Date: ___________
Organic Chemistry – Chapter 22 Assignment
Chapter 22 in your textbook, Organic and Biological Molecules, discusses
organic chemistry. This topic is self-explanatory and therefore we will not
spend much time studying it in class. It is your responsibility to cover this
chapter. We will spend one or two days after the break to polish any
misunderstanding and/or misconceptions about this topic. So, for your
holiday break, between the food and the TV (or video games) find time to
read chapter 22 and summarize all important key ideas in the margins to the
left and the bottom. To test your knowledge work on EOC questions # 18,
22, 26, 30, 32, 34, 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 60, 62, 66, 70, 74, 80, 84, 88, 100,
104, 118, 124, 136, 144, 146, 155
Be prepared for an Organic chemistry quest after the break.
Enjoy your holidays break and be safe.
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Organic Chemistry
Unit: Organic Chemistry
Skills:
 name and identify basic organic compounds
Organic compounds are named and described based on their functional
groups.
Alkanes
An alkane is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen, with all single
bonds. The compound is named based on the number of carbon atoms.
Number Prefix Number Prefix
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
1
H
2
H
3
H
4
1
meth-
6
hex-
2
eth-
7
hept-
3
prop-
8
oct-
4
but-
9
non-
5
pent-
10
dec-
H
H
H
butane
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
heptane
H
H
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
H
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Alkenes & Alkynes
Alkenes have at least one double bond. Alkynes have at least one triple
bond. The compound is numbered based on the lowest-numbered carbon
with the double or triple bond. (Because the molecule is symmetrical, you
can start numbering from either end.) It is often easiest to see what’s
going on if you draw a skeletal structure:
H
H
H
H
C
1
H
C
C
H
3
2
4
H
C
5
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
pent-2-yne
5
H
H
4
pent-2-ene
H
H
H
C
3
H
H
C
C
1
H
C
4
C
C
5
C
6
H
3
C
2
C
1
H
H
H
H
C
7
C
H
2
C
8
H
C
9
H
H
nona-2,7-dien-4-yne
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functional group: a specific set of atoms attached to the carbon “backbone”.
The chemical properties of an organic compound are substantially
affected by its functional groups.
A carbon chain sticking out from the carbon backbone gets the prefix “-yl”.
5
3
1
6
4
2
3-methylhexane
Note that the carbon backbone is the longest chain of carbons. For
example:
4
3
5
6
2
1
7
8
3,5-dimethyloctane
You can combine functional groups and multiple bonds, as much as you like:
1
2
5
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
4,7-diethyl-6,6-dimethyldeca-2,7-diene
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Cyclic Compounds
A cyclic compound gets the prefix “cyclo”:
5
1
4
2
3
cyclopenta-1,3-diene
cyclohexane
Note, however, that the following compound is always called “benzene”:
benzene
Isomers
isomers: two compounds with the same chemical formula, but different
arrangements of the atoms. For example, the following pair of isomers
would have very different chemical properties:
O
H3C
CH
CH2
O
C
CH2
NH2
C6H13NO
CH3
H2C
CH2
NH2
CH
CH
CH2
CH3
C6H13NO
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Carbon Compounds with Functional Groups
Structure
Compound
Nomenclature
alcohol
Example
H
—ol
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
OH H
H
propan-2-ol
ether
—yl —yl ether
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
C
O
H
H
ethyl methyl ether
alkyl halide
H
—o—ane
H
Cl
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
2-chlorobutane
amine
—an-#-amine
H
H
H
NH2 H
H
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
pentan-3-amine
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Structure
Compound
Nomenclature
aldehyde
Example
H
—al
H
H
C
C
O
C
H
H H
propanal
ketone
H
—an-#-one
H
H
O
H
C
C
C
C
H
carboxylic acid
—anoic acid
H
H
ester
—yl —anoate
H
H
butan-2-one
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
O
C
OH
H
H
H
pentanoic acid
H
H
C
C
H
H
O
H
C
O
C
H
H
methyl propanoate
amide
—anamide
H
H
H
C
C
O
C
NH2
H
H
propanamide
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Organic Chemistry
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