S4F00 Overview of Financials in SAP S/4HANA . . PARTICIPANT HANDBOOK INSTRUCTOR-LED TRAINING . Course Version: 17 Course Duration: 2 Day(s) e-book Duration: 4 Hours 10 Minutes Material Number: 50155560 SAP Copyrights, Trademarks and Disclaimers © 2020 SAP SE or an SAP affiliate company. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without the express permission of SAP SE or an SAP affiliate company. SAP and other SAP products and services mentioned herein as well as their respective logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of SAP SE (or an SAP affiliate company) in Germany and other countries. Please see http://global12.sap.com/ corporate-en/legal/copyright/index.epx for additional trademark information and notices. Some software products marketed by SAP SE and its distributors contain proprietary software components of other software vendors. National product specifications may vary. 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All rights reserved. iv Contents vi Course Overview 1 Unit 1: 2 12 24 Lesson: Introduce an Overview of SAP S/4HANA Finance Lesson: SAP Navigation Unit 2: 25 36 52 Unit 3: Management Accounting Lesson: Outlining the Scope of Management Accounting Lesson: Cost Centers Lesson: Creating Internal Orders Unit 4: 72 80 94 Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Lesson: Managing Accounting Data with General Ledger Accounting Lesson: Perform Postings in Accounts Payable 53 60 63 71 SAP S/4HANA Finance - Introduction and Overview Financial Accounting – Asset Accounting and Accounts Receivable Lesson: Posting and Analyzing in Asset Accounting Lesson: Posting and Analyzing in Accounts Receivable Unit 5: 95 © Copyright. All rights reserved. Understanding the Central Finance Option Lesson: Understanding the Central Finance Option v Course Overview TARGET AUDIENCE This course is intended for the following audiences: Application Consultant Project Manager Business User Super / Key / Power User © Copyright. All rights reserved. vi UNIT 1 SAP S/4HANA Finance - Introduction and Overview Lesson 1 Introduce an Overview of SAP S/4HANA Finance 2 Lesson 2 SAP Navigation 12 UNIT OBJECTIVES Overview SAP S/4HANA Finance Understand SAP Navigation with SAP Fiori and SAP GUI © Copyright. All rights reserved. 1 Unit 1 Lesson 1 Introduce an Overview of SAP S/4HANA Finance LESSON OVERVIEW This lesson explains the positioning of the SAP S/4HANA Finance solution within the portfolio of SAP. Business Example As a member of the finance department of your company, you have to familiarize yourself with various accounting tasks that include legal restrictions such as the creation of balance sheets and profit and loss statements, and fulfilling internal requirements, for example, the analysis of overheads or planning and budgeting projects. Many companies also see process improvement in the areas of accounts receivable, asset accounting, accounts payable and central finance. These internal tasks are also a source of greater cost-savings. For this reason, you need to have an understanding of SAP S/4HANA Finance. LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Overview SAP S/4HANA Finance SAP S/4HANA Finance Learning Journey Figure 1: Financial Accounting Learning Journey © Copyright. All rights reserved. 2 Lesson: Introduce an Overview of SAP S/4HANA Finance Learning Journeys are visual guides, designed to help you complete the learning path for particular SAP solutions. The easiest way to find learning journeys is to search for SAP Learning Journeys in your browser. The Connected Digital World Figure 2: The Connected Digital World Today's world is digital and networked; we are presented with more and more business challenges and opportunities. The pace of data generation is accelerating - in the last two years, 90% of world data has been generated. Over the next two years, there will be 40% growth in the adoption of business networks. By the end of the decade, 212 billion things, from cars, to heavy equipment, to consumer appliances, will be connected to the Internet. By 2020, there will be 9 billion mobile users in the world. Last year alone, 51% of workloads were processed in the Cloud. That amount will only grow for the foreseeable future. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 3 Unit 1: SAP S/4HANA Finance - Introduction and Overview Figure 3: Advances in Technology In the last few years, there have been significant advances in technology, which application developers are able to take advantage of so that they can build smarter and more powerful applications. The following are some examples of what these applications provide: Multi-core processors enable parallelism of tasks, which means more throughput of data and faster processing to provide real-time responses. Large memory enables an entire organization's database with memory replacing the mechanical spinning disk and the latency it brings. On-board cache design advances enable data to be passed between memory and CPU cores rapidly. In the past, even with large memory, this was a bottleneck, as CPUs were demanding more data and the journey from memory to CPU was not optimal. More servers can now be easily added into our landscape to provide more processing power or memory in order to scale to any size. SAP business application software has been rewritten to fully exploit the new hardware that is available. SAP worked closely with leading hardware partners who shared the product blueprints of their new CPU architectures so that SAP knew how to write the very best modern software to extract every drop of power. Cloud computing technology has matured in the last few years and is now a compelling deployment option for our customers who do not want to take on the complexity and cost of the installation and maintenance of IT landscapes. Making machines virtual means the cost of running enterprise-wide applications has been lowered. Public Cloud services based on subscription models increase access to the latest solutions for everyone, reducing costs, and simplifying every process. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 4 Lesson: Introduce an Overview of SAP S/4HANA Finance Figure 4: Trade-Off – Broad and Deep or Speedy and Simple With the traditional system architecture, you have to make a trade-off between Broad and Deep Analysis or Speedy and Simple reporting. With old technologies, optimizing across the five dimensions shown in the figure, Trade-Off – Broad and Deep or Speedy and Simple, is not possible. Therefore, you can decide to go deep and broad with your business warehouse systems or have high speed but simple reports from your data. In both scenarios, real time updates are almost impossible to design. In a data warehouse environment, updates occur overnight with nightly batch jobs. SAP S/4HANA - The Intelligent Core Figure 5: Evolution of SAP S/4HANA Architecture © Copyright. All rights reserved. 5 Unit 1: SAP S/4HANA Finance - Introduction and Overview Traditionally, the SAP financial applications are separated into different components, for example, Financial Accounting (FI), Management Accounting (CO) and so on. These components are themselves made up of sub-components such as Asset Accounting (FI-AA). Each component has its own data model architecture and this brings inefficiencies with it. The development of S/4HANA provided the opportunity for a complete redesign of these data models, to remove inefficiencies. Key Aspects of SAP S/4HANA Figure 6: Key Aspects of SAP S/4HANA SAP S/4HANA is built on SAP HANA and so we inherit all the capabilities of this powerful inmemory data management and application platform. This includes advanced text mining, predictive analysis, simulations, and powerful real time decision support, with access to any type of data in real time. A brand new user experience is delivered to improve the productivity and satisfaction of business users and brings the interface up to a consumer-grade experience optimized for any device. SAP S/4HANA can be deployed on premise or in the cloud or as a combination of both to provide flexible consumption options to customers. The data model has been greatly simplified. This means that unnecessary tables and the data in those tables has been removed in order to shrink the footprint dramatically and simplify the application design and extensibility. SAP provides a fully integrated platform, based on the latest technology trends, to allow finance to lead the transformation to digital business. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 6 Lesson: Introduce an Overview of SAP S/4HANA Finance Overview of Finance with SAP S/4HANA Figure 7: Complete Finance Portfolio SAP provides a fully integrated platform, based on the latest technology trends to allow finance to lead the transformation to digital business. All aspects of financial requirements across all roles are supported in granular solution areas. SAP S/4HANA Finance gives you the ability to centrally track financial accounting data within an international framework of multiple companies, languages, currencies, and charts of accounts. Financial Accounting in SAP S/4HANA Finance For example, when raw materials move from inventory into manufacturing, the system reduces the quantity in inventory and simultaneously subtracts values for inventory accounts in the balance sheet. The Financial Accountingfunction complies with international accounting standards, such as United States Generally Accepted Account Principles (USGAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). It also fulfills local legal requirements of many countries and fully reflects the legal and accounting changes resulting from European market and currency unification. Figure 8: SAP S/4HANA — Positive Effects for the Finance Area © Copyright. All rights reserved. 7 Unit 1: SAP S/4HANA Finance - Introduction and Overview Key Features and Functions of Financial Accounting in SAP S/4HANA Finances: General Ledger Accounting Accounts Receivable or Accounts Payable Fixed Assets Banks Fast-Close Functions Financial Statements Parallel Valuation Management Accounting in SAP S/4HANA Finance Management Accounting(Controlling) enables the valuation and recording of financial data, not only for financial reporting, but also as the basis for all cost and revenue-related reporting. As a result, analysts and managers can work with the same basic data as the company’s financial accountants. As financial data is tightly integrated with the business processes of the logistic processes of SAP S/4HANA and human resources applications, users can also easily obtain detailed information about cost structures and profit margins. Easy access to this data helps support and enable management to achieve business goals, such as increasing revenue, maximizing customer profitability, and reducing operating costs while increasing efficiency, reducing the cost of goods sold, and improving the visibility of inventory. Key Features and Functions of Management Accounting in SAP S/4HANA Finance: Cost Element Accounting Cost Center Accounting Internal Orders Product Cost Controlling Profitability Analysis Revenue and Cost Planning Budgeting © Copyright. All rights reserved. 8 Lesson: Introduce an Overview of SAP S/4HANA Finance Figure 9: Universal Journal Enables Continuous Accounting SAP S/4HANA - Deployment Options Figure 10: SAP S/4HANA Consistent Choice for Cloud and On-Premise SAP S/4HANA's simplified data model and modern user experience are consistent for both Cloud and on premise. When it's time to deploy SAP S/4HANA, the choices are on premise or in the Cloud. Either way, SAP S/4HANA maintains consistency with the data model, user experience, and code line. SAP S/4HANA and SAP S/4HANA Cloud offer a consistent solution, allowing you to benefit in any scenario or combination. There are many factors in making the on premise or Cloud deployment decision, but they can be simplified into a few major dimensions: IT Strategy: Increasingly, customers are taking a "Cloud first" approach to their ERP system landscape. It is important to verify that the scope of the standard best practices in S/4HANA Cloud © Copyright. All rights reserved. 9 Unit 1: SAP S/4HANA Finance - Introduction and Overview will serve your business requirements, and whether this should be complemented with extended functionality (lines of business, industry-specific) via a co-deployment with S/ 4HANA Cloud, single-tenant edition, for example. Innovation Cycles: Updates to S/4HANA Cloud are provided on a quarterly innovation cycle. SAP regularly delivers the latest in machine learning, natural language processing, predictive analytics, and more, in a non-disruptive, easy-to-consume manner. S/4HANA Cloud, single-tenant edition is offered with 2 upgrades per year, while S/4HANA on-premise is offer with one annual upgrade. Business Functionality: The available scope for each deployment option will vary, allowing choices for licensing and deployment. Deployment Times: The deployment of S/4HANA can be accelerated in the Cloud for many customers, since they do not need to acquire and maintain infrastructure. Regulatory, Industry, and Regional Requirements: Some customers may have requirements in these areas that make the Cloud unsuitable. If this is the case, then they can continue with traditional on premise deployment. Or, if they have differing requirements for various subsidiaries, they can mix-and-match Cloud and on premise deployment in a 2-tier strategy and still maintain consistency for IT and business users. Figure 11: Three SAP S/4HANA Deployment Options SAP S/4HANA deployment options are: SAP S/4HANA as an on-premise next generation ERP system on top of the platform SAP HANA. For a customer specific Cloud offering, the customer can either bring their own licenses or license via subscription model. They can combine these with customer individual infrastructure and optional application management services. This model will still be in place and cover those cases, where the customer has very individual needs. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 10 Lesson: Introduce an Overview of SAP S/4HANA Finance SAP S/4HANA Cloud public option has highly standardized processes and allows only a limited set of customizing. SAP S/4HANA Private Cloud Options, which leverage the full functional scope, extensibility options and localizations of the S/4HANA on premise code line in combination with infrastructure and services in one subscription pricing. SAP offers standardized system landscapes and functionality packages. Please note in that slide, that the level of standardization decreases from left to right, while the complexity and costs increase. It is important for companies, especially installed base customers of SAP, to consider using S/4HANA Cloud to review whether fit-to-standard based on the available scope of the solution will serve their business needs by exploring the Best Practice Explorer . Companies can efficiently extend solutions through SAP Cloud Platform, which maintains integration and interfaces as a service, unlike costly to maintain customizations in the on-premise past; or through a hybrid deployment with S/4HANA or S/4HANA Cloud, single-tenant edition, based on a company's business and/or regulatory requirements. In any scenario you benefit from a complete, consistent choice. LESSON SUMMARY You should now be able to: Overview SAP S/4HANA Finance © Copyright. All rights reserved. 11 Unit 1 Lesson 2 SAP Navigation LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Understand SAP Navigation with SAP Fiori and SAP GUI SAP Navigation with SAP Fiori Scenario You want to ensure that everybody working with the system has the best possible experience when interacting with SAP S/4HANA, and that everybody can access business critical applications on any device without compromise. You need a solution that integrates with your existing IT system landscape and that can expand to cover your specific needs. You want to make sure that SAP Fiori meets these requirements. Figure 12: SAP Fiori User Experience Concepts There are five pillars to the SAP Fiori user experiences paradigm: Role-based SAP Fiori is designed for your business, your needs, and how you work. It draws from our broad insights on the multifaceted roles of today’s workforce. SAP Fiori provides the right information at the right time and reflects the way you actually work. Adaptive SAP Fiori enables you to work how and where you want, regardless of the device you use. And, it provides relevant information that allows for instant insight. Coherent Whether you fulfill a sales order, review your latest KPIs, or manage leave requests – SAP Fiori adheres to a consistent interaction and visual design language. Across the enterprise, you enjoy the same intuitive and consistent experience. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 12 Lesson: SAP Navigation Simple With SAP Fiori, you can complete your job intuitively and quickly. SAP Fiori helps you focus on what is important – essential functions are easy to use and you can personalize the experience to focus on your relevant tasks and activities. Instant value Apart from making you work smarter, SAP Fiori also enriches your work experience by allowing you to simply do your job. What is SAP Fiori? Figure 13: SAP Fiori Application Types SAP Fiori applications can be classified into different types. Examples include the following: Transactional These apps follow an optimal design for fast transaction processing, such as purchase receipt entry. Transactional apps offer task-based access to tasks like change, create, display (documents, master records), or entire processes with guided navigation. Analytical Provide tools required for analysis, graphs, charts, exploration, data mining, and drill down. Analytical apps provide insight to action. They give you a visual overview of complex topics for monitoring or tracking purposes. Factsheet Provides a 360 degree view of all key information related to a business object. For example, enter an employee name and all information about that employee appears, such © Copyright. All rights reserved. 13 Unit 1: SAP S/4HANA Finance - Introduction and Overview as working hours, vacation, pay, performance, manager, and awards. Factsheets give you the opportunity to search and explore your data. They provide a 360 degree view on essential information about an object, and contextual navigation between related objects. This is a good example of the SAP Fiori approach, which is to use a limited number of consistent interfaces to keep things simple. When developers create a new SAP Fiori application, they start by selecting a template, that is based on transactional, analytical, or factsheet, so they have a consistent look and feel. SAP Fiori Launchpad — One Entry Point for the User Figure 14: SAP Fiori Launchpad The SAP Fiori Launchpadis a shell that hosts SAP Fiori appsand provides services, such as navigation, personalization, embedded support, and application configuration. It is the entry point to SAP Fiori appson mobile and desktop devices. The launchpad displays a home page with tiles, which can display live status indicators, such as the number of open tasks. Each tile represents a business application that the user can launch. The SAP Fiori apps on the home page are arranged in tile groups. The user can personalize the layout of the home page, by grouping, moving, and removing tiles. The user can also add, delete, rename, and reorder groups. The ability to personalize the home page must be enabled in the launchpad configuration. To add tiles to groups, the launchpad provides a tile catalog, which displays all the tiles that are available to a user. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 14 Lesson: SAP Navigation Figure 15: User Personalization The following personalization options are available in SAP Fiori Launchpad: Adding applications to the launchpad from assigned catalogs Removing applications from the launchpad Modifying and adding applications for filtered report results For example, if the user is a group cash manager who is interested in the German market, the user can create an application to take them directly to the cash position of the German market. They can arrive at the cash position directly with one click from the SAP Fiori launchpad home page. SAP Navigation with SAP GUI Scenario Some users may still access the system with the classic SAP GUI for particular tasks. You want to have a basic knowledge of how the SAP GUI functions. SAP Logon (GUI) The SAP Graphical User Interface (SAP GUI) is the front-end program used to access SAP systems. Several variants of the SAP GUI are available and are adapted for use in different environments. In this lesson, we refer to the SAP GUI for the Windows environment. The SAP GUI program connects the front-end computer with a specific SAP system. To start the SAP GUI, SAP provides another program: SAP Logon. When the user launches SAP Logon, a screen displays a list of available SAP systems. This list is derived from a file on the front-end computer, and is preconfigured and made available to users. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 15 Unit 1: SAP S/4HANA Finance - Introduction and Overview Figure 16: SAP Logon The Logon Screen Figure 17: Logging on to an SAP system using SAP GUI Before you log on for the first time, your system administrator will give you an initial password. During the process of logging on, you enter a new password of your own choice. You will use your own password whenever you log on. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 16 Lesson: SAP Navigation If there are system-wide messages, the System Messages dialog box appears. After you have read the messages, choose Continue (or Enter) to close the dialog box. The SAP GUI Screen Figure 18: The SAP Easy Access Screen The left side of the screen contains a tree hierarchy of the available menus. The graphic on the right side is made available centrally by your system administrator and cannot be customized by individual users. The graphic could be the company logo, for example. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 17 Unit 1: SAP S/4HANA Finance - Introduction and Overview SAP GUI Screen Structure Figure 19: SAP GUI Screen Structure An SAP screen can contain the following screen elements: Command field: You can start applications directly by entering the transaction code in the command field. You can find the transaction code for an application in the status bar, or in the application itself under System Status . Menu bar: The menu bar is the top line of any primary window in the SAP system. The menu displayed depends on the application you are using. Standard toolbar: The buttons in the standard toolbar are shown on every SAP screen. If certain buttons are not available in an application, they are deactivated (grayed out). If you move the cursor over a button, the system displays a tooltip with the name or function of that button. Title bar: The title bar displays the name of the function that you are currently using. Application toolbar: The application toolbar shows the buttons available in the application you are currently using. Check boxes: Check boxes allow you to select several options from a group of fields. Radio buttons: Only one radio button option may be selected. Tab / Tab page : A tab page allows you to organize several screen areas to improve clarity and organize data. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 18 Lesson: SAP Navigation Status bar: On the left, the status bar will System Messages, such as, when a process is successful, processing warnings/errors and may also display items such as document numbers or master data numbers that have been saved when created. On the right side of the Status bar, you can display the System Information of the system you have accessed, such as system ID and client. You can also change the display variant to show other system information, for example, the transaction code of the transaction you are currently using. LESSON SUMMARY You should now be able to: Understand SAP Navigation with SAP Fiori and SAP GUI © Copyright. All rights reserved. 19 Unit 1 Learning Assessment 1. Which are the three deployment options of SAP S/4HANA? Choose the correct answers. X A SAP S/4HANA Cloud (public) X B SAP S/4HANA Public Pool System X C SAP S/4HANA Cloud, single-tenant edition X D SAP S/4HANA (on premise) 2. Deciding about the best fitting SAP S/4HANA deployment option for SAP S/4HANA for your business, which dimensions come into your mind? 3. Which different types of SAP Fiori Apps can be used? 4. The SAP Fiori Launchpad guarantees the same UI for every user working with the SAP system. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False © Copyright. All rights reserved. 20 Unit 1: Learning Assessment 5. On the SAP Logon GUI, which of the following provides general information on the SAP System and transaction or task on which you are working Choose the correct answer. X A Application toolbar X B Status bar X C Tab page X D Menu bar © Copyright. All rights reserved. 21 Unit 1 Learning Assessment - Answers 1. Which are the three deployment options of SAP S/4HANA? Choose the correct answers. X A SAP S/4HANA Cloud (public) X B SAP S/4HANA Public Pool System X C SAP S/4HANA Cloud, single-tenant edition X D SAP S/4HANA (on premise) Correct. The three deployment options of SAP S/4HANA are: SAP S/4HANA (on premise), SAP S/4HANA Cloud (public), and SAP S/4HANA Cloud (single-tenant edition). 2. Deciding about the best fitting SAP S/4HANA deployment option for SAP S/4HANA for your business, which dimensions come into your mind? IT Strategy; Innovation Cycles; Business Functionality; Deployment times; Regulatory, Industry and regional requirements. 3. Which different types of SAP Fiori Apps can be used? The three different possible SAP Fiori App Types are: Transactional Apps, Analytical Apps, and Factsheets. 4. The SAP Fiori Launchpad guarantees the same UI for every user working with the SAP system. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False Correct. The SAP Fiori Launchpad enables the user to adapt the launchpad according to their own needs. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 22 Unit 1: Learning Assessment - Answers 5. On the SAP Logon GUI, which of the following provides general information on the SAP System and transaction or task on which you are working Choose the correct answer. X A Application toolbar X B Status bar X C Tab page X D Menu bar Correct. The Status bar will show System Messages and System Information. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 23 UNIT 2 Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Lesson 1 Managing Accounting Data with General Ledger Accounting 25 Lesson 2 Perform Postings in Accounts Payable 36 UNIT OBJECTIVES Understand the structure and data within Finance Manage accounting data with General Ledger accounting Perform Postings in Accounts Payable Understand the Integrational Aspects of Accounts Payable © Copyright. All rights reserved. 24 Unit 2 Lesson 1 Managing Accounting Data with General Ledger Accounting LESSON OVERVIEW This lesson explains tasks, processes, functions, transactions, and reporting possibilities of General Ledger Accounting. Business Example Financial management must fulfill external requirements, which include legal restrictions such as the creation of balance sheets and profit and loss statements. They are just as important as fulfilling internal requirements, for example, the analysis of overheads or planning and budgeting projects. Many companies also see process improvement in the areas of accounts receivable, accounts payable, asset accounting and central finance. These internal tasks are also a source of greater cost savings. General Ledger Accounting is one area within the SAP S/4HANA Finance solution that helps to fulfill the external tasks. As a member of the finance department of your company, you need to fulfill these external requirements. Therefore, you need to understand about General Ledger accounting. LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Understand the structure and data within Finance Manage accounting data with General Ledger accounting © Copyright. All rights reserved. 25 Unit 2: Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Understand the Structure and Data Within Finance Figure 20: General Ledger Accounting The General Ledger (G/L) is the core of Financial Accounting (FI). The FI application component fulfills all the international requirements that must be met by the FI department of an organization. General Ledger Accounting Features General Ledger Accounting provides the following features: Management and representation of all accounting data: The system records all business transactions according to the document principle, which provides an unbroken audit trail from the financial statements to the individual documents. Open and integrated data flow: Automatic updates ensure data flow between FI and the other components of the SAP system. Data is available in real time within FI. Postings made in the subledgers always generate a corresponding posting in General Ledger Accounting. Decision making: Preparation of operational information to assist strategic decision-making within the organization. FI focuses on General Ledger Accounting and the processing of receivables (FI-AR), payables (FI-AP), and Asset Accounting (FI-AA). Important tasks of FI include the recording of monetary and value flows as well as the evaluation of the inventories. Main Tasks of General Ledger Accounting © Copyright. All rights reserved. 26 Lesson: Managing Accounting Data with General Ledger Accounting Map all posting-relevant business transactions. Display account line items and balances. Create and display financial statement for a company code. Create financial statements on levels beneath the company code, for example, for profit centers, segments, or business areas. It is possible to create financial statements on levels beneath the company code within G/L. Hint: The G/L contains the recording of all accounting-relevant business transactions onto G/L accounts from a business point of view. The result of the recording is an accounting document. Important Terms in General Ledger Accounting The following are some important terms used in G/L Accounting: Table 1: General Ledger Accounting Terms Term G/L account Description It is a structure that records value movements in a company code and represents the G/L account items in a chart of accounts. A G/L account has transaction figures that record changes to the account during a posting period. These figures are totals that are used for G/L reporting. In general, you can distinguish between a G/L account as an income statement or balance sheet account. Company code It is the smallest organizational unit of FI for which a complete, self-contained set of accounts can be drawn up for the purposes of external reporting. This includes recording all relevant transactions and generating all supporting documents required for financial statements. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 27 Unit 2: Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Term Chart of accounts Description It is a classification scheme consisting of a group of G/L accounts. It provides a framework for the recording of values to ensure an orderly rendering of accounting data. The G/L accounts are used by one or more company codes. Journal entry It records the changes in values in a company code arising from accounting transactions. A document consists of two or more line items. The document represents at least one individual transaction posted to an account. When posting an accounting document, the SAP system updates the transaction figures in the accounts to which the document is posted. It is a representation within the SAP system of the document (for example, an invoice) that triggered the posting. Data Structure within the Finance Application In an SAP system, we distinguish between three different types of data: Organizational Data Is the representation of your company’s structure in the system. Master Data Contains information that remains the same over a long period of time and is reused in different business processes. Movement Data Is short-lived and is assigned to master data. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 28 Lesson: Managing Accounting Data with General Ledger Accounting Figure 21: Organizational Structures As SAP S/4HANA is a fully integrated system, you need to assign organizational units to each other across the different application components. Therefore you need to define the internal and external organizational units concurrently and assign them to each other. Operating Concern An operating concern represents an organizational unit in your company for which the sales market has a uniform structure. It is the valuation level for Profitability Analysis (CO-PA). Controlling Area Organizational unit in an organization that represents a closed system used for cost accounting purposes. A controlling area can contain one or more company codes, which can operate in different currencies, if required. The company codes within a controlling area must all use the same operational chart of accounts. All internal allocation transactions refer only to objects from the same controlling area. The controlling area is the main organizational unit within Management Accounting (CO). Company Code The smallest organizational unit for which a complete self-contained set of accounts can be drawn up for external reporting. This involves recording all relevant transactions and generating all supporting documents for financial statements, such as balance sheets and profit and loss statements. The company code is the main organizational unit within FI. Plant Operational unit within a company code used in the Logistic application, for example, production facility or branch office. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 29 Unit 2: Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Figure 22: Master and Movement Data When posting transaction data related to a business process in an SAP system, not all data is entered with every transaction. Some data which is recurring is derived from master data. An example would be the posting of a vendor invoice. Of course the information related to the invoice, such as the invoice amount has to be entered but other data, such as the address of the vendor, is derived from the master data record of the respective vendor and does not have to be entered with the invoice. Integration Between Financial and Management Accounting and Charts of Accounts Figure 23: Integration Between Financial and Management Accounting and Charts of Accounts Integration Between Controlling Area, Company Code, and CoA © Copyright. All rights reserved. 30 Lesson: Managing Accounting Data with General Ledger Accounting A controlling area can contain one or more company codes, which can operate in different currencies, if required. The company codes within a controlling area must all use the same operational chart of accounts. The company code assignment to the controlling area must be made according to the processes your company has in logistics and accounting. The organizational environment is very important, too. It is difficult, or at best time-consuming, to change the 1:1 or 1:n relationship between the controlling area and company code after the decision and the assignment have already been made. The company code and controlling area organizational units can be combined in a number of ways. Using the following combinations, you can represent organizations with different structures: One Controlling Area is Assigned to One Company Code. In this example, the financial accounting and cost accounting views of the organization are identical. Multiple Company Codes Assigned to One Controlling Area. This example is CrossCompany Code Cost Accounting. Cost accounting is carried out in multiple company codes in one controlling area. All cost-accounting relevant data is collected in one controlling area and can be used for allocations and evaluations. In this case, the external and internal accounting perspectives differ from each other. For example, this method can be used if the organization contains a number of independent subsidiaries using global managerial accounting. Cross-company code cost accounting gives you the advantage of using internal allocations across company code boundaries. General Ledger Accounts and Different Kinds of Charts of Accounts Within general ledger accounting, the G/L account is the most important master data. G/L accounts are structured in the charts of accounts. There are three different kinds of charts of accounts. One of these is mandatory and the other two are optional. Operational Chart of Accounts The operational chart of accounts is the one that is being used on an operational level. The accounts of this chart of accounts are the ones that the accountants use when posting documents. It is assigned on company code level. The use of this chart of accounts is mandatory. Country Chart of Accounts The country chart of accounts is used if a company needs to use other accounts than the ones used in the operational chart of accounts in order to fulfill local accounting standards. Usually there is a 1:1 relationship between the accounts from the operational chart of accounts and the accounts from the country chart of accounts. It is assigned on a company code level. The use of this chart of accounts is optional. Group Chart of Accounts The group chart of accounts is used in order to deliver financial statements to consolidation. Reasons to use this chart of accounts might be that different companies within the group might use different operational charts of accounts or that accounts within the operational chart of accounts should be aggregated for consolidation. Therefore, there is usually an n:1 relationship between the accounts from the operational chat of accounts and the accounts from the country chart of accounts. It is assigned directly to another (usually an operational) chart of accounts. The use of this chart of accounts is optional. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 31 Unit 2: Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Manage Accounting Data Within General Ledger Accounting Figure 24: Important Balance Sheet Items The figure, Important Balance Sheet Items, shows an example of a country-specific structure. The structure always depends on customer-specific requirements. Note: Guidelines for balance sheets of public business entities are given by the International Accounting Standards Board and numerous country-specific organizations or companies. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 32 Lesson: Managing Accounting Data with General Ledger Accounting Financial Statement Versions Figure 25: Financial Statement Versions Financial Statement Versions A G/L provides the information needed to create a balance sheet and a profit-and-loss statement. These reports have to meet country-specific requirements. Our demo company needs to create financial statements based on the German Commercial Code (HGB) for company code 1010 (Germany), and based on the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for company code 1710 (USA). To meet the various reporting requirements, various financial statement versions can be created in the SAP system. In these financial statement versions, you define exactly which accounts are to appear in which line items of the financial statement. Many financial statement versions are included in the SAP system. When running financial statement reports, a financial statement version that contains the details of the report structure needs to be selected. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 33 Unit 2: Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Posting a Document Figure 26: Posting a Document This figure, Posting a Document, shows the SAP Fiori app Post General Journal Entries , which is used to post G/L documents. Documents can be posted manually via the SAP Fiori app or uploaded if customers choose to enter their documents outside of the SAP system. Analyzing a Posting Figure 27: Analyzing a Posting © Copyright. All rights reserved. 34 Lesson: Managing Accounting Data with General Ledger Accounting You have to record all accounting-relevant business transactions. You can save the recording in the form of an accounting document. You can always display and analyze each accounting document and its values in many different ways. LESSON SUMMARY You should now be able to: Understand the structure and data within Finance Manage accounting data with General Ledger accounting © Copyright. All rights reserved. 35 Unit 2 Lesson 2 Perform Postings in Accounts Payable LESSON OVERVIEW This lesson explains system settings and scope of Accounts Payable. Business Example As a member of the finance department of your company, you must fulfill external requirements, which include legal restrictions such as the creation of balance sheets and profit and loss statements. You must also fulfill internal requirements, for example, the analysis of overheads or planning and budgeting projects. Your company also sees process improvement in the areas of Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, Asset Accounting and Central Finance. These internal tasks are also a source of greater cost savings. Accounts Payable is one area within the SAP S/4HANA Finance solution that helps to fulfill these external tasks. For this reason, you need to analyze the scope of Accounts Payable. LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Perform Postings in Accounts Payable Understand the Integrational Aspects of Accounts Payable © Copyright. All rights reserved. 36 Lesson: Perform Postings in Accounts Payable Accounts Payable Figure 28: General Ledger and Accounts Payable Hint: Accounts Payable Accounting (FI-AP) records all business transactions that have to do with relationships to suppliers. In practice, FI-AP has close connection with Materials Management (LO-MM). You can record supplier information in Financial Accounting (FI) with the (logistic) transactions purchase order, goods receipt, and invoice receipt. G/L Accounting often contains only collective postings. In such cases, you can post data in different ways in subledgers, which pass on their data, compressed, to G/L Accounting. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 37 Unit 2: Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Figure 29: Reconciliation Accounts Reconciliation accounts link the subledgers to G/L Accounting in real time. As soon as a posting is made to a subledger account, the same posting is made to the respective reconciliation account in G/L Accounting. Note: If a G/L account is set up as a Reconciliation account, direct postings to this account are no longer possible. Only postings to a corresponding subledger account can bring values to the G/L account via the reconciliation mechanism. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 38 Lesson: Perform Postings in Accounts Payable Accounting Document for a Vendor Invoice Figure 30: Create an Accounting Document for a Vendor Invoice The figure, Create an Accounting Document for a Vendor Invoice, shows the SAP Fiori App Create Incoming Invoices , which can be used if invoices want to be entered manually directly in the Finance application. Figure 31: Document a Vendor Invoice © Copyright. All rights reserved. 39 Unit 2: Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Note: The reconciliation account in G/L Accounting is the account that the system updates parallel to the subledger account for normal postings, for example, invoice or payment. For special postings (for example, down payments), this account is replaced by another account (for example, down payments received instead of receivables). The replacement takes place due to the special G/L indicator, which you must specify for these types of postings. Subledger Versus G/L Figure 32: Subledger Versus G/L The figure, Subledger Versus G/L, shows details of two different options. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 40 Lesson: Perform Postings in Accounts Payable Payments Figure 33: Payments Payments are usually triggered and posted during the automatic payment run but it is also possible to post manual payments. Independent of a manual or automatic posting, the user or the system has to determine how the posting is made (payment method), which bank should be used for the payment, and which amount is to be paid after taking possible cash discounts into account. After all this has been decided, the payment document is posted and the payment medium is printed. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 41 Unit 2: Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Accounts Payable Process – Account View Figure 34: Accounting View of a Vendor Invoice To post an incoming invoice with SAP Fiori, choose the SAP Fiori App Create Incoming Invoice . © Copyright. All rights reserved. 42 Lesson: Perform Postings in Accounts Payable Accounting View of a Vendor Payment Figure 35: Accounting View of a Vendor Payment Hint: The figure, Accounting View of a Vendor Payment, displays the manual posting of a payment. In practice, you typically use the payment program. To post an outgoing payment manually with Outgoing Payment . © Copyright. All rights reserved. SAP Fiori, choose the SAP Fiori App Post Supplier 43 Unit 2: Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Accounts Payable Process – Integrated with MM FI-AP Integrated with Materials Management Figure 36: FI-AP Integrated with Materials Management Hint: The figure, FI-AP Integrated with Materials Management, displays the purchase order and goods receipt of spare parts, which are not created in Materials Management (MM) as a material master record. It is also possible to create a purchase order for an SAP material master record number. Accounting record of the goods receipt: Material (balance sheet account) to Goods Received/Invoice Received (GR/IR) clearing account. Note: You can see an illustration of the material process in one of the next figures. To create a purchase order with SAP Fiori, choose the SAP Fiori App Manage Purchase Order. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 44 Lesson: Perform Postings in Accounts Payable To post a goods receipt with SAP Fiori, choose the SAP Fiori App My Purchasing Document Item . Hint: The FI-AP process integrated with MM is also known as the Purchase-to-Pay process. Logistics Invoice Verification Figure 37: Logistics Invoice Verification To post an incoming invoice in MM with SAP Fiori, choose the SAP Fiori App Create Supplier Invoice. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 45 Unit 2: Business Processes in the SAP S/4HANA Finance Solution Accounts Payable – Account View of Vendor Payment Figure 38: Accounts Payable – Account View of Vendor Payment Hint: In practice, the payment is often executed with the payment program. The payment program automatically creates the following accounting documents: Debit – liabilities Credit – bank clearing account In the second step, the electronic bank statement (ELBS) creates the following accounting documents: Debit – bank clearing account Credit – bank account © Copyright. All rights reserved. 46 Lesson: Perform Postings in Accounts Payable Summary of the Purchase-to-Pay Process Figure 39: Summary of the Purchase-to-Pay Process The figure, Summary of the Purchase-to-Pay Process, displays the fully integrated purchaseto-pay process after the creation of a purchase order for a material master record. LESSON SUMMARY You should now be able to: Perform Postings in Accounts Payable Understand the Integrational Aspects of Accounts Payable © Copyright. All rights reserved. 47 Unit 2 Learning Assessment 1. The G/L contains the recording of all accounting-relevant business transactions onto G/L accounts from a business point of view. The result of the recording is an accounting document. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False 2. The chart of accounts is a classification scheme consisting of G/L accounts. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False 3. Name the three different kinds of Charts of Accounts that might be used in an SAP System. Which of these is mandatory? 4. Which of the following are organizational data within an SAP System? Choose the correct answers. X A Customer X B Controlling Area X C Company Code X D Plant X E Profit Center © Copyright. All rights reserved. 48 Unit 2: Learning Assessment 5. For which case is it essential to have the profit center and segment information in all posting lines? 6. What has to be done in order to have a newly created G/L account appear at a specific place within the financial statement? Choose the correct answer. X A Change the account type of the G/L account. X B Change the account group of the G/L account. X C Assign the G/L account to the financial statement version. X D Assign a new financial statement version to the chart of accounts. 7. Which of the following transactions can lead to FI documents? Choose the correct answers. X A Create purchase order X B Create goods receipt X C Create purchase enquiry X D Create invoice receipt 8. The Accounts Payable process integrated with MM is also known as the ________ process. Choose the correct answer. X A Vendor-to-buyer X B Purchase-to-pay X C Plan-to-product X D Order-to-cash © Copyright. All rights reserved. 49 Unit 2 Learning Assessment - Answers 1. The G/L contains the recording of all accounting-relevant business transactions onto G/L accounts from a business point of view. The result of the recording is an accounting document. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False Correct. The G/L is always updated with accounting relevant business transaction. An accounting document is always produced. 2. The chart of accounts is a classification scheme consisting of G/L accounts. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False Correct. The chart of accounts lists and groups all G/L accounts. 3. Name the three different kinds of Charts of Accounts that might be used in an SAP System. Which of these is mandatory? Operational Chart of Accounts, Country Chart of Accounts, and Group Chart of Accounts. The Operational Chart of Accounts is mandatory. 4. Which of the following are organizational data within an SAP System? Choose the correct answers. X A Customer X B Controlling Area X C Company Code X D Plant X E Profit Center Correct. Controlling Area, Company Code, and Plants are organizational units. Customers and profit centers are master data. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 50 Unit 2: Learning Assessment - Answers 5. For which case is it essential to have the profit center and segment information in all posting lines? Only if the profit center and segment entities are stored in all posting lines is a complete balance sheet possible for those characteristics. Balance sheets on profit center, segment, or business-area level are possible in addition to the balance sheets on company code level. 6. What has to be done in order to have a newly created G/L account appear at a specific place within the financial statement? Choose the correct answer. X A Change the account type of the G/L account. X B Change the account group of the G/L account. X C Assign the G/L account to the financial statement version. X D Assign a new financial statement version to the chart of accounts. Correct. You need to assign the G/L account to the specific place in the financial statement version. 7. Which of the following transactions can lead to FI documents? Choose the correct answers. X A Create purchase order X B Create goods receipt X C Create purchase enquiry X D Create invoice receipt Correct. The posting of a goods receipt and an invoice receipt both lead to FI document postings. 8. The Accounts Payable process integrated with MM is also known as the ________ process. Choose the correct answer. X A Vendor-to-buyer X B Purchase-to-pay X C Plan-to-product X D Order-to-cash Correct. The integration with materials management is part of the purchase to pay process. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 51 UNIT 3 Management Accounting Lesson 1 Outlining the Scope of Management Accounting 53 Lesson 2 Cost Centers 60 Lesson 3 Creating Internal Orders 63 UNIT OBJECTIVES Outline the scope of management accounting Understand Cost Centers Create and analyze an internal order © Copyright. All rights reserved. 52 Unit 3 Lesson 1 Outlining the Scope of Management Accounting LESSON OVERVIEW This lesson provides an overview of management accounting (Controlling). The lesson explains the basic tasks, processes, functions, transactions, and reporting possibilities of the Controlling objects cost center and internal order. The lesson also explains the integration of Management and Financial Accounting. Business Example As a member of the finance department of your company, you must familiarize yourself with various accounting tasks for fulfilling internal requirements, for example, the analysis of overheads, planning, budgeting, product costing, and profitability analysis. For this reason, you need to understand management accounting in SAP S/4HANA Finance and the use of Controlling applications in management accounting. LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Outline the scope of management accounting Management Accounting in SAP S/4HANA Finance SAP S/4HANA enables the valuation and recording of financial data not only for financial reporting, but also as the basis for all cost-and revenue-related reporting. As a result, analysts and managers can work with the same basic data as the company’s financial accountants. Financial data is tightly integrated with the business processes of SAP S/4HANA logistics and human resources applications; therefore users can easily obtain detailed information about cost structures and profit margins. Easy access to this data helps support and enable management to achieve business goals, such as increasing revenue, maximizing customer profitability, and reducing operating costs while increasing efficiency, reducing the cost of goods sold, and improving the visibility of inventory. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 53 Unit 3: Management Accounting Overview of Management Accounting Figure 40: Overview of Management Accounting The following are the tasks of the displayed controlling objects: Cost elements = What kind of costs? Cost centers = Where do the costs arise? Internal orders, WBS elements, production orders, sales orders = For what do the costs arise? Profit centers = In which (balance-sheet-relevant) areas do the costs arise? Characteristics of profitability analysis = How profitable is a market segment? Integration of Legal (FI) and Management Reporting (CO) In G/L Accounting, you can also perform internal management reporting in parallel with legal reporting. For this purpose, the Profit Center Accounting (PCA) functions are integrated with G/L Accounting. As a result, in G/L Accounting, you can generate financial statements for any dimension, just as for the profit center entity. Profit Center Accounting (PCA) PCA evaluates the profit or loss of individual and independent areas within an organization. These areas are responsible for their costs and revenues. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 54 Lesson: Outlining the Scope of Management Accounting Hint: To learn more about how PCA is mapped within General Ledger Accounting, read SAP Note 826357. Controlling Applications Management accounting provides you with information for management decision making. It facilitates coordination, monitoring, and optimization of all processes in an organization. This involves recording both the consumption of production factors and the services provided by an organization. While controlling documents actual events, the main task of Controlling is planning. You can determine variances by comparing actual data with plan data. These variance calculations enable you to control business flows. You can use income statements, such as contribution margin accounting, to control the cost efficiency of individual areas of an organization, as well as the entire organization. Controlling Application - Cost (and Revenue) Element Accounting (CO-CEL), Cost Center Accounting (CO-OM-CCA), and Internal Order Accounting (CO-OM-OPA) Cost (and Revenue) Element Accounting provides you with an overview of the costs and revenues that occur in an organization. Most of the values are moved automatically from Financial Accounting to Controlling. Cost and Revenue Element Accounting only calculates costs that either do not have another expense or have only one expense in Financial Accounting. Cost and Revenue Element Accounting details the costs and revenues incurred within the organization. Accrual is calculated here for valuation differences and additional costs. Cost Accounting and Financial Accounting are also reconciled in Cost Element Accounting. This means that the tasks of Cost and Revenue Element Accounting stretch beyond the bounds of Overhead Cost Controlling. You use CO-OM-CCA for controlling purposes within your organization. It is useful for a source-related assignment of overhead costs to the location in which they occurred. CO-OMCCA determines where costs are incurred in the organization. To achieve this aim, costs are assigned to the subareas of the organization where they have the most influence. By creating and assigning cost elements to cost centers, you not only make cost controlling possible, but also provide data for other application components in Controlling, such as Cost Object Controlling. You can also use a variety of allocation methods for allocating the collected costs of the given cost center(s) to other controlling objects. To manage overhead costs, you can use internal orders to collect and control costs according to the job that incurred them. You can assign budgets for these jobs, which the system monitors to ensure that the budget is not exceeded. Controlling Application – Activity-Based Costing (CO-OM-ABC), Product Cost Controlling (CO-PC), and Profitability Analysis (CO-PA) Activity-based costing analyzes cross-departmental business processes. The goals of the whole organization and the optimization of business flows are prioritized. In contrast to the responsibility and function-oriented basis of CO-OM-CCA, activity-based costing provides a transaction-based and cross-functional approach for activity output in which several cost centers are involved. The emphasis is not on cost optimization in individual departments, but the entire organization. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 55 Unit 3: Management Accounting By allocating process quantities based on cost drivers, rather than using overhead calculation, cost allocation along the value chain is more source-based. Activity-based costing enables you to cost products more accurately in the overhead areas. Product Cost Controlling calculates the costs that occur during the manufacture of a product or provision of a service. It enables you to calculate the minimum price at which a product can be profitably marketed. Profitability analysis analyzes the profit or loss of an organization by individual market segments. The system allocates the corresponding costs to the revenues for each market segment. Profitability analysis provides a basis for decision making, for example, for price determination, customer selection, conditioning, and for choosing the distribution channel. Organizational Units in Management Accounting Figure 41: Organizational Units in Management Accounting The operating concern is the highest reporting level for profitability and sales and marketing controlling, and the central organizational unit in Profitability Analysis (CO-PA) used to segment and structure the market. Controlling areas structure the internal accounting operations of an organization within Management Accounting. They represent closed units that are used to calculate costs. All internal allocations relate solely to objects that belong to the same controlling area. Company codes are independent accounting units within Financial Accounting. They represent the smallest organizational units for which an account group can be set up for the purposes of external reporting. The process of external reporting involves recording all relevant transactions and generating all supporting documents for financial reports (such as balance sheets and profit and loss statements). Profit Centers are organizational units in accounting that reflect a management-oriented structure of the organization for the purpose of internal control. You can analyze operating © Copyright. All rights reserved. 56 Lesson: Outlining the Scope of Management Accounting results for profit centers using either the cost-of-sales or the period accounting approach. By calculating the fixed capital as well, you can use your profit centers as investment centers. Master Data in Management Accounting Figure 42: The Cost Element The universal journal contains one field Account that covers G/L accounts and G/L accounts of type Costs. So costs are part of the chart of accounts and maintenance is executed via Account master data maintenance. If you create a G/L account that represents costs, you will always have to assign a CO object, such as a cost center, a project, an internal order or a CO-PA segment. Secondary costs are exclusively used in Management Accounting to identify internal cost flows, such as assessments or settlements. Reports such as the trial balance will display all posted costs (primary and secondary costs). © Copyright. All rights reserved. 57 Unit 3: Management Accounting Figure 43: Master Data Maintenance With SAP S/4HANA, all business transactions – both external and internal – are recorded on G/L accounts. The Chart of Accounts contains all the G/L accounts belonging to Financial Accounting and Management Accounting. G/L Accounts which represent CO costs are either set up as G/L Account Type Primary Costs or Revenue or as type Secondary Costs. Within these two cost types, the SAP S/4HANA system provides special cost element categories for primary and for secondary costs. Figure 44: Real and Statistical Postings Cost and revenue postings in Management Accounting can result in subsequent real and statistical postings as follows: © Copyright. All rights reserved. 58 Lesson: Outlining the Scope of Management Accounting Real postings can be processed. They can be allocated or settled with other controlling objects. One (and only one) real posting takes place in Management Accounting. The posting contains the information that is transferred to Financial Accounting for reconciliation. Statistical postings are only used for information purposes. You can make as many statistical postings as you wish. The account assignment object determines whether a posting is real or statistical, in other words, the account assignment is either a real or statistical object. For example, the master data of an overhead cost order is used to determine whether the order is real or statistical. Only real postings are made for a real order, and likewise, only statistical postings are made for a statistical order. The cost center is the exception to this rule. You can make real and statistical postings for a cost center. If you want to post Management Accounting costs, you need to use the source document (for example, from the vendor invoice, or the material withdrawal document) to identify the corresponding real Management Accounting account assignment object. You can enter additional statistical objects, or the system can derive them. In this simple example, the cost center is entered in the Financial Accounting document so that the real Management Accounting posting can be made. The system transfers the profit center from the master data for the cost center, for the statistical posting. You always execute statistical postings to the profit center. LESSON SUMMARY You should now be able to: Outline the scope of management accounting © Copyright. All rights reserved. 59 Unit 3 Lesson 2 Cost Centers LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Understand Cost Centers Cost Centers Cost Centers Cost centers define areas of responsibility that incur and influence costs. Figure 45: The Standard Hierarchy Before you can create cost centers, you must first define a standard hierarchy. Specify the name of the standard hierarchy when you create the controlling area. The standard hierarchy is a structure to which all cost centers within the controlling area must be assigned. How you define your structure is generally up to you. SAP, however, recommends that you define the structure so that it reflects the internal areas of responsibility and the controlling and decision-making structures within your organization. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 60 Lesson: Cost Centers These are usually the same as the internal functional areas depicted in your company's organization chart. Figure 46: Cost Centers within the Standard Hierarchy The cost center is the location where the costs are incurred. Cost centers can be set up based on functional requirements, allocation criteria, activities or services provided, geographic location and/or areas of responsibility. For the purposes of Overhead Cost Controlling, cost centers are grouped together in decision, control, and responsibility units. To map this structure, you create the cost center standard hierarchy. Each level or node of the standard hierarchy is a cost center group. You can assign cost centers and nodes in parallel to one common hierarchy level. You can create or change cost centers either using the relevant menu entry or directly in the standard hierarchy maintenance function. Cost centers that are created or changed from within the standard hierarchy have the status Inactive. This means that they are not handled as account assignment objects in Management Accounting. The assignments can only be checked and the cost center once released will then be active. If you want to assign a cost center to another hierarchical level, you can do this in the standard hierarchy maintenance by a simple reassignment of the cost center. In other words, you do not need to make changes to your cost center master data. The cost center category is an indicator in the cost center master data, which specifies the category for the cost center. Examples include administration, production, or sales and distribution. You can use your own cost center categories, or those supplied by SAP. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 61 Unit 3: Management Accounting LESSON SUMMARY You should now be able to: Understand Cost Centers © Copyright. All rights reserved. 62 Unit 3 Lesson 3 Creating Internal Orders LESSON OVERVIEW This lesson explains another object of overhead cost controlling — the internal order. The lesson also explains how to create internal orders. Business Example As a member of the finance department of your company, you need to plan for overheads cost, and also exercise control through budgets. Internal orders are objects within the SAP S/ 4HANA solution that help to fulfill this requirement. For this reason, you need to have an understanding of internal orders. LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Create and analyze an internal order The Internal Order Figure 47: Different Scenarios for Internal Orders © Copyright. All rights reserved. 63 Unit 3: Management Accounting Internal orders in the SAP system describe individual jobs within a controlling area. Orders support action-oriented planning, monitoring, and allocation of costs. Internal orders may be used for a variety of purposes, such as the following: To monitor internal actions settled to cost centers (overhead cost orders) To monitor internal actions settled to fixed assets (investment orders) To offset postings of accrued costs calculated in Management Accounting (accrual orders) To display cost accounting sections of sales orders in Sales Order Management and include revenues that are not part of the company's core business (orders with revenues) The management of internal orders represents the most detailed operational level of cost and activity accounting and can be used for the following purposes: You can consider costs according to aspects other than those used in cost center accounting. You can compare in-house production and external procurement costs for decision making purposes. The example we use in this course is based on investment orders. Figure 48: Investment Orders The Investment Management (IM) component provides functions supporting the planning, investment, and financing processes involved in capital investment measures within your enterprise. You can control measures that your company undertakes for the purpose of producing long term assets for its own use, and which have to be entered in the balance sheet as assets under construction. A prerequisite for this is an investment profile that is stored in the order master record. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 64 Lesson: Creating Internal Orders Measures are represented in the system by either internal orders or Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) elements. You can create an internal order that automatically includes an asset under construction. A prerequisite for this is the investment profile in the order master data. In the construction phase, you post all transactions to the order. During periodic settlement, all debits that do not have to be capitalized are settled to a Management Accounting receiver, such as a cost center. All items that are not to be settled to receivers in Management Accounting and that require capitalization are settled directly to the asset under construction. The monthly evaluation balances display the capital investment undertaking in the asset inventory. The full settlement takes place when the capital investment measure is completed. In complete or partial activation, in the order settlement rules, you enter the final assets that are the basis for the settlement of the asset under construction. The debits settled to the asset in construction are reposted to the final assets and the asset under construction is automatically credited. Figure 49: Main Functions and Tasks of Internal Orders © Copyright. All rights reserved. 65 Unit 3: Management Accounting Figure 50: Internal Orders Master Data The master data defines the attributes of an order, including organizational assignments. Overhead cost orders, like cost centers, are assigned to a company code and a controlling area. To transfer values posted on orders to a profit center, you enter the profit center in the order master data. All actual postings to the overhead order are passed along automatically to the profit center. Plan values also can be transferred to profit center planning if required. If you assign an order to a WBS element, you can monitor the value of the order in the Project System (PS). In addition, you can process the settlement of all orders assigned to the project automatically during project settlement. The remaining assignments possess informative value, meaning that they can be evaluated in the internal order information system. This information does not influence the posting of plan or actual costs. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 66 Lesson: Creating Internal Orders Figure 51: Event-Based Postings on Internal Orders Orders are updated by event-based postings from different SAP application components, like in Cost Center Accounting. In Financial Accounting, you can assign postings of G/L accounts of G/L Account Type Primary Costs or Revenue. They will be called primary costs in the following section. Examples for primary costs are costs for external services and deliveries to an overhead order. In Materials Management, goods receipts and goods issues may result in primary cost postings to an overhead order. Controlling To map commitments manually in Management Accounting, you need to enter funds commitments. Reposting functions allow you to post primary costs to an order. You can post G/L Accounts of type secondary costs (simply called secondary costs) from a cost center to an order with direct activity allocations. You can record statistical key figures to use as the basis for allocations to your orders and for analyzing your orders. LESSON SUMMARY You should now be able to: Create and analyze an internal order © Copyright. All rights reserved. 67 Unit 3 Learning Assessment 1. In G/L Accounting, _______________ functions are integrated within G/L Accounting to perform internal management reporting in parallel with legal reporting. Choose the correct answer. X A Cost Center Accounting X B Internal Order X C Profit Center Accounting X D Cost (and Revenue) Element Accounting 2. Cost centers that are created or changed from within the standard hierarchy have the status Active. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False 3. Internal orders settled to cost centers are also known as overhead orders. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False 4. Planning, budgeting, and actual postings are some of the main functions of internal orders. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False © Copyright. All rights reserved. 68 Unit 3 Learning Assessment - Answers 1. In G/L Accounting, _______________ functions are integrated within G/L Accounting to perform internal management reporting in parallel with legal reporting. Choose the correct answer. X A Cost Center Accounting X B Internal Order X C Profit Center Accounting X D Cost (and Revenue) Element Accounting Correct. The profit center accounting is embedded in the G/L for all accounts and can be used for internal and external reporting. 2. Cost centers that are created or changed from within the standard hierarchy have the status Active. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False Correct. Cost centers that are created or changed from within the standard hierarchy have the status Inactive. This means that they are not handled as account assignment objects in Management Accounting. 3. Internal orders settled to cost centers are also known as overhead orders. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False Correct. Of the various order types, those that are settled periodically to cost centers are overhead orders. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 69 Unit 3: Learning Assessment - Answers 4. Planning, budgeting, and actual postings are some of the main functions of internal orders. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False Correct. Internal orders support planning, budgeting and actual postings. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 70 UNIT 4 Financial Accounting – Asset Accounting and Accounts Receivable Lesson 1 Posting and Analyzing in Asset Accounting 72 Lesson 2 Posting and Analyzing in Accounts Receivable 80 UNIT OBJECTIVES Post and analyze in Asset Accounting Post documents and analyze Accounts Receivable © Copyright. All rights reserved. 71 Unit 4 Lesson 1 Posting and Analyzing in Asset Accounting LESSON OVERVIEW This lesson explains tasks, processes, functions, transactions, and reporting possibilities of Asset Accounting (FI-AA). Business Example As a member of the finance department of your company, you need to analyze different subprocesses within financial accounting of your organization. FI-AA is one of such subprocesses which covers the complete life cycle of assets. For this reason, you need to have an understanding of posting and analyzing in FI-AA. LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Post and analyze in Asset Accounting Asset Accounting/Fixed Assets Figure 52: FI-AA/Fixed Assets © Copyright. All rights reserved. 72 Lesson: Posting and Analyzing in Asset Accounting FI-AA encompasses the entire lifetime of the asset from purchase order or the initial acquisition (possibly managed as an asset under construction) through to its retirement. The system calculates and posts, to a large extent automatically, the values for depreciation and interest between these two points (acquisition and retirement) in time. With the Asset Explorer and many standard reports, SAP helps you to analyze and report fixed asset values. Reconciliation accounts link the subledgers to G/L Accounting in real time. Note: As soon as a posting is made to a subledger account, the same posting is made to the respective reconciliation account in G/L Accounting. Components Related to FI-AA: The Plant Maintenance (PM) component offers functions for the technical management of assets in the form of functional locations and as an equipment. Keyword: Enterprise Asset Management The Treasury (TR) component offers special functions for managing financial assets. Asset Master Record Figure 53: Asset Master Record FI-AA records all business transactions in asset management. You create an asset master record for each of your company’s assets. All postings that are executed for the asset (acquisitions, retirements, depreciations, and so on) are recorded within the assigned company code. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 73 Unit 4: Financial Accounting – Asset Accounting and Accounts Receivable Hint: It often happens that asset lists and movements have to be evaluated differently for different purposes. FI-AA, therefore, uses depreciation areas to calculate different values in parallel for each fixed asset. Examples of Different Valuation Approaches: Book depreciation according to regional requirements Financial statements for tax purposes (as another valuation is permitted) Internal accounting (costing or cost-accounting depreciation) Parallel accounting standards for the group balancing of accounts (according to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP), and so on) Depreciation areas are grouped together, according to the requirements of a specific country or economic area, into a chart of depreciation. These charts of depreciation are usually country-specific and you define them independently of the other organizational units. You can use a chart of depreciation, for example, for all the company codes in a given country. The assignment of the chart of depreciation to each company code is the first step to implement FI-AA. Figure 54: Depreciation Areas and the Financial Statements You perform a valuation of your fixed assets by applying different valuation approaches for different business, taxation, and legislation purposes. With Asset Accounting (FI-AA) as a Financial Accounting (FI) subledger, you can manage different valuation approaches for each asset in depreciation areas. However, as financial statements are not required for the values of all depreciation areas, you need to define the settings that must be transferred to FI in Customizing and describe how this transfer occurs. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 74 Lesson: Posting and Analyzing in Asset Accounting Asset Explorer Figure 55: Asset Explorer The Asset Explorer is a helpful and powerful tool for displaying and monitoring the values of an individual fixed asset. Asset Explorer displays the following elements: Both planned and posted asset balance sheet values and depreciation All transactions on the asset Developments in a business area over several fiscal years Functions of the Asset Explorer: Calculating transparent depreciation and displaying depreciation key (in detail) Accessing Financial Accounting (FI) document Displaying value development over several years and at the same time in several depreciation areas Converting currency amounts Calling fixed asset reports Printing and exporting functions Simulating transactions and changing depreciation term © Copyright. All rights reserved. 75 Unit 4: Financial Accounting – Asset Accounting and Accounts Receivable Integrated Asset Acquisition Figure 56: Integrated Asset Acquisition Integrated Asset Acquisition With SAP S/4HANA asset acquisitions can be posted from within FI-AA or integrated through FI-AP or MM. If an integrated acquisition is posted, two journal entries are created. The first one posts the values to a settlement account and is the same for all ledgers being used. The second one transfers the values from the settlement account to the account used for the acquisitions together with the respective valuation of the different depreciation areas. These postings are ledger group specific. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 76 Lesson: Posting and Analyzing in Asset Accounting Closing Activities in Asset Accounting Figure 57: The Depreciation Posting Run Figure 58: Posting Depreciation © Copyright. All rights reserved. 77 Unit 4: Financial Accounting – Asset Accounting and Accounts Receivable Every asset transaction in FI-AA immediately causes a change of the forecasted (planned) depreciation. However, an asset transaction does not immediately cause an update of the depreciation and value adjustment accounts for the financial statements. The depreciation is only posted to Financial Accounting when you run the (periodic) depreciation posting run. Some details about the depreciation posting run: When the system posts depreciation, it creates collective documents for all assets. It does not create separate documents for each asset. The depreciation posting run is able to post depreciation, interest, and revaluation. To access depreciation posting run, on the SAP Easy Accessscreen, choose Accounting Financial Accounting Fixed Assets Periodic Processing Depreciation Run Execute. The depreciation run is carried out using the program FAA_DEPRECIATION_POST. Asset History Sheet Figure 59: Transaction Types in Asset Accounting The transaction type is an addition to the asset posting keys 70 (debit) and 75 (credit). It has to be included when posting to an asset account. The transaction type is necessary for asset accounting. It specifies exactly where the asset posting is listed in the asset history sheet. The transaction type is the distinguishing characteristic of the various asset postings, for example: Buying and selling Credit memos Acquisitions from internal production Adjustment postings © Copyright. All rights reserved. 78 Lesson: Posting and Analyzing in Asset Accounting Retirements without revenue Depreciation and appreciation Figure 60: Asset History Sheet The figure, Asset History Sheet, shows a legal portion of a financial statement. The asset history sheet (program name RAGITT_ALV01) is a list, which displays the progress of the history of a fixed asset from its opening balance to the closing balance. The following history progress of a fixed asset is displayed in the asset history sheet: Acquisitions Retirements Transfers Accumulated depreciation Hint: The asset history sheet is the most important and most comprehensive report for the year-end closing or for an interim financial statement. As with all other lists, it can be set up with any sort versions, and total on any group level. You can also create a compact total list without individual asset information. The structure of the asset history sheet varies widely from country to country, depending on tax laws. SAP provides country-specific versions of the asset history sheet that satisfy the legal requirements of the given country. It is also possible to define the line and column structure of the history sheet. At the same time, you can define values that the system should display in lines of the report. The parameter you use to control that display is the transaction type. This means that you need to enter a transaction type in every asset transaction. LESSON SUMMARY You should now be able to: Post and analyze in Asset Accounting © Copyright. All rights reserved. 79 Unit 4 Lesson 2 Posting and Analyzing in Accounts Receivable LESSON OVERVIEW This lesson explains tasks, processes, functions, transactions, and reporting possibilities of Accounts Receivable. Business Example As a member of the finance department of your company, you need to post and analyze documents in Accounts Receivable. For this reason, you need to have an understanding of posting and analyzing in Accounts Receivable and the order-to-cash process. LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Post documents and analyze Accounts Receivable Accounts Receivables Overview Figure 61: Components of Financial Accounting © Copyright. All rights reserved. 80 Lesson: Posting and Analyzing in Accounts Receivable The Financial Accounting (FI) subledger Accounts Receivable records and administers accounting data of all customers. It is also an integral part of sales management. The system records all postings in Accounts Receivable directly in the G/L. The system updates different G/L accounts depending on the transaction involved for example, receivables, down payments, and bills of exchange. The system contains a wide range of tools that you can use to monitor open items, such as account analyses, alarm reports, due date lists, and a flexible dunning program. The correspondence linked to these tools can be individually formulated to suit your requirements. This is also the case for payment notices, balance confirmations, account statements, and interest calculations. You can assign incoming payments to due receivables using userfriendly screen functions or by electronic means, such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and data telecommunication. The payment program can automatically carry out direct debiting and down payments. There is a wide range of tools available for documenting the transactions that occur in Accounts Receivable, including balance lists, journals, balance audit trails, and other standard reports. When drawing up financial statements, the items in foreign currency are revalued, customers who are also vendors are listed, and the balances on the accounts are sorted by remaining life. Note: Accounts Receivable is not only one of the branches of accounting that forms the basis of adequate and orderly accounting, it also provides the data required for effective credit management. This is because of its close integration with the Sales and Distribution (SD) component. Through its link to Cash Management, it is also able to provide important information for the optimization of liquidity planning. Customer Master Data In the SAP system, all business transactions are posted to and managed in accounts. Before posting a customer invoice, you must create a master record for each account that you require. Then, you can post a customer invoice within the Accounts Receivable application. The master record contains the data that controls how business transactions are recorded and processed by the system. It also includes all information about the customer with whom you need to conduct business. Both the accounting (FI-Accounts Receivable) and the sales (SD) departments of your organization use customer master records. By storing customer master data centrally, you can access this data throughout your organization, and avoid the need to enter the same information again. You can also avoid inconsistencies in master data by maintaining it centrally. For example, if the address of one of your customers changes, you only have to enter this change once, and your accounting and sales departments will always have the updated information. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 81 Unit 4: Financial Accounting – Asset Accounting and Accounts Receivable Figure 62: Business Partner There are redundant object models in the traditional SAP ERP system. In SAP ERP, the vendor master and customer master are used. In SAP S/4HANA, the mandatory (for all releases from 1511 upwards) approach is the Business Partner. The Business Partner is now capable of centrally managing master data for business partners, customers, and vendors. With current development, Business Partner is the single point of entry to create, edit, and display master data for business partners, customers, and vendors. Figure 63: Master Data Record The data within a business partner is structured like a matrix. On the one hand, the generic business partner structures, such as General Data, Business Partner Roles, Business Partner Categories and Business Partner Groupings can be found. Besides that the structure of the module specific master data, such as an FI Customer, an FI Vendor, or an MM Supplier determines which information is needed and can be found in a business partner. Generic Business Partner StructuresGeneral Data © Copyright. All rights reserved. 82 Lesson: Posting and Analyzing in Accounts Receivable Application-neutral data, such as name, address, bank details, and payment cards, is stored in the general data of the business partner master record. Business Partner Role A business partner can have several roles, such as a contract partner (FI-CA), FI Vendor (FIAP), FI Customer (FI-AR), Customer (SD), Supplier (MM), prospect (potential customer), or business partner (general). In general, a Business Partner (BP) role corresponds to a business context in which a business partner can appear and provides the application specific data. In our training system, we use the standard business partner role FI Customer for Accounts Receivables. This business partner role allows you to enter the company code specific (= Accounts Receivables specific) data for a BP. Business Partner Category The Business Partner category is the term used to classify a BP as a natural person (for example, a private individual), group (for example community of heirs), or organization (legal entity or part of a legal entity, such as a department of a company). The business partner category determines which fields are available for data entry. For example, if you want to create a BP as an organization, you are able to enter the legal form in one of the fields. For a person, you enter the first name, last name, gender, and so on. When a BP is created, the business partner category must be selected (required entry). Assignment of the business partner category is static and cannot be changed once the BP has been created. Business Partner Grouping Each BP has to be assigned to a grouping when you create the BP. The grouping determines the number range (external/internal). You cannot change the assignment afterwards. You can define the groupings, their descriptions, and the associated number range in customizing. Modular Specific Master Data (e.g. Customer)General Data Segement This segment contains all information that is used by every company code and by every sales area that deal with that customer. Most of the information (such as name, address...) is already included in the general data of a central BP. Still there might be some information that is only added if a respective business partner role (FI Customer) is chosen. Company Code Segment The company code segment includes all FI related data that might differ between company codes that work with the same customer. The reconciliation account, dunning procedures and payment terms are just some examples for data within the company code segment. Sales Area Data Just as the company code segment the sales area segment stores data that differs between sales areas. While the company code segment stores information that is needed from an FI perspective, the sales area segment is responsible for data that is needed from an SD perspective. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 83 Unit 4: Financial Accounting – Asset Accounting and Accounts Receivable Figure 64: Business Partner Integration Business Partner - Customer/Vendor Integration Accounts Payables/Receivables uses the SAP Business Partner to manage the vendor master records. Technically, this sub ledger uses its own vendor/customer master records, which are integrated in all accounting transactions, such as creating business transactions on accounts and processing posting data. Therefore we require business partners that are managed as vendors or customers in Financial Accounting and as BP in other applications, to exist synchronously. The Customer/Vendor Integration takes place in the background while the system processes the BP master data. When you create or change a BP, the system creates or changes all required fields in the vendor or customer account according to the information in the BP. The customer or vendor master record is linked to the BP according to the settings made for synchronization control and Customer/Vendor Integration in customizing. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 84 Lesson: Posting and Analyzing in Accounts Receivable Postings in Accounts Receivables Figure 65: Posting a Customer Invoice Customer Invoices You can easily create and post customer invoices using the Fiori app - Create Outgoing Invoices. This type of customer invoice entered directly in Accounts Receivables is a miscellaneous invoice, without reference to a purchase order. Figure 66: Customer Line Item Display © Copyright. All rights reserved. 85 Unit 4: Financial Accounting – Asset Accounting and Accounts Receivable The figure, Customer Line Item Display, shows the detailed information about a customer in the FI subledger Accounts Receivables. Figure 67: Incoming Payments Incoming payments can be dealt with in several ways in different companies and countries. Incoming payments are posted as shown in the figure, Incoming Payments. The items are cleared if the customer pays open items in the full amount or with an agreed cash discount. If a minor payment difference exists, this can be charged off automatically. The maximum amount that constitutes a minor payment difference is defined in the tolerance group settings. Any payment difference outside the tolerance group settings must be dealt with manually. The two methods of posting payment differences are as follows: - Partial payment: The item being short-paid does not clear. A new open item in the amount of the payment is created on the credit side. This credit entry shows up right above the open item being paid and it references the open item being short-paid. - Residual item: The open invoice is cleared and a new open item (residual item) in the amount of the payment difference is created. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 86 Lesson: Posting and Analyzing in Accounts Receivable Figure 68: Clearing Customer Line Items With the SAP Fiori app Incoming Payments , you create the displayed posting record – Bank to Customer. After you enter the payment document, the customer outstanding is cleared and the amount on the bank account increases. Hint: In practice, after the customer pays, the incoming payment is typically processed with the Electronic Bank Statement (ELBS). In that case, the system usually creates the following two documents: Bank to Bank Clearing Account Bank Clearing Account to Customer At the end, you achieve the same result. The customer outstanding is cleared and the amount on the bank account increases. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 87 Unit 4: Financial Accounting – Asset Accounting and Accounts Receivable Order-to-Cash Process Figure 69: Order-to-Cash Process For simplicity reasons, in SAP standard training of S4F00, you can enter the customer invoices directly in the Accounts Receivable application. In practice, the invoice is often created in an integrated way in the SD application of Logistics. The displayed integrated process is called the order-to-cash process. The sales order (displayed as the Incoming Order process step) is the basis of the sales process. Using a sales order effectively, all services with regard to the customer run off as an integrated process. The SAP SD component uses interlinked documents to initiate a workflow. In the SAP system, sales organizations are legally responsible for sales. There can be several sales organizations within one company code. Every sales organization can use different distribution channels to sell goods. The combination of a sales organization and a distribution channel is also called a distribution chain. The sales order is generated at the level of the distribution chain. The ordered items can apply to different divisions. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 88 Lesson: Posting and Analyzing in Accounts Receivable Hint: Many different scenarios can be handled with sales orders in SD. Two examples of the scenarios, also relevant in accounting are: The (anonymous) sale of products from stock The sale of services displayed in the system as make-to-order production Sale of Products from Stock As this sale does not involve an activity output because the material is already evaluated in stock, it is handled with a sales order item that is not a cost object. This means that the system derives costs and revenues automatically from the material production costs and from the sales prices respectively. In this case, you do not assign the costs to a sales order item. On the day of shipping, an outbound delivery document is created. The delivery cannot be billed until the goods have been withdrawn from the stock and posted as a goods issue. You can create a transport order that generates a picking order. The required goods are removed from the stock and prepared for delivery. The goods to be delivered are posted as goods issue. A goods issue document is created in Materials Management. An accounting document is also created in FI to post the goods issue to the correct G/L accounts. The next step in the SD process is billing. A billing document is created in SD and a printed invoice is sent to the customer. From an Accounting perspective, billing is accounted when the revenue occurs. FI allows you to analyze the open items and dun overdue items automatically. While doing this, a dunning level is defined for which the value is higher if the number of days in arrears is higher. Dunning fees and interest can be calculated on the basis of this dunning level. The dunning text that is selected also depends on the dunning level. All sent dunning notices to the customer are administered in a dunning history. Automatic dunning can be triggered for only one account that is individual dunning or the dunning program executes automatic dunning for all or a limited number of customers. The customers are selected in the dunning run and checked for overdue items. Finally, a check is made as to whether dunning notices have to be sent and dunning levels are allocated. Hint: The relationship with the customers, the so called end-to-end process of receivables management, can be significantly improved with applications of Financial Supply Chain Management. The payment received from the customer is always posted in FI. Unlike the product sale from stock, the provision of a service represents a direct activity output that can also be modeled using a sales order item. To enable Controlling for this, the sales order item is created as a cost object. This means that the costs and later also the revenues can be posted specifically and directly to the sales order item. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 89 Unit 4: Financial Accounting – Asset Accounting and Accounts Receivable The processing steps, such as incoming order, billing, payment, and dunning are nearly identical to the sale from stock process. In the services example, however, no goods are transported or delivered. The sales order item cost object can be assigned for all transactions of the activity output process directly. For example, transactions such as internal activity allocations, external invoices, material withdrawals, or overhead rates can be posted in the related sales order item. When the service output is finished, you can pass on the costs and revenues through settlement to the Profitability Analysis (CO-PA). Accounts Receivables Analysis Figure 70: Accounts Receivables Manager SAP Fiori offers a big amount of different analytical SAP Fiori apps in order to analyze your day to day business in accounts receivables. LESSON SUMMARY You should now be able to: Post documents and analyze Accounts Receivable © Copyright. All rights reserved. 90 Unit 4 Learning Assessment 1. When the system posts depreciation, it creates separate documents for all assets. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False 2. Which parameter is used to control the display of asset history sheet? Choose the correct answer. X A Posting key X B Document type X C Transaction type 3. On what basis can you calculate the dunning fees and interest? Choose the correct answer. X A Number of invoices X B Dunning level X C Number of payments X D Number of dispute cases 4. The delivery cannot be billed until the goods have been withdrawn from the stock and posted as a __________. Choose the correct answer. X A Goods issue X B Purchase order X C Customer invoice X D Invoice receipt © Copyright. All rights reserved. 91 Unit 4 Learning Assessment - Answers 1. When the system posts depreciation, it creates separate documents for all assets. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False Correct. The system posts a separate line item for each asset and depreciation area, but the documents group depreciation postings for multiple assets. 2. Which parameter is used to control the display of asset history sheet? Choose the correct answer. X A Posting key X B Document type X C Transaction type Correct. The transaction type is mapped to the asset history sheet display. 3. On what basis can you calculate the dunning fees and interest? Choose the correct answer. X A Number of invoices X B Dunning level X C Number of payments X D Number of dispute cases Correct. The dunning level defines the amount of the fees and the interest applied. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 92 Unit 4: Learning Assessment - Answers 4. The delivery cannot be billed until the goods have been withdrawn from the stock and posted as a __________. Choose the correct answer. X A Goods issue X B Purchase order X C Customer invoice X D Invoice receipt Correct. The goods issue is required before posting billing a delivery, © Copyright. All rights reserved. 93 UNIT 5 Understanding the Central Finance Option Lesson 1 Understanding the Central Finance Option 95 UNIT OBJECTIVES Understand the Central Finance Option © Copyright. All rights reserved. 94 Unit 5 Lesson 1 Understanding the Central Finance Option LESSON OVERVIEW This lesson describes possibilities to utilize Central Finance as an option to integrate different finance systems into one. Business Example As a member of the finance department of your company, you need to find ways to consolidate finance data from different systems. For this reason, you need to have an understanding for the Central Finance Option within S/ 4HANA Finance. LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Understand the Central Finance Option Central Finance Option Central Finance offers a non-disruptive step towards system consolidation. It helps companies report on financial figures sourced from different systems. These systems might be running Classic G/L or the New G/L. The systems may have different customizing settings and diverse master data, such as, Chart of Accounts, Controlling Areas, Operating Concerns, Material Numbers, Product Hierarchies, and so on. Reposting through the Accounting Interface to a Central Finance system harmonizes data but also retains line item-based detail. A Central Finance system can be established either on-premise or in the Cloud. In the Cloud, deployment scenario data is replicated using the same mechanism that is used in on-premise installations. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 95 Unit 5: Understanding the Central Finance Option Figure 71: Central Finance On the left of the figure, Central Finance, you see the source systems – these are the SAP ERP systems that you do not want to change. They can be on any release of SAP (out-of-the-box functionality supports systems down to ERP 6.0 – older releases have to be integrated in a services project), or a non-SAP system. Often they have been over-customized, making it too expensive to migrate or upgrade the system to take advantage of new innovation. Data is replicated into the Central Finance instance using the SAP Landscape Transformation Replication Server (SAP SLT). The SLT can be located on premise or in the SAP HANA Enterprise Cloud. It pulls the data directly from the database without having to adapt to programs of non-SAP applications. There is a Central Finance Accounting Interface, which reposts documents and creates some more ephemeral cost objects. Next, master data is mapped either using SAP Master Data Governance or another MDG solution (which can be in the same system or somewhere else in the landscape, or in the case of SAP MGD, deployed in SAP HANA Enterprise Cloud). For customers that do not have an existing Master Data Governance solution, there are basic mapping tables in the solution for key master data (chart of accounts, customers, suppliers, and others). There is also a Business Add-In (BAdI) which can be used for customer-specific mapping logic. Error correction capabilities for FI documents are provided by the Error Correction Suspense Accounting functionality; this provides a worklist-based approach for correcting replication errors or mapping errors. Once the mapping and checks have been completed, all postings go through the standard internal Accounting Interface into FI/CO (in the SAP HANA database). © Copyright. All rights reserved. 96 Lesson: Understanding the Central Finance Option Figure 72: Central Finance Accounting Interface Through SLT, there are three interfaces that feed data from the source systems into the Accounting Interface of the target system: An interface for reposting FI/CO postings: Financial documents that are posted in the source system get reposted as new FI documents in the Central Finance system. If these postings are relevant to CO (expenses on cost elements), CO are updated, too. An interface for reposting CO postings: This interface reposts CO postings where the CO document is the loading document. In contrast to the interface for FI/CO postings, these are postings that are not necessarily reflected in Financials in the source system (sometimes only for reconciliation purposes). For example, postings on secondary cost elements. An interface for replicating certain cost objects (such as, production orders, internal orders, or QM orders). The posted documents are stored in the universal journal entry of the SAP S/4HANA system. It is possible to take advantage of New-GL features within the Central Finance system as well as the ability for flexible reporting based on line-items instead of pre-aggregated totals. Furthermore, SAP Fiori user interfaces and reporting tools can be used in the Central Finance. Reporting with the speed of SAP HANA is available on line-item levels. © Copyright. All rights reserved. 97 Unit 5: Understanding the Central Finance Option Figure 73: Document Relationship Browser In the document header of the newly posted FI document in the Central Finance system, new fields have been added to reference back to the original FI document. By double-clicking the reference document number, it is possible to navigate back to the source SAP ERP system to view the original FI document. Figure 74: Navigation to Source System The new postings offer improvements to the current Business Application Programming Interface (BAPI) (better extensibility, industry solution inserts, custom fields and so on), it is not limited to 999 line item limit anymore, and is purposely built for Central Finance use. Master data harmonization in existing distributed landscapes is a real challenge. Documents have to be "forced to fit" and stocks are reposted or transferred. One major benefit of Central Finance is that master data mappings are performed before reposting in the central system. This allows for the harmonizing of the different master data of the various source systems on the fly. As a consequence, a harmonized financial reporting can be achieved across the entire group. The new system will be "clean". © Copyright. All rights reserved. 98 Lesson: Understanding the Central Finance Option The main restriction when implementing is for the centrally executed processes to not result in back-postings to the source systems in order to maintain the integrity (completeness and so on) and legacy system status of those systems. When implementing Central Finance, the amount of configuration, customizing, and master data synchronization required depends on the scope of the processes desired. Many scenarios, especially core G/L scenarios, are achievable with limited effort. More complex scenarios, or scenarios beyond (core G/L) finance might be challenging or in certain cases may not be feasible. LESSON SUMMARY You should now be able to: Understand the Central Finance Option © Copyright. All rights reserved. 99 Unit 5 Learning Assessment 1. With the Central Finance scenario, a separate SAP S/4HANA system is required. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False © Copyright. All rights reserved. 100 Unit 5 Learning Assessment - Answers 1. With the Central Finance scenario, a separate SAP S/4HANA system is required. Determine whether this statement is true or false. X True X False Correct. The central finance scenario relies on a separate SAP S/4HANA system connected with the legacy ERP system(s). © Copyright. All rights reserved. 101