BIOE211: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY TOPIC: HEALTH INDICATORS AND DEMOGRAPHY 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y 2023-2024 LECTURER: EXAMPLES TOPIC SUBTOPIC SUB SUBTOPIC HEALTH INDICATORS • • Tools used to measure objectively a specific health concept of interest - Program or a project is constructed based on health indicators - The program or the goal of the program is to reduce the positivity rate of a disease by a certain percentage Usually numeric measures which help compare the targeted or expected results of health programs. TYPES OF HEALTH INDICATORS • According to: 1. Aspect of health being measured 2. Group referred to 3. Time covered by the events 4. Components of the evaluation framework ACCORDING TO THE ASPECT OF HEALTH BEING MEASURED • • • • • Point in time - Occurred during the specific point in time being considered [January 2020 Period of Time - Occurred over a period of time EXAMPLES Health status indicators - Measure health outcomes and/or their risk factors Health service performance indicators - Measure aspects of the performance of health services or public health programs ACCORDING TO THE GROUP REFERRED TO • ACCORDING TO THE TIME COVERED BY THE EVENTS Crude Rates - Describes the total population which is used as the denominator in the computation Specific Rates - Describes only a specific sub-group of the total population being considered. 1|P age - Prevalence – point in time of chronic diseases (NCD) Incidence: Period of time of acute diseases (CD) Transcribed by: JAMARA ACCORDING TO THE COMPONENTS OF THE EVALUATION FRAMEWORK • • • • Input Indicators - Resources needed to deliver the essential services to the population or to achieve project objectives Output Indicators - Direct products of project activities. Generally in the form of activities and processes undertaken Outcome Indicators - Immediate result of the services or activities implemented short term effect Impact Indicators - Intended or unintended long-term organizational or community changes long term effect TYPE OF INDICATOR • • Output • • Outcome • • Impact • • • • ABSOLUTE NUMBERS • • • Number of posters and brochures on family planning Number of community volunteers trained to conduct health education Number of couples who have seen or received the posters Number of health education classes conducted % increase in the level of knowledge among couples on family planning % increase in number of family planning acceptors Decrease in the average number of children per family Decrease in the population growth rate RATIO • • result of dividing one number by another reserved for measures wherein the numerator is not part of the denominator - example: o sex ratio PROPORTION • • Measures of Morbidity (ilan ang nagkasakit) Measures of Mortality (ilan ang namatay) Measures of Fertility (natality) special kind of ratio wherein the numerator is part of the denominator When multiplied by 100 – called as percentage - example: o % of infants who are full immunized o % of households with sanitary toilets - (a/b) x k RATE • • • 2|P age simple count of the number of persons, houses or events being considered easy to understand but difficult to interpret especially when making comparisons among groups with different sizes we don't make comparison based on number but rather on proportion. CONVENTIONAL HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS • • • Absolute numbers Ratios Proportions Rates INDICATOR • Input COMPUTING INDICATORS Similar with proportion but with element of time measures how fast an event occurs over time or space expressed in terms of the frequency of occurrence of events Transcribed by: JAMARA • common example in health is the incidence rate of a disease. • The most basic description of the population composition is according to age and sex. FORMULA FOR RATE, RATIO, AND PROPORTION FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION COMPOSITION • • • • Birth Rate: number of births per 1000 population Death rate: number of deaths per 1000 population Emigration: number of people leaving a country Immigration: number of people moving to a country DESCRIBING THE AGE COMPOSITION OF A POPULATION • • DEMOGRAPHY • • The scientific study of human populations - Population Size - Population Structure/Composition - Population distribution in space “Study of the size, territorial distribution, and composition of the population, changes therein, and the components of such changes” --- Hauser and Duncan (1959:2) POPULATION SIZE • Affected by: - Natality - Mortality - Migration Median Age: the age below which we have 50% of the population Age Dependency Ratio: Indicator of age-induced economic drain on human resources - Children (0-14 yo) - Elderly (greater than or equal to 65 years old) - Computes as the ratio of the dependents to the economically active group (15-64) of the population DESCRIBING THE SEX COMPOSITION OF A POPULATION • • Sex Ratio: computed by dividing the number of males by the number of females using a factor of 100 Interpreted as the number of males for every 100 females in the population 2 METHODS OF POPULATION ALLOCATION • • De Facto Method: people are counted or allocated to the area where they were physically present at the time of the census De Jure Method: people are counted or allocated to the place of their usual residence POPULATION COMPOSITION • Determines the number of percentages of the population according to the categories of important sociodemographic-economic variables 3|P age THE POPULATION PYRAMID • • • Graphical presentation of the age and sex structure of a population Special type of histogram: male population is shown at the left and females at the right - Youngest age group is the base and the oldest is the top Either the actual population count or he percentage of the population can be graphed. Transcribed by: JAMARA POPULATION DISTRIBUTION • • • 4|P age Description of how people are distributed in a specified space or geographic area Affected by: - Physical - Political - Social/Cultural - Economic Indicators: - Population density = # of people / land area - Crowding index = # of HH members / # of rooms in the hoses (exclude bathroom & kitchen) Transcribed by: JAMARA
