PRS-NEOWEB™ Earth Stabilization Erosion Control, Slope Protection & Earth Retention PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 Ver. 13.01 TECHNICAL OVERVIEW © 2013 Copyright and Proprietary of PRS. Certain products and/or applications described or illustrated are protected under international patents. Final suitability of any information or material for use and its manner of use is the sole responsibility of the authorized user. Contents PRS-NEOWEB CELLULAR CONFINEMENT SYSTEM ...................................................................................3 SLOPES ................................................................................................................................................... 3 EARTH RETENTION................................................................................................................................. 3 DURABILITY ............................................................................................................................................ 4 BENEFITS OF PRS-NEOWEB EARTH STABILIZATION............................................................................... 4 PRS-NEOWEB EARTH STABILIZATION SOLUTIONS ................................................................................ 5 SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION ....................................................................................................................... 5 PRS ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 CHOOSING THE PRS-NEOWEB CATEGORY............................................................................................. 6 Tables of PRS-Neoweb® Categories (A-D) ........................................................................................6 VEGETATED SLOPE PROTECTION (A) ........................................................................................................8 PRS-Neoweb Slope Cover Protection System ..................................................................................8 VEGETATED SLOPE PROTECTION (B) ........................................................................................................9 PRS-Neoweb Slope Cover Protection System ..................................................................................9 GRAVITY RETAINING WALL ....................................................................................................................10 PRS-Neoweb Gravity Retaining Wall of Horizontal Layers .............................................................10 REINFORCED RETAINING WALL ..............................................................................................................11 PRS-Neoweb Retaining Wall with Geogrid Reinforcement............................................................11 EARTH RETENTION & STABILIZED EROSION CONTROL ...............................................................................12 Combined PRS-Neoweb Gravity Retaining Wall & Back Slope Protection.....................................12 STEEP EARTH STABILIZATION .................................................................................................................13 PRS-Neoweb Fascia Wall ................................................................................................................13 SOIL-NAILING HIGH & STEEP EARTH STABILIZATION .............................................................................14 PRS-Neoweb Fascia Wall & Slope Stabilization & Soil-nailing........................................................14 REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................................15 PRS-Neoweb for Earth Retention – Seismic Research (Leshchinsky, D., et al, University of Delaware, USA)...............................................................................................................................15 PRS-Neoweb Railway Embankment Testing (Leshchinsky, B., Ling, H., et al, University of Columbia, USA)...............................................................................................................................15 Additional References ....................................................................................................................15 PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 2/16 Rev. 13.01 PRS-NEOWEB CELLULAR CONFINEMENT SYSTEM The PRS-Neoweb System is a soil confinement, stabilization and reinforcement solution developed, manufactured and marketed by PRS, comprised of three-dimensional, perforated and textured honeycombed geocells. PRS-Neoweb can be applied to a wide range of soil stabilization applications subject to surface erosion and unstable slopes, including slope and channel protection, earth retention and stabilization, and reservoirs and landfills. SLOPES PRS-Neoweb confinement along with anchoring techniques ensures the long-term stability of slopes using vegetated topsoil, granular infill or concrete surfacing. The enhanced drainage, frictional forces and cell-soil-plant interaction of PRS-Neoweb prevents downslope movement from hydrodynamic and gravitational forces. PRS-Neoweb slope protection is provided by: Frictional resistance which reduces sliding Cell walls that mechanically protect against run-off, rill development and erosive forces Soil confinement, which enhances soil particle structure and soil integrity, minimizing the impact of raindrops Cell perforations facilitating plant and root interlock, thereby stabilizing the soil mass The PRS-Neoweb system tolerates high sheet-flow conditions and prevents channeling by limiting flow and increasing hydraulic shear stresses. PRS-Neoweb slope protection is also applicable to Channel Protection. PRS-Neoweb confinement of vegetated soil, hard armor or poured concrete fill optimizes erosion protection for natural or man-made channels and hydraulic structures, typically incorporated into open-channel systems. EARTH RETENTION Retention structures are typically used where earth slopes are impractical due to sharp grade changes, irregular topography, or lack of land within a project site. PRS-Neoweb retaining walls provide steep vertical earth retention (up to 81°) that are structurally stable under self- weight and externally imposed loads. Gravity and reinforced walls erected with stacked PRS-Neoweb system layers maintain structural stability, even in compressible and unstable foundation subgrades. PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 3/16 Rev. 13.01 DURABILITY PRS-Neoweb is comprised of advanced polymeric alloys that make the cellular confinement system stiff, flexible and durable. In particular the PRS-Neoweb patentpending alloys feature long term dimensional stability, high long term design strength (creep resistance) and low reduction factors. This translates to a longer life-span for PRS-Neoweb earth retention structures. In addition, PRS-Neoweb is non-degradable and is resistant to weathering, extreme temperatures and water, which can affect concrete, steel and timber solutions. BENEFITS OF PRS-NEOWEB EARTH STABILIZATION Design & Construction Geocells – physically protect against run-off, rill and gully formation and erosive forces Frictional resistance – reduces soil sliding & migration Cell perforations – facilitate plant and root interlock to further stabilize soil mass and slope Material Unique Neoloy® polymer technology - high resistance to UV, oxidation, water, extreme temperatures Erosion Control Soil confinement – enhance soil structure and minimizes impact of raindrops Drainage – promote infiltration and limit the impact of hydrostatic forces Economic Cost effective –reduces the quantities of surface cover required (topsoil, gravel or concrete) Long lifespan – maximizes project lifecycle costs Low installation cost and Total Cost of Ownership Environmental Sustainable - enables flow of water, nutrients and soil organisms Landscape – enhance plant growth, soil health and visual landscape Permeability of PRS-Neoweb wall perforations facilitates onsite drainage and stormwater management. Earth Retention Neoloy-based PRS-Neoweb offers very long-term stiffness and strength. PRS-Neoweb absorbs energy making it highly resistant to seismic activity. Construction without forms or curing is faster than poured concrete. PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 4/16 Rev. 13.01 PRS-NEOWEB EARTH STABILIZATION SOLUTIONS SLOPE PROTECTION EARTH STABILIZATION Transportation and Construction – Cut slopes – Road and rail embankments – Abutment protection Energy – Storage facility berms – Pipeline stabilization Environmental – Green roofs – Mine and quarry restoration Reservoirs – Ponds, lagoons, dams – Channel and shoreline structures Landfill – Waste containment facilities – Waste rehabilitation sites Transportation and construction – – – Rehabilitation – – Energy and noise absorbers Green walls Channels and Coastlines – – Mine site and quarry restoration Failed slopes Environmental – – Multi-grade transportation arteries Green road and rail embankments Safety barriers Storm water structures Coastal cliff preservation Site grading – – Expanding fields and yards Grading site to boundaries SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION PRS-Neoweb is the best-available sustainable solution for long-term soil protection and stabilization in slopes, embankments and retaining walls. PRS-Neoweb improves site ecology by enhancing water drainage and soil quality, and when integrated with revegetation schemes, improves the site landscape, soil food web and visual aesthetics. The PRS-Neoweb perforations promote infiltration and limit the impact of hydrostatic forces by improving drainage. This plays a crucial role in soil protection by: Preventing run-off and soil erosion Preserving the soil structure Enabling flow of water, nutrients and soil organisms Healthy soil encourages the growth of vital soil organisms and processes that improve nutrient cycling, porosity and soil aggregation. The perforations are also critical in promoting revegetation by providing an excellent growth environment for roots and plants. This further stabilizes the soil and slope, while facilitating the restoration of the vegetation and landscape. PRS PRS is the world’s leading supplier of cost-effective earth stabilization solutions. Combining unique proprietary technology with specialized engineering expertise, PRS delivers proven solutions for load support, slope and channel protection, earth retention, and reservoir and landfill applications. With a global network of regional offices and local distributors, PRS provides a full range of end-to-end support services. Since its establishment in 1996, PRS has implemented hundreds of successful projects in over 45 countries worldwide. PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 5/16 Rev. 13.01 CHOOSING THE PRS-NEOWEB CATEGORY The following table explains how to select the PRS-Neoweb that matches the actual needs of the project, pre-calculated by typical stresses, loading, photochemical durability, elevated temperatures and design-life and not just the cell dimension. Different cell sizes and heights are available according to design objectives. The PRS approach departs from the commonly accepted practice of using standard strength (HDPE) geocells (of different sizes and heights) for all project types, and takes into account the project design requirements, thereby avoiding over- or under-design. Tables of PRS-Neoweb® Categories (A-D) PRS-NEOWEB CATEGORIES – GENERAL A Suitable for low to moderate slopes and flow velocities B C D Suitable for moderate to high slopes and flow velocities Suitable for very steep slopes & very high flow velocities Suitable for the most demanding slope and channel solutions PRS-NEOWEB VS. SLOPE TYPE CATEGORIES – DETAILED SUITABILITY PRS-NEOWEB GEOCELL CATEGORIES PROJECT CATEGORIES SLOPES (1) A B C D Max. Slope Max. Height (m) Max. Height (m) Max. Height (m) Max. Height (m) 34° unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited 45° 10 12 15 20 63° 3 4 5 6 PRS-NEOWEB VS. WALL TYPE CATEGORIES – DETAILED SUITABILITY PRS-NEOWEB GEOCELL CATEGORIES A B C D Max. Height (m) Max. Height (m) Max. Height (m) Max. Height (m) 81° 84° 87° unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited 3 x unlimited unlimited unlimited x 2 3 Base x Limited Limited Max. Slope WALLS (2) PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 6/16 Rev. 13.01 * NOTES: (1) SLOPES Cell height and size are according to design requirements, determined mainly by slope inclination Topsoil infill, vegetated slopes Typical stake anchor: embedded depth=500 mm, diameter=10 mm Parameters are without tendons, which can be added for higher performance/heights. Stake anchor density [units/m2]: α≤34º: 1.0-1.2 | 34º<α≤45º: 1.2-1.5| 45º<α≤63º: 1.5-1.8: Higher stake densities enable higher slopes for each category Non-woven geotextile under-layer (optional) (2) RETAINING WALLS The above table is a general guide for the selection of PRS-Neoweb category only; and must be confirmed by PRS/consultant engineer. Based on typical cell size: PRS-445 (weld distance in mm) with granular infill NOTE: THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE EXAMPLES ONLY AND NOT INTENDED FOR PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION , BIDDING, OR PERMIT PURPOSES . PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 7/16 Rev. 13.01 VEGETATED SLOPE PROTECTION (A) PRS-Neoweb Slope Cover Protection System STABILITY Stable slope at natural state for desired inclination and height INCLINATIONS 1:3 - 1:1 (18° - 45°) HEIGHT No limitation SOLUTION Erosion control system Green solution Protects slope strength properties for long term stability Easily installed on any changing/curved geometry Enables efficient confined drainage system INFILL Vegetated / locally excavated soil infill ANCHORAGE Metal / wood stakes + Neo-Clip FEATURES PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 8/16 Rev. 13.01 VEGETATED SLOPE PROTECTION (B) PRS-Neoweb Slope Cover Protection System STABILITY Stable slope at natural state for desired inclination and height INCLINATIONS 1:3 - 2:1 (18° - 63°) HEIGHT Depends upon inclination, up to 15-25m SOLUTION Erosion control system Green solution Protects slope strength properties for long term stability Easily installed on any changing/curved geometry Enables efficient confined drainage system INFILL Vegetated / locally excavated soil infill ANCHORAGE Tendons + Neo-Clip™ holding cell walls Tendons secured to deadman anchors at crest FEATURES PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 9/16 Rev. 13.01 GRAVITY RETAINING WALL PRS-Neoweb Gravity Retaining Wall of Horizontal Layers STABILITY Unstable slope at natural state for desired inclination / height Slope requires earth retention structure to provide stability INCLINATIONS 1:1 - 6:1 (45° - 81°) HEIGHT Typical range: 0.6 - 4.0m SOLUTION Earth retention system Erosion control system Green solution Flexible structure: retains its resistance after dynamic/seismic actions, without cracking Easily installed with curves to any longitudinal geometry Enables efficient confined drainage system Simultaneous construction of wall and fill embankment Vegetated / locally excavated soil infill in first fascia cells Granular soil for backfill and all other PRS-Neoweb cells FEATURES INFILL PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 10/16 Rev. 13.01 REINFORCED RETAINING WALL PRS-Neoweb Retaining Wall with Geogrid Reinforcement STABILITY INCLINATIONS HEIGHT SOLUTION FEATURES INFILL PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 Unstable slope at natural state for desired inclination / height Slope requires earth retention structure to provide stability 1:1.5 - 6:1 (34° - 81°) Typical range: 3.0 - 12.0m Earth retention system Erosion control system Green solution Geogrid reinforcement Flexible structure: retains its resistance after dynamic/seismic actions, does not crack Easily installed with curves at any longitudinal geometry Enables efficient confined drainage system Simultaneous construction of wall and fill embankment Vegetated / locally excavated soil infill in first fascia cells Granular soil for reinforced backfill and all PRS-Neoweb cells 11/16 Rev. 13.01 EARTH RETENTION & STABILIZED EROSION CONTROL Combined PRS-Neoweb Gravity Retaining Wall & Back Slope Protection STABILITY INCLINATIONS HEIGHT SOLUTION FEATURES INFILL ANCHORAGE PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 Unstable slope at natural state for desired inclination and height Slope requires earth retention structure to provide stability Wall: 1:1 - 6:1 (45° - 81°) Slope: 1:3 - 2:1 (18° - 63°) Typical range for gravity wall: 0.6 - 4.0m Typical range for reinforced wall: 3.0 - 12.0m Slope: no limitation Earth retention system Erosion control system Green solution Protects slope strength properties for long term stability Flexible structure: retains its resistance after dynamic/seismic actions, does not crack Easily installed with curves at any longitudinal geometry Enables efficient confined drainage system Vegetated / locally excavated soil infill in first fascia cells and in back slope protection Back slope anchorage system: metal stakes + Neo-Clip 12/16 Rev. 13.01 STEEP EARTH STABILIZATION PRS-Neoweb Fascia Wall STABILITY Stable slope at natural state for desired inclination and height INCLINATIONS 1:1 - 6:1 (45° - 81°) HEIGHT Typical range: 1.0 - 20.0m Earth retention system Erosion control system Slope surface retention Green solution Flexible structure: retains its resistance after dynamic/seismic actions, without cracking Easily installed with curves at any longitudinal geometry Enables efficient confined drainage system Vegetated / locally excavated soil infill in first fascia cells Granular soil for backfill and all other PRS-Neoweb cells Tendons + NeoClip holding cell walls; tendons secured to anchors SOLUTION FEATURES INFILL ANCHORAGE PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 13/16 Rev. 13.01 SOIL-NAILING HIGH & STEEP EARTH STABILIZATION PRS-Neoweb Fascia Wall & Slope Stabilization & Soil-nailing TABILITY INCLINATIONS SOLUTION FEATURES INFILL ANCHORAGE PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 Unstable slope with collapses/failures at natural state for desired inclination and height Slope requires earth retention structure to provide stability 1:1 - 6:1 (45° - 81°) Provides Earth retention against collapses Erosion control system Slope surface retention Green solution Flexible structure: retains its resistance after dynamic/seismic actions, without cracking Easily installed with curves at any longitudinal geometry Enables efficient confined drainage system Vegetated / locally excavated soil infill in first fascia cells Granular soil for backfill and all other PRS-Neoweb cells Typical anchorage system: Soil-nailing, Tendons + Neo-Clip holding cell walls; tendons secured to Soil-nailing 14/16 Rev. 13.01 REFERENCES PRS-Neoweb for Earth Retention – Seismic Research (Leshchinsky, D., et al, University of Delaware, USA) Research and Innovation: Seismic Performance PRS-Neoweb Geocell Earth-retention Systems, Geosynthetics, Leshchinsky, D. (2009). Testing of PRS-Neoweb retention walls at the National Seismic Research Institute replicated a severe earthquake. Seismic testing and analysis of PRS-Neoweb produced a very low seismic reduction factor (coefficient). The Editors of Geosynthetics Magazine noted that “this article departs from this policy in an effort to offer a guideline, an example, of how product development for the geosynthetics industry can be done effectively. We hope these lessons can further advance the geosynthetics industry into the 21st century with much success.” Equivalent Seismic Coefficient in Geocell Retention Systems, Geotextiles and Geomembranes Journal, Ling, H.I., Leshchinsky, et al (2009). Results obtained from a large scale shake tables tests on reinforced geocell slopes are presented, where PRS-Neoweb performed well under seismic loading, with Reduction Factors between 0.3 and 0.4 times PGA. Dr. Leshchinsky noted, however, that geocells made from HDPE are unsuitable for long-term applications. Seismic Response of Geocell Retaining Walls, Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, Ling, H.I., Leshchinsky, et al (2009). Report on seismic response of PRS-Neoweb earth retention walls at the shake table National Seismic Research Institute in Japan, to seismic activity similar to a severe earthquake, to determine the failure mechanisms and PRS-Neoweb performance. Deformation was negligible or within acceptable values and the walls remained stable. Han, J., Xiaoming, Y., Leshchinsky, D., Parsons, R.L. (2007) “Behavior of Geocell-Reinforced Sand Under a Vertical Load”, Submitted to Geosynthetics Committee (AFS70). PRS-Neoweb Railway Embankment Testing (Leshchinsky, B., Ling, H., et al, University of Columbia, USA) Enhancing Ballast Performance using PRS-Neoweb Geocell Confinement, Geo-Frontiers 2011,, Dallas, Leshchinsky, B., (2011) The tests measured the strength and deformation behavior of Neoloy based PRS-Neoweb in 6 different embankment configurations. The results showed that PRS-Neoweb greatly restricted vertical deformation by 40-72% and lateral displacement by 50-67% under loading. PRS-Neoweb was stable under controlled cyclic loading within the stress amplitude of many transportation applications (roadways, train, ballast, etc.). Additional References Gabr, M.A., Robinson, B., Collin, J.G., and Berg R.R., (2006) Promoting Geosynthetics Use on Federal Lands Highway Projects, Federal Highway Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division. Han, J., Xiaoming, Y., Leshchinsky, D., Parsons, R.L. (2007) “Behavior of Geocell-Reinforced Sand Under a Vertical Load”, Submitted to Geosynthetics Committee (AFS70). Keller, G.K. (1995) "Experiences with Mechanically Stabilized Structures and Native Soil Backfill," Transportation Research Record No. 1474, Mechanically Stabilized Backfill and Properties of Geosynthetics and Geocomposites, TRB, Washington, DC (November), 30-38. Keller, G.K. (1995) "Experiences with Mechanically Stabilized Structures and Native Soil Backfill," Transportation Research Record No. 1474, Mechanically Stabilized Backfill and Properties of Geosynthetics and Geocomposites, TRB, Washington, DC (November), 30-38. PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 15/16 Rev. 13.01 Koerner, R. M. (2005) Designing with geosynthetics, 5th Edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA. Koerner, R. M. (2005) Designing with geosynthetics, 5th Edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA. Leshchinksy, D., Ling, H.I., Wang, J-P., Rosen, A., Mohri, Y. (2009) “Equivalent Seismic Coefficient in Geocell Retention Systems,” Geotextiles and Geomembranes Journal, No. 27, 9-18. Ling, H.I., Leshchinsky, D., Wang, J.P., Mohri, Y. and Rosen, A. (2009) Seismic Response of Geocell Retaining Walls: Experimental Studies”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135, No. 4, 516-524 Madhavi Latha, G., Rajagopal, K., and Krishnaswamy, N. R. (2006)“Experimental and Theoretical Investigations on Geocell-Supported Embankments,” International Journal of Geomechanics, 6, No. 1, 30-35 Madhavi Latha, G., Rajagopal, K., and Krishnaswamy, N. R. (2006)“Experimental and Theoretical Investigations on Geocell-Supported Embankments,” International Journal of Geomechanics, 6, No. 1, 30-35 Meyer, N. (2005) "Mechanical Behavior of Geocell Reinforced Soils ", Synthetic Materials in Geotechnics, Congress, Technical University, CReport. NHI – National Highway Institute (2001) Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls & Reinforced Soil Slopes Design & Construction Guidelines, US DOT, Publication No. FHWA-NHI-00-043, March Pokharel, S.K. , Han J., Leshchinsky, D., Parsons, R.L. and Halahmi, I. (2008) “Experimental Evaluation of Influence Factors for Single Geocell-Reinforced Sand, Submitted to Geosynthetics Committee (AFS70). Rajagopal, K., Krishnaswamy, N.R. and Madhavi Latha, G. (1999) “Behavior of Sand Confined with Single and Multiple Geocells,” Journal of Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 17, No. 3, 171-184. PRS-EN-TD-ER-2001 16/16 Rev. 13.01