UNIVERSITY
SCHOLAR
CONFERENCE
Third Edition
ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION
October 4th- 5th, 2023
Association of Mechanical
Engineering Students (AMES)
usc@ku.edu.np
Department of Mechanical
Engineering (DoME)
Kathmandu University,
Dhulikhel, Nepal
ames.ku.edu.np/usc2023/
HOST
ORGANIZER
SUPPORTING PARTNERS
ABOUT AMES
Established in 2002 A.D., Association
of
Mechanical
Engineering
Students (AMES) is a student
wing of Mechanical Engineering
students that provides platform to
delve into the practical side of the
contextual matters and involves
the students in various co curricular
and extra curricular activities
through various programs. The club
is moderated by the department
and conducts different programs
as per the academic calendar
in response to the department.
Additionally, AMES goes beyond
this by partnering with both
national and international nongovernmental organizations to
facilitate training programs aimed
at fostering student development.
Coordinated
by
Dr.
Surendra
Sujakhu
(Assistant
professor),Acting as a bridge
between the students and the
facilitators, our aim is to develop
sufficient technical and leadership
skills to the students and provide
them a platform to showcase their
talent while making free access to
study resources. AMES has a vision
to create accessible opportunities
for personal and professional
growth of individuals and make an
impact in the community.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
2022/23
Facilitator / Coordinator
Assist. Prof. Dr. Surendra Sujakhu
President
Mr. Milish Dhungel
Secretary
Mr. Manish RC
Vice President
Mr. Sugam Karki
Joint Secretary
Mr. Anmol Shrestha
Treasurer
Mr. Prabin Bhattarai
Executive Members
Mr. Nikunja Ghimire
Mr. Ashim Katuwal
Mr. Krishal Dhamala
Mr. Prasanna Kshetree
Mr. Madan Ghimire
Mr. Aaditya Shah
Mr. Ashutosh Aman
Mr. Subhajan dhoj Joshi
Ms. Migma Gurung
Ms. Sadixhya Pandey
ABOUT USC
University Scholar conference;In the realm of academic excellence, the
University Scholar Conference (USC) 2023 stands tall as a guiding light. Hosted
by the Association of Mechanical Engineering Students (AMES) at Kathmandu
University, it has established itself as the premier event for nurturing research
and innovation among undergraduate students in Nepal.
At USC, a warm welcome is extended to both graduate and undergraduate
talents, embracing aspirants from Nepal and beyond. Aspiring minds are
cordially invited to submit their research abstracts for meticulous consideration.
This year’s spotlight is on “Engineering Technology and Innovation,” featuring
Distinguished Professor Sujatha Srinivasan and Professor Sachin L. Borse, who
will grace the event with their keynote address.
Leading USC as the Conference Chair, Professor Dr. Hari Prasad Neopane, a
prominent figure in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Kathmandu
University. His illustrious academic journey, including a doctoral degree in Fluids
Engineering from NTNU and recognition with the Young Scientist Award from
NAST in 2014, exemplifies academic excellence. USC transcends the ordinary
conference; it’s a dynamic platform where knowledge fuels innovation and
networks thrive. It’s a stage for refining communication and presentation skills,
nurturing the leaders of tomorrow.
The University Scholar Conference 2023 unites undergraduates, experts, and
professionals from Nepal and beyond, creating a vibrant hub for the exchange
of ideas in engineering technology and innovation. It’s a celebration of progress,
with Prof. Sujatha Srinivasan’s wisdom at its core. USC invites undergraduates
to submit their research abstracts, providing an opportunity to dream, explore,
and make a meaningful impact. Welcome to USC 2023, where brilliance shines,
innovation thrives, and the future takes shape.
Led by Secretary Mr. Grishma Khatiwada, our dedicated team of 15 members
is the driving force behind USC growth. Each year, enthusiasm swells, drawing
more participants to our vibrant gathering. With the theme, “Engineering
Technology and Innovation”, at its heart, USC 2023 promises captivating keynotes,
enlightening panels, and engaging research showcases. Join us in celebrating a
surge of brilliance, where passion progresses.
MESSAGE FROM CONFERENCE
CHAIR
Prof. Dr. Hari Prasad Neopane
Conference Chair
USC 2023
On behalf of the organizing committee, I am thrilled to extend a warm welcome to you all to
the third edition of the University Scholar Conference (USC) 2023. This annual engineering and
innovation conference is proudly orchestrated by the Association of Mechanical Engineering
Students (AMES) at Kathmandu University, with the primary objective being to instill a culture
of research and innovation amongst undergraduate students in Nepal.
The theme of USC 2023, “Engineering Technology and Innovation,” holds significant relevance
in our contemporary world marked by pressing issues such as climate change, energy security,
advancement in technology, and resource scarcity. Engineering technology and innovation are
indispensable in addressing complex modern-day issues. The role of engineering technology,
which applies engineering principles to enhance products, processes, and systems, and
innovation, involving the creation and application of novel ideas and technologies, cannot be
overstated in forging a more sustainable future.
USC 2023 encompasses an array of engaging activities, including plenary talks, oral
presentations, poster sessions, workshops, and social gatherings. Moreover, we are honored
to feature a keynote address by Prof. Dr. Sujatha Srinivasan, who has explored various facets
of rehabilitative mechanical engineering research and Prof. Dr. Sachin Borse, with expertise
in Mech-Thermal Fluid Engineering. Further gracing our conference as the technical speaker,
Prof Catherine Holloway has been a leading figure in advancing the Disability Interaction
framework.
I acknowledge that orchestrating a conference of this magnitude is no small feat. It demands
long hours, meticulous planning, and a team of exceptionally talented and devoted individuals.
I am deeply appreciative of your willingness to go above and beyond to make this conference
a triumph. I am confident that USC 2023 will leave a lasting impact on the field of sustainable
engineering in Nepal. I extend my heartfelt appreciation for your pivotal role in transforming
this conference from a vision into reality.
I extend my heartfelt gratitude to the USC team for their unwavering dedication and tireless
efforts in ensuring the success of the third edition of the University Scholar Conference (USC).
Your commitment to promoting sustainable engineering and innovation is evident in every
aspect of this conference, from speaker and topic selection to event coordination. You have
curated a program that promises to inform and inspire.
May USC 2023 serve as a wellspring of inspiration, encouraging students to persist in their
pursuit of sustainable engineering and their contributions to crafting sustainable solutions for
the myriad challenges we confront today.
Once again, welcome to USC 2023! I extend my best wishes for a fruitful and unforgettable
conference.
MESSAGE FROM CONFERENCE
SECRETARY
Grishma Khatiwada
Conference Secretary
USC 2023
Since its establishment in 2021, USC has emerged as a leading platform, facilitating students
and researchers in presenting their research and advancements in the fields of science and
engineering. This year, with the theme centered on Engineering, Technology, and Innovation,
USC is set to continue its legacy.
My journey with USC began in 2021 as an enthusiastic participant, and later in 2022, I had
the privilege of serving on the Organizing Committee. Over the years, I've witnessed
the remarkable growth of this conference. USC has remained steadfast in its commitment to
fostering a culture of research and innovation among students and researchers in Nepal.
In this 3rd edition, USC has garnered an overwhelming response, attracting a diverse range
of research endeavors from various fields. The commitment and enthusiasm displayed by our
participants serve as a testament to the importance of this event.
I extend my heartfelt gratitude to our esteemed Conference Chair, Prof. Dr. Hari Prasad Neopane,
and our distinguished Advisory Board for their invaluable guidance and unwavering support.
The success of USC owes much to their expertise and vision. My appreciation extends to the
diligent members of the Scientific Committee, who have played a pivotal role in ensuring the
academic rigor and quality of this conference.
I’d also like to express sincere appreciation to the joint organizing committee of USC, AMES,
Aviyantaa, and the Bulletin Board, whose tireless efforts have made this conference a reality.
Their hard work, creativity, and commitment to the conference's goals have been truly
inspiring. Thank you for being a part of the 3rd University Scholar Conference. Let's look
forward to the enriching discussions and insights that will undoubtedly arise from this vibrant
academic gathering.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Dr. Bhola Thapa, Kathmandu University
Dr. Bim Prasad Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Dr. Hari Prasad Neopane, Kathmandu University
Dr. Bivek Baral, Kathmandu University
Dr. Daniel Tuladhar, Kathmandu University
Dr. Manish Pokhrel, Kathmandu University
Dr. Janardhan Lamichane, Kathmandu University
Dr. Shyam Sundar Khadka, Kathmandu University
Dr. Ram Kaji Budhathoki, Kathmandu University
Dr. Kundan Lal Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Dr. Reshma Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Dr. Bal Krishna Bal, Kathmandu University
Dr. Khagendra Acharya, Kathmandu University
Dr. Sunil Prasad Lohani, Kathmandu University
Dr. Biraj Singh Thapa, Kathmandu University
Dr. Binaya KC, Kathmandu University
Dr. Krishna Prasad Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Dr. Surendra Sujakhu, Kathmandu University
Dr. Sailesh Chitrakar, Kathmandu University
Dr. Ranjit Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Mr. Malesh Shah, Kathmandu University
Mr. Pratisthit Lal Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Mr. Bijendra Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Mr. Chiranjeevi Mahat, Kathmandu University
Mr. Gokarna Paudel, Kathmandu University
Mr. Hari Dhakal, Kathmandu University
Mr. Jahid Ahmed Jibran, Kathmandu University
Mr. Niranjan Bastakoti, Kathmandu University
Mr. Pawan Karki, Kathmandu University
Ms. Sirapa Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Mr.Uren Amatya, Kathmandu University
Mr.Sagar Pandit,Kathmandu University
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Dr. Kalyan Ghosh, University of Cambridge
Dr. Roshan Khadka, The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited
Dr. Arjun Bhattrai, V-Flow Tech Pte.Ltd, Singapore
Dr. Niroj Maharjan, Advance Remanufacturing and Technology Center (ARTC), Singapore
Dr. Sharad Kharel, Nanyang Technological University
Dr. Archana Gautam, Nanyang Technological University
Dr. Milan Paudel, Nanyang Technological University
Dr. Pradeep Shakya, Nanyang Technological University
Dr. Prabij Joshi, Institute of Engineering, Paschimanchal Engineering Campus, Nepal
Dr. Subarna Basnet, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA
Prof. Dr. Tri Ratna Bajracharya, Institute of Engineering- Pulchowk
Prof. Dr. Bhola Thapa, Kathmandu University
Prof. Dr. Bivek Baral, Kathmandu University
Prof. Dr. Bim Prasad Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Prof. Dr. Hari Prasad Neopane, Kathmandu University
Prof. Dr. Daniel Tuladhar, Kathmandu University
Dr. Biraj Singh Thapa, Kathmandu University
Dr. Sailesh Chitrakar, Kathmandu University
Dr. Sunil Prasad Lohani, Kathmandu University
Dr. Binay KC, Kathmandu University
Dr. Krishna Prasad Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Dr. Anish Ghimire, Kathmandu University
Dr. Bikash Adhikari, Kathmandu University
Dr. Bishal Silwal, Kathmandu University
Dr. Hitesh Bhattarai, Kathmandu University
Dr. Nawaraj Sanjel, Kathmandu University
Dr. Saraswati Acharya, Kathmandu University
Mr. Malesh Shah, Kathmandu University
Mr. Pratisthit Lal Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Mr. Bijendra Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Mr. Chiranjeevi Mahat, Kathmandu University
Mr. Gokarna Paudel, Kathmandu University
Mr. Hari Dhakal, Kathmandu University
Mr. Jahid Ahmed Jibran, Kathmandu University
Mr. Niranjan Bastakoti, Kathmandu University
Mr. Pawan Karki, Kathmandu University
Mr. Uren Amatya, Kathmandu University
Ms. Sirapa Shrestha, Kathmandu University
Mr. Sagar Pandit, Kathmandu University
Mr. Hari Bahadur Dura, Institute of Engineering- Pulchowk
Mr. Prajwal Rajbhandari, Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology
Mr. Ayush Bista, Kathmandu University
Mr. Biraj Dhungana, Green Road Waste Management, Pokhara
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Grishma Khatiwada
Conference Secretary
Utsav Pokharel
Madan Ghimire
Sugam Karki
Technical Management Chairs
Sarams Siwakoti
Yogesh Dumre
Publication Chairs
Sangam Bhandari
Yarana Rai
Publicity Chairs
Sadikxya Pandey
Prabin Bhattrai
Corporate and Fiance Chairs
Prasanna Kshetrri
Sandesh Paudel Chettri
Registration Chairs
Anmol Shrestha
Akhilesh Kafle
Web Service Chairs
RESOURCE PERSONS
Milish Dhungel
President, AMES
Manish R.C.
Secretary, AMES
Krishal Dhamala
Executive Member, AMES
MESSAGE FROM
COORDINATOR
Dr. Surendra Sujakhu
AMES Coordinator
On behalf of the Association of Mechanical Engineering Students (AMES), it is my distinct
pleasure to extend a heartfelt welcome to the third edition of the University Scholar Conference.
This conference serves as a vibrant nexus, uniting students from across our university to
celebrate the spirit of research and knowledge-sharing. It provides a unique platform where
bright minds converge, offering not just an opportunity to present research but a chance to
foster collaborative learning, network with seasoned professionals, and receive invaluable
feedback on their scholarly pursuits.
This year’s conference theme, “ Engineering Technology and Innovation,” resonates deeply
with the challenges of our times. In an era where sustainability is paramount, I am eagerly
anticipating the wealth of innovative ideas our presenters will bring forth. Together, we
will explore the transformative power of technology in shaping a more sustainable future,
addressing the pressing issues of our global community.
I encourage each one of you to immerse yourselves fully in the conference proceedings.
Attend as many sessions as you can, engage with the presenters, and absorb the knowledge
and insights they share. It is my firm belief that this conference will not only broaden your
intellectual horizons but also inspire new perspectives and ideas.
I extend my heartfelt gratitude to our sponsors, whose generosity has made this event possible.
Their support underscores the importance of collaborative initiatives in the academic realm.
I also express my sincere appreciation to the diligent organizing committee, the meticulous
reviewers, and our dedicated presenters. Your hard work and dedication have truly shaped this
event into a beacon of academic excellence.
As we embark on this intellectual journey, I wish each of you a conference filled with fruitful
discussions, meaningful connections, and profound insights. I eagerly await the wealth of
knowledge and creativity that will undoubtedly be shared during this enriching event.
KEYNOTE SPEAKER
Prof. Sujatha Srinivasan
Professor
Indian Institute of Technology
Madras
Introducing Sujatha Srinivasan, a distinguished professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the renowned IIT Madras. With a wealth of knowledge and
expertise in the field, she holds a pivotal role as the head of the Center for Rehabilitation Research and Device Development (R2D2). Her extensive contributions
to the academic world are exemplified by her impressive publication record, which
includes a total of 48 publications. These encompass 28 journal articles, 1 book chapter, and 19 conference proceedings.
Sujatha Srinivasan’s educational journey is equally remarkable, having earned her
Ph.D. from The Ohio State University in 2007, her MSME from the University of Toledo
in 1994, and her B. Tech from IIT Madras in 1992. Her research interests encompass a
wide range of topics, including the development and evaluation of assistive devices
such as knee-ankle-foot orthosis and magnetorheological dampers for prosthetic
knee applications.
Delving into her impactful doctoral thesis work, she has explored various facets of
mechanical engineering and rehabilitation research. Her studies have covered topics like kinematic, dynamic, and stability aspects of locomotion robots, the development and clinical evaluation of knee-ankle-foot orthosis, optimal designs for magnetorheological dampers, and the creation of minimal kinematic models for analyzing
normal and asymmetric gait.
Sujatha Srinivasan’s unwavering dedication and influential research have firmly established her as a prominent figure in the realms of mechanical engineering and
rehabilitation research.
TECHNICAL SPEAKER
Prof. Dr. Sachin L Borse
Professor
Imperial College of Engineering
and Research
Dr. Sachin Borse, a revered figure in the realm of Mechanical Engineering at JSPM
Narhe Technical Campus, Pune, brings a wealth of experience spanning over two
decades. His expertise in gas turbine, earned through rigorous research and a Ph.D.
from the esteemed Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 2007, has solidified his
reputation as an academic stalwart. With over 50 published works gracing prestigious journals and conferences, Dr. Borse’s contributions to the field are both prolific and profound. However, his impact stretches far beyond publications. Inside his
classroom, he is a beacon of guidance, renowned for his clear and engaging teaching
style. He possesses the rare talent of simplifying intricate concepts, ensuring that his
students not only grasp but also appreciate the nuances of gas turbine heat transfer.
Dr. Borse’s influence transcends traditional boundaries. He champions innovation,
encouraging his students to explore uncharted territories. His dedication to molding
future engineers is underscored by his belief in their inherent potential. In recognizing Dr. Sachin Borse, we pay tribute to more than an educator; we honor an architect
of future talent, whose legacy will resonate in the annals of mechanical engineering.
TECHNICAL SPEAKER
Prof. Catherine Holloway
Professor of Interaction, Design &
Innovation
University College London
Catherine Holloway is a distinguished academic and trailblazer in the realm of Interaction Design and Innovation. Currently holding the esteemed title of Professor at
the University College London (UCL) in the Department of Computer Science, she
has been at the forefront of pioneering the Disability Interaction framework. Her
groundbreaking work encompasses the intersection of human-computer interaction, accessibility, assistive technology, and policy, all with the overarching goal of
accelerating disability innovation for a more equitable world.
Catherine serves as the Academic Director and co-founder of the Global Disability Innovation Hub (GDI Hub), a testament to her commitment to driving positive change
in the field. She leads the Research and Innovation strands within the GDI Hub and
serves as the UCL Principal Investigator for a substantial £20 million UK Department
for International Development grant known as AT2030.
With a prolific research career, Catherine has authored and contributed to over 80
peer-reviewed papers and plays a pivotal role as co-Principal Investigator of the
AT2030 program. Her influence extends to global platforms as she sits on the Expert
Advisory Group for the World Health Organization (WHO) Word Report on Assistive
Technology and actively participates in the EPSRC Healthcare Technologies Strategic
Advisory Team (SAT) as the Big Ideas Champion.
In her quest to advance the field of human-robot interactions, Catherine Holloway
stands as a beacon of innovation, empathy, and dedication, working tirelessly to create a more inclusive and equitable world for all.
CONFERENCE EVENTS
Session Title: Numerical Studies in Automotive and Other Merchanical Systems (A1)
Session Chair: Dr. Ranjit Shrestha
Date: 4th October 2023
Time: 12:30 to 1:50PM
Venue: Main Auditorium, CV Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
12:30-12:50
Fatigue Life Study of Leaf Spring Of Public
Transportation Vehicle Using Miner’s Rule: A
Route-Based Deflection Analysis
Piyush Nepal, Birat Timilsina, Rodan Bista, Narayan
Guragain, Dr. Surendra Sujakhu
12:50-1:10
Unsteady Aerodynamics of Corrugated
Bioinspired Airfoil: Numerical Analysis and
Performance
Yukesh Karki, Manjil Sitoula, Kamal Budhathoki, Manisha
Karki
1:10-1:30
Design Simulation, Fabrication, And
Dynamic Testing of Impact
Attenuator (Ia) For Formula Student Car
1:30-1:50
Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Biomass
Gasification: A Simulation and Techno
Economic Analysis
1:50-2:10
Tea Break
Rodan Bista, Sugam Aryal, Ashok shah
Reshav Shrestha, Anish Upreti, Nirbhay Solanki
Session Title: Advances in Electric Mobility (A2)
Session Chair: Dr. Samundra Gurung
Date: 4th October 2023
Time: 2:10 to 3:30 PM
Venue: Main Auditorium, CV Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
2:10-2:30
Thermal Modelling of Ev Batteries for
Dynamic Driving Conditions
Nischal Adhikari, Nishma Bhattarai, Yaman Joshi, Sagar
Pandit, Sirapa Shrestha, Malesh Shah
2:30-2:50
Optimization of Powertrain of Hybrid Electric Sugam Karki, Sajan K.C, Prasanna Kshetree, Sirapa Shrestha
Vehicle Using Power Split Device
and Bivek Baral
2:50-3:10
Research and Analysis on the Factor
Affecting the On-Road Energy Consumption Biraj Kharel
and Range of the Electric Vehicle
3:10-3:30
Optimal Sizing of An On-Site Hydrogen
Refuelling System For A Fleet Of Fuel Cell
Buses In Dhulikhel- Kathmandu Route
Nawaraj Kafle, Nashala Shakya Dhrubabar Singh K.C, Tej
Prasad Phuyal, Biraj Singh Thapa
Session Title: Advances in Material and Manufacturing (B1)
Session Chair: Dr. Arun Satyal
Date: 4th October 2023
Time: 12:30 to 1:50PM
Venue: Mini Auditorium, CV Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
12:30-12:50
Fidelity Analysis of Sand-Casting Technique
For Manufacturing Francis Runner
Ravi Poudel, Sailesh Chitrakar, Qian Zhongdong, Zhewei
Guo and Bhola Thapa
12:50-1:10
Design, Fabrication and Testing of Automatic Nitesh Silwal, Aakash Sigdel, Dipesh Shrestha, Min Dhant,
Handloom Machine
Sushant Raj Giri
1:10-1:30
A Review of Co-processing Non-recyclable
Low Value Plastic Waste as Refuse-Derived
Fuel into Cement Industries of Nepal
1:30-1:50
Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties Himanshu Giri, Rohit Joshi, Vikram G.C., Surendra Sujakhu,
of Natural Fiber Polymer Composite
Malesh Shah
1:50-2:10
Tea Break
Biraj Dhungana, Dr. Rabindra Dhakal, Nirajan Ghimire,
Shophiya Karki, Bimal Bastola, Prayash Bhetwal
Session Title: Emerging Designs and Automation (B2)
Session Chair: Dr. Binaya K.C.
Date: 4th October 2023
Time: 2:10 to 3:30PM
Venue: Mini Auditorium, CV Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
2:10-2:30
Design And Development Of A Wheel WallPressed Robot for In-Pipe Inspection
Raghwendra Prasad Singh, Prajwal Dahal, Safal Shrestha,
Sirapa Shrestha, Chiranjeevi Mahat
2:30-2:50
Fault Detection In Turbines Using Machine
Learning: A Study Of The Capabilities Of
Various Classification Algorithms
Aditi Baral, Neha Verma, Image Adhikari,Dr. Sailesh
Chitrakar, Prof. Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug
2:50-3:10
Economic Air Filtering Using Air Washer
Sanket Chalise, Dilip Tamang, Anup Lama, Akash Kumar
Singh, Sirapa Shrestha
3:10-3:30
Reverse Engineering on Pelton Runners
Suman Shrestha, Madan Ghimire, Pravakar Bogati, Ayush
Ghimire, Rabi Kumar Gupta, Dr. Sailesh Chitrakar, Pratisthit
Lal Shrestha, Tejesh Man Shrestha
Session Title: Technology for Social Transformations (C1)
Session Chair: Dr. Anupama Shrestha
Date: 4th October 2023
Time: 12:30 to 1:50 PM
Venue: Senate Hall, CV Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
12:30-12:50
Molecular Screening of Canine Distemper
Virus Suggests Conjunctival Swabs for
Optimal Detection
Aayush Ojha, Ishwar Bhusal, Sunil Ranabhat, Sabita Sedhai,
Swostika Lamichhane, Baburam Lamichhane, Prof. Dr.
Subodh K. FSUpadhyaya
12:50-1:10
Low-Cost Mass Production Technologies
for Virus-Free Pre-Basic Seed Production of
Potato in Nepal
Dhurva Prasad Gauchan, Durga Prasad Kafle, Aastha Upreti,
Sanam Parajuli
1:10-1:30
Prospect of Algae Based Bio-refinery: A
techno-economic analysis
Bishal Lamichhane, Aadim Nyaichyaia, Smika Sharmaa, Aditi
Khatiwadaa, Kabir Jung Adhikaria, Reshav Shresthaa
1:30-1:50
Knowledge and Preventive Practices
regarding Dengue among Adults visiting a
Tertiary Level Hospital
Suruchi Shrestha
1:50-2:10
Tea Break
Session Title: Trends in Mechanical Design & Biomechanics (C2)
Session Chair: Dr. Anup Thapa
Date: 4th October 2023
Time: 2:10 to 3:30 PM VI
Venue: Senate Hall, CV Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
2:10-2:30
Design Of Force Sensitive Resistor (Fsr)
Embedded Insole For Phase Detection
During Human Gait and Its Classification
Upama Pant, Sudan Baral, Pratisthit Lal Shrestha
2:30-2:50
Investigation Of Mechanical Faults in Fan
Using Vibration Analysis
Subarna Paudel, Prajwal Sapkota, Sailesh Chitrakar
2:50-3:10
Device to Control Second hand Smoke
Raushan Pandit
3:10-3:30
Performance Analysis of Standard Ceiling
Mounted Unit And Configured CRAC Units in
Hricha Aryal, Shree Raj Shakya, Tri Ratna Bajracharya
AirCooled Data Center
Session Title: Computational Techniques (D1)
Session Chair: Dr. Ram Lama
Date: 4th October 2023
Time: 12:50 to 1:50 PM
Venue: Executive Dining Hall, CV Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
12:50-1:10
Analysis of Butterfly Valve Flow Coefficient
through Computational Fluid Dynamics
Bikram Singh Bhattarai, Pratik Gautam, Abhishek
Khatiwada, Sabin Khadka, Sailesh Chitrakar
1:10-1:30
Value at Risk Estimation Methods for Energy
Commodity Trading: Evaluating Performance Nitesh Silwal, Sushant Raj Giri
and Identifying the Optimal Approach
1:30-1:50
Analytical And Computational Design of
Water Distribution Network at Kathmandu
University: A Scientific Approach
1:50-2:10
Tea Break
Bigyan Bhatta, Achal Gautam, Aadarsha Poudel
Session Title: Solar Energy Application and Economics (D2)
Session Chair: Dr. Bikash Adhikari
Date: 4th October 2023
Time: 2:10 to 3:30 PM
Venue: Executive Dining Hall, CV Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
2:10-2:30
Microcontroller-Driven MPPT System To
Enhance The Photovoltaic Efficiency: An
Experimental Approach in Dhulikhel, Nepal
2:30-2:50
Techno-Economic Feasibility of 143kW Solar
Mini Grid for Rural Electrification in Gokule
Jeevan Bhandari, Bijay Basnet, Jahir Ahmad Jibran
Village- A Case Study
2:50-3:10
Investigation Of Aluminium as Thermal
Storage for Solar Cooking Application
Ashutosh Dev, Sunam Amatya, Yogesh Dumre, Malesh
Shah, Peter V Schwartc
3:10-3:30
Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of Rural
Community Heat Grid System in Langtang
Pratyoosh Dahal, Malesh Shah, Madan Ghimire, Rajan
Kandel, Sadiksha Bhandari, Yogesh Niraula, Sagar Pandit
Diwakar Khadka, Satish Adhikari, Atit Pokharel, Sandeep
Marasinee, Aayush Pathak
Session Title: Numerical Studies in Hydropower (A3)
Session Chair: Dr. Krishna Prasad Shrestha
Date: 5th October 2023
Time: 10:00 to 11:40PM
Venue: Main Auditorium, C.V. Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
10:00-10:20
Numerical Study on Sediment Erosion
Resistivity of Conventional and Optimized
Francis Runner in Different Operating
Conditions In Sediment-Laden Flow
Suprim Shrestha, Pawan Lal Bijukchhe, Hari Prasad
Neopane, Amul Ghimire, Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug, Sailesh
Chitrakar
10:20-10:40
Numerical Study of Sediment Erosion
in Guide Vanes of Francis Turbine Using
Cascade Rig
Rakish Shrestha, Kushal Shrestha, Sailesh Chitrakar, Bhola
Thapa, Zhongdong Qian and Zhiwei Guo
10:40-11:00
Comparative Study of Different Erosion
Models in Francis Runner Blades Using
Openfoam
Suprim Shrestha, Pawan Lal Bijukchhe, Sailesh Chitrakar,
Bhola Thapa
11:00-11:20
Numerical Study of Erosion in Pelton Spear
Valve: Role of Implementation of Gravity on
Lagrangian Particles Using Openfoam
Prithivi Gurung, Arun Pandey, Sajan Satyal, Sailesh Chitrakar,
Hari Prasad Neupane
11:20-11:40
Modelling and Experiment of Hydrogen
Humidification System for Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cell Applications
Jayanti Thakur, Umesh Jung Thapa, Alice Rana, Gokarna
Bahadur Thapa
Session Title: Emerging & Alternative Energy Systems (B3)
Session Chair: Dr. Nawaraj Sanjel
Date: 5th October 2023
Time: 10:00 to 11:40 PM
Venue: Mini Auditorium, CV Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
10:00-10:20
Simulation Of Gaseous Hydrocarbon
Combustion In Industrial Flares Using
Openfoam
Ashutosh Dev, Sunam Amatya, Yogesh Dumre, Prof.Dr.
Manaswita Bose
10:20-10:40
Performance Analysis of The Blade for the
V-Shaped Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Aastik Sharma, , Sagar Panthi ,Qu Jianjun
10:40-11:00
Geothermal Energy Harvesting Framework
for Nepal – A Review
Sarams Siwakoti, Ashraya K.C., Eric Dahal, Dixanta Parajuli,
Malesh Shah
11:00-11:20
Simulative Study for Performance of Packed
Bed Energy Storage System
Migma Gurung, Malesh Shah, Aayush Aryal, Sushant
Dhungana, Tilashmi Karki
11:20-11:40
Numerical Analysis of a Low Reynolds
Number Glider Wing
Hritik Kumar Mahato, Manjil Pradhananga, Milish Dhungel,
Grishma Khatiwada
Session Title: Applications of Biomass Energy and Clean Cooking System (C3)
Session Chair: Dr. Bijay Thapa
Date: 5th October 2023
Time: 10:00 to 11:40 PM
Venue: Senate Hall, CV Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
10:00-10:20
Fabrication And Performance Testing of
Improved Cooking Stove
Rajesh Khanal, Hemanta Neupane
10:20-10:40
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of a
Solar Dryer Under Different Baffle Positions
Navaraj Adhikari, Ananta Aacharya, Nirajan Sharma
Timilsina, Bivek Baral
10:40-11:00
Design, Fabrication and Testing of ICS For
Clean Cooking
Bishakha Sitaula, Mausham Khadka, Jeeya Shrestha, Ekata
Shrestha
11:00-11:20
Comparative Analysis of Biomass Boiler, Heat
Pump, Direct Electric And Solar-Biomass
Nirajan Sharma Timilsina, Navaraj Adhikari, Sanskar Gautam,
Based Heating Systems for Small Residential Ananta Aacharya, Sajan Satyal, Bivek Baral
Building In Kathmandu
11:20-11:40
Comparitive Study of Different Goemetries
of Heat Sink in a Motherboard
Avhiyan Pandey, Sugam Aryal. Manoj Luitel, Bimal Thapaliya
Session Title: Studies in HVAC Systems: Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)(D3)
Session Chair: Dr. Sailesh Chitrakar
Date: 5th October 2023
Time: 10:00 to 11:40 PM
Venue: Executive Dining Hall, C.V. Raman, KU
Time
Topic
Authors
10:00-10:20
Experimental Study of Single Glazed and
Transpired Solar Air
Heaters For Day Time Ventilation
Prarora Koirala, Niranjan Bastakoti, Bivek Baral,ShreeRaj
Shakya ,Pravesh Chapagain
10:20-10:40
Thermal Retrofit Possibilities in Existing
Residential Building for Energy Saving:
A Case Study Of Residential Building In
Kathmandu, Nepal
Anuj Acharya, Nischal Chaulagain, Malesh Shah, Dr.Bivek
Baral
10:40-11:00
Design And Analysis of The Cascade
Bivek Baral, Aashish Dawadi, Suman Timsina, Dr. Bivek Baral
Refrigeration System for Various Refrigerants
11:00-11:20
Study, Design And Computational Analysis
Of Radiant Heating System For Office
And Meeting Space At Multipurpose Hall,
Kathmandu University
Nitesh Dhakal, Bishesh Shrestha, Samjhana Karki
11:20-11:40
Thermal Investigation of Heat Interactions
Inside and Outside the Solarium
Kusum Khatiwada, Pukar Karki, Binayak Gaire, Malesh Shah,
Ashmat Chhetri
Session Title: Poster Presentation
Date: 5th October 2023
Time: 12:00 to 1:00PM
Venue: Mini Auditorium, KU
Topic
Authors
Comparative Performance Evaluation of
Matribhumi Improved Cook Stove (Ics) With
Traditional Cook Stove (Tcs)
Rodan Bista, Dr. Bim Prasad Shrestha, Dr. Binaya KC, Prajwal
Gautam, and Narayan Guragain
The Scope of Electronic Vehicles in Nepal"
Pravakar Bogati, Prassidha Raut, Pratyoosh Dahal
USC
3
Edition
Fatigue Life Study of Leaf Spring of Public
Transportation Vehicle using Miner’s Rule: A RouteBased Deflection Analysis
Piyush Nepal*
Birat Timilsina
Narayan Guragain
Dr. Surendra Sujakhu
Rodan Bista
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Leaf Spring, Life Cycle, Fatigue, Miner’s Rule
Leaf spring, the main component of the public vehicle suspension system, affects the mechanical
behavior of vehicles like vibration, stability, damping, and other aspects of comfort. It is used to absorb
shock and vibrations in heavy commercial vehicles. Thus, leaf spring experiences a large number of
fatigue cycles reducing its life span. However, depending upon the geography, temperature, and
road conditions, its fatigue life may vary. This study is modeled to estimate the maximum useful
life of leaf spring assembly used in the public bus travelling in a Kathmandu valley. The useful life of
leaf spring will help to estimate the replacement period of leaf spring thus preventing catastrophic
failure during operation. A deflection measuring device was designed, fabricated and mounted to
the vehicle, and data is continually collected throughout the vehicle’s trip. Deflection measuring
device combines mechanical components (the leaf spring) with electrical and sensor components
(Arduino Uno, Ultrasonic sensor) powered by a 9V battery pack to monitor and record the deflection
of the leaf spring. The module continuously measures this distance, recording it on a micro-SD card
via an Arduino Uno. The data is later imported into an Excel sheet, where the initial measurement
is subtracted from each data point to calculate leaf spring deflection. An average deflection per
second is then computed from the data points. The Rainflow counting method is used to discretize
the load cycle depending on load amplitude. Based on the real-time fatigue load data collected, the
fatigue life of the leaf spring was estimated using Miner’s cumulative damage rule. The leaf spring
undergoes significant deformation in the Y-direction due to varying load conditions. For the same
applied load, the margin of error for deflection was found to be 2.8%. Similarly, the model was
simulated in ANSYS to calculate the fatigue life, imperatively based on the data embedded into
ANSYS. The SN curve was embedded in the fatigue life tool of ANSYS to calculate the fatigue life.
The comparative study reveals that the life of a leaf spring for the simulated model exceeds the life
obtained from Miner’s rule by 5%. The corresponding values for both methods are 8.49×105 cycles
and 8.046×105 cycles. The observed
error stems from the existing pre-stress and deflection within the leaf spring. Furthermore,
additional factors such as creep, rusting, and the presence of U clamps were omitted in the study’s
analysis. The obtained methodology is applicable to assess the fatigue life of any leaf spring utilized
in a public vehicle.
COMMENTS
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USC
3
Edition
USC
3
Edition
Unsteady Aerodynamics of Corrugated Bioinspired
Airfoil: Numerical Analysis and Performance
Evaluation
Yukesh Karki*
Manjil Sitoula
Kamal Budhathoki
Manisha Karki
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
IOE Pulchowk, TU
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Eastern Regional Campus, IOE, TU
Keywords: bioinspired airfoil, Reynolds Number, openFOAM
Insect flight is a remarkable and intricate natural phenomenon that has fascinated scientists for
many years and inspired engineering advancements like Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs). Unlike larger
creatures that rely on steady airflow to generate lift, insects operate in a regime of low Reynolds
numbers, where fluid dynamics behave differently. At low Reynolds numbers, the importance of
viscous effects becomes significant, and the flow around the insect wings becomes highly unsteady.
This study aims to numerically analyze a simplified insect wing (airfoil) subjected to steady free stream
flow under pitching motion, utilizing the open-source CFD package OpenFOAM. The corrugated
airfoil has a 10mm chord length, pivoting at c/4 from the leading edge, with a 0.05mm thickness.
Two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics will be employed to investigate the performance
and flow characteristics around the oscillating wing. To facilitate the numerical analysis, a morphing
mesh will be employed, and the simulation will incorporate the scale adaptive simulation (SAS)
turbulence modeling technique. Low-pressure region is expected to form on the top surface of
the airfoil due to the formation and shedding of trailing edge vortices. Also formulation of small
circulation bubbles in recirculation region of the airfoil prevents flow separation and enhances the
aerodynamic performance by producing high lift and minimizing drag.
Through this investigation, a deeper understanding of the aerodynamics of insect-like wing motion
can be gained, potentially shedding light on the design and optimization of bioinspired MAVs and
other engineering devices. The application of advanced CFD techniques, such as morphing mesh
and SAS turbulence modeling, will enhance the accuracy and reliability of the numerical simulations
in capturing the intricacies of unsteady fluid dynamics at low Reynolds numbers.
COMMENTS
2
Design Simulation , Fabrication and Dynamic
Testing of Impact Attenuator (IA) for Formula
Student Car
Rodan Bista*
Sugam Aryal
Ashok Shah
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Impact Attenuator, Drop test, Impact energy
Safety is one of the major concerns for all automobile vehicles as well as for vehicles in Formula SAE
a student design competition organized by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). IA, which is
located at the front of the vehicle’s chassis, deforms plastically to absorb the force of frontal impacts.
This study focuses on the design, simulation, then experimental testing of cost-effective IA made
from Mild steel sheets for better impact performance for formula student racing cars based on the
regulation of Formula SAE. SOLIDWORKS Student Edition is used to create the impact attenuator
designs, while ANSYS Student simulates the impact crash test first drop test is performed on three
designs of IA as a dynamic test to validate IA. During the drop test, a 300kg mass is dropped from
2.5m height to get the impact velocity of 7m/s. The deformation of IA during collision is recorded
using a high-speed camera, which will also aid in calculating the deceleration. The deflection
characteristics of attenuators are meticulously analyzed, shedding light on their ability to absorb and
dissipate the energy generated during an impact. The findings of this study offer the methodology
and design to the vehicle designers for optimizing impact attenuator selection based on desired
safety standards and performance criteria. Furthermore, the research underscores the significance
of employing appropriate impact attenuators to ensure driver safety and vehicle integrity during
high-velocity impact.
COMMENTS
3
USC
3
Edition
USC
3
Edition
Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Biomass Gasification: A
Simulation and Techno Economic Analysis
Reshav Shrestha*
Anish Upreti
Nirbhay Solanki
Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
Kathmandu University,
Keywords: dimethyl ether, gasification, methanol
With ever increasing concerns over environmental hazards, energy security and fleeting reserves
of petroleum based fuel, dimethyl ether (DME) has been in scrutiny as an alternative fuel which
is a high efficiency compression ignition fuel with minimal NOx , SOx and particulate matter
emission. This paper explores the possibility and efficacy of gasification of biomass as a method to
synthesize dimethyl ether. Direct (one step) method has been studied where methanol synthesis
and dehydration of methanol over a CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 and Al2O3 catalyst takes place in a single plug
flow reactor. A simulating software, ASPEN PlusTM was used to simulate the process of synthesis
using Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) model.
From an initial biomass flow rate of 10,000 kg/hr, a substantial yield of 4,583 kg/hr of Dimethyl
Ether was achieved through the utilization of steam and oxygen as gasifying agents. This operation
has a remarkable range of temperatures, spanning from an 1,700°C within the Gasifier to a -60°C
in the condenser. However, this process is not devoid of substantial capital and operational costs.
The total capital outlay amassed an impressive sum of 64.7 million USD, while annual operational
expenditures amounted to a noteworthy 28.9 million USD. Despite these formidable costs, it yielded
an annual rate of return of 10.46%, attesting to its viability. The culmination of these efforts yielded
DME of purity, measured at 98.89%.
COMMENTS
4
Thermal Modeling of EV Batteries for Dynamic
Driving Conditions
Nischal Adhikari
Nishma Bhattarai
Yaman Joshi
Sagar Pandit
Sirapa Shrestha
Malesh Shah
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Battery Thermal Modelling, Real-World Driving, Electric Vehicle, Nepal
The thermal behavior of battery pack in Electric Vehicles (EVs) varies considerably in urban driving
condition due to dynamic traction force requirements. Existing literatures have focused on study
of thermal behavior and modelling of the batteries under standard test conditions, which do not
accurately replicate real-world scenario resulting in excessive heating of batteries reducing the
lifecycle in operation phase. This paper determines the thermal behavior of EV batteries under
urban driving conditions of Kathmandu Valley. GPS data of a public bus is recorded using logger,
which is then processed, and used as an input to a mathematical model of EV powertrain. The
model incorporates tractive force requirements to provide necessary power to propel the vehicle
and associated energy extracted from the battery pack. A scaled down experimental setup is
constructed using a battery bank made up of 12 18650 Li-ion batteries, a DC motor, 7 temperature
sensors and Arduino Uno microcontroller as the main components. The setup is run at ambient
temperature for a total of 180 minutes, and the rise in temperature is recorded across the battery
array. There was steady increase in the temperature of the battery with time and then reached a
maximum of 33 °C at the end of the test run. The trend of the increase in temperature is validated
using existing literatures. The methodology adopted in this paper can be scaled up and used to
assess accurate cooling requirements of a battery pack operating in real world driving environment.
COMMENTS
5
USC
3
Edition
USC
3
Edition
Optimization Of Powertrain Of Hybrid Electric
Vehicle Using Power Split Device
Sugam Karki
Sajan K.C
Prasanna Kshetree
Sirapa Shrestha*
Bivek Baral
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: power split device, hybrid electric vehicle,
powertrain, optimization
Hybrid Electric vehicles (HEVs) represent a significant development in the automotive industry
integrating Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) with electric propulsion systems to reduce carbon
footprints. A power split device (PSD) consists of a set of planetary gears that efficiently splits power
between the ICE and electric motor based on different driving conditions, allowing seamless
transitions and optimizes energy utilization. Through its dynamic control of power allocation and its
ability to capture and store energy during deceleration, the PSD not only enhances overall system
efficiency but also enables effective recuperation of energy, extending the operational range of HEV
while minimizing emissions. The objective of this paper is to optimize powertrain of a HEV using PSD
and create an Energy Management Strategy (EMS) using Dynamic Programming (DP) approach.
The Dynamic Programming approach optimizes the powertrain by systematically evaluating and
selecting the most efficient gear ratio for the planetary gear set across varying driving conditions,
ensuring that torque requests are met while simultaneously minimizing fuel consumption and
maximizing energy efficiency. Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) is used as input
driving cycle in coordination with efficiency maps of engine and motor to determine optimal gear
ratio (between k = 2.6 to 3.4) to fulfil flexible torque request of the vehicle, traffic efficiency and
reduced fuel consumption. A mathematical model is built in a modelling software consisting of
engine, motor, battery, and transmission system and vehicle dynamics. The optimal gear ratio of
the planetary gear set is obtained which resulted in a 12% improvement in overall system efficiency
compared to conventional settings. Additionally, the analysis revealed a peak torque output of
250 Nm at 2,500 RPM, affirming that the optimized powertrain effectively fulfills dynamic torque
requirements. Speed, torque and efficiency are plotted to determine maximum performance point
of the powertrain considered. The methodology used in this research can be used for future design
of HEV powertrain to increase energy efficiency.
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6
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS ON THE FACTOR AFFECTING THE
ON-ROAD ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND RANGE OF THE
ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Kathmandu University
Biraj Kharel*
Keywords: Electric vehicle range, real world data, energy
consumption, regenerative efficiency, vehicle design,
energy efficiency
The aim of this research project was to analyze the various factors that affect the energy consumption
and range of electric vehicles. The study includes an analysis of data on factors such as state of
charge, wheel traction power, power due to drag and aerodynamics, potential and kinetic energy
changes, elevation, current, voltage, speed, and total loss due to traffic, and their effect on the range
and energy consumption of the electric vehicle. The data was analyzed using statistical methods
in MATLAB, Excel and Python to find correlation between various factors mentioned above. Our
research paper thoroughly explores the intricate relationships governing energy consumption and
range of the electric vehicle. Notably, we’ve discovered connections between altitude and state of
charge, current and state of charge, and even speed and voltage drop, highlighting the interplay of
these elements. We’ve also explored how factors like vehicle speed, slope, current, wheel traction
power, and power due to gravity collectively shape EV propulsion dynamics. In simpler terms, we’ve
quantified energy losses due to traffic and emphasized how efficient motors and regenerative
systems can significantly reduce these losses. Particularly, the concept of regenerative efficiency
stands out, cutting total energy losses by nearly half compared to scenarios where it’s not used.
These findings not only contribute to academic discussions but also offer practical insights that
undergraduate students can grasp, informing future EV designs, operations, and even to promote
energy-conscious transportation landscape.
COMMENTS
7
USC
3
Edition
USC
3
Edition
OPTIMAL SIZING OF AN ON-SITE HYDROGEN
REFUELING SYSTEM FOR A FLEET OF FUEL CELL
BUSES IN DHULIKHEL- KATHMANDU ROUTE
Nawaraj Kafle
Nashla Shakya
Tej Prasad Phuyal
Dhrubabar Singh K.C
Biraj Singh Thapa*
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Onsite-refueling station, fossil fuel, vehicle
modeling, Hydrogen-fuel, infrastructure assessment
The operation of the heavy-duty vehicle fleet of Nepal is entirely dependent on imported fossil fuel.
Fossil fuel burning poses environmental risks through high PM emissions from heavy-duty vehicles.
Battery-powered alternatives are unsuitable for large fleets due to trade-offs between range and
vehicle weight, which is not an issue for hydrogen-powered fuel cell electric vehicles. Shifting to
hydrogen fuel offers a promising solution for sustainable mobility and emission-free operation
of heavy-duty vehicles. This paper reviews the key equipment configuration from the hydrogen
production with grid electricity, supply, compression, storage, and refueling of the On-site Hydrogen
Production and Refueling Station (OHPRS) for the Dhulikhel-Kathmandu route in Nepal. It involves
Excel-based calculation of fuel demand, vehicle drive cycle modeling, infrastructure assessment,
and capacity determination for a fleet of two hydrogen buses. Results specify that the on-site
refueling station with 0.83 kg/h dispensing rate has to produce 20 kg of hydrogen to successfully
refuel 2 vehicles on a daily basis. It concludes that deploying two fuel cell buses initially for the fleet
can be successfully implemented with a refueling station size of 250 kW electrolyzer and has the
potential for scalable expansion according to future requirements.
COMMENTS
8
Fidelity analysis of sand casting technique for
manufacturing Francis runner
Dr. Sailesh Chitrakar*
Dr. Bhola Thapa
Ravi Poudel
Dr. Qian Zhongdong
Dr. Zhiwei Guo
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
State key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University
Keywords: Francis turbine, sand casting, fabrication, 3D
printing
Manufacturing a Francis turbine involves several complexities and challenges due to the turbine’s
intricate design and the critical nature of its components. Francis runners are usually fabricated
using high-quality alloy steel from casting followed by machining. In this study, a 2 kW model
Francis runner was manufactured from brass material with sand casting. 3D printing technology
was used to create separate molds for the hub, shroud, and runner blade of the Francis turbine.
Each component was then sand casted using and later joined by brazing. This approach proved to
be faster and more cost-effective compared to traditional casting techniques. Moreover, the defects
encountered in the turbine components achieved through sand casting were observed to be less
compared to that of investment casting used in previous models. To validate the accuracy of the
fabricated model, 3D scans were conducted using the highly precise EinScan HX 3D scanner with
precision of 0.1 mm. The comparisons between the 3D scan and the original design revealed that
the deviations in the dimensions of the fabricated turbine runner were well within the acceptable
tolerance. Overall, the method of fabrication used in this study along with sand casting technique
demonstrated better performance in terms of time and cost efficiency, as well as reducing the
casting defects for the Francis turbine runner. This approach could be a valuable alternative for
prototyping and smaller-scale turbine production, though further evaluation is necessary for fullscale commercial applications, where high-quality alloy steel and traditional casting methods are
commonly employed.
COMMENTS
9
USC
3
Edition
USC
3
Edition
Design, Fabrication and Testing of Automatic
Handloom Machine
Nitesh Silwal*
Aakash Sigdel
Dipesh Shrestha
Min Dhant
Sushant Raj Giri
Department of Industrial Engineering
IOE, Thapathali Campus
Keywords: automatic, reed, shuttle, warp, harness,
linkage
This conference paper abstract explores the evolution of hand weaving, a historically significant
method of fabric production. Hand weaving, though deeply ingrained in tradition, is often hindered
by its time-consuming and labor-intensive nature. To address these challenges, this research
focuses into the development and implementation of an automatic loom, aiming to modernize and
streamline the weaving process. Through the utilization of SolidWorks, the creation of an automated
loom is meticulously examined and constructed. The study draws inspiration from the traditional
handloom operation observed in the Pashmina industry, adapting, and mechanizing the process. By
incorporating elements like rope pulleys, bevel gears, belt pulleys, and a reciprocating mechanism,
the motion of heddles and reed is proficiently replicated, thereby automating the weaving process.
The design features a warp separation system that generates a shed, enabling the shuttle’s
passage between arms facilitated by harnesses and their linkages, which facilitates the weaving
path for the shuttle to move through. The adaptation and modification described in our research
have enhanced the dependability of the automated loom in several ways. Firstly, it significantly
minimizes manual labor, addressing the labor- intensive nature of hand weaving. This reduction in
physical engagement required during weaving is a clear and measurable enhancement. Secondly,
the modification has proven to be cost-effective, which bolsters its trustworthiness. The fact that it
is economically advantageous, particularly for the Nepalese pashmina industries, demonstrates its
practicality and potential for adoption. Lastly, the adaptation and mechanization of the weaving
process have also resulted in a reduction in weaving time. This aspect directly contributes to the
robustness of the modified system, as it ensures not only efficiency but also increased productivity.
COMMENTS
10
A Review of Co-processing Non-recyclable Low Value Plastic
Waste as Refuse-Derived Fuel into Cement Industries of
Nepal
Nirajan Ghimre*
Biraj Dhungana
Bimal Bastola
Prayash Bhetwal
Green Road Waste Management Pvt. Ltd.
Keywords: Refuse Derived Fuel, co-processing, plastic
waste, cement industry, plastic credit
This research paper describes the novel efforts done in Nepal for adopting the technology of
utilizing low-value plastic waste as a Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) for co-processing in the cement
kiln of Nepal to substitute coal. With a staggering daily output of 600 tons, plastic waste accounts
for 16% of Nepal’s urban refuse. It is predominantly relegated to landfills or openly incinerated,
particularly the non-recyclable fraction, leading to the emission of harmful substances such as
polychlorinated biphenyls, Dioxins, and Furans. The study focuses on three prevalent forms of lowvalue plastic waste: polypropylene (PP) cement sacks, multi-layer plastic (MLP) noodle wrappers,
and plastic bottle labels. After cleaning and shredding, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR) characterization, calorific value, proximate analysis (moisture, volatile matter, ash, total
fixed carbon), and heavy metal content were analyzed at laboratory according to international
standards method to correlate with field test results. Field assessments monitored emissions for
particulate matter (PM 2.5, PM 10), hydrogen chloride and oxides of nitrogen, sulphur and carbon
(NOx, SOx, CO, CO2). MLP possessed slightly lower calorific value (7618 kcal/kg) than PP sacks, but
displayed a lower ash content (9.46%) and minimal heavy metal contamination, thus optimizing
the RDF blend suggests a greater proportion of MLP. Field tests conducted by replacing 5% of
coal by RDF produced lower harmful emissions, aligning with Nepal’s industrial standards. This
pilot study illuminates the potential for Nepal’s cement plants – operational and forthcoming –
to manage nearly 800 tons of plastic waste daily, effectively offsetting equivalent to 10% of total
coal consumption. The comprehensive techno-economic evaluation revels that for sustainable
commercialization implementation of policies such as Extended Producer Responsibility and plastic
credit mechanisms is necessary for bridging the cost gap of approximately USD 150-200 per ton
between RDF and coal.
COMMENTS
11
USC
3
Edition
USC
3
Edition
Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties of
Natural Fiber Polymer Composite
Himanshu Giri*
Rohit Joshi
Vikram G.C
Dr. Surendra Sujakhu
Malesh Shah
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Natural Fiber, Resin, Polymer Composite Material,
Sustainable Material, Mechanical Properties,Structural Material
Numerous studies and researches have been made in the last decade for the development of
the Natural Fiber Polymer composites. By combining natural fibers with polymers, engineers
and researchers were able to develop a composite that exhibiting better mechanical properties.
As part of the selection process, it is crucial to understand the compatibility of a natural fiber
composite material for a specific application, which can be determined by knowing its mechanical
properties, such as tensile (ASTM D3039/D3039M), compression (ASTM D3410/D3410M), flexural
(ASTM D7264), and impact (ASTM D256) properties. The research aims to evaluate the potential
of natural fibers as a structural material when combined with the suitable matrices. To achieve
this, comprehensive experiments were conducted using different mixing ratios of natural fibers
and resin as matrix to assess their mechanical performance. Hemp, jute and flax based natural
fibers were considered in this work for their higher potentials as reported in many literatures. The
main approach involved the fabrication of composite samples with different fiber weight fraction
and matrix composition. Key findings indicates that while natural fibers alone may not possess
sufficient strength for the structural applications, composites containing 30% weight fraction of
natural hemp fiber demonstrated promising mechanical properties. These composites showed
higher tensile strength (50MPa), compression strength (55.6 N/m2), impact strength (58.9 kJ/m2)
and water absorbability (7%) thanother natural fiber composites. These findings are significant in
the pursuit of the sustainable engineering practices. This study also provides values insight into the
mechanical behavior of natural fiber composites, which can be used to optimize material design
and engineering applications. Understanding the limitations and strengths of these composites
allows for informed decision-making in selecting appropriate materials for specific engineering
projects. The use of natural fibers as reinforcements in composites has the potential to reduce the
dependence on non-renewable resources and decrease the overall carbon footprint of engineered
products.
COMMENTS
12
Design and Development of a Wheel Wall-pressed
Robot for In-pipe Inspection
Er. Sirapa Sherestha*
Asst. Prof. Chiranjeevi Mahat
Raghwendra Prasad Singh
Prajwal Dahal
Safal Shrestha
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: In-pipe inspection, adjustable mechanism,
directional control, Wall-pressed robot
Pipelines have become a major part of the energy infrastructure, which requires a secure and reliable
means of maintaining them. In order to address this problem, it has become critical to introduce
advanced robotic methods for inspecting pipelines in order to offer a more secure alternative
to risky human entry and facilitate the deployment of specialized visual inspection devices. This
paper primarily deals with the design and development of a simple wall-pressed robot capable
of detecting visual defects inside pipelines of diameters ranging from 20 cm to 50 cm. The overall
structure of the robot is divided into two segments, each equipped with a three-wheel module
arranged 120 degrees from the central axis. Static structural analysis for strength optimization
was performed using finite element method. PLA plastic and aluminum alloy were selected as the
structural material for lightweight design. Real time forces on the robot structure were simulated
by applying fixed supports at the holding frame, 20N compressive forces at the wheel ends of the
linkage in the axial direction, and placing 370 gm weight at the motor linkage. The design was found
to be safe with a factor of safety of 1.5. Simulations were carried out to verify the efficiency of driving
mechanism. A robot prototype has been built and powered by 11.1-V 5200-mAh lipo batteries
located at the center of the robot. Experimental testing was conducted in a steel pipe of inner dia.
45cm to validate the robot’s design, assessing traction, gradeability, and operational robustness.
A pull meter was fitted to evaluate the traction force while encoder sensors were used to measure
the robot real-time speed. Testing results were validated with calculated results that the robot
applied a tractive force of 19.4 N to the in-pipe wall against each wheel during normal operation
and maintained a uniform velocity of 56.05 mm/sec in horizontal test. For the vertical testing, same
motor setup was unable to deliver required power output, arising the need for optimization. This
robot has the potential to ensure the safety, reliability and affordability of operations in oil and gas
pipelines.
COMMENTS
13
USC
3
Edition
USC
3
Edition
Fault Detection in Turbines using Machine
Learning: A study of the capabilities of various
classification algorithms
Aditi Baral*
Neha Verma
Image Adhikari
Dr. Sailesh Chitrakar
Prof. Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University
Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology
Keywords: K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN), Random Forest, Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN), Fault detection, Turbines, Support
Vector Machine (SVM)
This paper presents a comprehensive study of application of different machine learning techniques
for the prediction of turbine faults in an early stage. As the need to ensure an optimal turbine operation
through early stage fault detection grows, precise predictive models using machine learning
techniques are also increasing rapidly. This study primarily focuses on development and evaluation
of the predictive models capable of anticipating fault phases using different range of classification
algorithms.It assesses the effectiveness of different classification methods including Support Vector
Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest, and Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNNs) to predict distinct turbine phases.These algorithms are evaluated on experimented dataset
encompassing the stages of faults. It employs a rigorous evaluation framework considering metrics
such as accuracy, precision recall and f1 score to assess the performance of each algorithm. The
results from the algorithm show that CNN was accurately predicting the particular turbine fault
phases achieving 80% accuracy with a small length of time series. The deep learning capabilities
of CNN capture intricate spatial patterns in turbine data enabling them to discern fault indicators
eluded by traditional machine learning methods. The insights gained from this research helps
to extend the application of machine learning approaches in the field of turbine fault detection,
paving the way for more precise and dependable early failure detection systems.
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Economic Air Filtering Using Air Washer
Sirapa Shrestha*
Akash Kumar Singh
Anup Lama
Sanket Chalise
Dilip Tamang
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords:
Air washer is a type of air filter which uses water as a filter instead of cloth or HEPA filters making it
cheaper and easier to maintain.
The objective is to design air washer locally and economically making it ideal for developing
countries, where air filter is thought of as an unnecessary expense, increasing the quality of life of
people, while decreasing the diseases caused by polluted air.
The team researched extensively and gathered information about the pollutants commonly found
in the indoor air. Among the pollutants, it was found that the PM2.5 can be removed efficiently
using water as a filter. After the selection of the targeted pollutant, the team also found two kind of
filtration technique for the air filters which uses water as a filter, from which team moved forward
with the aeration technique over jet spray mechanism. It consists of an air drawing mechanism
involving fan to draw in air inside the washer and the air thus drawn, is passed into a chamber
containing water, where due to adhesive property of water the dust, pollens and other PM are
trapped into the water which makes the air cleaner. Also, the team designed experimental setup to
determine its range of working and its efficiency.
The designed air washer is capable of removing the PM2.5 efficiently and can be used for indoor
environment both for urban and rural areas.
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USC
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Reverse Engineering on Pelton Runner
Suman Shrestha*
Madan Ghimire
Rabi K Gupta
Ayush Ghimire
Pravakar Bogati
Sailesh Chitrakar
Pratisthit Lal Shrestha
Tejesh Man Shakya
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: cloud compare, 3D scanning, 3D modeling,
fiberglass molding, mesh editing
A Pelton runner during its operational period incurs various forms of wear, resulting in a distortion
of the geometry. During the repair and maintenance of these runner buckets, it is desirable to
obtain the original geometry to retain the efficiency of the turbine. In many powerplants, the
drawings of the buckets are usually not provided, which may cause discrepancies between actual
and repaired geometry. This paper aims to investigate the prospect of using various molding and
casting techniques to develop a 3D shape of the available runner. A bucket of a 30 kW Pelton runner
is studied, and a mesh model is created for reference. For the molding process, fiberglass molding
and clay molding techniques are used. Buckets molded from these processes are cast in resin,
Plaster of Paris, and a mixture of fiberglass and resin. The buckets are scanned and thus obtained
mesh models are compared with the mesh model of the reference bucket. It is observed that the
bucket molded from the fiberglass molding process and cast in resin, has the most optimum results
with a mean of -0.03 mm and a standard deviation of 0.43 mm, which depicts the cluttering of data
around the targeted value and comparatively less variability. Thus, it can be concluded that the
fiberglass molding process can be used for creating a mold, while resin can be used as the casting
material to replicate its geometry. This approximation can be further analysed by incorporating
the data obtained from the results. Further detailing can be done to increase the efficiency of the
process used. Moreover, if the process developed in this paper is commercialized this technique
would significantly reduce the cost and time for redesign, research, and even maintenance of Pelton
runners.
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Molecular screening of canine distemper virus
in dogs and wild carnivores of Nepal suggest
conjunctival swabs for RT- qPCR analysis
Aayush Ojha*
Sabita Sedhai
Ishwar Bhusal
Swostika Lamichhane
Sunil Ranabhat
Prof. Dr. Subodh Kumar Upadhaya
Dr. Baburam Lamichhane
Department of Biotechnology
Kathmandu University
National Trust For Nature Conservation
Sauraha
Keywords: Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), Reverse Transcription-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR), Molecular Screening, Seroprevalence
Seroprevalence studies have reported the presence of CDV antibodies in dogs, and even in tigers
(Panthera tigris tigris) and leopards (P. pardus fusca) in Nepal, potentially transmitted through
predation of infected dogs. The increasing human-wildlife conflicts directly or indirectly expose
wild carnivores to canine distemper virus. Canine distemper disease carries high mortality
rates, emphasizing the importance of early detection, isolation, and continuous treatment for
successful recovery. However, there is ambiguity regarding the appropriate sampling method
for early detection of CDV by qPCR. Our study compares viral load among six different sampling
methods to suggest a suitable sampling method for screening of CDV by RT-qPCR; blood, serum,
urine, conjunctival, rectal and nasal swabs from nine CDV suspected dogs, while blood and serum
samples from four tigers and one clouded leopard. First, CDV RNA was extracted using GeneDireX
kit. Then, extracted RNA was amplified by RT-qPCR using YouSeq-CDV-qPCR test kit, and CFX96
Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System, and further interpreted using CFX Maestro Software. Out
of nine dogs screened, five were positive and four were negative for CDV. Amongst six different
sampling methods used for each dog, all five CDV positive dogs showed abundant presence of
RNA in conjunctival swabs. A wide range of viral load detection was observed in conjunctival swabs
ranging from 44.67 to 213,796.21 RNA copies per μl, highlighting high sensitivity and dynamic
range of RT-qPCR for detecting viral load in conjunctival swabs. The blood and serum samples of
four tigers and one clouded leopard translocated to Chitwan National Park tested negative for CDV.
The lack of other ante-mortem samples of wild carnivores in national park laboratories highlights
the need for routine collection and storage of such samples for a comprehensive understanding of
animal diseases in wild carnivores. To prevent and mitigate CDV infections in Nepal, a comprehensive
screening strategy as designed by this study, coupled with human-wildlife conflict management
strategies needs to be adapted. These findings underscore the significance of medical innovation
and advances in biotechnology for animal health and disease management, offering valuable
insights for a technology-driven approach towards social transformation in wildlife conservation
and human-wildlife conflict management.
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Low-Cost Mass Production Technologies for Virus-Free PreBasic Seed Production of Potato in Nepal
Dhurva Prasad Gauchan*
Durga Prasad Kafle
Aastha Upreti
Sanam Parajuli
Department of Biotechnology
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Virus-free potato, PBS, in vitro, Temporary
Immersion System, Aeroponic
There is a pressing demand for virus-free Pre-Basic Seeds (PBS) of potatoes in Nepal, where
domestic production currently meets only 8% of the annual demand, necessitating substantial
reliance on imports. The limitations of traditional seed production methods and resources
are identified as the primary reasons for this shortfall. The established process involves virusfree plantlet generation through tissue culture, subsequent micropropagation, and controlled
environment tuber production. However, conventional techniques like Jam jar technology exhibit
restricted micropropagation capacity and high agar costs, while conventional soil bed methods
hinder tuber yield. To address these challenges, we introduced two innovative technologies with
the potential to revolutionize potato seed production: I) Temporary Immersion System (TIS) in
plant micropropagation, and II) Aeroponic System in potato tuber production. A study inside this
project was conducted focusing on the growth response of the Janak Dev potato variety under
different concentrations of coconut water, comparing the traditional Jam jar (JJ) technique with
the advanced TIS. Results indicated that TIS yields a greater number of nodes as branches (3) at
higher coconut water levels (100ml/l and 200ml/l), in contrast to limited branching observed with
JJ. TIS also outperformed JJ in terms of nodes per plant (17), achieving this at 20 ml/L and 50ml/L
coconut water levels. TIS further demonstrates shorter internodal distances (0.4cm) at 50ml/L,
compared to JJ’s 1 cm. Notably, TIS produced longer roots (9.7cm) at 200ml/L, exceeding JJ’s 9.5cm,
while maintaining unaffected shoot lengths (8cm). Economically, TIS was proven to be 4 times
more cost-effective, generating more nodes, shorter internodal distances, larger and healthier
leaves, and reduced agar and medium usage. Concurrently, the aeroponic system’s potential on
PBS tuber production is highly impactful. In this system, a single plant generates an average of 60
to 100 tubers, a stark contrast to the soil bed system’s yield of only 7-10 tubers per plant. Despite
the comparatively higher cost of nutrition media in the aeroponic system, its significantly increased
tuber yield is expected to reduce production costs by nearly half compared to the soil bed system.
These innovative technologies not only offer the promise of enhanced self-sufficiency in potato
seed production, but also the potential to substantially reduce dependency on foreign imports,
thereby contributing to Nepal’s agricultural sustainability and economic growth.
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Prospect of Algae Based Bio-refinery: A techno-economic
analysis
Bishal Lamichhane
Aadim Nyaichyai
Smika Sharma
Aditi Khatiwada
Kabir Jung Adhikaria
Reshav Shrestha
Department of Chemical Science & Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Biofuel, ASPEN Plus, Algae, Simulation, Mass
and Energy Balance
The growing need for eco-friendly alternatives due to fossil fuel depletion has spurred the use of
biological resources for biofuel production. Algae, known for their ease of cultivation, high biomass
output, and flexibility, appear as promising candidates for both biofuel production and wastewater
treatment. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of algal biomass conversion into biodiesel
and bioethanol using transesterification and fermentation methods, aided by Aspen Plus simulation
software. The research includes the design of an algal biorefinery plant, incorporating in-depth
material and energy balance analyses for each unit and equipment, as well as an evaluation of
various algae strains for their effectiveness in industrial wastewater treatment. The hypothetical
plant comprises 25 algae production ponds (raceway ponds, each covering 10 acres, totalling 100
hectares), with lipid-rich algal biomass harvested and dewatered using centrifugation. The extracted
oil undergoes esterification and transesterification processes, while bioethanol production involves
acid hydrolysis, neutralization, fermentation, and distillation. The plant is designed for an influent
algal biomass flowrate of 7500 metric tons per year, producing 566,105 gallons/year (2142940.54
liters/year) of biodiesel, 623,861 gallons/year (2361570.78 liters/year) of bioethanol, and 90,674
gallon/year (343238.43 liters/year) of glycerol as the by-product. The total capital investment is
$41,310,997, with an annual operating cost of $1,246,005. The plant generates a yearly revenue
of $4,997,400, yielding a 6.99% return on investment and a 10-year payback period. The findings
suggest that the proposed design is not yet feasible but can overcome these challenges and
become profitable by selectively using Tribonema, Ulothrix, and Euglena strains of algae along
with adapting the latest technologies and resources. This study can serve as a valuable reference
for researchers and industry professionals interested in the development and optimization of algal
biorefinery plants.
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KNOWLEDGE AND PREVENTIVE PRACTICES REGARDING
DENGUE
AMONG ADULTS VISITING A TERTIARY LEVEL HOSPITAL
Suruchi Shrestha*
Department of Nursing, Nepal Medical College.
School of Medical Sciences
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Adults, Dengue, Knowledege, Preventive
practice
Dengue is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes, which has led to significant rates of both
fatalities and illnesses across various countries globally in recent times. The Asian region has
experienced a notable rise in the occurrence of this disease. A descriptive cross-sectional study
was carried out on 128 individuals to assess the level of knowledge and the preventive practices
regarding dengue at Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital in Attarkhel, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Participants were chosen through a non-probability convenience sampling approach. To collect
data, face-to-face interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis
involved calculating frequency distributions and mean values, and inferential statistics were
performed using the chi-square test.The participants were selected on the basis of inclusion
criteria which includes adults of age 20-65 years visiting Nepal Medical College as patient’s
visitors who gave consent for participation and had heard about dengue.
The average age of the respondents was approximately 34.79 years. About two third (67.2%) of
the participants were female. More than half (52.4%) of the respondents had low knowledge,
while less than half (45.3%) of the respondents had moderate knowledge and only 2.3%
participants had high knowledge regarding dengue.Interestingly, despite the generally low
knowledge level, most of the respondents reported following various preventive measures for
dengue, as indicated by their responses to yes/no questions. Furthermore, there was a statistically
significant positive association between the level of knowledge about dengue and several factors
like the educational status of the respondents (p=0.013), their place of residence (p=0.001), their
past history (p=0.027), and their family history of dengue (p=0.003).Consequently, there is a
clear requirement for increased awareness programs focused on dengue. These programs are
essential to bridge the knowledge gap, encourage the adoption of effective preventive measures,
reduce dengue-related complications, and effectively manage dengue outbreaks.
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Design of Force Sensitive Resistor (FSR) Embedded
Insole for Phase Detection During Human Gait and
its Classification
Upama Pant*
Sudan Baral
Pratisthit Lal Shrestha
Robotics Association of Nepal
Calcgen Solutions
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: FSR, insole, gait analysis, phase classification,
machine learning
Gait analysis is the study of human motion during walking or running. It is often used to evaluate
and treat individuals with movement disorders or to assist in the design of prosthetics and
other assistive devices. The phase detection aspect of gait allows for the quantification of gait
characteristics, assessment of effectiveness of interventions and monitoring the changes in gait
over time. The objective of the paper is the design and development of a Force Sensing Resistor
(FSR) embedded insole that can be placed in shoes for detection of phases during the human
gait and its classification. The classification using FSR is achieved by placing sensors at strategic
locations on the foot, to detect the forces applied during walking. The data collected by these
sensors are used to identify specific phases of the gait cycle—particularly heel strike, midstance,
toe-off and swing, by analyzing the patterns of data during movement. The layout and number of
FSRs is determined through literature review and is followed by the insole fabrication. The wireless
transmission of gait data through the FSRs is actuated for ten healthy adults. Machine Learning (ML)
program is consequently developed based on all available classification algorithms of supervised
learning namely—Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, Random Forest and Support
Vector Machine (SVM). The algorithm is trained and tested on separate FSR data sets from which
the predictive decision in each gait cycle is attained. In the phase classification aspect, SVM, Naïve
Bayes, and Random Forest achieved the highest accuracy of 91.54%, followed by Decision Tree at
90.77% and Logistic Regression at 89.23%. In conclusion, the optimal number of FSRs and their
location in smart insole for gait phase detection is resolved. Gait phase classification is also attained.
FSR embedded insole thus, provides a promising solution in accurately identifying and categorizing
gait phases.
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USC
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Investigation of Mechanical Faults In Fan Using
Vibrational Analysis
Subarna Paudel*
Prajwal Sapkota
Sailesh Chitrakar
Turbine Testing Lab
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: condition monitoring, faults, accelerometer,
vibration analysis
This paper reports the study for investigation of mechanical faults conditions such as unbalanced
loading, broken blades, deformed blades induced in fan using vibration analysis. The fan used in this
study is CPU cooling fan which represents basic fan model and gives idea of vibration signatures
when it undergoes faults conditions. This study assists in development of condition monitoring
techniques for diagnosis of failures and faults in systems using fan and also to keep record of
operation of system. The investigation is carried out in the turbine testing lab using lab-scale
accelerometer ADXL 345 and commercial Intel® CPU fan consisting of 7 blades ran in different RPM
with normal and faults conditions such as unbalanced loading condition induced by adding mass
of different weights, breakage of blades, deformation of blades and holes in blades. These faults
are induced to simulate various mechanical faults that may arise in fan-based system. The vibration
data obtained from accelerometer are filtered and time-series of acceleration values are plotted
using MATLAB. For further analysis of data, Fast Fourier Transform is done to evaluate the peaks of
vibration signals in normal and fault conditions where distinct differences in amplitude of signals in
similar frequency could be obtained illustrating abnormally high amplitude of signals are received
in faults conditions.
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Device to Control Secondhand Smoke
Dhanusha Science Campus
Raushan Pandit
Keywords:
Secondhand smoke is a grave public health hazard, responsible for numerous diseases, including
lung cancer, heart disease, and asthma. Globally, tobacco claims over 8 million lives each year,
with 1.2 million deaths attributed to non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke. To address
this pressing issue, this project introduces an innovative device designed to detect and control
secondhand smoke, safeguarding non-smokers from its detrimental effects.
The proposed device is comprised of a smoke sensor, smoke storage unit, two valves, an inhalation
mechanism, and an exhaust/axial fan. When a smoker lights up in the presence of non-smokers, the
smoke sensor swiftly detects the secondhand smoke, prompting the fan to draw it into the storage
unit, preventing it from reaching non-smokers. This versatile device is suitable for various settings,
such as homes, offices, hotels, and restaurants, where both smokers and non-smokers converge.
Significantly, cigarette smoke contains numerous harmful chemicals, including radon, which is
responsible for approximately 21,000 lung cancer deaths annually among non-smokers. By
effectively controlling secondhand smoke, this device has the potential to save millions of lives,
establishing it as a valuable tool for enhancing public health. Extensive testing has confirmed
the device’s ability to effectively manage secondhand smoke, reinforcing its efficacy in reducing
exposure.
This project holds promise in significantly ameliorating public health by mitigating the dire
consequences of secondhand smoke. Ongoing research and development may lead to the creation
of advanced devices capable of purifying the air of smoke and other harmful pollutants, thereby
fostering healthier living
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Performance Analysis of Standard Ceiling Mounted
Unit and Configured CRAC Units in Air-Cooled Data
Center
Hricha Aryal*
Shree Raj Shakya
Tri Ratna Bajracharya
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Pulchwok Campus, Institute of Engineering,
Keywords: data center; cooling system; computational
fluid dynamics (CFD); server rack cooling
The data centers have been significant contributor to the consumption of energy globally and
mostly being adopted by leading commercial, scientific and technological organizations as they
rely on these data center for computing services which are in operation almost all the time. The
energy consumption by data centers is notable because of the need for cooling and due to server
and storage devices. An improved air circulation strategy is necessary for energy efficiency and
to prevent any malfunctions. This study aims to conduct comparative performance analysis of
standard ceiling mounted unit and Computer Room Air Conditioners (CRAC) units for variable
configurations by taking a case study of Information, Communication and Technology Center (ICTC)
building at IOE, Pulchwok Campus. This study can be divided into two parts: at first the existing
condition also known as base case scenario was modeled in Design Modeler and simulated by CFD
in ANSYS Fluent, followed by verification through both mesh independence test and experiments
by Thermal Camera Imaging. In the second part, Rack Cooling Index (RCI) was used to evaluate
hard floor configuration and raised floor configuration with perforated tiles using CRAC units for
predicting improved case scenario. The results from the simulation showed that there were certain
heat spots in the base case scenario’s region of server cooling fan whose temperature surpasses the
upper temperature limit set by ASHRAE standard (15- 32oC) and, the temperature was improved by
cooled air circulation that by CRAC unit instead of ceiling mounted unit. Further, the result for the
raised floor configuration with perforated tiles showed that performance of the cooling system was
significantly improved, including RCI, by which energy savings of 63% for the data center cooling
system could be achieved, compared to when hard floor configuration was used. The study’s
findings and methodologies used can be emulated by the sectors during the development for data
center cooling for buildings of Nepal and other countries promoting building energy efficiency.
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Analysis of Butterfly Valve Flow Coefficient through
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Bikram Singh Bhattarai *
Pratik Gautam
Abhishek Khatiwada
Sabin Khadka
Sailesh Chitrakar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: ANSYS, CFD, Flow coefficient (Cv), Valve energy efficiency, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), Butterfly valve, Pressure loss, Grid-adaptation
technique, Valve performance analysis
In this research, the primary focus lies in the determination and validation of the flow coefficient
(Cvɵ) for a butterfly valve featuring a 200 mm disc diameter. Employing a computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) approach, an extensive analysis was performed, encompassing both upstream
and downstream sections of the CFD model. Notably, the quality of meshing played a pivotal
role in ensuring the accuracy of simulation results, with grid adaptation technique with inflation
layer development around the butterfly valve disc region for more accurate results. Crucially, the
mesh independence test confirmed the robustness and reliability of the obtained (Cvɵ) values.
The core element of this investigation is applicable for precise calculation of the net pressure loss
(△Pɵ) induced by the presence of the valve disc. This comprehensive analysis encompassed the
evaluation of the overall pressure loss (△Pɵ) and the associated pipe-induced pressure losses (△Pɵ).
The determination of △Pɵ relied upon the distinction between upstream (△Puɵ) and downstream
(△Pdɵ) pressures, with the upstream component extending to a length ten times the pipe diameter,
a critical factor in guaranteeing fully developed turbulent flow at the inlet. The flow coefficient
(Cvɵ) was then calculated and cross-validated with flow coefficient (Cvɵ) from different accessible
manufacturers, covering a range of valve disc angles from 0°(fully closed) to 90°(fully open) with
respect to the flow direction. The validation of the results was achieved through a comparison of
flow coefficients at various valve opening angles, showing a clear trend. The flow coefficient follows
the upward trajectory along with valve opening angles, reaching a peak at 90°(fully open) condition
indicating the maximum flow capacity of the valve with minimum restriction in flow. Conversely, as
the valve angle is below 50°, the flow coefficient gets lower with sharp deviation eventually reaching
zero at 0°(fully closed) condition. Majorly, this research demonstrated that CFD simulations closely
aligned with manufacturer-provided Cv values, particularly resonating with Cv values from Valteccn
and Thinktank. However, slight deviations beyond 50° of valve opening were observed, primarily
generated due to real-world factors such as geometrical profile variations, surface roughness,
material properties, and ambient conditions directly impacting the flow uniformity. These findings
highlight the relationships between valve opening geometry with flow coefficient, ultimately
helping for the enhancement of valve performance and efficiency.
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25
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USC
3
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Value at Risk Estimation Methods for Energy
Commodity Trading: Evaluating Performance and
Identifying the Optimal Approach
Nitesh Silwal*
Sushant Raj Giri
Department of Industrial Engineering
IOE, Thapathali Campus
Keywords: VaR, Monte Carlo Simulation, Natural Gas
Trading, Portfolio Diversification, Backtesting
This paper focuses on the application of VaR estimation techniques in the context of natural gas
trading, with a specific emphasis on the NYMEX (NG) and Title Transfer Facility (TTF) natural gas
index. The primary point of this study is to break down and assess the VaR assessment strategies
for natural gas exchanging and recognize the most reasonable methodology. By examining actual
price data, employing advanced models, and conducting backtesting, this study aims to assess
the accuracy and effectiveness of different VaR estimation techniques, as well as investigate the
impact of VaR estimation on risk management strategies and portfolio performance in the natural
gas market. Historical price data for these commodities were collected, and forward prices were
generated using a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) forecasting model. A portfolio comprising
Future and Forward contracts for both NG and TTF commodities was constructed. The study
employed three VaR estimation approaches: Variance-Covariance, Historical Simulation, and Monte
Carlo Simulation. Backtesting was then performed using the metric Quadratic Probability Score
(QPS) to determine the optimal approach. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to evaluate the
variation in the estimated VaR values. The VaR values were determined using all three methods
at different confidence interval and their backtesting was performed. The findings revealed that
for risk-averse trading, Monte Carlo Simulation approach outperformed the other two methods,
providing the most accurate estimation of VaR with the lowest QPS value within optimal range. The
study also highlighted the importance of considering the risks associated with individual contracts
within a portfolio, indicating that portfolio diversification alone may not be sufficient to mitigate
the risks of individual contracts.
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ANALYTICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN OF
WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK AT KATHMANDU
UNIVERSITY: A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
Bigyan Bhatta *
Aadarsha Poudel
Achal Gautam
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Water distribution network, major losses,
EPANET, demand
This study is done with an expectation to be a great research support to CED (Centre for Education
Design), a department at Kathmandu University for future network designing and maintaining a
good water flow in all university corners.
The design was proposed by designing a water distribution network and verifying it with an
analytical and computational approach. The initial part of the study focuses on preparing a proper
literature review followed by demand realization, analytical design, and hydraulic modeling to be
carried out and studied.
Then, the main section focuses on design optimization and validation numerically using HardyCross method and computationally using EPANET software. The results obtained are compared
and analyzed for the better understanding of demand, flow rate, pressure head etc. and how these
parameters are interrelated. It covers the major losses in the pipe, however the factors influencing
the minor losses are also studied using CFD methods. A pumped and natural head water distribution
model has been developed which obtained an average head of 22.68 meters and 15.53 meters
respectively. The analytical validation approach had similar results. The CFD results were used for
minor losses visualization and study that occurs in the water distribution network.
The project overall suggests how designing a network using scientific techniques helps in
optimization of the design and gives better visualization and understanding of the flow throughout
the network.
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USC
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Microcontroller-Driven MPPT System to Enhance the
Photovoltaic Efficiency: An Experimental Approach
in Dhulikhel, Nepal
Diwakar Khadka*
Sandeep Marasinee
Satish Adhikari
Atit Pokharel
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Kathmandu University,
Keywords: Solar Energy, MPPT Controller, Photovoltaic,
Microcontroller, Pulse Width Modulation, MOSFET
Solar energy utilization in a setting like Dhulikhel, Nepal, is often obstructed by unpredicted
environmental factors and existing technological barriers. The challenges encountered often result
in fluctuating energy outputs, hindering the transition to greener energy solutions. To tackle these
issues, this study introduces a custom design Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller
prototype, seamlessly incorporated into a microcontroller-based battery charging system. This
approach seeks to enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems, aligning with the global
shift towards renewables.
The research’s primary objective is to enhance PV module power yield employing MPPT techniques,
thereby reducing dependency on non-renewable energy sources. Key goals include real-time
MPP tracking for optimal power extraction from PV modules and the integration of a real-time
monitoring mechanism for PV and battery states. Leveraging a coordinated interplay of sensors
measuring temperature, voltage, and current, vital metrics are fed to the microcontroller. This, in turn,
generates a precise Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal, fine-tuning the voltage regulation of the
buck-boost converter and Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) for optimal
operation. The adopted approach emphasizes monitoring environmental metrics, overseeing
power outputs, and generating PWM signals to adeptly manage the buck-boost converter MOSFET
voltage. The system also prioritizes balanced load alignment to boost power transfer and improve
charging efficiency. An integrated LCD screen provides clear data visualization, allowing users to
oversee and fine-tune the system’s performance. Concurrently, data is transmitted hourly to the
ThingSpeak cloud platform, facilitating real-time monitoring capabilities showcasing the potential
of this system as a sophisticated IoT application.
As a result of these integrations, an efficiency improvement of approximately 37.28% was observed.
In essence, this research underscores the profound impact of merging advanced technologies
within the renewable energy sector, offering a robust blueprint for enhancing energy stability and
productivity. Building on the innovations and approaches introduced in this paper, it’s anticipated
that it will set the stage for groundbreaking developments in renewable energy, guiding towards a
greener and more sustainable future. Moreover, this study lays the groundwork for infrastructural
advancements and encourage community participation in embracing green solutions, especially in
regions similar to Dhulikhel.
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Techno-Economic Feasibility of 143kW Solar Mini
Grid for Rural Electrification in Gokule Village- A
Case Study
Kathmandu University
Bijay Basnet*
Jeevan Bhandari
Keywords: — Assessments, feasibility, radiation, minigrid, PV syst
This paper presents a thorough study conducted in Gokule village, located in the Kavreplanchowk
district of Nepal, to address the prevalent electricity problem in the Socio-economically backward
Magar community. The village is still not connected to NEA’s Grid, giving the locals inadequate
energy access. With an average solar radiation level of 4.51 kWh/m2/day and an appropriate
temperature range, the area has much solar energy potential, reflecting a reasonable and
ecologically straightforward answer to this electricity problem. The research utilized questionnaires
to assess the electricity demand and socioeconomic condition, and a simulation was done in PV Syst
software to evaluate the technical and financial feasibility of applying a solar mini-grid project in the
area. The Meteonorme database was used for the simulation purpose. Findings exposed a pressing
electricity need of 567 kWh/day in the community, which remained unmet. The project cost was
$178,933.22, with a levelized electricity (LCOE) cost of $0.012 per kWh. The study also has shown
a promising return on investment (ROI) of 119.7% and a payback period of 12.9 years. Based on
these findings, a suggested standalone mini-grid system with a capacity of 143 kW was proposed
to meet the demand efficiently. The research highlights the technical and economic feasibility of
the solar mini-grid project, showcasing its potential to enhance the socioeconomic conditions of
the community.
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Investigation of Aluminium as Thermal Storage for
Solar Cooking Application
Ashutosh Dev*
Er. Malesh Shah
Sunam Amatya
Yogesh Dumre
Prof. Dr. Peter V. Schwartz
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Department of Physics
California Polytechnic State University
Keywords: Thermal Battery, Solar Cooking, Energy Efficiency, Solid Thermal Storage
According to the WHO (2016), the use of biomass and coal for cooking by 3 billion people leads to 4
million annual deaths from emissions and contributes to indoor air pollution, deforestation, CO2
emissions, and soot release, intensifying environmental problems. The Insulated Solar Electric Cooker
(ISEC) presented in this paper offers a sustainable cooking solution that aligns with diverse culinary
traditions by utilizing aluminum-based solid thermal storage (STS) as a thermal battery to capture
and store solar panel-generated heat, ensuring continuous cooking even in the absence of solar
irradiation, enhancing its overall utility. This research comprehensively assesses STS dimensions,
material choices, and the configuration of the thermal battery, integrating theoretical insights for
sizing STS and analysis with experimental results from the STS Thermal Cycling Test. Additionally,
a novel approach is presented for easily converting the ISEC into a grid-connected system with
minimal design changes or component adjustments. This approach leverages the existing thermal
battery, thereby enhancing energy efficiency while preserving functional integrity. This study
investigates an 8 kg aluminum test unit, powered by a 200W supply through a heating element. The
main objective was to minimize heat loss to the surroundings, while sustaining the STS temperature
above 200°C for at least 2 hours after power shutdown, to ensure sufficient cooking temperatures.
The experiment encountered limitations, including a consistently sub-200W power supply to the
STS and heat loss due to imperfect STS-heating element contact. However, results demonstrated
effective insulation, maintaining the STS at temperatures above 250°C for 3 hours after power was
discontinued. Additionally, this paper shares practical findings concerning the energy stored in
the thermal mass, presenting the optimal heating temperature for the thermal battery to achieve
longer heat retention, ensuring sufficient cooking temperatures and conditions.
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Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of Rural
Community Heat Grid System in Langtang
Madan Ghimire
Sadiksha Bhandari
Pratyoosh Dahal
Yogesh Niroula
Sagar Pandit
Malesh Shah*
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: heat grid, TRNSYS, Polysun, Payback Period,
Sustainable goals
Langtang, one of the coldest valleys in Nepal’s northern Himalayan area, receives 20000 tourists per
year, making it the third most popular tourist destination. Valley Currently relies on solid fuels like
coal, wood, and LPG accounting for 99.3% of energy demand, majorly being spent on cooking and
space heating, which is a major source of greenhouse emissions and deforestation. The feasibility
study will access the technical and economic status of the region raising the environmental profile
for sustainable life and the planet, Rural Heat Grid Network provides the pavement towards cleaner
energy using the squandered form of solar energy. TRNSYS and Polysun Simulation is used in
determining the technical feasibility of the suggested Rural Heat Grid System. Methods like CostBenefit Ratio and Payback Period time are used to conduct economic analysis. The architecture,
orientation and occupancy of the buildings were collected in the form of Key Informant Interview
(KII) with the help of local peoples of Gosaikunda Rural Municipality. The pilot project for five
households is conducted using Simulation which gave us the heating demand of each house to
be 3 kWh which was being fulfilled by traditional biomass previously. If Rural Heat Grid is to be
introduced in those region, eight different 15 tubes solar collector will be able to generate enough
hot water to fulfill heating demand reaching 220C at five air nodes in each house which gives
maximum energy savings of 30,000 kWh sufficient enough for thermal energy demand at night and
early morning which in turn reduces 16000 kgs of ultimate CO2 annually. While performing financial
analysis, Cost benefit ratio was found to be 1.25 and Payback Period being 4.06 years, this study can
be a game changer in the energy sector, providing an economical and technically viable option for
existing solid fuels.
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Numerical study on sediment erosion resistivity of
an optimized Francis runner in different operating
conditions in sediment-laden flow
Kushal Shrestha
Rakish Shrestha*
Bhola Thapa
Sailesh Chitrakar
Turbine Testing Lab,
Kathmandu University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: erosion, Francis turbine, guide vane, OpenFOAM, leakage flow
Hydropower plants across Nepal suffer from the presence of sediment particles whose interaction
with turbine components causes erosion. Out of different modes of erosion in Francis turbines, past
studies have shown that erosion due to secondary flow such as flow in the region of the clearance
gap of the guide vane is significant. The increase of the clearance gap is recognized as a result of
both secondary flow and erosion occurring within the guide vanes of the turbine impacted by
sediment. A leakage flow leads to vortex filament which causes erosion at the runner inlet. This
study extends similar research on the leakage flow through the clearance gap in Francis turbine
guide vanes using numerical simulations in OpenFOAM. The study has conducted the flow analysis
and erosion study of clearance gaps in guide vanes using numerical techniques on a three-guide
vane cascade rig. Three-guide vane cascade rig setup allows to investigate fluid flow and pressure
distribution with angle of attack and pressure as control parameters. In this study, a RANS based SST
turbulence model has been applied for the flow along with sediments modeled as particles carried
by the fluid. The leakage flow obtained through the study agrees with the results obtained through
experiment. The erosion study shows how the erosion occurs in the guide vane with focus on the
clearance gap region.
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Numerical study of sediment erosion in guide vanes
of Francis turbine using cascade rig
Kushal Shrestha
Rakish Shrestha*
Sailesh Chitrakar
Bhola Thapa
Turbine Testing Lab
Kathmandu University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: erosion, Francis turbine, guide vane, OpenFOAM, leakage flow
Hydropower plants across Nepal suffer from the presence of sediment particles whose interaction
with turbine components causes erosion. Out of different modes of erosion in Francis turbines, past
studies have shown that erosion due to secondary flow such as flow in the region of the clearance
gap of the guide vane is significant. The increase of the clearance gap is recognized as a result of
both secondary flow and erosion occurring within the guide vanes of the turbine impacted by
sediment. A leakage flow leads to vortex filament which causes erosion at the runner inlet. This
study extends similar research on the leakage flow through the clearance gap in Francis turbine
guide vanes using numerical simulations in OpenFOAM.
The study has conducted the flow analysis and erosion study of clearance gaps in guide vanes using
numerical techniques on a three-guide vane cascade rig. Three-guide vane cascade rig setup allows
to investigate fluid flow and pressure distribution with angle of attack and pressure as control
parameters. In this study, a RANS based SST turbulence model has been applied for the flow along
with sediments modeled as particles carried by the fluid. The leakage flow obtained through the
study agrees with the results obtained through experiment. The erosion study shows how the
erosion occurs in the guide vane with focus on the clearance gap region.
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Comparative Study of Different Erosion Models in
Francis Runner Blades Using OpenFOAM
Suprim Shrestha*
Bhola Thapa
Pawan Lal Bijukchhe
Sailesh Chitrakar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Sediment Erosion, Francis Turbine, OpenFOAM
Francis turbine serves as a prominent hydro turbine choice for harnessing water-based energy.
However,the presence of sediment particles in river environments poses a considerable challenge
for constructing hydropower facilities along sediment-laden rivers. This challenge is particularly
pronounced in scenarios involving high- and medium-head hydroelectric power installations.
Erosion emerges as a significant concern in such contexts due to the abrasive impact of sediment
particles on hydro turbines, which can have adverse effect on its performance, flow dynamics,
potentially leading to operational failures. Erosion model is one of the methods used for predicting
the erosion rate in hydro turbines. The state-of-the-art in modeling and simulation using
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is one of the most widely used tools for prediction of erosion.
In this work, some of the commonly used erosion models are implemented along with a comparative
study of the erosion rates obtained with each model. The study utilizes a model runner of Jhimruk
Hydropower Plant using OpenFOAM, an open source CFD package for conducting numerical
simulation. The results show variations among the models in identifying areas with the erosion
rates due to factors considered by veach model. These insights provide us a better understanding
of how erosion occurs and help in developing strategies for optimizing hydro turbine performance
in sediment-laden environments.
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Numerical Study of Erosion in Pelton Spear Valve:
Role of Implementation of Gravity on Lagrangian
Particles Using OpenFOAM
Prithivi Gurung*
Dr.Hari Prasad Neopane
Arun Pandey
Prof. Sailesh Chitrakar
Sajan Satyal
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: spear valve, erosion, gravity, OpenFOAM,
Lagrangian, Eulerian
The spear valve is one of the most erosion-prone components of a Pelton turbine system working
under sediment-laden flow conditions. The spear valve regulates water flow into the system. At a
very low spear valve opening, the flow velocity before the contraction region is nearly zero which
accelerates after reaching the contraction region. Due to low velocity, the sediment particles tend
to settle down causing differences in flow velocity between sediment particles and water. In the
ase of a normal opening, the flow velocity before the contraction region is high enough not to let
sediment particles to settle. From the past literature, it was found that the implementation of gravity
on the sediment particles was neglected to decrease the computational burden, especially for the
simulation of turbines where the flow velocity was too high. In this study, Lagrangian-Eulerian
numerical analysis was performed to study the erosion phenomenon at the Pelton spear valve for
low opening using OpenFOAM. For this simulation, the sediment particle flow and characteristics
were integrated with the fluid flow using the OpenFOAM built-in Lagrangian library. A transient
simulation was run with and without the inclusion of gravitational effects on Lagrangian particles
to examine the real-time behavior of sediment flow and erosion patterns in the spear valve. The
total erosion and erosion patterns in the spear valve were compared. The implementation of gravity
accumulated the erosion in a certain portion of the valve making the asymmetrical erosion patterns
whereas neglecting gravity made the pattern symmetric. The total erosion was found to be similar
in both cases but there was a huge difference in erosion patterns. Similarly, various sizes of sediment
particles have also been applied to study the impact of gravity on different sizes of sediment on the
erosion of the spear valve. With the increase in size, the effects of gravity on Lagrangian particles
also increased, increasing total erosion but the erosion patterns were found to be similar. Thus, at
the very low opening of the Pelton nozzle, the implementation of the gravity on sediment particles
highly affected the region of erosion whereas the total erosion was found to increase with sediment
size.
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MODELING AND EXPERIMENT OF
HYDROGEN HUMIDIFICATION SYSTEM FOR
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS
Jayanti Thakur*
Alice Rana
Umesh Jung Thapa
Gokarna Bahadur Thapa
Biraj Singh Thapa
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Fuel Cell, PEM, Electrolyzer, Bubble Humidification, Relative Humidity, Stack Performance
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells have attracted great attention in recent years as a
promising replacement for traditional internal combustion engines. PEM is a thin membrane of PEM
fuel cell that must stay adequately hydrated in order to conduct protons efficiently. Additionally, low
humidification or non-humidification operation may speed up the process of membrane breakdown
due to radical generation and dehydration of the membrane. Whereas over humidification can
cause flooding in the membrane reducing efficiency. So, it is essential to humidify the membrane in
a suitable range which was done at 80% relative humidity range. An external humidification system
known as bubble humidifier was chosen for the purpose of this study. It is one of the balances of plant
(BOP) systems, newly installed to control the humidity of the fuel cell. In this study mathematical
modeling of PEM fuel cell in a static system was done using MATLAB under cell stack temperature
of 80˚C. The performance of PEM fuel under many parameters such as operation temperature and
humidification of the gas stream was studied. It also investigated the effect of humidification of
anode and cathode in fuel cell model, on stack performance. The hydrogen gas coming from the
electrolyzer attained 70% relative humidity at 27˚C, therefore warm water of 50˚C was sufficient to
increase the relative humidity of hydrogen up to 84% with a temperature of 29˚C. In conclusion,
proper humidification was crucial for optimal performance in PEM fuel cells. Maintaining the right
hydration level prevents the breakdown and flooding. The study’s modeling underscores the
significant impact of humidification on cell potential and efficiency.
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Simulation of Gaseous Hydrocarbon Combustion in
Industrial Flares using OpenFOAM
Ashutosh Dev*
Yogesh Dumre
Prof. Dr. Manaswita Bose
Bishnu Pandey
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University
Department of Energy Science and Engineering, IIT - Bombay
Green Hydrogen Lab,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University
Keywords: Flaring, OpenFOAM, Eddy Dissipation, Combustion,
Sandia D Flame
Flares, vital within the energy and petrochemical sectors, transform waste gases into safer and
environmentally friendlier compounds. Effective combustion modeling plays a pivotal role,
enabling enhanced efficiency, refined performance, and the harmonization of industrial and
environmental priorities. This study employs numerical modeling to investigate the combustion
of gaseous hydrocarbons in industrial flares, utilizing the Open-source Field Operation and
Manipulation (OpenFOAM) computational framework. This paper performs simulations based on
the widely recognized Sandia D Flame experiment, which investigates turbulent combustion, and
is used to validate performed combustion model. It includes a main jet of methane and air mixture
with a mole proportion of 1:3, exiting at 49.6 m/s and 294K, along with a pilot jet of combustion
product exiting at 11.4 m/s and 1880 K, accompanied by parallel air flow at 0.9 m/s. Subsequently,
reactingFoam, a transient solver coupled with Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC), is used which
effectively simulates compressible laminar/turbulent reactive systems by calculating species rates
through stoichiometry and kinetics, while also utilizing thermophysical models for fluid property
determination. This simulation employs a reduced version of the GRI 3.0 kinetic mechanism, which is
a comprehensive chemical reaction mechanism for modeling hydrocarbon combustion processes.
This paper highlights the comparison of these computational combustion simulations with
existing experimental data from the Sandia D Flame experiments. Simulation results reveal that
the implemented combustion path mechanism (reduced GRI 3.0) effectively predicts key variable
profiles—temperature, velocity, and CH4 concentration—along the flame axis, closely aligned
with experimental data. However, discrepancies emerge in the CO2 mass concentration between
simulated results and experimental data. To address this, an implementation of the original GRI 3.0
mechanism is also discussed in this paper.
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Performance analysis of the blade for the V-shaped
vertical axis wind turbine
Aastik Sharma*
Sagar Panthi
Prof. Qu Jianjun
Kathford International College of Engineering &
Management
Harbin Institue of Technology , China
Keywords: v-shaped vertical axis wind turbine, VAWT,
aerodynamics, blade design, CFD
A large-scale vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) can lower the installation, operation and
maintenance (O&M) cost for the offshore areas as compared to the current offshore horizontal
axis wind turbine (HAWT) designs. This is because of its simplicity of design and location of heavy
and complex mechanical parts near the water surface. On that account, this article studies the
aerodynamic performance capacity of a novel V-shaped turbine blades, which could be an
alternative turbine model for the offshore application. It has always been a challenging task to
formulate a mathematical model for the complex aerodynamic behavior of the air around the VAWT
blades. Nevertheless, previous studies have shown that prediction of the performance has been
done more accurately using the CFD model compared to other models. Hence, a similar approach
is used for the novel V-VAWT blade in this research. The article studies change in performance of
the V-VAWT with the change in the shape of its blade using 3D CFD simulation. A transient RANS
simulation is carried out for different models of blade. For this, a hybrid mesh model is developed
and simulations are conducted in ANSYS Fluent. The mesh independency, time-step independency,
and rotation independency test are completed to reduce errors in the simulation. The coefficient of
moment (Cm) developed by the blade for six different blade models is studied. It is observed that
tapered blades have better aerodynamics performance over the constant chord blade, and tapered
blades are suggested for the V-VAWT turbine models.
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Geothermal Energy Harvesting Framework for Nepal
– A Review
Sarams Siwakoti
Eric Dahal
Ashraya K.C.
Dixanta Parajuli
Malesh Shah*
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Geothermal, Nepal, Review, Case Study,
Framework
According to Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC, 2020), Nepal aims to grow clean energy
production from about 1,400 MW to 15,000 MW, with 5-10% originating from mini and micro-hydro
power, solar, wind, and bio-energy by 2030. Currently absent from government plans, geothermal
energy holds the potential to elevate energy contribution. This study aims to identify the most
suitable type of geothermal power plant for the Nepalese context through a systematic evaluation
approach. Through a review and archival research based on published government reports, the
review is structure to assesses various geothermal plant options viz. Best Appropriate Technology
(BAT) with most compatible components in relations to Nepalese context, which is presented and
explained in the form of Pugh Matrix. This matrix uses a set of relevant criteria for evaluation, these
criteria include efficiency, environmental impact, technical feasibility, and cost-effectiveness. The
review compares and contrasts each geothermal plant and yields insights into each plant type. A
quantifiable scoring system objectively assesses the performance of each option. As the optimal
geothermal plant type emerges, the study delves into an intricate exploration of its attributes. The
result obtained here with is presented in the form of BAT based on different practical scenario. The
research review outcomes hold implications for Nepal’s energy future, offering a well-informed and
holistic recommendation for the selected geothermal power plant technology.
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USC
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Simulative Study for Performance of Packed Bed
Energy Storage System
Aayush Aryal
Sushant Dhungana
Migma Gurung
Tilashmi Karki
Malesh Shah*
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Packed Bed; Thermal Energy Storage; TRNSYS;
One directional flow
Packed bed energy storage (PBES) is one of the feasible techniques to store sensible heat thermal
energy which can be assembled with various thermal applications of low temperature as well as
high temperature. Sensible Heat Thermal Energy Storage (SHTES) system utilizes the heat capacity
and the change in temperature of the storage medium during the process of charging and
discharging. The main components of the system are outer tank, packing materials, insulation of
tank, inlet and outlet pipelines, Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) and energy source. The simulation is carried
out in TRNSYS to study the SHTES system and test its heat transferability. The packing material,
HTF, outer tank material, and insulating material are selected using the Pugh Matrix Method. The
determining parameters considered are effective temperature range, thermal conductivity, thermal
diffusivity, specific heat capacity, cost and availability. Some of the properties such as cost and
availability have higher importance than others, they are given a higher rating range. Due to the
limitation of the simulation platform, the tank is considered to be laid horizontally instead of vertical
setting which represents real life setting. This is done by equating the Bernoulli’s equation in both
setups. To study the optimum heat retention time of the system, HTF at variable velocities is fed to
the system. Due to the complexity in analyzing serpentine layout within TRNSYS, equivalent straight
pipe system with decreased velocity system is used. The simulation is carried out to discover the
best fit system for optimum sensible thermal energy storage.
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Numerical Analysis of a Low Reynolds Number
Glider Wing
Hritik Mahato*
Milish Dhungel
Grishma Khatiwada
Manjil Pradhananga
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ANSYS
Fluent, XFLR5, Experimental Modal Analysis(EMA)
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of a wing segment designed for a low Reynolds
number glider. The purpose of this study is to select the optimum airfoil for a low Reynolds Number
Glider. The investigation begins by selecting six distinct airfoil profiles, and a systematic evaluation
is conducted based on the critical factors of lift- to-drag ratio (CL/CD) and pitching moment
(Cm) using XFLR5 software. RG-15 airfoil emerges as the most promising candidate and detailed
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in analysis is performed in ANSYS Fluent for this airfoil.
The study encompasses a mesh convergence study to ensure numerical stability, with a specific
focus on key aerodynamic parameters, including lift coefficient (CL) and drag coefficient (CD).
The resultant data is corroborated against the reference data from the XLFR5 software, validating
the computational approach. Additionally, the research delves into the investigation of flow
distribution around the glider wing, utilizing pressure and velocity contours. Moving forward, the
project’s future endeavors aim to identify the six modes of vibration, their corresponding natural
frequencies, and mode shapes for the glider wing. This research extends to the validation process,
where experimental modal analysis (EMA) of a cantilever beam is performed, and the results are
meticulously compared against the numerical modal analysis and analytical frequency predictions.
This research, however, primarily focuses on the numerical modal analysis of the glider wing,
treating it as a cantilever beam, thus contributing valuable insights into its aeroelastic behavior.
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FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE TESTING
OF IMPROVED COOKING STOVE
Rajesh Khanal
Hemanta Neupane
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
I.O.E. PURWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN
Keywords: ICS, WBT, CFD, Thermal Efficiency, Rocket
Stove, Cold Test, Hot Test, Simmering Test
Nepal is one of the developing countries with a high level of household energy consumption. This
consumption is primarily satisfied through excessive burning of biomass. Improved Cooking Stove (ICS)
is designed to improve combustion efficiency of biomass, consume less fuel, save cooking time, increase
convenience in cooking process and reduce indoor pollution. A rocket stove prototype for 17cm pot was
designed, fabricated and tested using a water boiling test (WBT) to calculate its operating performance.
The performance parameters of the stove were evaluated using indigenous wood fuel (Sal) which has
moisture content of 11% on wet basis. From WBT, we had found the average thermal efficiency from the
three tests were 23% on cold phase, 33% on hot phase and 26% on simmering phase. During the cold start
phase, the average time taken to boil 1.5 liters of water in all three tests was 14.33 minutes. On the other
hand, during the hot start phase, the average time taken to boil the same amount of water in all three tests
was 10.16 minutes. The hot start phase refers to starting the stove when it is already preheated or when it
hasn’t cooled down significantly.
The cookstove’s performance was evaluated using the standard water boiling test, and the average
thermal efficiency was measured at 27%. This indicates that the cookstove is capable of efficiently
converting fuel energy into heat when compared to traditional cookstoves. Further studies should focus
on adding insulation around cookstove to reduce heat loss through metals.
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Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of a Solar
Dryer Under Different Baffle Positions
Navaraj Adhikari*
Ananta Aacharya
Nirajan Sharma Timilsina
Bivek Baral
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Solar dryer, CFD, Heat transfer coefficient,
baffles, and thermal performance
Solar dryers use the energy of the sun to evaporate water from food products and its effectiveness
depends upon the thermal performance of the drying chamber. Generally, baffles are used to
improve the heat transfer inside the drying chamber. CFD analysis is used to study the thermo-fluid
behavior of the drying chamber for four different baffle positions in cases: (i) the baffle with a 2 cm
channel width, (ii) the baffle with a 2 cm channel width having holes, (iii) the baffle in the middle
section, and (iv) the baffle having holes in the middle section of the drying chamber. The simulation
was conducted for conditions where the ambient temperature is 295 K, constant solar intensity is
780 W/m2, and inlet airflow is 0.5 m/s, where the results showed the temperature distribution to
be non-uniform for cases (i) and (ii), unbalanced for case (iii) and uniform for case (iv). The variation
between inlet and outlet temperatures for cases (i), (ii), and (iii) is large with the lower temperature
region being concentrated at the upper topmost corners for case(i), at the bottom side for case
(ii) and at the middle portion for case (iii). Case(iv) has a uniform average temperature of 356K
throughout the drying chamber. The average air velocity is highest at 0.19m/s for case(iv) while
the lowest is at 0.02m/s for case(ii). The results show case(iv) to be the best configuration as it can
ensure uniform drying due to its constant temperature distribution and adequate velocity. Also, the
results showed CFD simulations to be a reliable method to design the solar dryer for better thermal
performance.
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Design, Fabrication and Testing of ICS for Clean
Cooking
Mausham Khadka*
Ekata Shrestha
Jeeya Shrestha
Bishakha Sitaula
Dr. Bivek Baral
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Metal Cooking Stove, Energy Efficiency, Air
pollution, Biomass Cooking
Air pollution from cooking is a significant health hazard, especially in developing countries like
Nepal. Certain regions within the country continue to rely on traditional cooking methods such
as open fires, biomass cooking, and three-stone stoves. These practices are associated with the
emission of harmful pollutants, which can result in respiratory complications as well as waste of
fuel due to incomplete burning. Types of stoves like Rocket stoves, Cement stoves, Gasifier stoves,
and Metal stoves are available, and we used a metal cooking stove due to its durability, costeffectiveness, and cleanliness. This study presents the design, fabrication, and testing of an ICS with
the objective of achieving a closed environment for burning of the wood to ensure primary as well
as secondary stages of combustion. The study aims to reduce the overall fuel needed for cooking
while also improving the combustion process to minimize harmful emissions. A stoichiometric
equation was derived for the combustion of 12000 gm sugar syrup, and the air-fuel ratio was
calculated. This information was used to design the stove’s combustion chamber, which is designed
to burn 311.67 grams of wood per hour and produce a firepower of 10 kW. The stove has a lower
stoichiometric air-fuel ratio than a traditional wood stove, making it more efficient. Additionally,
the stove’s design includes measures to harness natural convection and facilitate secondary
combustion through thoughtful airflow management. The efficiency of the stove was calculated to
be 19.88% for both the cold start and hot start scenarios in a Water Boiling Test (WBT).1000 grams of
water could be boiled on the stove in 13 minutes with a cold start and 6.5 minutes with a hot start.
The stove was fabricated using mild steel without insulation. It is unclear how well the stove would
function in forced convections and real-world scenarios because the design is based on sugar syrup
and has only been tested once for natural air draft. Utilizing appropriate insulation techniques and
accounting for chimney calculations could further increase efficiency.
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Comparative analysis of biomass boiler, heat pump,
direct electric and solar -biomass based heating
systems for small residential building in Kathmandu
Nirajan Sharma Timilsina *
Ananta Aacharya
Navaraj Adhikari
Sanskar Gautam
Sajan Satyal
Bivek Baral
Energy Systems and Technology Research Laboratory
Kathmandu University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: energy efficient, Heating systems, degree day
method, radiator and biomass boiler
Globally, 42 % of the energy produced is used for heating and cooling applications to maintain
thermal comfort for the human body. The selection of these heating systems is governed by initial
investment and operating expenses. This study presents the technical and economic assessment of
four heating systems: a biomass-based radiator system, an air-air heat pump system, a direct electric
heater system, and a hybrid-biomass solar-based radiator system. The heating requirement of the
building of an area of 94 m2 for the winter months of Kathmandu based upon energy consumption
was determined. Later, the heating systems of standard size were selected for technical and
economic assessment to choose the suitable one. Based upon the degree-day method, the annual
heating requirement of the building was estimated to be 10890.5 kWh to maintain a temperature of
20°C. The total yearly energy consumed was 10880kWh, 3203kWh, 10890.5kWh, and 6013.17kWh for
the biomass, the heat pump, the direct electric, and the hybrid system, respectively. The equivalent
energy costs for operating were estimated to be Rs 52,500, Rs 38436, Rs. 119795, and Rs. 29000 for
respective systems. Considering the initial and operating costs for a time period of 15 years, the
present worth of the hybrid system is the largest amongst all other systems. Hence, from the study,
the hybrid biomass-and-solar-based radiator is the best heating system for Kathmandu, considering
the energy costs and NPW.
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRIES
OF HEAT SINK IN A MOTHERBOARD
Avhiyan Pandey*
Bimal Thapaliya
Sugam Aryal
Manoj Luitel
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Thermal management, fin, motherboard,
ANSYS
Efficient thermal management is crucial for the reliable performance of computation machines,
especially motherboards. Heat sinks are essential in dissipating heat and preventing overheating.
This research explores the use of fins in motherboard heat sink design, using ANSYS software to
analyze their impact on thermal performance and enhance heat dissipation. By creating a 3D model
and conducting thermal analysis with ANSYS, we evaluated temperature distributions, heat transfer
rates, and other parameters. The simulations demonstrated the significant benefits of using fins
in heat sinks, improving heat dissipation compared to traditional designs. We also examined the
influence of various fin configurations on heat transfer efficiency, considering factors like height,
thickness, spacing, and geometry. To ensure accuracy, we validated the simulation results against
existing literature and experimental data. We discussed limitations and suggested improvements
for future studies. This research advances our understanding of motherboard thermal management,
offering practical recommendations for optimizing heat dissipation in computation machines. By
improving reliability and overall performance, it contributes to the advancement of motherboard
technology.
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SINGLE GLAZED AND
TRANSPIRED SOLAR AIR HEATERS FOR DAY TIME
VENTILATION
Prarora Koirala*
Niranjan Bastakoti
Bivek Baral
Shree Raj Shakya
Pravesh Chapagain
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University
Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
Leapfrog Technology, Inc, Kathmandu, Nepal
Keywords: Solar air heater, Energy Saving, Green Energy, IOT,
Transpired Solar air heater, Glazed Solar Air Heater)
With growing demands of energy and concerns for environmental pollution and climate change,
efforts have been made to improve energy efficiency of existing systems. Buildings, both residential
and commercial, are major energy consuming sector in almost all countries of the world. Buildings
account for significant proportion of the global energy consumption and also contribute to the CO2
emissions. HVAC systems account for around half of the total energy consumed by a typical building.
Therefore, it is evident that finding out ways of making HVAC systems energy efficient is going to
have a major impact in reducing the building energy consumptions and resulting environmental
emissions locally and globally. In this paper, solar air heaters are proposed as a complimentary HVAC
system that provide heated fresh air inside a building, thereby reducing heating load on existing
system. Two types of solar air heaters: corrugated sheet single glazed and transpired solar air heaters
are studied experimentally. For date collection Internet of Things (IOT) platform was implemented.
The solar air heaters were compared with respect to temperatures, efficiency, mass flow rates and
bed temperatures. Maximum efficiency of the transpired and single glazed solar air heater was
found to be 70% and 80% respectively. Maximum value of temperature difference for transpired
and glazed solar air heaters were 30.4oC and 29.4oC respectively. Energy savings potential of these
two systems were also investigated. The study showed the glazed solar air heater was superior to
transpired solar air heaters under similar ambient condition.v
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Thermal retrofit possibilities in existing residential
building for energy saving: A case study of
residential building at Kathmandu, Nepal
Anuj Acharya
Malesh Shah
Bivek Baral
Nischal Chaulagain
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Department of Building and Environment Technology
Lund University
Keywords: simulation, thermal Retrofit, thermal comfort,
heritage, Kathmandu
The building sector is the leading energy consumer in today’s world. In Nepal, the indoor thermal
performance and air quality of buildings is rather low resulting into severe health consequences
of the occupants. Building thermal retrofit is considered a profitable method to achieve energy
efficiency and address this issue whilst also reducing carbon emissions. This thermal renovation
approach can provide long-term sustainable benefits in the existing building’s stocks. This paper
presents the findings of thermal retrofitting opportunities on the existing residential building
located in the world heritage site at Kathmandu, Nepal. This residential building was constructed
using RCC frame for structure and BMC for wall. The residential building was constructed following
the National Building Code (NBC: 105:2020) of Nepal. The energy model of the selected residential
building was developed to evaluate the building’s indoor thermal performance. The thermal retrofit
strategies including insulation, glazing, and building air tightness were simulated to calculate their
impact on the building’s indoor thermal performance for the climatic condition of Kathmandu. For
evaluation purpose, insulation, and glazing materials that are economical and readily available
in Nepalese market were selected. These insulation, and glazing materials were selected that are
economical and readily available. The simulation was performed in Energy-Plus computational
engine using the graphical user interface of Openstudio. Indoor temperature data monitoring
using a data logger and airtightness test using a blower-door setup were conducted during the
research period. Model calibration was carried out using ASHRAE Guidelines 14 validating model
accuracy using NMBE and CVRMSE calculations. The base case load of the entire building was found
to be 10,111kWh/annum which was reduced to 2,606kWh/annum. For the particular load reduction,
inner and outer walls, roofs insulation of 100mm optimal thickness, inner floor and ceiling insulation
of 100mm optimal thickness, double glazed glass of overall heat transfer value (U-value) of 3.5W/
m2k and airtightness of 0.5ACH was taken based on literature. These retrofit measures offer a higher
potential for energy saving to 74% whilst also maintaining comfortable indoor environment.
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Design and Analysis of the Cascade Refrigeration
System for Various Refrigerants
Bivek Baral*
Aashish Dawadi
Suman Timsina
Bivek Baral
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Cascade Refrigeration System, refrigerant,
R290, R744
This study investigates various type of refrigerant pair combinations such as R290/R744, R290/
R508b, R134a/R508b, and R22/R23, in a customized cascade refrigeration system. The major
objective of this research is to retain a relatively warmer state in one segment while achieving a
certain low temperature of -70°C in another. Along with selecting the appropriate refrigerant pair,
this paper focuses on the design of the components of the cascade refrigerator for fabrication
process. The results show a clear pattern: a combination of increased machine workload and
lowered component temperature results in a significant improvement in the cooling system’s
overall performance. Among the several combinations examined, the R134a/R508b mixture stands
out for its efficiency. This decision does, however, raise legitimate environmental worries about
projected global warming and ozone layer degradation. In light of these factors, the R290/R744 pair
stands out as the best option. This solution has a more positive environmental impact in addition to
impressive efficiency. This well-thought-out choice guarantees efficient system performance while
proactively adhering to ecologically friendly principles.
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STUDY, DESIGN AND COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF
RADIANT HEATING SYSTEM FOR OFFICE AND MEETING
SPACE AT MULTIPURPOSE HALL, KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
Nitesh Dhakal*
Bishesh Shrestha
Samjhana Karki
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Computational, Ventilation, Infiltration,
Thermal, Radiant
This study focuses on the design and computational analysis of a radiant floor heating system
capable of maintaining indoor temperatures within the comfort range under varying internal and
external heat losses. The research follows ASHRAE standards and selects a study site at Kathmandu
University, Dhulikhel, Nepal. The investigation centers on a non-residential building, specifically a
multipurpose hall, with two designated spaces at the ground floor: a meeting hall and an office
room.
To determine the required heating load, the study takes into account various internal, external,
ventilation, and infiltration heat gains and losses. Based on the analysis, it is found that to meet
the heating load, a water supply of 794 kg/hr and 272.5 kg/hr at a temperature of 50˚C is necessary
from the heat source. The total heat energy transferred by the water flowing through the piping
layout, with diameters of 1’’ and ½’’ for the meeting hall and office room is calculated to fulfill the
heating load demands. The primary objective of this research is to simulate and compare the
temperature distribution for two distinct piping configurations: serpentine and modulated spiral,
while maintaining constant mass flow rates and an inlet temperature of 323K. The geometry of the
heating system is designed using Solid works, and appropriate boundary conditions are applied to
create an accurate model of the system.
The temperature distribution was observed after simulation in ANSYS in both layouts where the
simulation results reveal that the spiral arrangement of the piping generates heat more uniformly,
offering better thermal comfort compared to the serpentine configuration. The serpentine
arrangement is associated with low effective periodic cyclic air movement, which may have
implications for the overall thermal performance and comfort within the space. Overall, this study
provides valuable insights into the performance of radiant floor heating systems in non-residential
buildings, particularly in meeting halls and office spaces. The findings suggest that the choice of
piping configuration significantly impacts temperature distribution and thermal comfort, with the
modulated spiral design showing promising results. The outcomes of this research can aid in the
optimal design and implementation of radiant floor heating systems for similar non-residential
spaces, contributing to energy efficiency and occupant well-being.
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Thermal Investigation of Heat Interactions Inside
and Outside the Solarium
Kusum Khatiwada*
Pukar Karki
Ashmat Chhetri
Malesh Shah
Binayak Gaire
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Solarium, Tinted glass, Sunlight, Fenugreek,
Temperature, Germination
The paper examines solarium as structure designed to maximize natural light, relaxation, and plant
cultivation. It focuses on a small-scale prototype made of tinted glass to assess thermal performance.
Temperature measurements were taken inside and outside the solarium, and fenugreek seeds were
germinated to evaluate light intensity effects. The findings reveal that solariums effectively
retain heat, maintaining a higher temperature inside compared to the outside environment
(approximately 5°C difference). Fenugreek seeds germinated inside the solarium displayed faster
and more successful growth, indicating favorable conditions for plant cultivation. Solariums
offer advantages such as abundant natural light, a connection with nature, year-round usability,
increased living space, and energy efficiency. Challenges include heat gain, glare, UV exposure,
and initial construction costs. Thus, the solarium provides a valuable space combining natural
light, environmental enjoyment, and plant cultivation. The research emphasizes their thermal
performance and benefits, while acknowledging considerations for addressing challenges. Further
research can explore optimization strategies for solarium materials, seed varieties, and periods to
enhance their performance and applications.
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Comparative Performance Evaluation of Matribhumi
Improved Cook Stove (ICS) with Traditional Cook
Stove (TCS)
Rodan Bista*
Prajwal Gautam
Narayan Guragain
Dr.Bianaya KC
Dr. Bim Prasad Shrestha
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: Improve cook stove, Water Boiling Test, Biomass
Stove Safety Protocol, Thermal Efficiency, Traditional cook
stove, Fuel Consumption
Nepal is a developing country with its cooking energy highly inclined towards biomass and the use of
TCS remains dominant. Due to limited access to modern energy systems people in rural communities
use TCS despite their recognized health and environmental implications. Predominantly, TCS emit
high levels of indoor air pollutants and contribute significantly to deforestation due to its low
combustion efficiency and excessive fuel consumption. The concept of Matribhumi ICS, a twopot hole biomass stove with a chimney made of clay, rocks, and a burner operating on a natural
draft, has been introduced as a cost-effective and efficient alternative, promising reduced fuel
consumption, decreased emissions, and improved health outcomes. User safety of ICSs has not
been prioritized in their design nor have studies been done to see the immediate safety of these
ICSs for users. The study aims to evaluate the comparative performance of ICS against TCS in terms
of thermal performance, fuel consumption, and user safety. The latest version of the Water Boiling
Test (WBT) and Biomass Stove Safety Protocol (BSSP) developed collaboratively by alliance partner
of Clean Cooking Alliance (CCA) was performed in 10 ICS and TCS stoves. The WBT test evaluates
the stove’s performance while the BSSP examines the stove’s safety. The overall performance of
both stoves was studied based on both on-site testing and lab testing performed in Air Pollution
and Health Research Lab (APHR). In accordance with the WBT test, the thermal efficiency of the ICS
was double than that of the TCS with a drastic reduction of smoke when operating. The specific fuel
consumption in grams per liter of ICS is 62% less than that of TCS. In contrast to TCS, which received
a score of 50.5 and an overall rating of “poor,” ICS received an average score of 87.5 out of 100 for its
BSSP test. The use of ICS not only has a substantial beneficial effect on health and the environment,
but it also reduces the risk of scalds and burn injuries
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The Scope of Electronic Vehicles in Nepal
Prasiddha Raut*
Pravakar Bogati
Pratyoosh Dahal
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
Keywords: electric vehicles, infrastructure development,
air pollution, energy efficiency, policy
With Nepal’s population exceeding 30 million and with its growing economy, substantial increase in
the use of fossil-fueled vehicles is to be predicted in turn affecting the environment. The government
recognizing this urgency and is pushing for electric cars (EVs) as a long-term solution. This study
looks deeply into Nepal’s possible transition to EV, highlighting its transportation landscape and
obstacles. Key elements critical to EV integration are investigated using an in-depth methodology
that consists of Consumer Preference Survey which includes a comprehensive study understanding
the public sentiment towards EVs, involving estimating acceptance levels, probing into concerns,
and capturing expectations regarding EV adoption. Energy Cost Analysis, a nationwide examination
of gasoline, diesel, and electricity costs to assess the economic feasibility of EVs compared to
conventional vehicles. Import Regulations and Policy, the import regulations impacting both EVs
and non-EVs, including incentives, tariffs, and trade policies is studied. This examination helps to
determine the regulatory landscape that influences the accessibility and affordability of EVs. Driving
Preferences Study, investigation of whether the populace leans towards the peaceful, eco-friendly
appeal of EVs or if they prefer the familiarity of traditional combustion engine vehicles is studied.
The findings obtained were analyzed by Descriptive Analysis, Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA),
Inferential Statistics, Geospatial Analysis, and data modeling software such as The R Project, and
KoboToolbox. The findings revealed that major impediments in path of adopting EV is the lack of
charging stations and limited understanding of the product quality of EV’s among consumers. It
provides valuable insight to policymakers, stakeholders, and the general public need of collaborative
efforts from stakeholders, governments, researchers, and consumers to understand the benefits,
problems, and potential of electric vehicles overcoming the challenges and accelerate the transition
to a sustainable & clean transportation inspiring discussion about Nepal’s electric vehicle future.
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Date:
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Grishma Khatiwada
Conference Secretary
Technical Management Chairs
Utsav Pokharel
Madan Ghimire
Publication Chairs
Sarams Siwakoti
Publicity Chairs
Yogesh Dumre
Sangam Bhandari
Corporate and Fiance Chairs
Sadikxya Pandey
Sugam Karki
Prabin Bhattrai
Web Service Chairs
Anmol Shrestha
Registration Chairs
Prasanna Kshetrri
Yarana Rai
Sandesh Paudel
Chettri
Akhilesh Kafle
ESTRL
Energy Systems and Technology
Research Laboratory
The Energy Systems and Technology Research
Laboratory (ESTRL) represents a visionary initiative
aimed at propelling society towards sustainability by
spearheading interdisciplinary research, development,
and innovation in the field of energy generation and
utilization. Housed within Kathmandu University, ESTRL
brings together a consortium of dedicated researchers
and faculty members. Under the leadership of Professor
Bivek Baral, this laboratory has been at the forefront of
research endeavors spanning clean energy, energy
efficiency, and environmental sustainability.
Biomass Gasification - Clean thermal energy
The stakeholders of ESTRL are acutely aware of the
imminent environmental threats stemming from hasty,
inefficient, and unsustainable energy practices.
Consequently, ESTRL is unwaveringly committed to
embracing its evolving role in academia, tasked with
mitigating these energy and environmental challenges.
To address the pressing issues within the realm of
energy and environment, ESTRL, consisting of
accomplished researchers and academicians, has
identified the following core domains of focus:
Indoor Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Energy-Efficient and Sustainable Buildings
Clean Transportation and Pollution Control
Clean Cooking Technologies
Analysis of thermal comfort in Nepalese homes
Modular EV chassis concept (left) and CAD model (right)
Presently, ESTRL is actively engaged in research
and development across a spectrum of cuttingedge technologies, including:
Ground Source Heat Pumps
Innovative Solar and Hybrid Drying Systems
Solar-Heat Pump Hybrid Water Heating
Systems
Modular Off-Road Electric Vehicles
E-Conversion of Large Vehicles
Ultra-Low Temperature Refrigeration Systems
Ventilation Heat Recovery Systems
Enhancing Cooking Efficiency through Various
Fuel and Utensil Combinations
Gasoline Vapor Recovery Systems
Furthermore, looking beyond its annual goals, ESTRL
harbors long-term aspirations of fostering collaborative
partnerships with national and international agencies,
governmental bodies, research institutions, and other
stakeholders. This strategic vision aims to establish
ESTRL as a preeminent Center of Excellence in energy
research and innovation, collectively contributing to the
sustainable development of both the local community,
the nation and the world at large.
Balaram Tara Energy Block ‘28A’, Kathmandu
University Central Campus, Dhulikhel, Kavre
Ultra low temperature refrigeration system