb o`dr QSTQNLgtg\ypd Vokljds SA5 Gnror d` ‐Gliokostrgljr ld lospjsotovjs’. lospjsotovjs’. Dkaudktrg d` lospjsotovj TQN, ROL y SOL, qud sd quodrd ldbokor. Ldspuïs ld mgadr aòa ajk d` njtñk ldrdamj, sd`daaojkgr ‐Srjpodlglds’ Dk `g vdktgkg qud gpgrdad, sd`daaojkd `g pdstg÷g ‐Lgtjs’ y, so ds kdadsgroj, d`dfor ld `g òstg `ékdg ‐Ldvoad OL ld okstgkaog’-ldsp`dfgn`ds Sjr bgvjr dkvogr dstg okbjrigaoñk g `g lordaaoñk ld ajrrdj d`datrñkoaj Qjuklargbt gpjyj. GSS3>5 QOQ\DIG BGW ldsagrfglj ld www.Igk www.Igkug`sòn.aji ug`sòn.aji igkug`ds ld ijtjr ld nõsqudlg Igkug` ld Tsugroj To><^ GKD]J 3>5 QOQ\DIG BGW Ajkbofurgaoñk ld ukg ajkdxoñk Gukqud d` To><^ todkd ajkdatovolgl ajkdatovolgl Vobo, sd ldnd tdkdr auolglj auolglj dk d` usj ld loamg ajkdxoñk ukg ljkld sd rdquodrd `g oktdrbdrdkaog oktdrbdrdkaog pudld jaurror y ajktrj` ld `g lostgkaog içs `grfg. Dk tg`ds sotugaojkds, sd rdajiodklg utoòzgr uk ijtjr içs pjtdktd rjutdr dxtdrkj ajk gktdkgs içs frgklds j usgr ukg ajkdxoñk Dtmdrkdt lordatgidktd g `g To><^. Tsgklj ukg gpòagaoñk ld dsaçkdr Vobo ldnd ldtdriokgr quï agkg`ds dstçk ònrds dk su çrdg y dstgn`dadr d` To><^ utoòzgr ukj ld dstjs agkg`ds. Tstdl tginoïk ldnd tdkdr ukg `ékdg ld vosoñk lordatg g `g gktdkg ld VoBo ld `g To><^ j rjutdr qud dstç utoòzgklj. LJI drrjr 7= Qo ustdl dstç rdaonodklj d` sofuodktd idksged ld drrjr augklj sd ajkdatg g` puktj ld gaadsj g trgvïs ld` opgl ld` idza`gljr To5 <?= QdaurotyDrrjr LJI dxadpaoñk 7=. Qd mozj uk oktdktj ld rjipdr g trgvïs ld `g pj`étoag ld sdfurolgl ld gfdktd ld usugroj. Ds prjngn`didktd agusglj lurgktd `g dedauaoñk ld uk sgbgro dk OJQ, dk Qgbgro, dstj prjngn`didktd sofkoboag qud su kgvdfgljr dstç n`jqudgklj `gs ajjhods qud sjk kdadsgrogs pgrg @gstSgss g` trgngej. Sjr bgvjr, gatovg `gs ajjhods, vgyg g Qgbgro aogs prdbdrdkaogs; Srovgaolgl; Ajjhods y lgtjs ld pçfokg wdn; dòfd5 'Sdriotor sodiprd'. Qgbgro rdokoaoj y vud`vd g oktdktgr`j. ºAñij jpdrj pgktg``g ajip`dtg g` ofug` qud ukg gpòagaoñk: oJQ Okoaogr d` kgvdfgljr Qgbgro dk oJQ ld Gpp`d y kgvdfgr g `g pçfokg wdn j dk `g wdn qud ldsdg gfrdfgr g `g pgktg``g prokaopg`. \jag d` njtñk Ajipgrtor dk `g ngrrg ld mdrrgiodktgs ld` kgvdfgljr - qud ds d` rdatçkfu`j ajk ukg b`damg gpuktgklj mgaog grrong. Ds dk `g ngrrg dk `g pgrtd supdrojr ld `g pgktg``g dk uk oSgl, y dk `g ngrrg dk `g pgrtd okbdrojr ld `g pgktg``g dk uk oSmjkd j oSjl \juam. Su`sd dk `g jpaoñk Gfrdfgr g O koaoj oajkj ld `g pgktg``g dk d` idkõ Ajipgrtor. Gklrjold @gkzgr Amrjid pgrg Gklrjol y gnror `g pçfokg wdn j wdn qud ldsdg pok g `g pgktg``g prokaopg`. Su`sd dk d` njtñk ld idkõ y tjag G÷glor g pgktg``g ld okoaoj. Sjlrçs oktrjluaor uk kjinrd pgrg d` gaadsj lordatj y ùdfj Amrjid `j g÷glordijs g `g pgktg``g prokaopg`. D` oajkj gpgrdadrç dk `g pgktg``g prokaopg` ajij aug`quodr jtrg gpòagaoñk j uk wolfdt ld gaadsj lordatj, pjr `j qud pudld grrgstrgr g su g`rdldljr y pjkdr`j ljkld quodrg. Amrjid pgrg Gklrjol agrfgs ld `g pçfokg wdn ajij ukg ‐gpòagaoñk wdn’ augklj sd tjag d` oajkj, pjr `j qud tdklrç su prjpog dktrglg dk d` ajkiutgljr ld gpòagaoñk y kj tdklrç kokfõk kgvdfgljr ld oktdrbgz dk d` agiokj. Jtrjs kgvdfgljrds Gklrjol pjpu`grds tginoïk jbrdadk dstg bukaoñk. Sjr dedip`j, Bordbjx pgrg Gklrjol pudld mgadr dstj so tjag d` njtñk ld idkõ, tjag `g jpaoñk Sçfokg y tjag G÷glor g pgktg``g ld okoaoj. Vokljws =, =,7, ^\ Jnvogidktd, dstj ds içs õto` dk tgn`dtgs, kj dk SAs ld dsarotjroj dk d` qud kj quodrd vdr `g pgktg``g ld okoaoj. Rgyg g `g pçfokg wdn qud ldsdg pgsgljr, tord mgaog grrong ld `g ngrrg ld `g gpòagaoñk mgaodklj aòa ldrdamj j ldsp`gzçkljsd mgaog grrong ldsld `g pgrtd okbdrojr ld `g pgktg``g y tjqud dk d` oajkj ld dstrd``g. \jag d` oajkj ld igragljr, dsarong uk kjinrd pgrg d` gaadsj lordatj y mgfg aòa dk Gka`gr g Okoaoj. D` sotoj wdn gpgrdadrç ajij uk ijsgoaj dk `g pgktg``g ld okoaoj. \d`dbjkj wokljws Gnrg d` sotoj wdn wdn qud ldsdg boegr dk dk Oktdrkdt Dxp Dxp`jrdr. `jrdr. Su`sd dk d` njtñk Içs (...) (...) y pu`sd gka`gr g Okoaoj dk d` i idkõ dkõ qud gpgrdad.

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