Sri Lanka English Language Graduate Association Name : T.K.G.I. Madushani Jayasinghe UC No : TP No : 077-9057541 University of Kelaniya Content 1. Tenses 2. Passive Voice 3. Pronouns 4. Preposition 5. Articles 6. Determiners 7. Comparison of Adjectives 8. Comparison of Adverbs 9. Wh Question Tenses Tenses Active Voice The Simple Present Tense Sells He sells computes They drive a car The simple past tense Sold He sold computers They drive a car The simple future tense Will/Shall sell He will sell computers They Will drive a car The present continuous tense Am/ Is/ Are selling He is selling computers They are driving a car The past continuous tense Was/ Were selling He has sold computers They have driven a car The future continuous tense Will/ Shall selling He will be selling computers They will be driving a car The present perfect tense Has/ Have sold He has sold computers They have driven a car The past perfect Tens Had sold He had sold computers They had driven a car The future perfect Tens Will/ Shall have sold He will have sold computers They will have driven a car The present perfect continuous Tens Has/ Have been selling He had been selling computers They had been driving a car The past perfect continuous Tens had been selling He had been selling computers They had been driving a car The future perfect continuous Tens Will/ Shall have been selling He will have been selling computers They will have been driving a car Active Voice 1. The Simple Present Tense 1.1. Positive form He steals money She writes books They clean the house You prepare lunch They criticize you He sweeps the house 1.2. Positive questions Does he steal money @ Does she write books @ Do they clean the house @ Do you prepare lunch @ Do they criticize you @ Dose he sweep the house @ 1.3. Negative form He does not (doesn't) steal money She does not (doesn't) write books They do not (don't) clean the house You do not (don't) prepare lunch They do not (don't) criticize you He does not (don't) sweep the house 1.4. Negative questions Does he not steal money @ Doesn't he steal money @ Does she not write books @ Doesn't she write books @ Do they not clean the house @ Don't they clean the house @ Do you not prepare lunch @ Don't you prepare lunch @ Do they not criticize you @ Don't they criticize you @ Does he not sweep the house @ Doesn't he sweep the house @ 2. The Simple Past Tense 2.1. Positive form He stolen money She wrote books They clean the house You prepared lunch They criticized you He swept the house 2.2. Positive questions Does he stolen money @ Does she wrote books @ Do they clean the house @ Do you prepared lunch @ Do they criticized you @ Does he swept the house @ 2.3. Negative form He does not stolen money She does not wrote books They do not cleaned the house You do not prepared lunch They do not criticized you He does not swept the house 2.4. Negative questions Does he not stolen money @ Doesn't he stolen money @ Does she not wrote books @ Doesn't she wrote books @ Do they not cleaned the house @ Don't they cleaned the house @ Do you not prepared lunch @ Don't you prepared lunch @ Do they not criticized you @ Don't they criticized you @ Does he not swept the house @ Doesn't he swept the house @ 3. The Simple Future Tense 3.1. Positive form He will steals money She will writes books They will clean the house You will prepare lunch They will criticize you He will sweeps the house 3.2. Positive questions Will he steal money @ Will she write books @ Will they clean the house @ Will you prepare lunch @ Will they criticize you @ Will he sweep the house @ 3.3. Negative form He will not steal money She will not write books They will not clean the house You will not prepare lunch They will not criticize you He will not sweep the house 3.4. Negative questions Will he not steal money @ Won't he not steal money @ Will she write books @ Won't she write books @ Will they clean the house @ Won't they clean the house @ Will you prepare lunch @ Won't you prepare lunch @ Will they criticize you @ Won't they criticize you @ Will he sweep the house @ Won't he sweep the house @ 4. The Present Continuous Tense 4.1. Positive form He is stealing money She is writing books They are cleaning the house You are preparing lunch They are criticizing you He is sweeping the house 4.2. Positive questions Is he stealing money @ Is she writing books @ Are they cleaning the house @ Are you preparing lunch @ Are they criticizing you @ Is he sweeping the house @ 4.3. Negative form He is not stealing money He isn't stealing money She is not writing books She isn't writing books They are not cleaning the house They aren't cleaning the house You are not preparing lunch You aren't preparing lunch They are not criticizing you They aren't criticizing you He is not sweeping the house He isn't sweeping the house 4.4. Negative questions Is he not stealing money @ Isn't he stealing money @ Is she not writing books @ Isn't she writing books @ Are they not cleaning the house @ Aren't they cleaning the house @ Are you not preparing lunch @ Aren't you preparing lunch @ Are they not criticizing you @ Aren't they criticizing you @ Is he not sweeping the house @ Isn't he sweeping the house @ 5. The Past Continuous Tense 5.1. Positive form He was stealing money She was writing books They were cleaning the house You were preparing lunch They were criticizing you He was sweeping the house 5.2. Positive questions Was he stealing money @ Was she writing books @ Were they cleaning the house @ Were you preparing lunch @ Were they criticizing you @ Was he sweeping the house @ 5.3. Negative form He was not stealing money She was not writing books They were not cleaning the house You were not preparing lunch They were not criticizing you He was not sweeping the house 5.4. Negative questions Was he not stealing money @ Wasn't he stealing money @ Was she not writing books @ Wasn't she writing books @ Were they not cleaning the house @ Weren't they cleaning the house @ Were you not preparing lunch @ Weren't you preparing lunch @ Were they not criticizing you @ Weren't they criticizing you @ Was he not sweeping the house @ Wasn't he sweeping the house @ 6. The Future Continuous Tense 6.1. Positive form He will be stealing money She will be writing books They will be cleaning the house You will be preparing lunch They will be criticizing you He will be sweeping the house 6.2. Positive questions Will he be stealing money @ Will she be writing books @ Will they be cleaning the house @ Will you be preparing lunch @ Will they be criticizing you @ Will he be sweeping the house @ 6.3. Negative form He will be not stealing money She will be not writing books They will be not cleaning the house You will be not preparing lunch They will be not criticizing you He will be not sweeping the house 6.4. Negative questions Will he be not stealing money @ Won't he be stealing money @ Will she be not writing books @ Won't she be writing books @ Will they be not cleaning the house @ Won't they be cleaning the house @ Will you be not preparing lunch @ Won't you be preparing lunch @ Will they be not criticizing you @ Won't they be criticizing you @ Will he be not sweeping the house @ Won't he be sweeping the house @ 7. The Present Perfect Tense 7.1. Positive form He has stolen money She has written books They have cleaned the house You have prepared lunch They have criticized you He has swept the house 7.2. Positive questions Has he stolen money @ Has she written books @ Have they cleaned the house @ Have you prepared lunch @ Have they criticized you @ Has he swept the house @ 7.3. Negative form He has not stolen money She has not written books They have not cleaned the house You have not prepared lunch They have not criticized you He has not swept the house 7.4. Negative questions Has he not stolen money @ Hasn't he stolen money @ Has she not written books @ Hasn't she written books @ Have they not cleaned the house @ Haven't they cleaned the house @ Have you not prepared lunch @ Haven't you prepared lunch @ Have they not criticized you @ Haven't they criticized you @ Has he not swept the house @ Hasn't he swept the house @ 8. The Past Perfect Tense 8.1. Positive form He had stolen money She had written books They had cleaned the house You had prepared lunch They had criticized you He had swept the house 8.2. Positive questions Had he stolen money @ Had she written books @ Had they cleaned the house @ Had you prepared lunch @ Had they criticized you @ Had he swept the house @ 8.3. Negative form He had not stolen money She had not written books They had not cleaned the house You had not prepared lunch They had not criticized you He had not swept the house 8.4. Negative questions Had he not stolen money @ Hadn't he stolen money @ Had she not written books @ Hadn't she written books @ Had they not cleaned the house @ Hadn't they cleaned the house @ Had you not prepared lunch @ Hadn't you prepared lunch @ Had they not criticized you @ Hadn't they criticized you @ Had he not swept the house @ Hadn't he swept the house @ 9. The Future Perfect Tense 9.1. Positive form He will have stolen money She will have written books They will have cleaned the house You will have prepared lunch They will have criticized you He will have swept the house 9.2. Positive questions Will he have stolen money @ Will she have written books @ Will they have cleaned the house @ Will you have prepared lunch @ Will they have criticized you @ Will he have swept the house @ 9.3. Negative form He will not have stolen money She will not have written books They will not have cleaned the house You will not have prepared lunch They will not have criticized you He will not have swept the house 9.4. Negative questions Will he not have stolen money @ Won't he have stolen money @ Will she not have written books @ Won't she have written books @ Will they not have cleaned the house @ Won't they have cleaned the house @ Will you not have prepared lunch @ Won't you have prepared lunch @ Will they not have criticized you @ Won't they have criticized you @ Will he not have swept the house @ Won't he have swept the house @ 10. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 10.1. Positive form He has been stealing money She has been writing books They have been cleaning the house You have been preparing lunch They have been criticizing you He has been sweeping the house 10.2. Positive questions Has he been stealing money @ Has she been writing books @ Have they been cleaning the house @ Have you been preparing lunch @ Have they been criticizing you @ Has he been sweeping the house @ 10.3. Negative form He has not been stealing money She has not been writing books They have not been cleaning the house You have not been preparing lunch They have not been criticizing you He has not been sweeping the house 10.4. Negative questions Has he not been stealing money @ Hasn't he been stealing money @ Has she not been writing books @ Hasn't she been writing books @ Have they not been cleaning the house @ Haven't they been cleaning the house @ Have you not been preparing lunch @ Haven't you been preparing lunch @ Have they not been criticizing you @ Haven't they been criticizing you @ Has he not been sweeping the house @ Hasn't he been sweeping the house @ 11. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 11.1. Positive form He had been stealing money She had been writing books They had been cleaning the house You had been preparing lunch They had been criticizing you He had been sweeping the house 11.2. Positive questions Had he been stealing money @ Had she been writing books @ Had they been cleaning the house @ Had you been preparing lunch @ Had they been criticizing you @ Had he been sweeping the house @ 11.3. Negative form He had not been stealing money She had not been writing books They had not been cleaning the house You had not been preparing lunch They had not been criticizing you He had not been sweeping the house 11.4. Positive questions Had he not been stealing money @ Hadn't he been stealing money @ Had she not been writing books @ Hadn't she been writing books @ Had they not been cleaning the house @ Hadn't they been cleaning the house @ Had you not been preparing lunch @ Hadn't you been preparing lunch @ Had they not been criticizing you @ Hadn't they been criticizing you @ Had he not been sweeping the house @ Hadn't he been sweeping the house @ Passive Voice Tense Active Voice Passive Voice The simple present tense sells/ sell He sells computers They drive a car am/ is/ are sold Computers are sold by him A car is driven by them The simple past tense Sold He sold computers They drove a car was/ were sold Computers were sold by him A car was driven by them The simple future tense will/ shall Sell he will sell computers They will drive a car will/ shall be sold Computers will be sold by him A car will be driven by them Present Continuous tense am/ is/ are He is selling computers They are driving a car am/ is/ are being sold computers are being sold by him A car is being driven by them Past Continuous tense was/ were selling He was selling computers They are driving a car am/ is/ are being sold computers are being sold by him A car is being driven by them Future continuous tense will/ shall be selling He will be selling computers They will be driving a car No passive Present perfect tense has/ have sold He has sold computers They have driving a car has/ have been sold computers have been sold by him A car has been driving by them Past perfect tense had sold He had sold computers They had driven a car had been sold Computers had been sold by him A car had been driven by them Future perfect tense will/ shall have sold He will have sold computers They will have driven a car will/ shall have been sold Computers will have been sold by him A car will have been driven by them Present perfect tense has/ have been selling He has been selling computers They have been driving a car No passive had been selling He had been selling computers They had been driving a car No passive will/ shall have been selling He will have been selling computers They will have been driving a car No passive Past perfect tense Continuous perfect tense Simple Present Tense He steals money Money is stolen by him She writes books Books are written by her They clean the house The house is cleaned by them You prepare lunch Lunch is prepared by you They criticize you You are criticized by them He sweeps the house The house is swept by him Simple Past Tense He stole money Money was stole by him She wrote books Books were written by her They clean the house The house was cleaned by them You prepared lunch Lunch was prepared by you They criticized you You were criticized by them He swept the house The house was swept by him Simple Future Tense He will steal money Money will be stolen by him She will write books Books will be written by her They will clean the house The house will be cleaned by them You will prepare lunch Lunch will be prepared by you They will criticize you You will be criticized by them He will sweep the house The house will be swept by him Present Continuous Tense He is stealing money Money is being stolen by him She is writing books Books are being written by her They are cleaning the house The house is being cleaned by them You are preparing lunch Lunch are being prepared by you They are criticizing you You are being criticized by them He is sweeping the house The house is being cleaned by him Past Continuous Tense He was stealing money Money was being stolen by him She was writing books Books were being written by her They were cleaning the house The house was being cleaned by them You were preparing lunch Lunch was being preparing by you They were criticizing you You were being criticized by them He was sweeping the house The house was being swept by him Present Perfect Tense He has stolen money Money has been stolen by him She has written books Books have been written by her They have cleaned the house The house has been cleaned by them You have prepared lunch Lunch has been prepared by you They have criticized you You have been criticized by them He has swept the house The house has been swept by him Past Perfect Tense He had stolen money Money had been stolen by him She had written books Books had been written by her They had cleaned the house The house had been cleaned by them You had prepared lunch Lunch had been prepared by you They had criticized you You had been criticized by them He had swept the house The house had been swept by him Future Perfect Tense He will have stolen money Money will have been stolen by him She will have written books Books will have been written by her They will have cleaned the house The house will have been cleaned by them You will have prepared lunch Lunch will have been prepared by you They will have criticized you You will have been criticized by them He will have swept the house The house will have been swept by him Pronouns Subjective Objective Possessive Possessive Reflexive I We He She It They You You me us him her it them you you my our his her its their your your mine ours his here its theirs yours yours myself ourselves himself herself itself themselves yourself yourselves I I like ice cream She blames me She wrote my note They are neighbors of mine I loved my self We We eat the rice They gave us presents We sweep our class room This puppy is ours We blamed ourselves He He learned well The teacher blamed him His hand was injured That pen is his He betrayed himself She She will help you No one spoke to her Her hair is long and beautiful This dress is hers She said she was beautiful to herself It It is a carnivore We all love it This is its mother These wings are its It bites itself They They are very kind She takes care of them This is their classroom These toys are theirs They blame themselves You You hit me I don't like you This is your book This phone is yours You are ashamed of yourself You You are very cunning It is useless to help you Your brother hit me This temple is yours You help yourselves Preposition 1. At at the time Class starts at 8.00 a.m. I wake up at 4.30 in the morning I went home yesterday at 6.00 p.m. At an age Grandfather died at the age of 80 The dog died at the age of 10 Nadeera got married at 23 At place He works at the station He is at the bus stop He works at air airport On (on a date/ day) They will go home on Sunday I was born on 1998.07.11 I can come on Friday (To indicate mode of transport) She goes to work on a car They will come on the train I went to Colombo on the bus (To indicate position) The flower Vass on the table Don't sit on this chair There are a lot of books on the table (On time – Not before or after) The class starts on time The race starts on time The bus is gone on time In (Month/ Year etc.) She was born in 1974 We celebrate the Vesak Festival in may They will come Sri Lanka in January (To indicate place Where) They are in the class room There is a lady in the car He live in Australia In time (not late) The class started in time yesterday He went to home in time today The meeting starts in time today In five minutes/ in a few days/ in six weeks/ in two years The bus will go in five minutes I meet Gayan in two days I will pay you in a few days By Used with passive verbs He was taught by them A car is driven by them The room is swept by her By a time/ day/ period They will come here by Monday He is sleeping by 8.00 p.m. You must submit the assignment by next month To indicate the method of transport They would go to America by air He went to Colombo by car She goes to school by bicycle Meaning 'near' Our house is by the school They are living nearby There is a temple by the lake From (From......... to/ From............ till) The class held from 8 to 10 The distance from the house to the temple is 2Km I went from Kandy till Colombo alone Since She has been here since morning I have been busy since morning I have not been in Sri Lanka since January For Used with a period of time I have been waiting for you for 20 minutes He has been working abroad for many years She had been waiting for him for a long time For a purpose I went to the ground for an exercise She work hard for pass the exam Because The meeting was postponed for lake of participate She won't come today for sulfuring from fever I following an English course of build the my English knowledge During Used with a period of time I am in a lecture during the mother was prepared supper We went a trip during the vacation Barking the dog during the no one here To From............. To The lectures have been from 8.00 p.m. to 10.00 p.m. Everyday I'm come from Kandy to Gompla It was rain feom Monday morning to today Afternoon Used with people and place He will come to the here hey went to temple A letter was sent to her Till/ until (meaning up to) I studied till midnight They worked until it rained Student will be wait until the teacher arrive to classroom After Used with noun, pronoun, gerund She came after the teacher arrived After going home, I had a bath They give away after winning the competition I. II. Before You must be arriving before 2.00 p.m. It is better to tell the truth before punishing I did not know him before he met me Into A thief jumped into the house A baby bird crawled into the thrunk of the tree Among 20 student out of the 100 were absent today Off Away from Off the sea belt They got off the class room Above In a higher position Nalaka is above the roof My room is above the brother's room The book is above the table Below In a lower position than Answer the questions below The river flows below our house Grandma's house is just below our house Over Farmer's house is over the hill They jumped over the rock Under We were under the tree for shade There are gems under the ground Flower have fallen under the tree Beside/ By/ Next to Our house beside the river They are sitting by me The bank is next to the communication She is sitting next to me The temple is beside the school Behind Our class room is behind the office The bus stand is behind the police station The will is behind the house Our house is behind the temple In front of Sachi is in front of me The bank is in front of book shop They are sitting in front of us Opposite Our opposite team is weak A bus coming from the opposite direction hit my car Our class was on the opposite side of the temple Between There was a clash between the two of them. There is a short distance between the temple and the school. I am the second in the family between brother and sister. Among Pepper is grown among the coconut trees. Saman was the best student among the students. Besides (In addition to) Besides learning grammar. I also learn a lot of new words. Besides cooking fish. I also cook the chicken. Besides speaking Sinhala. I also speak English. With I can't work with her. They arrived with them parents. She angry with me. By means The letters were written with the pen. I cut the tree with an axe. I cleaned the yard with the hoe. Without I can't live without you. We can't do that without parents' permission. We can't speak English without interest. Of - Containing I would like a bottle of milk. I gave them glass of water. About I find the note of my A/L classes. I told mother of my illness. They were informed of their delay. Made From The bed is made of wood. This table is made of plastic. The cake is made of flour & butter. Along I am walking along the road. She ran along this road. They go along that road. Through A beautiful river flowers through the village. Tears come through her eyes. The waterfall flows through the mountain range. Beyond The church is beyond the school. The shop is beyond the junction. That vehicle was broken beyond repair. Near The temple is near the bridge. The school is near the city. The house is near the town. Up They went up the hill. He climbed up the roof. A kite floated up the sky. Down The waterfall falls down. The baby fell down the bed. He fell down the tree. Against (Opposite) They acted against us. They played against the other team. Sameera spoke out against his conscience. Up to Discount up to 15% these day. We can walk up to a 1 Km. The shop was opened up to 8.00 pm. Inside I can't go inside the room. There were ants inside the cabinet. I had Rs. 1000 inside my book. Outside The vehicle was outside the gate. The students were heard screaming outside. Upon They came here only upon time ago. Once upon a time kings ruled the country. Around (Round) We went round the building. Flowers were planted around it. There was a wall around the house. Close The temple is close to the city. She is very close to me. They are live in close to hospital. Towards We can't go towards Colombo. The wind is strong towards the mountains. Wild animals are coming towards the river. Onto I can't jump onto the rock. The van crashed onto the roof. Dry leaves fall onto the ground. Because of I can't come because of it rain. They were not arrived because of we not invited them. He don't eat fish because of he is a vegetarian. In spite of/Despite (Although) He played in spite of his injury. She arived the office in spite of her illness. With regard to (Concerning) We would like to talk to you with regard to the exam. Past They past me and ran fast. He has to go past the hospital for the bark. About a hundred meters past the temple is their house. About Ex. I know a little bit about that are It takes about five kilos of rice to cook for them. Ex. I will let you know about it. He talked to me about it Like She is just like a mother. Looks like he has rich. Looks like he doesn't like anyone. Beneath I saw a gold coins beneath the rock. He had a position beneath me. The mango had fallen beneath the tree. Underneath A coin rolled and went underneath the bed. He was dragged underneath the river. Across We have to across the bridge. There was a beautiful field lying across the village. Articles Singular & Plural Nouns Singular 1. room boy student 2. bus dish church box potato tomato Plural rooms boys students Singular man woman child foot tooth mouse louse datum medium Plural men women children feet teeth mice lice data media 7. fish deer sheep fish deer sheep 8. person people/ persons 6. buses dishes churches boxes potatoes tomatoes 3. lady baby party dictionary ladies babies parties dictionaries 4. day monkey boy days monkeys boys 5. shelf leaf calf half wife knife life shelves leaves calves halves wives knives lives 9. - scissors glasses trousers jeans shorts tights pajamas Countable Noun and Uncountable Noun Countable Noun boy boys tree trees bus buses country countries books books dog dogs bird birds monkey monkeys oil water dhal ink sugar shard milk blood Uncountable Noun - Singular a cap of tea a glass of water a bottle of milk a bowl of rice a can of oil Plural two cups of tea five glasses of water two bottles of milk five bowls of rice three cans oil Indefinite Articles (a, an, some) Countable Noun (singular) Sinhala English ñksfi^la& a man u,^la& a flower fmd;^la& mEk^la& f.h^la& a book a pen a house fnda;,h^la& fodvï f.äh^la& l=vh^la& a bottle an orange wem,a f.äh^la& meh^la& an apple Uncountable Noun (plural) Sinhala English .ia j.hla some trees fmd,a some coconuts j.hla mEka j.hla some pens <uhs j.hla some children i;a;= some animals j.hla l=v j.hla some umbrella f.j,a some houses j.hla fmd;aa some books j.hla ld¾ j.hla some cars an hour wU j.hla an umbrella some mangoes Uncountable Nouns (singular) Sinhala English f;,a álla some oil j;=r álla some water yd,a álla some rice je,s álla some sand mia álla some soil iSks álla some sugar uqo,a álla some money Define Articles (The) Countable (singular) Sinhala English fld,a,d The boy Uncountable (plural) Sinhala English j;=r The water fl,a, <uhd .=rejrhd fmd; u, nE.h nih iSks msá je,s mia f;,a The girl The child The teacher The book The flower The bag The bus The sugar The flour The sand The soil The oil The indefinite artides (a/ or/ and) It use 1. Before a countable singular noun when it is mentioned for the first time. Ex: •I met a boy yesterday. •She drove a car 2. With few and little. Ex: •I have a few minutes. •They have a few apples. 3. With persons profession. Ex: •He is a teacher. •He is an Engineer. 4. Before the name of a person who is not known. Ex: •A Mr: Perera asked you to come. A student had scolded another student. It omission 1. With uncountable nouns. Ex: •Oil I want a oil •water •sand 2. With abstract nouns. Ex: •Innocence •Cunning •Foolishness Love is a eternal 3. Before person's name. Ex: •I met a Gayan •She help a Saman Definite Articles (The) It use 1. Before nouns of which there is only one or that is considered as one . Ex: •The son, The moon, The sky. 2. Before a noun which has already been mentioned and become define . Ex: •The boy was climbing the tree •The car crashed into a tree 3. Before a noun which represents a particular person or thing . Ex: •You should seek advice from the teacher. •At that time the thief was near the wall. It Omission 1. With 'man' when it represents human race. Ex: •Man destroys the environment. 2. With name of place and people. Ex: •Kamal, Nimal, India, Sri Lanka. • I met Gayan But 'the' is used with the plural of a name to refer to a family. Ex: •I know about the wijesingha. 3. With North, South, East, West Ex: •North Korea, south pole. 4. With an abstract noun which expresses a quality or state. Ex: •Inspiration makes you a better person. 5. With meals and games. Ex: •I have breakfast at 7.30 am. •They play volleyball. 6. With home, work, town ete. Ex: •I must go home now. •She went to work yesterday. •They will go town tomorrow. 7. With bed, school, collage, university, etc.... when those places are visited for their primary purpose but when those places are visited for other reasons, or when we refer to the building the is used. Ex: •She went to university by bus. but The bank is by the post office. The thief is in prison. but The auditor visited the factory yesterday. Determiners some and any ''A certain quantity'' 1. Some/ Any 1. Some is used in affirmative (positive) sentence, some and any are used before plural and uncountable nouns. Ex: •They have drink some water countable •She had some money •There were some apples on the tree Uncountable •There were any students in the class room. } } 2. Any is used after hardly and scarcely. Ex: •I have hardly any hungry. •They had scarcely any foods. •I have hardly any money. 3. Any is used in question. Ex: •Have you got any brothers or sisters@ •Have you got any pets. 4. Any/ Anything/ Anyone/ Anybody Ex: •I will give you anything. •Anyone here can help you. •You can do any sport. 2. Many/ Much Many is before countable plural nouns and much before uncountable nouns. Many and much are mainly used in the negatives and interrogatives. Negative Ex: •There are many people in that meeting. •There are much water in this area. Questions Ex: •Do you have much money@ •Does she love me so much@ 3. Each (meaning all) Each is used for small numbers. Every is normally not used for small numbers. Ex: •Each boy were on the playground. •Each boy has a mobile phone. 4. Every (meaning all) Every is normally used for very small numbers. Ex: •Every tree had flowers. •Every in the class room. Everyone, Everybody, mean 'all the people' everything means 'all things' 5. Either (any one of two persons or things) Ex: •She will give you either of these books. •Either of them should come our meeting. 6. Neither (Not either) Ex: •I went neither my home. •She ask neither me. 7. One (as a pronoun) Ex: •Do you want this one @ •I don't eat banana. 8. Both (the two) Ex: •I have both of books. •They have both of pets. •Both of you can come. 9. A little (before uncountable nouns) Ex: •He has a little water. •They have a little knowledge. 10. Little (not much) Ex: •The plate has little meals. •I have little money. 11. A few (before countable Nouns) Ex: •I have a few friends. •They have a few clothes. 12. Few (not many) Ex: •There are few animals in this area. •She has a few money. 13. No (adjectives) Ex: •There are no people in this meeting. •She has no books. Comparison of Adjectives There are three degrees of an adjective Positive Comparative Superlative clever cleverer cleverest beautiful more beautiful most beautiful good better best fat fatter fattest Formation of the comparative and the superlative 1. One – syllable adjectives take – er or est. Positive Comparative Superlative high higher highest tall taller tallest fat fatter fattest cheap cheaper cheapest 2. Two – syllable adjectives ending in ful, ing, re Positive Comparative Superlative careful more careful most careful faithful more faithful most faithful beautiful more beautiful most beautiful cunning more cunning most cunning 3. Two syllable adjectives ending in y, ly and er take and est. Positive Comparative Superlative lovely lovelier loveliest pretty prettier prettiest lazy lazier laziest clever cleverer cleverest 4. Three or more syllable adjectives take more and most. Positive Comparative Superlative beautiful more beautiful most beautiful expensive difficult interesting popular more expensive more difficult more interesting more popular 5. Irregular comparison. Positive Comparative good better bad worse little less many more much more far further most expensive most difficult most interesting most popular Superlative best worst least most most further Ways of expressing comparisons 1. The positive is used with as............... as when we compare two similar persons or things. Ex: He is as kind as you. You are as cunning as your father. Your house is not as big as ours. My phone is not as expensive as yours. 2. The comparative degree is used with than. Ex: You are fatter than me. She is richer than us. They are cleverer than us. Something is better than nothing. 3. Comparison of three or more persons or things is expressed by the superlative proceeded by the and followed by in/ of. Ex: The Mahaweli is the longest river in the Sri Lanka. Murali was the best bowls in the world. Football is the most popular of the world. I am the cleverest student in the group. 4. Parallel increase or growth is expressed by a double comparative. Ex: The bigger the room, the better. The higher the roof, the better. The younger you are the easier it is to learn. The more electricity you use the higher your bill will be. 5. A gradual increase or growth is expressed by a comparative with and Ex: You are becoming fatter and fatter. It is getting darker and darker. My English knowledge is getting better and better after thing course. Comparison of Adverbs Formation of the comparative and the superlative. 1. Single – syllable adverbs and the adverb early take er and est. Positive Comparative Superlative hard harder hardest low lower lowest fast foster fastest early earlier earliest 2. Two or more syllable adverbs take more and most. Positive Comparative Superlative swiftly more swiftly most swiftly earnestly more earnestly most earnestly carefully more carefully most carefully 3. Irregular comparison. Positive Comparative well better badly worse late later little less Superlative best worst latest least The use of adverbs in comparison 1. The positive is used with as ............... as when there is a comparison between two similar actions. Ex: • He came down as quickly as he could. • I meet you as early as possible. • There is plenty of food. you can have as much as you like. 2. With the comparative, that is used. Ex: • You can run faster that me. • The ball came lower that I expected. • You can cook better that I thought. 3. A superlative adverb + of all is commonly used. Ex: • She can sins most beautifully of us all. • Mother gets up earliest of us all. • You work most carefully of us all. 'Wh' Question 1. Why 2. Where Why did he tell you to come@ Why did hie say he had no money@ Why are you blaming him@ Why did he say he was angry@ Why don't eat rice@ Why don't you go to school@ Why was there no bus today@ Why didn't you come to the meeting@ Why didn't you help me@ Why aren't you coming tomorrow@ Where did you go@ Where was my purse@ Where is their home@ Where have you been@ Where is the mango tree@ Where did you brother go@ Where did you put the book@ Where is he going tomorrow@ Where have your friend been@ Where do you study@ 3. How How did you recognize me@ How are you now@ How is your education@ How to get to your house@ How did you get there@ How did you fall from a tree@ How are you@ How did you find out about the interview@ How can he blame them@ How did your father call you@ What did your name say@ What about your school@ What is the name of the book you wrote@ What were you wearing at the time@ What is his mother's name@ What is your assignment@ What is your future ambition@ What is your job@ What is your vehicle@ 4. What 5. When/ At that time When we start our meeting@ At what time are you coming back@ When did you come here@ At what time should we go there@ When had the meeting started@ At what time was she working here@ When can you came to meet me@ 6. Who (I) Who did your father scold@ Who hit my brother@ Who told me to came@ Who attended my class@ Who put the book in my bag@ Who harmed my pets@ Who did you meet@ Who can you help@ Who do you teach@ 7. Who (II) Who is your favorite singer@ Who did the washing up@ Who is sleeping here@ Who has got my key@ Who had stolen my money@ Who can do this@ Who will come to help us@ Who knows the answer@ 8. Which Which book do you want@ Which dress is beautiful to me@ Which pen is blue@ Which rice is mine@ Which bag did you have@ Which vehicles are beautiful to you@ Which English class is also the best@ Which note can you give me@ Which phone does she use@ Which person should I meet@ Question Tags Positive Tags Statement Nayomi doesn't like eggs Negative Tag Does she@ Positive 1. You don't eat beef, do you@ 2. You aren't hungry, are you@ 3. You can't cook chicken, can you@ 4. He wasn't watching TV, was he@ 5. The man hasn't cut the tree, has he@ 6. You won't help me, will you@ 7. She doesn't cook rice, does she@ 8. They don't have breakfast, do they@ 9. The girl wasn't sad, was she@ 10. People weren't blaming you, were they@ Negative Tags Statement She is sleeping Positive Tag isn't she@ Negative 1.Nayomi helps you, doesn't she@ 2.You like music, don't you@ 3.Your father drinking, doesn't he@ 4.My friends are studying well, aren't they@ 5.The students attended the lecture, didn't they@ 6.Mother is coming today, isn't he@ 7.Sameera was walking, wasn't he@ 8.Saduni has gone class, hasn't she@ 9.You are hungry, aren't you@ 10. They went home yesterday, didn't they@
