International Islamic University Chittagong
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Term Paper
Course Code: CSE-6261
Course Title: Computer Ethics and Cyber law
Program: M.Sc. in Computer Science and Engineering
Topic: The ethical implications of data collection and surveillance in smart cities:
Investigate the ethical challenges arising from the widespread use of data collection
and surveillance technologies in smart cities, and their impact on individual privacy
and civil liberties.
Submitted To:
Mohammed Shamsul Alam
Professor,
Dept. of Computer science & Engineering, IIUC
Submitted By:
Sadia Alam
ID: MC221202
Date of Submission: 16.08.2023
The ethical implications of data collection and surveillance in smart
cities: Investigate the ethical challenges arising from the widespread
use of data collection and surveillance technologies in smart cities,
and their impact on individual privacy and civil liberties.
Sadia Alam
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
International Islamic University of Chittagong
Kumira, Chattagram-4318, Bangladesh
sadiaalam588@gmail.com
Abstract— The broad utilization of information assortment
and observation advances in smart cities raises huge moral
difficulties. While these advancements offer advantages like
improved urban planning and asset distribution, they
additionally raise worries about individual security and common
freedoms. The steady observing of resident's activities, in any
event, for public wellbeing purposes, can encroach upon their
right to security. Striking a balance between security and
personal freedoms is crucial, and implementing transparent data
usage policies and strong security measures can help mitigate
these concerns.
Keywords—smart city, individual security, personal freedom
etc.
I. OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC
Information protection is a fundamental part of our cuttingedge society, and it is particularly significant with regards to
smart city communities. One of the fundamental worries with
regards to information security in smart cities is whether the
information accumulated will be involved by the state for
reconnaissance. With the rising measure of information in our
urban communities, there is a gamble that this could be
utilized to screen the populace. This is especially disturbing
with regards to a city, where individuals' developments and
activities are now noticeable. To protect residents from this
kind of surveillance, it is fundamental that these smart cities
embrace information security estimates that guarantee that
information is just utilized for genuine purposes.
According to [1], the idea of smart cities to distinguish four
aspects that ground a survey of moral worries rising up out of
the ongoing discussion. These are: (1) network foundation,
with the comparing worries of control, reconnaissance, and
information security and proprietorship; (2) post-political
administration, typified in the pressures among public and
confidential direction and urban communities as post-political
substances; (3) social consideration, communicated in the
parts of resident support and consideration, and disparity and
separation; and (4) manageability, with a particular spotlight
on the climate as a component to safeguard yet additionally as
an essential component for what's in store. Given the
continuing conflicts around the meaning of a smart city, the
article recognizes in these four aspects a steadier reference
structure inside which moral worries can be grouped and
examined. Recognizing these aspects makes conceivable a
survey of the moral ramifications of smart cities that is crossover to their various kinds and strong towards the disrupted
discussion over their definition.
II. HISTORY OF THE ISSUE
The idea of smart cities started as far back as the 1960s and
1970s when the US People group Examination Agency started
utilizing data sets, aerial photography and cluster analysis to
gather information, direct assets and issue reports to coordinate
administrations, relieve against disasters and decrease poverty.
This prompted the formation of the original of smart cities.
The original of smart city was conveyed by innovation
suppliers to understand the implications of innovation on dayto-day life. This prompted the second era of smart city, which
saw how smart advances and different developments could
make signed up metropolitan arrangements. The third era of
smart city removed the control from innovation suppliers and
city pioneers, rather making a model that elaborate general
society and empowered social consideration and local area
commitment. This third era model was embraced by Vienna,
who made an organization with the nearby Wien Energy
company, permitting residents to put resources into local solar
plants as well as working with the general population to
determine orientation balance and reasonable housing issues.
Such reception has gone on around the world, remembering for
Vancouver, where 30,000 residents co-made the Vancouver
Greenest City 2020 Activity Plan.
Despite their popularity, "smart cities are not a panacea for
all ills, and they bring their own concerns", as expressed by
Edwards (2016). For example, the unavoidable sending of ICTs
makes urban communities powerless against information
security issues, for example, digital assaults, framework
weakness and information breaks (Townsend, 2013). As per
the security report by Symantec (2016), in excess of 430
million exceptional malware were viewed as in 2015, and more
than 500 million individual records were taken, added to the
way that a few organizations didn't report all information
breaks (Symantec, 2016). The quick digitalization of public
administrations additionally brings about the prohibition of
parts of the populace for computerized ignorance’s. Indeed,
even the world innovation pioneer, the UK has been
encountering advanced emergency (Place of Center, 2016). In
this manner, advancements alone can't construct a SC
(Hollands, 2008), since it is only one of the significant
contributions for working on the bearableness of a city
(Neirotti et al., 2014). What compels a city smart is the
metropolitan improvement utilized by the reasonable reception
of ICTs as well as the organization of human and social assets
and more extensive strategies (Caragliu et al., 2011). The
unnecessary spotlight on the idea of Smart Cities might bring
about the misstatement of conceivable disastrous impacts of
ICTs required for a city to be smart (Caragliu, Del Bo, and
Nijkamp, 2013; Graham and Marvin, 1996).
III. REVIEW OF SMART CITY APPLICATIONS
A. GPS Tracking
Geographical Positioning Systems (GPS) following is turning
out to be more normal in different regions in Smart cities and
it offers area checking abilities outside. For this situation the
worry is who and how the area information given by GPS
gadgets is utilized. A few shrewd city applications depend on
the spot data to work really. For instance, giving smart traffic
signal controls in view of GPS data gathered about the
vehicles in a given region. One more model is distinguishing
the area of upset occupants and giving crisis support when
required. Area information can be utilized to figure out
various things about the individual or people being followed
and the greater part of the data that could be uncovered by
such following is lawfully safeguarded in the US. GPS
following specifically is of moral concern, since it takes up
minimal in the method of assets when contrasted with
different strategies for area following. What's more, it gives
fine-grain and customized following information. This
information, In addition, its prompt use, can likewise be put
away and sifted through later permitting breaks of security to
happen long after the information was at first gathered. The
High Court has previously had decisions that deny the
utilization of GPS following by policing they have sensible
reason to do as such. In any case, the meaning of sensible
reason is adequately uncertain to prompt different
encroachments on this decision.
B. Drone Applications
Drones can give numerous applications to smart cities and
have a beneficial outcome on society. For instance, drones can
be utilized for environmental observing, traffic management,
population checking, common security control, crowd
observing, foundation investigations, the travel industry
support, health crisis administrations, and product delivery.
Drone applications, among a few others, can convey practical
administrations to assist with accomplishing the goals of smart
cities.
IV. SMART CITY PARADIGMS
A. Smart Economy
Considerable explores have uncovered the shortfall of the
widespread definition of the smart economy and portrayed the
idea in various ways. Also, it incorporates smart organizations
that produce inventive thoughts and further develop the cost
quality proportion in view of the asset advancement idea. Be
that as it may, this definition didn't show all the specific sides
of the Shrewd Economy. Thus, analysts go on in growing more
definitions. As per the analysts, here are normal qualities of the
smart economy: Inventive; thoughts that increment the
efficiency and diminish cost. Computerized; far reaching
utilization of ICTs in the economy. Competitive; be open,
utilize information and advancement to acquire great nature of
higher profits, useful assets and efficient costs. Green; center
around maintainable essentials, utilize normal energy assets
and recuperate clean regions. Socially dependable; try to
advance the government assistance of people.
B. Smart Climate
To increment supportability, the city should follow up on
ecological frameworks which are: streams, sewers and green
spaces. it ought to likewise be founded on utilizing regular and
efficient power energy assets.
C. Smart Governance
The arrangement of Smart City projects includes the
support of numerous partners. To more readily deal with those
activities and drives, smart cities should further develop the
administration quality. By and large, customary administration
is "as systems of regulations, regulatory standards, legal
decisions, and practices that compel, recommend, and
empower government action, where such action is
comprehensively defined as the creation and conveyance of
freely upheld labor and products. Because of the development
of ICTs, smart cities endeavor to advance their administration,
in this way, all administration exercises which depend on
innovation are Brilliant Administration. It addresses "an
assortment of innovations individuals, strategies, rehearses,
assets, normal practices and data that communicate to help city
overseeing exercises. It further develops data frameworks and
correspondence organizations and utilization of imaginative
approaches, innovation and plans of action.
D. Smart Living
In the connection of all axes that has been introduced,
resident foster smart approaches to living through innovation.
Everything is in associated gadgets so a great deal of tasks
become simpler, more secure and less expensive. last years,
imaginative arrangements being worked on would in general
make life of people more useful, practical and efficient. For
instance, the working of smart structure acquired interest and
Interfacing Building Frameworks a piece of current structure
prepared of parts and mechanical gadgets focuses on make
together a collective insight and carry a bunch of elements to
work on the efficiency, security and solace of inhabitants. A
structure manager as a set-up of layers a standard
computerization to assemble information, investigate, screen
and deal with the structure regard the IoT paradigm.
E. Smart Mobility
The historical backdrop of metropolitan vehicle realized
loads of changes brought about by jumper’s individuals travel
decisions that brought forth three kinds of urban areas. In the
first place, Strolling Urban communities was a thought
proposed by English modeler Ron Herron in 1964. He
described this sort, from one perspective, by close roads, which
join a significant populace thickness with a blended land use
and, then again, thirty minutes by walking objections'
accomplishment. Car City is a city type in which the vehicle
modes have seen a significant changeover after WWII. The
presence of this sort was because of mechanical improvement
transport modes to move rapidly on any bearing and to any
objective with partitioning the city into jumpers’ useful parts,
diminishing the populace thickness close to ship flexibility.
The development of metropolitan regions all over the planet
brings about a change of ways of life and versatility rehearses:
the people move by utilizing loads of methods of transport
progressively because of reasons increasingly more diversified.
To account both the intricacy of practices versatility and the
solid association between metropolitan changes and
developments, researchers and experts utilize another term:
"Metropolitan Portability". Traffic issues, for example,
blockages, long line sand delays, are not new to metropolitan
regions and are not selective to bigger urban communities.
Urban Traffic Control (UTC) and Traffic Management Systems
(TMS) have encountered tremendous development over time,
since the first traffic lights were carried out in the last part of
the nineteenth hundred years. By the expanding of populace
development and vehicles, traffic control frameworks in city
foundation should design procedures to meet versatility future
prerequisites. While safeguarding their unique reason for
upgrading throughput and ensuring nature of administration,
key elements of metropolitan smartification, like ICTs and the
Internet of Things (IoT) are presently investigated to use the
new-age UTC and TMS.
assortment and reconnaissance in smart cities. Some of the
key ethical implications include:

Privacy Concerns: Smart cities create tremendous
measures of information through sensors, cameras,
and other IoT gadgets that screen and gather data
about people's activities and ways of behaving. This
information can incorporate individual and delicate
data, prompting worries about the violation of
people's protection privileges. Unapproved access,
abuse, or sharing of this information can prompt
surveillance misuses and intrusions of individual
space.

Mass Surveillance: The steady checking of public
spaces can establish a climate of mass surveillance,
where people might feel like everything they might
do is being watched. This can chillingly affect
freedom of expression, gathering, and individual
independence, as individuals would stay away from
specific ways of behaving or areas because of fear of
being observed.

Data Security: The total of enormous volumes of
information in smart cities makes them appealing
focuses for cyberattacks. While perhaps not
appropriately secured, sensitive data could be
uncovered, prompting data fraud, monetary extortion,
and different types of mischief to people.

Algorithmic Bias and Discrimination: Many smart
city frameworks depend on calculations to process
and interpret information. Assuming that these
calculations are one-sided or oppressive, they can
sustain and try and fuel existing imbalances in the
public eye. For instance, one-sided calculations could
bring about unreasonable focusing of specific
gatherings by policing allocation of assets.

Consent and Control: People could not generally
know about the extent of information collection or
could not completely figure out the implications of
giving
consent
to
information
collection.
Furthermore, they could need command over their
information whenever it's gathered, possibly
prompting sensations of powerlessness and absence
of agency over their own data.

Community Engagement: The execution of smart city
advances frequently requires local area commitment
and info. Assuming choices are made without
including the nearby population, it can prompt an
absence of trust, resentment, and a feeling that the
city's occupants are being treated as uninvolved
F. Smart Climate
Cities can't accomplish smartness without inventiveness,
instruction, information and learning. Subsequently, when we
discuss Smart City, individuals’ aspect is not really present and
thusly the four keys of individuals hub should be featured.
V. VARIOUS POINT OF VIEW
The improvement of smart cities, driven by advancements in
innovation, information examination, and the internet of
Things (IoT), has achieved various advantages like improved
urban planning, upgraded public administrations, and
expanded productivity. however, these advancements likewise
raise critical moral worries in regards to information

subjects as opposed to dynamic members in the city's
development.


Freedom of Movement: surveillance and information
collection can affect people's freedom of movement
and the capacity to explore public spaces without
being checked. This can raise worries about the
disintegration of individual flexibilities and the right
to namelessness.
Data Ownership and Use: The ownership and control
of the information gathered in smart cities can be a
complex issue. Should the information be possessed
by the city, the innovation organizations giving the
framework, or the people being checked? The
reasons for which the information is utilized can
likewise bring up moral issues, as information
gathered for one reason may be reused for one more
without appropriate consent.
VI. EVALUATION
Reducing the potential damage to individuals' security caused
by smart cities requires a complex methodology that includes
cautious preparation, strong strategies, technological shields,
and dynamic commitment with the local area. Here are a few
methodologies to relieve protection worries in smart cities:






Data Minimization: Collect just the information that
is totally vital for the planned reason. Avoid
unnecessary data collection to limit the gamble of
potential security breaks and abuse.
Transparency and Assent: Clearly communicate to
people what information is being gathered, how it
will be utilized, and who will approach it. Get
unequivocal and informed assent from people prior to
gathering their information.
Solid Safety Measures: Utilize vigorous information
safety efforts to protect the gathered information
from cyberattacks and breaks. Use encryption, access
controls, and standard security reviews to defend
delicate data.
User Control and Consent Management: Provide
people with the capacity to control their information.
Permit them to effortlessly survey and deal with their
consent preferences, including the capacity to pull
out consent and erase their information.
Training and Awareness: Instruct the general
population about how smart city innovations work,
the advantages they give, and the potential protection
risks. Encourage people to know about their
freedoms and how to protect their own data.
Local area Engagement: Include the local area in the
dynamic cycle for smart city execution. Look for
input, criticism, and feedbacks from residents to
shape approaches and practices that regard security.
Responsibility and Implementation: Consider
associations answerable for protection violations
responsible through legal instruments and
punishments.
By combining these techniques, smart cities can pursue
receiving the rewards of smart innovations while focusing on
individual security privileges and common freedoms. It is
critical to figure out some kind of guarantees both
technological advancement and the security of fundamental
human rights.
VII. SUMMARY
There is a lot to be finished and the image seems to be dark
right now. In any case, similar to each new development
before, a point shows up when all viewpoints included are
distinguished and tended to. The primary issue when we
explore smart city applications is the vast set of domains
involved and the quick rate at which the advances are
changing and entering our regular daily life. At such a rate, it
isn't not difficult to stay aware of this development, which
makes it fundamental for integrate these worries into the plan
and improvement cycles of smart city applications. Here, we
attempted to reveal some insight into the significance of
considering the moral issues included, and of including them
as a component of the application's prerequisites. We trust that
this work will be the start of more examination and
exploration to address this point and attempt to make a more
precise way to deal with recognize and manage conceivable
moral issues. Specialists and engineers should be more open
about their encounters and sharing data about moral issues to
make a more extensive knowledgebase for everybody to
utilize. Individual endeavors are significant and can have a
current effect on the particular application; nonetheless,
imparting this accomplishment to others will permit them to
productively resolve comparable issues quicker and that's just
the beginning. As more information emerges on AI bias,
programming segregation, and unlawful utilization of data, to
give some examples models, there is areas of strength for a to
track down ways of separating these issues and make a few
workable solutions.
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