LESSON 2
3 CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
1. Invention
2. Dicovery
3. Diffusion
INVENTION
- It is often defined as a new combination or a
new use of existing knowledge.
- It produces mechanical objects, ideas, and
social patterns that reshape society to varying
degrees.
- Bow and arrow, mobile phone, airplane and
social inventions ex. Alphabet, texting, jejemon.
- It is also the farming methods and technology
brought about the establishment of permanent
settlement among early humans who were
primarily nomadic prior to the shift.
- Presently, invention has taken a great role in
creating a new trends in human society.
DISCOVERY
- takes place when a people reorganized
existing elements of the world they had not
noticed before or learned to see in a new way.
- contributes to the emergence of a new
paradigm or perspective, and even reshapes
and reinvents worldviews
- it provides something new to the culture
because it becomes an integral part of culture
only after a discovery happens or takes place.
- in science can lead to the creation of new types
of medicine that can cure diseases that are
incurable before.
- For instance, the discovery of the use of
carageenan not only for gelatine production bust
also as one of the important ingredients for antiretroviral drugs in Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) prevention and treatment signals the
change of perspectives about the use of oceanic
resources.
DIFFUSION
- refers to the spread of culture traits from one
group to another.
- it creates changes as cultural elements spread
from one society to another through trade,
migration, and mass communication.
- culture spreads through the processes of
enculturation, socialization, association, and
integration.
POLITICAL CHANGE
- Includes all categories of change in the
direction of open, participatory, and accountable
politics.
- It is the change that occurs in the realm of civil
and political societies and in the structure of
relations among civil society, political societies
and in the structure of relations among civil
society, political society, and the state.
- Youth awareness and active participation
during elections belong to this type of change
- The emergence of civil society groups as
“pressure groups” during crises in the Philippine
politics.
- Chief Justice Corona impeachment trial is also
a concrete manifestation on how political
change works.
- The EDSA People Power Revolution of 2001
that toppled the presidency of Joseph Estrada is
an example of political change
CULTURAL CHANGE
- Refers to all alterations affecting new traits or
trait complexes and changes in a culture’s
content and structure.
CHANGES ARE CAUSED BY SEVERAL
FACTORS
1. Physical environment drastically such as
earthquakes, repeated flooding, severe drought,
and other interruptions alter people’s lifestyle.
2. Population movements brought about by
migration and transnational origins – whether
due to dislocation, deteriorialization or urban
explosion as well as an increase or decline in
population also perpetuate change.
- A good example is the rising number of
transnational families and its concomitant
phenomenon – the flexing of gender roles.
- Those who raised families with singlehandedly while the other partner is away has to
flex his or her roles as both father and mother.
3. War or constant fighting for territorial
sovereignty and even recognition of one’s
political determination or identity.
- Wars significantly reduce population size,
provide conditions for war industry (weapon
production) to flourish, and enable the victors to
lord over conquered territories and have
subjugated to ones under control.
4. Random events or acts of man can also lead
to change. The oil price hike in the world market
for example create a domino effect in public
services not only in the transport sector but even
in the prices of basic commodities and rates of
public utilities, such as electricity and water.
- The consumer response to random events
need to be monitored because it also serves as
a potent barometer of social order.
- Ex. Disappointed citizens usually march on
streets as a form of protest.
5. Technology also serves as one of the causes
of change.
The impact of science and
technology on social institutions like family,
school, church, and state is a major force for
change.
- Ex. The invention of the computer and Internet
access generated software applications that
ultimately built multi-million dollar social
networking sites such as Facebook.
G BIO 1 (General Biology)
INTRODUCTION
BIOLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF LIFE
The study of biology is important in
understanding every aspect of living organisms,
their environment, and their interrelationships.
- Biology is all around YOU! It deals with
structures, functions, and relationship of
organisms with their environment.
BIOLOGY
- Study of life
BIOS = “Life” + LOGOS “Study”
THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCE:
1. Microbiology
2. Zoology
3. Botany
DEFINITION OF SCIENCE AND BIOLOGY:
- It is a field of science under branch of natural
science that deals with the study of living
organisms and other matters that have
connection to life.
- In general, science is a systematized body of
knowledge and biology is knowledge about life.
A. BOTANY
-Study of plants
Mammalogy (mammals)
Herpetology (reptiles & amphibians)
Ichthyology (fishes)
Malacology (Invertebrates)
Ornithology (Birds)
Nematology (Worms)
B. ZOOLOGY
- Study of animals
C. MICROBIOLOGY
- Study of microorganisms such as Monera,
Protists, and fungi including viruses.
Parasitology (Parasites)
Bacteriology (bacteria)
Mycology (Fungi)
Phycology (Algae)
Virology (Virus)
WHY STUDY BIOLOGY?
1. Biology helps in understanding the functions
and reactions of your body.
2. Biology helps in understanding how animals
survive, respond, and interact in their
environment.
3. Biology helps people learn ways to fight and
prevent the spread of diseases.
4. Biology helps people respond to the
demands of an increasing human population.
5. Biology helps in studying how the quality and
quantity of plants can be improved.
6. Biology helps in understanding ways to
preserve endangered species and their
ecosystem.
7. Biology is important because it helps you
think critically, make informed choices, and
solve problems.
BIOLOGY AS SCIENCE
Biology is an objective, logical, and repeatable
attempt to understand the principles and forces
operating in the natural world.
Experiment: Contamination came from lifeforms in the air.
ABIOGENESIS
- Theory of spontaneous generation – life
originates from non-living matter.
BIOGENESIS
- Life originates from pre-existing life
Redi’s Experiment (1668)
- rejected the theory of abiogenesis using
maggots from decaying meat.
Needham’s Experiment (1748)
- Supports the theory of spontaneous
generation.
- He challenged Redi's findings by conducting
an experiment in which he placed a broth, or
gravy, into a bottle, heated the bottle to kill
anything inside, then sealed it.
Result: Days later, he reported the presence of
life in the broth
Experiment:life had been created from nonlife.
TAKE NOTE: he did not heat it long enough to
kill all the microbes.
Spallanzani’s Experiment (1767)
- Rejects the theory of spontaneous generation.
-Viable Theory
Pasteur’s Experiment (1861)
- Disproves the theory of spontaneous
generation.
- Result: No life was created
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:
1. Gathering and using energy
- Ensure survival
- Undergo photosynthesis
Nutrient uptake and processing
- All living organisms need to feed in order to
survive, grow, and reproduce.
2. Maintaning internal balance
Excretion
- The process of removing waste.
Homeostasis
- All metabolig processes inside the body are
coordinated and regulated.
3. Responding, adapting, and evolving
Motility
- Plants show movements of body parts.
- Animals move to search for food to be able to
reproduce, and as a response to changes in the
environment.
Irritability
- External factors or stimuli affect living things.
- Tropism, reaction of organism to stimuli.
- Irritability, ability of organism to respond to
stimuli.
Individual adaptation
- Living things need to adapt to changes in
environment.
- It happens more slowly than responding to
stimulus.
Evolutionary adaptation
Evolution
- Changes in the characteristics of a group or
organism over time.
- Evolutionary adaptation is a gradual or rapid
change in body structure or behavior to be better
suited to a new environment.
4. Reproducing and continuing life
Growth
(a) Increase in size and volume
(b) Replacement of damages cells
Heredity: Unity amidst diversity
- The presence of DNA in every living organisms
explains unity of life.
MORPHOLOGY
- forms & structures of organisms
CYTOLOGY
- structures and functions of cells
PHYSIOLOGY
- functions of organisms and their parts
BIOCHEMISTRY
- chemistry and chemical composition of
organisms.
ANATOMY
- internal & external body parts.
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TAXONOMY
- naming and classifying organisms.
PATHOLOGY
- disease.
ECOLOGY
- intercations of living things & non-living things.
EVOLUTION
- Origin of life & living forms.
GENETICS
- traits and characters.
EMBRYOLOGY
- development of organisms.
Lesson 1
1625
- First microscope invented by Galileo Galilei
1665
- Discovery of cell by Robert Hooke
sd
1670
- Obsevation of living organisms by Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek.
1804
-Karl Rudolph prove that cell is independent.
1805
- Lorenze Oken argued that living things made
up of cells.
Sdfd
1809
- No life wihtout cell
- Jean Baptist de Lamarck
1831
- Discovery of nucleus by Robert Brown
1839
- Cell theory by Matthias Schielden (Plant
tissues consists of cells) and Theodore
Schwann (animal tissues consist of cells).
LESSON 1.2
LESSON 1.3
TISSUES
- group of cells
ORGANS
- group of tissues
ORGANISM
- group of organ system
ORGAN SYSTEM
- group of organs
CELL SPECIALIZATION
- is a process that occurs after cell division
where the newly formed cells are structurally
modified so that they can perform their function
efficiently and effectively
TYPES
AND
EXAMPLES
OF
CELL
MODIFICATIONS:
1. Apical Modification
- found in the Apical surface of the cell
PSEUDOPODS
- Temporary irregular lobes formed by amoebas
- Bulge outward to move the cell in order to
engulf the prey.
CILIA
- Usually short, hair-like structures that move in
waves
FLAGELLA
- long whiplike structures formed from
microtubule
VILLI and MICROVILLI
- Finger-like projections that arise from the
epithelial layer in some organs.
- They help to increase surface area for faster
and more efficient absorption
- Microvilli are small projections.
ECTRA-CELLULAR MATRIX (ECM)
- A compound secreted by the cell on its apical
surface.
Glycoprotein is the main ingredient of ECM in
animal cells.
2. Lateral Modification
- found on the basal surface of the cell
GAP JUNCTION
- AKA communicating junctions
- closable channels that connect the cytoplasm
of adjoining animal cells.
TIGHT JUNCTION
- acts as a barrier that regulate movement of
water and solutes.
- Prevents leakage of the ECF
ADHERING JUNCTION
- Anchors junction on the lateral surface of the
cell.
- similar to the anchoring junctions of the cell
basal surface of the cell.
3. Basal Modification
- basal surface of the cell.
DESMOSOMES/HEMIDESMOSOMES
- Rivet-like links between cytoskeleton and
Extracellular matrix components such as the
basal lamina that underlie epithelia.
- Primarily composed of keratin, integrins and
cadherins.
CELL MODIFICATION
APICAL
- Cilia
-Flagella
- Villi & Microvilli
-Pseudopods
- ECM
BASAL
- Hemidesmosomes
LATERAL
- Tight junction
- Adhering junction
- Gap junction