Altitude Limitations
Maximum Altitudes
Limitations
• Maximum Altitude for Cruise
• Autopilot and yaw damper inop
• Flaps 0 to 12
• Boost pumps inop
• Flap operation
• Landing gear operation
• Cabin air selector in RAM
• Max field elevation – Takeoff
• Min field elevation – Takeoff
45,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
13,000
10,000 PA
-2,000 PA
Vmo and Mmo
Max IAS and Max Mach
•Vmo = Sea Level to 19,500 is 365 IAS then -6 knots per 1000 feet
down to 308 IAS at 29,000
•Mmo = .80 above FL290
Speed Limitations
Flaps, Gear, Turbulence, Xwind, Tailwind
Flaps, Gear, Turbulence, Xwind, Tailwind
• 12 to 20
• 40
• Gear Ext and Operation
• Turbulent Air
• Demo Xwind
• Max Tailwind
250 KIAS
180 KIAS
180 KIAS
Va-10 KIAS
23 knots
10 knots
Speed Limitations
A/C control on the ground, in the air, pilot
window open, windshield heat inop, Max
Tire Speed
A/C control on the ground, in the air, pilot window open,
windshield heat inop, Max Tire Speed
• Vmcg with Flaps 0 to 12
• Vmcg with flaps 20
• Vmca with Flaps 0 to 12
• Vmca with Flaps 20
• Pilot window open
• Windshield heat inop below 10,000
• Max Tire ground speed
90 KIAS
93 KIAS
106 KIAS
104 KIAS
250 KIAS
320 KIAS
174 GS
Ice and Rain Limitations And
Operating Requirements
Limitations
• Limit anti-ice ops to 10 seconds per engine while on the ground when
OAT is < 4.4 C (40 F) and icing conditions do not exist
• Do not operate boots below -40 C (-40 F), cracking
• Windshield heat OFF when using standby compass.
• Intentional stalls prohibited with anti-ice ON, or surface deice caution
light illuminated
Requirements
• Initiate continuous ignition before activating any de-ice system in any
phase of flight
• When flying in icing conditions: activate ENG/NACELLE ANTI-ICE and
maintain sufficient thrust (> 57% N1) to illuminate NAC ON lights
• Surface ice system must be OFF for takeoff and landing
• Anti-ice must be on before entering icing conditions or visible
moisture with OAT > 3 C
Westwind Weight Limits
Ramp, Takeoff, Landing, Zero Fuel, Minimum for Flight
Weights
• Maximum Ramp
• Maximum Takeoff
• Maximum Landing
• Maximum Zero Fuel
• Minimum for flight
23,650
23,500
19,000
16,500
12,000
The Five Factors Restrict
Takeoff Weight
Most Restrictive Limits Maximum Takeoff Weight
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Maximum Certified Takeoff Weight
2nd Segment Climb Requirements
Takeoff Field Length
Brake Energy requirements
Tire Groundspeed Limit
Landing Weight Restrictions
2
Most restrictive limits landing weight
1. Maximum Certified Landing Weight
2. Maximum Approach and Landing Climb Weight
Baggage Compartments and
Floor Loading Weight Limits
Two Compartments Aft of the Wing
1. Forward – 820 pounds total (105 lbs/sq ft)
2. Aft – 250 pounds total (32 lbs/sq ft)
Engine Type
Garrett AiResearch (Honeywell) TFE 731-3-G
Total Usable Fuel
8,870 Pounds – 1,324 US Gallons
Maximum Fuel Imbalance
Takeoff and Landing – 300 Pounds
In Flight – 800 pounds
N1 (Bypass Fan) Limits
• Limit of Normal Range
101.5%
• For 1 Minute
101.5% to 103%
• 5 Seconds
103% to 105%
• Remove Engine
Over 105%
N2 (Combustion Fan) Limits
• Limit of Normal Range
100%
• For 1 Minute
100% to 103%
• 5 Seconds
103% to 105%
• Remove Engine
Over 105%
ITT Temperature Limits
• Start
907 C
• Takeoff, plus 5 minutes max
907 C
• Takeoff transient, 10” max
907 C to 939 C
• Max Continuous
885 C
• Cruise Max
849 C
Engine Start Cycle Time Limits
• 10% N2 RPM, Throttle Idle to Start
10 seconds max
• Light-off to Idle, ITT stabilized
50 seconds Max
• Air starts, initial fuel flow to 60% N2 25 seconds Max
Engine Oil Pressure
Indications
• Starting
Indication within 10 sec after light off
• Idle
25 to 46 PSI
• Takeoff, Climb, Cruise
38 to 46 PSI
• Transient
55 PSI for 3 minutes max
Engine Oil Temp Limits
• Min Oil temp for Starting
-54 C
• Continuous Operation
• Up to FL 300
• Above FL 300
• Transient
30 C to 127 C
30 C to 140 C
149 C for 2 minutes max
Pre-heating Engine is
Recommended below what
temp?
Below -40 C (-40 F)
Min Idle Time Before
Shutdown
3 Minutes, includes idle taxi time.
Flaps
Speed and Altitude Limits
• 12 to 20 degrees
250 KIAS
• 40 degrees
180 KIAS
• Do not operate flaps above 20,000 feet
Speed Restriction for
Operating Landing Gear
180 KIAS
Do not operate above 20,000 feet
Maximum Tire Ground Speed
174 KIAS
VMCA
Flaps 0 to 12 degrees
106 KIAS
Flaps 20 degrees
104 KIAS
VMCG
Flaps 0 to 12 degrees
93 KIAS
Flaps 20 degrees
90 KIAS
Prohibited Manuevers
• Aerobatics
• Spins
• Stalls with De-Ice system on or SURFACE DE-ICING caution
light illuminated
• Landing with fuel in the tip tanks
G Limits
Clean and with Gear and Flaps Down
• Clean
+2.8 to -1.0
• Landing Configuration +2.0 to 0.0
Maximum Approved
Operating Altitudes
• All Systems Operational
FL 450
• Autopilot and Yaw Damper Inop FL 200
• With flaps > 20 degrees
10,000 feet
Max and Min Altitude for
Takeoff and Landing
-2,000 to +10,000 PA
OAT Temp Limits for Takeoff
and Landing
-54 to +35 C
Runway Slope Limit for Takeoff
+2% (up)
Thrust Reverser Limits
Max Field Elevation for Max TR
N1 % at sea level standard day
N1 limit for TR above field elev of 5300 feet
Max continuous deployment
Limited to idle deploy only
• Max TR may be used at field elevations at or below
5,300 feet PA
• Nominal TR N1 is 75% at Sea Level, standard day
• Above field elevation 5300 feet TR limited to 73% N1
• Do not exceed TR IDLE DEPLOY:
• Below 60 KIAS
• UNSAFE light illuminated
• TRs limited to 1 minute continuous use in 15 minutes
Approved Hydraulic Fluids
Skydrol or Hyjet, Types II, III, and IV
Maximum Cabin PSI
Differential
9.0 PSI
Engine/Nacelle Anti-icing
Limitations
• Initiate continuous ignition before activating anti-icing
• Sufficient thrust (>57% N1) must be maintained to illuminate
NAC ON lights
• Limit Anti-Ice operation to 10 seconds per engine when OAT
is above 4.4 C (40 F) and icing conditions do not exist
Surface De-Ice Limitations
• Must be off for takeoff and landing and intentional stalls
• Do not operate boots below -40 C (-40 F)
Maximum Starter Generator Output
300 Amps (AFC 612)
260 amps (AFC 260)
Oxygen Use Requirements
Above FL 410
• Crew must use oxygen
• Pax must don masks ready for use
Elevator Trim System
Requirements for Takeoff
Both Normal and Override Stabilizer trim must be
operational. If either is inoperative takeoff is prohibited
Autopilot Restrictions
Do not use A/P for:
•
Takeoff
•
below Category I landing minima
When A/P is engaged, One pilot must be at controls with
seatbelt fastened
KIAS/Mach Meter Red Line
365 KIAS or 0.80 Mach
N1 and N2 Redlines
103%
Oil Pressure Redlines
Min
25 psi
Max
55 psi
Hydraulic Pressure Redline
(Main and Emergency)
Main
Emergency
2,200 psi
1,300 psi
What are the 5 ways to
Disengage the Autopilot?
1.
Activate Horizontal Stabilizer Trim (China hat)
2.
Press yellow AP REL button on either yoke
3.
Move AP lever to DISENGAGE position
4.
Depress GA SEL button
5.
Pull out AP PRI, AC or APC AC CB
What is the power source for
the flap motor?
The Battery Bus
Which items lose power when a
GEN OFF light illuminates?
Heat for:
Windshields
Baggage Compartments
Which electrically powered
items can be manually
disconnected when necessary?
Boost Pumps
Galley Power
Right Distribution Bus
Recommended GPU
Volts and Amps
28 volts
1000 Amps
What busses provide power
to the inverters (DC to AC)?
The Respective Main Buses
What items are hot wired to
the battery?
Single Point Refueling
Baggage Lights
Door Light
Battery Voltmeter
What causes the FIRE light to
illuminate?
A temperature of 400 C or 800 C has been
detected in the engine compartment
Preflight indication the fire
bottles are full
Blowout disc on fuselage below right
engine pylon
Which items are powered by
the Main buses?
•2 pumps
•2 heats
•EEC or DEEC
•Inverters
•Avionics Buses
•Distribution Buses
How are the fire extinguisher
bottles armed?
By pushing the FIRE button
What happens when the
FIRE button is pushed?
•Hydraulic shut off valve closes
•Fuel shout off valve closes
•Both fire bottles are armed
•Full lights illuminate
When will the FUEL LEVEL LOW
warning light come on?
When fuel level in either wing reaches
415 pounds
What system is used to heat fuel?
The oil system through oil/fuel heat
exchangers.
What protection is there to
prevent the crew from dumping
all fuel?
Fuel float switches stop fuel dump when
either tank reaches 970 pounds
Fluid capacity of the
hydraulic reservoir
1.28 US gallons
Amount of hydraulic fluid
retained in the standpipe for
emergency braking?
1 pint
Under what conditions is the
emergency hydraulic pump
activated?
•Either main gear out of its uplock
•Emergency hydraulic pressure below 800 psi
Recommended water/slush on
runway for takeoff or landing
½ inch
How is Pitot heat selected on
the ground?
Placing Pitot Static/AOA heat in OVRD
How much ice should be
allowed ro accumulate before
activating the pneumatic deice
boots?
No more than ½ inch
When will landing gear
Warning Horn Sound?
Aircraft SN384 and earlier
1. Throttles Idle
2. Any gear not done and locked
Aircraft SN385 and later
1. Airspeed < 150 KIAS
2. Any gear not down and locked
Horn cannot be silenced when flaps are at 40 degrees
When will the Passenger O2
masks automatically deploy?
1. Oxygen Supply Switch in AUTO
2. Cabin Pressure Altitude 13,500’
Oxygen Pressure Prior to Flight
1,000 to 2,000 psi
What is the bleed air source
for the nacelle heat?
High Pressure (N2) Bleed Air
What is the bleed air source for
emergency cabin pressure?
Right Engine Low Pressure (N1) Bleed Air
What is the bleed air source
for the deice boots?
Low Pressure (N1) Bleed Air/Either Engine
What is the bleed air source for
additional cooling on the ground?
High Pressure Air (N2) from the right engine
To what are the outflow and
safety valves spring-loaded?
Closed
How can you manually operate
the outflow safety valves?
By opening the manual dump valve
What is the function of the
ground pressure switch?
To prevent cabin pressure surges at liftoff by
controlling the outflow valve
What is the purpose of the
flood duct control?
It directs all the air into the cabin so that no
air is getting into the cockpit (ground use
only)
Under what conditions does
the ground bypass valve open?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Weight on wheels ground squat switch activated
Right engine N1 below 52%
Bleed air selector to Right Engine
Right engine anti-ice OFF
What are the ITT limits?
• Start 9070
• Takeoff 9070 for 5 minutes max
• Transient 9070 to 9390 for 10 seconds max
• Maximum continuous 8850
What are the maximum
continuous climb ITT?
850o
For no more than 30 minutes during any one cycle
What is the maximum
continuous cruise ITT?
0
849
C
During the start sequence, what is
the time from light off to idle?
50 seconds
During the start sequence, what is
the time from 10% N2 to light off?
10 seconds
What is the maximum time for
TR deployment?
1-minute maximum
Maximum of 3, 1-minute deployments in a 15-minute span
Starter cranking time limits
and required cool down time.
1st start: 15 seconds, then 2-minute cool down
2nd start: 15 seconds, then 2-minute cool down
3rd attempt: 15 seconds, then 20-minute cool down
ABORTED TAKEOFF
MEMORY ITEM
1.
Power……………………………..IDLE
2.
Wheel Brakes……………..Maximum
3.
Lift Dump Switch……..…ON
4.
TR Sub-Levers……………..Reverse Thrust
5.
Control Tower……………..Advise
ENGINE FAILURE BELOW V1
ABORT TAKEOFF
ENGINE ABOVE V1
MEMORY ITEM
1.
Power………………………Max
2.
Landing Gear …………..UP after airborne
3.
Airspeed…………………..Accelerate to V2
4.
FLAPS Lever……………...UP at 400’ AGL
5.
Accelerate …………………To VENR (Climb Speed)
SINGLE ENGINE GO-AROUND
MEMORY ITEM
1. Thrust Lever…………………………………………..Max Thrust
2. Approach Climb Speed…………………………..Maintain (9o deck angle)
3. Flaps Lever……………………………………………..12o
4. Landing Gear…………………………………………..UP (after positive climb)
5. Flaps Lever………………………………………………UP (at 400’ AGL min)
6. Accelerate ……………………………………………… To climb speed (VENR)
ENGINE FIRE DURING GROUND
START OR SHUTDOWN
FIRE
MEMORY ITEM
1. Thrust Lever…………………………………………..Cut Off
2. Starter Switch………………………………………...Start (motor until FIRE out)
If FIRE WARNING light remains on:
1. Fire Warning Button……………………………………………..Depress
2. Full/Empty Button…………………………………………………Depress
ENGINE FIRE BELOW V1
FIRE
MEMORY ITEM
1. Abort Takeoff
2. Thrust Lever Affected Engine…..……………..CUT-OFF
3. Starter Switch………………………………………...Start (motor until FIRE out)
If FIRE WARNING light remains on:
1. Fire Warning Button……………………………………………..Depress
2. Full/Empty Button…………………………………………………Depress
ENGINE FIRE ABOVE V1
FIRE
MEMORY ITEM
1. Power…..………………………………………………..Max
2. Landing Gear Lever…………………………………UP after liftoff
3. Airspeed………………………………………………….Accelerate to V2
4. Flap Lever………………………………………………...UP at 400’ AGL min
5. Accelerate…………………………………………………Climb Speed (Venr)
6. Perform FIRE DURING FLIGHT Procedure
ENGINE FIRE DURING FLIGHT
FIRE
MEMORY ITEM
1. Thrust Lever Affected Engine…..……………..IDLE
If Indications of Fire Persist:
2. Thrust Lever……………………………………………CUT-OFF
3. Fire Warning Button……………………………………………..Depress
Wait 5 seconds, if FIRE Light Remains on:
4. Full/Empty Button…………………………………………………Depress
FAN BLADE FAILURE
MEMORY ITEM
If Engine Limits are Not Exceeded: Affected Engine
1. Identify
2. Thrust Lever……………………………………………………….Idle
COCKPIT or CABIN SMOKE or FIRE
MEMORY ITEM
1. Crew O2 Masks ………………………………………ON and Checked
2. Crew Communications………..…..……………..Established
3. Cabin Lights……………………………………….......Belts/No Smoke
4. O2 System Bypass Valve…………………………..ON
5. Ensure Passengers are receiving O2
Rapid Decompression
MEMORY ITEM
1. Crew O2 Masks ………………………………………ON and Checked
2. Crew Communications………..…..……………..Established
3. Cabin Lights……………………………………….......Belts/No Smoke
4. O2 System Bypass Valve……………………………ON
5. Passengers………………………………………………..Check O2
6. Smoke Goggles………………………………………….Don after masks
Inadvertent TR Deployment
UNSAFE
ARM
MEMORY ITEM
1. Takeoff Below V1..………………………………..Abort Takeoff
2. Above V1 or In Flight………..…..……………..Take Immediate Action with Flight Controls
AP TRIM
FAIL A/B
WARNING AND CAUTION LIGHTS
Indicates either a failure in the autopilot trim
circuits or that an out of trim condition exists
FIRE
WARNING AND CAUTION LIGHTS
Indicates the fire detectors have sensed an overheat/fire condition.
Illuminates when the fire detection tubes
sense either a spot temp above 800o F or
sense temps within the engine nacelle have reach of 400o F
UNSAFE
ARM
WARNING AND CAUTION LIGHTS
• UNSAFE illuminates when the TR control switch closes
• If Illuminated during fault test TRs must not be used
• ARM indicates electrical power is available to the TR control
switch and the switch is ON
YD
DISENG
AP
DISENG
WARNING AND CAUTION LIGHTS
• YAW DAMPER has disengaged
• Autopilot has disengaged
ANTI-SKID
R
L
IN
IN
OPR OPR
WARNING AND CAUTION LIGHTS
Steady illumination of anti-skid L and/or R IN OPR light(s)
or
Both HYDR PRESS LOW lights indicates failure of anti-skid system
Icy runway may cause the anti-skid L and/or R IN OPR lights to flicker on and off
ALT BOOST
PUMP ON
Indicates electrical power
is being supplied to the
alternate boost pump
FUEL CONTROLLER
MANUAL MODE
Indicates a fault in the fuel computer system.
And the system automatically goes into manual mode.
Also automatically illuminates when the fuel control system switch is ion manual mode
FUEL
PRESS LOW
Indicates fuel pressure is < 7 psi
ENG
OIL PRESS LOW
Indicates engine oil pressure is < 25 psi
If confirmed by gage, shut engine down immediately
BLEED AIR
LEAK
Illuminates when temperatures reach 250o F
Indicates a leak in the bleed air ducting from either
engine or common ECS ducting
BATT
OVERHEAT
Indicates battery temp > 140o F
BATT OFF
Indicates battery line connector is open from either being disconnected
Or
The battery master switch is off and either generator or external power is available
GEN OFF
Indicates RCR is probably open or the fuse is blown.
The other generator assumes the full load.
The windshield and baggage compartment heating elements are automatically
disconnected.
#1 AC BUS
FAILED
OR
#2 AC BUS
FAILED
Indicates the voltage on the AC bus is less than 100 VACCaused by the failure of an inverter, a short in the AC bus
or a failed AC voltage sensor
#1 DISTR BUS
FEEDER OPEN
OR
#2 DISTR BUS
FEEDER OPEN
Indicates the opening of one or more 50-amp distribution bus CBs.
These CBs are not accessible in flight.
HYDR
PRESS LOW
The left and right systems have their own light.
Illumination indicates the pressure in that system has dropped below 1400 psi.
Illumination of both lights indicates failure of the main hydraulic system which
results in the loss of Speed Brakes, Lift Dumpers, Nose Wheel Steering.
Normal Landing Gear Extension, Anti-Skid, and normal brakes.
#1 PITOT HEAT
OFF
#2 PITOT HEAT
OFF
Normal indication on the ground.
In Flight: Indicates a discontinuity in the power lines
FUEL
LEVEL LOW
Fuel quantity in either left or right tank is 425 pounds or less.
FLAPS
UNBALANCED
DO NOT MOVE THE FLAP LEVER
Asymmetric difference of 4o to 7o exists between left and right flaps
A comparator system will automatically stop flap extension or retraction
EMER AIR
TEMP HIGH
Illuminates only when the cabin air selector is set to
EMER and temp is in the plenum has reached 350o F
BLEED LINE
OVER PRESS
Indicates excessive pressure or temperature downstream of either bleed air
switching valve
The light illuminates when either the pressure reaches 44 psi
Or
Temperature reaches 575o F
SURFACE
DE-ICING
Indicates that there is a malfunction in the pressure regulator or insufficient
vacuum
The light may illuminate at low power settings when flying below 13,000 feet
CABIN
DOOR
Indicates that the main cabin door is not locked
or
the microswitch has failed
R. BAGG
DOOR
M. BAGG
DOOR
Indicates that the forward or aft baggage door is not secured
Or
a microswitch has failed.
The main baggage door must also be locked
to extinguish the M. BAGG DOOR light.
INVTR
BLOWER FAILED
On the ground this indicates the blower has failed with the possibility of an
inverter overheating.
In flight: Indicates a failure of the right main gear contact switch
SB
EXT
LD
EXT
SB EXT indicates that the speed brake control valve is powered to extend the
speed brakes.
LD EXT indicates that the lift dumpers are unlocked.
AOA
HEAT OFF
Normal Indication on the Ground
In-Flight: Indicates a discontinuity in the power line
TAKEOFF BRIEFING
• Initial heading or course
• GPS programmed
• Avionics Set
• Initial altitude
• Airspeed limit if applicable
• Clearance Limit
• Emergency return plan
• SOP deviations
Considerations:
• Impaired runway
conditions
• Weather
• Obstacle clearance/Climb
Gradient
• Review SID
APPROACH PLATE REVIEW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Confirm
Field Elevation
Applicable MSAs
Inbound Leg to FAF
Procedure turn direction and altitude
Final Approach Course heading and
intercept altitude
7. Timing, if required
8. MAP
9. VDP
10. Special Procedures
11. Approach Lights
12. Missed Approach Procedures
13. Runway Conditions
14. Avionics Set
BEFORE LANDING BRIEF
1. Configuration
2. Approach Speed
3. Minimum Safe Altitude
4. Approach Course
5. Approach Course/Landing Runway
6. FAF Altitude
7. DA/MDA
8. Field Elevation
9. VDP
10. Missed Approach: Heading, Altitude, Intentions