MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
BASKETBALL
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BASKETBALL
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One of the few sports that originated in America in 1891
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It is the only game that was consiously invented to meet the recognized needs.
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Invented in December 1891 by canadian clergyman, educator, and physician
James Naismith.
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Introduced the game when he was an educator at the Young Mens Christtian
Association training school. Now called Springfield College in Springfield
Masachusettes.
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The game also needed to provide plenty of exercise for the students, yet
without the physicality of football, soccer, or rugby since those would threaten
more severe injuries if played in a confined space.
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Naismith asked the school janitor for two square boxes so he could use them
as goals. The janitor had two fruit baskets when he returned from his hunt.
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The peach baskets were fastened, one on each side, to the bottom rail of the
gymnasium balcony by Naismith. The railing on the lower balcony was 10
feet high. To try to put the ball in their team's basket, the pupils would play in
teams. The ball was being picked up from the hoop and placed back into play
by a worker stationed at each end of the balcony.
TRIVIA
The first game ever played between students was a complete brawl.
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Naismith didn’t create all of the rules at once, but continued to modify them
into what are now known as the original 13 rules.
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In the original rules: The ball could be thrown in any direction with one or
both hands, never a fist. A player could not run with the ball but had to throw
it from the spot where it was caught. Players were not allowed to push, trip or
strike their opponents.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
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Umpires served as judges for the game, made note of fouls and had the power
to disqualify players.
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If a team made three consecutive fouls, the opposing team would be allowed a
goal.
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The length of a game was two 15-minute halves, with five minutes' rest
between.
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If a game was tied, it could be continued until another goal was made.
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The first public game of basketball was played in a YMCA gymnasium and
was recorded by the Springfield Republican on March 12th, 1892.
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As the sport continued its rapid spread, professional leagues began to form
across the United States.
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National Basketball League (NBL) formed in 1898, comprised of six teams in
the northeast.
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
Basketball Court
-The playing area of a basketball is called the court. the court measures a maximum
28 meters long and 15 meters wide.
Basketball Ring/Basket
-The baskets are suspended 3.05 meters above the floor at the end line of each court. The
backboards are either fam-shaped or rectangular made of the wood or glass. The court has
three restraining circles and two free-throw areas.
Ball
-The official ball is round with a circumference of 74.9cm to 78cm. It shall weight not less
than 567 grams or more than 650 grams. In competitions, leather ball is used
Whistle
-In basketball, whistles are a piece of equipment used by the referees in order to signal the
start or stop of the play.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
Score Board
-In basketball, whistles are a piece of equipment used by the referees in order to signal the
start or stop of the play.
Shot Clock
-It has a own buzzer system sounding a different octave to assert any confusion with the
game clock system.
Possession and Arrow
-The possession arrow remains off until one team possession of the ball tipoff. Once that
happens, it’s turned on and points in the direction of the team that host the opening tip.
Basketball Jersey
-Basketball Jerseys are used to separate and identify different teams and players on the
basketball court.
Basketball Shoes
-In basketball, wear comfortable and durable shoes. It provides traction and protection for
your feet. It also adds support for the ankles and knees.
Basketball Socks
-Basketball socks are usually crew length. They cover the ankle and sit below the calf
muscle.
Wrist Band
-It helps you to absorb and prevent sweat from running onto your hands.
Elbow Pads
-Elbow are protective pads worn on the elbows to prevent or reduce elbow injuries during a
fall or collision.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
Knee Pads
-A pad of leather and foam rubber as one worn by football or basketball players to protect the
knee.
Basketball Strategies
FAST BREAK -Fast break is a basic offensive strategy,used by most of the
teams.In fast break offense,a team attempts to push the ball quickly up the
court before defense gets in to its position.
PICK AND ROLL
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Pick and roll is a basic offensive strategy in which an offensive player stands
in the way of that defensive player,who is responsible for guarding another
offensive player(ball handler).
PRESS BREAKS
-Are set plays designed to beat a full court or half court press by the
opposing defense
ROTATION
-Pre-set of line up of player that a coach set up determining whose player will
be on the court
GIVE AND GO
-Give and go ,also known as “pass and cut”,is a basic offensive tactic.In this
strategy,one offensive player passes a ball to his teammate,hoping to unguard
himself and runs to an open area generally near the basket to receive the ball
back from his teammate.
TRIANGLE OFFENSE
-This strategy creates a good spacing about 15 to 18 ft between players and
makes passing easy for players.
ISOLATION OFFENSE
-This strategy is designed to bring out the talent of the best offensive
player on a team.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
PRINCETON OFFENSE
-This offensive strategy is aimed to slow down the pace of a game,
mostly applied by less athletic teams to deal with the teams which have super
athleticism.
SHUFFLE OFFENSE
-The original set up is one player on point,one player on strong side
wing,one on corner,one on the elbow(high post) and remaining one one the
weak side,this tactic is effictively used against man to man defense.
FLEX OFFENSE
-The basic idea of flex offense is quite similar to shuffle offense.
CUT
-A basketball cut is an offensive skill that occurs when a player without
possession of the ball uses a specific action to move from one location on the
court to another with the primary purpose of creating space and getting open
from a defender
ISOLATION
-A primary objective of using an isolation play is to assist the offensive team
in creating a scoring chance by using a single player away from the main
action of the offense, while also providing a scoring opportunity for this single
player.
SCREEN
-A screen is a defensive play in which an offensive player stands next to or
behind a defender to free up a teammate to either shoot a pass or run in for a
score.
TEMPO
• It is important that your team know how to play at different paces and speeds.
OFFENSIVE REBOUNDS
-Gives more chances to score and keep the ball out of the hands f the other
team.
SET PLAYS
-Specially organized strategies to be implemented on offense.
BASKETBALL TERMINOLOGIES
AIR BALL
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A shot that misses the rim or backboard.
ALIVE
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Offensive player who has the ball and has not dribbled.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
ALTERNATING POSSESSION RULE
• The possession arrow changes direction after each subsequent jump ball or
held ball situation, alternating which team gets possession for the throw-in.
The first possession after a held ball goes to the team who lost the opening
jump ball to begin the game.
• ASSIST
• A pass to a teammates that results in a made basket.
• BACKBOARD
• The flat surface directly behind the basket. The basket is connected to the
backboard.
• BACKDOOR
• An offensive move where a player cuts behind the defenders and receives a
pass for a field-goal attempt.
• BALL HANDLER
• The player with the ball. Usually the guard at the start of the play.
• BANK SHOT
• A shot where the ball is first bounced or banked off the backboard at such an
angle that it then drops into the basket.
• BASKET
• Consists of the rim and the net, also known a ‘the hoop’.
• BASKETBALL
• A round ball made of rubber, leather or synthetic leather. Comes in 3 different
sizes (size 5, 6 or 7).
• BLIND PASS
• A pass from a ball handler who does not see their receiver but is estimating
where they should be.
• BLOCKED SHOT
• The successful deflection of a shot by touching part of the ball on its way to
the basket, and preventing a field goal.
• BLOCKING
• The use of a defender’s body position to legally prevent an opponent’s
advance. It is the opposite of charging.
• BOARDS
• The backboard which the ring or basket is attached or slang for a ‘rebound’ –
the act of a player grabbing the ball after a missed shot attempt.
• BOXING OUT
• The defensive player turns and faces the basket following a shot and with his
or her back to the opponent, and ensures that the player being guarded can’t
‘rebound’ the ball.
• CHARGING
• An offensive foul, which occurs when an offensive player runs into a defender
who has established position.
• COURT VISION
• A player’s ability to see everything on the court during play.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
CROSSOVER DRIBBLE
• When a ball handler dribbles the ball across their body from one hand to the
other.
CUT
• A quick movement by an offensive player without the ball to gain an
advantage over the defense usually directed towards the basket.
DEAD
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Offensive player has the ball and has already used their dribble. They must
now either pass or shot the ball.
DEAD BALL
• Any player with the ball that is not ‘live’. This occurs after each successful
field goal, free-throw attempt, after any official’s whistle or if the ball leaves
the court, then play is stopped.
DEFENSE
• The act of preventing the offense from scoring. Defense is the team without
the ball.
DOWNCOURT
• The direction a team on offense moves, from its backcourt to its frontcourt and
towards its own basket.
DOUBLE DRIBBLE
• The act of dribbling the ball, stopping the dribble or motion of the ball and
beginning to dribble again. Results in a violation and turnover.
DOWNTOWN
• Referred to as a shot that was considered to distant for the normal shooter to
take or in the ‘3-point’ area.
DRIBBLE
• The act of bouncing the ball up and down. The offensive player with the ball
uses the dribble to move the ball around the court.
DRIVE
• The movement of an offensive player while aggressively dribbling towards the
basket in an attempt to score.
DUNK
• A shot in which a jumping player slams the ball down into the opponent’s
basket from above.
ESTABLISHED POSITION
• When a defensive player has both feet firmly planted on the floor before an
offensive player’s head and shoulder gets past them. The offensive player who
runs into such a defender is charging.
EXHIBITION GAME
• The act of playing another team and the outcome not being counted in any
league standings.
FAKE
• A movement made with the aim of deceiving an opponent. This can be done
with either a pass or a shot fake.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
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FASTBREAK
• The act of moving the ball quickly down court by an offensive team in hopes
of getting ahead of the defense to score.
FEED
• To pass the ball to a teammate who is in a scoring position.
FIELD GOAL
• When the ball enters the basket from above the rim during play. It is worth
two points.
FLAGRANT FOUL
• This is unnecessary or excessive contact against an opponent.
FLOOR
• The area of the court within the end lines and the sidelines.
FLOOR VIOATION
• A player’s action that violates rules but does not prevent an opponent’s
movement (traveling, double dribble, etc.). They are penalized by a loss in
possession.
FOUL
• Actions by players, which break the rules but are not floor violations. They are
penalized by a change in possession or free throw opportunities.
FOULED OUT
• A player having to leave the game because they have committed five fouls.
FOUL SHOT
• An unguarded shot taken from the foul line by a player whose opponent
committed a personal or technical foul, which is worth one point.
FREE BALL
• A ball, which is in play but is not in the possession of either team, also called a
‘loose ball’.
FREE THROW
• The act of shooting the ball from the marked free throw line (ranging 10-15
feet from the basket) while the remaining player’s line up down the ‘key’.
Shot is taken at the result of a foul or technical foul being called.
GIVE AND GO
• An offensive play in which a player passes the ball to a teammate and cuts
towards the basket for a return pass to score.
GOALTENDING
• Interference with a shot by touching the ball or basket while the ball is on,
over, or within the rim.
GUARDING
• The act of following an opponent around the court to prevent them from
getting close to the basket, taking an open short or making easy passes.
HALF TIME
• The rest period between two halves of the game. Usually 5 minutes in length.
HANDCHECK
• Illegal use of hands, usually on the back or hips of the offensive player.
HIGH PERCENTAGE SHOT
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
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• A shot that is likely to go in the basket, typically taken near the hoop.
HIGH POST
• A player who is stationed in or near the free throw semicircle on offense.
HOOP
• The basketball rim and backboard players shoot the ball towards in attempt to
score points. Also referred to as the ‘basket’.
INBOUNDS
• The area within the end lines and sidelines of the court.
INCIDENTAL CONTACTS
• Minor contact usually overlooked by officials which does not give the
opposing team an unfair advantage or affect the outcome of the game.
INSIDE SHOOTING
• Shots taken by a player near or under the basket.
JUMP SHOT
• Field-goal attempt by a player with both feet off the floor, enabling the player
to shoot over the defender.
LAY UP OR LAY IN
• A shot taken after driving to the basket by leaping up under the basket and
using one hand to shoot the ball off the backboard.
LOOSEBALL
• A ball that is alive but not in the possession of either team.
LOW PERCENTAGE SHOT
• A shot that is less likely to go in the basket, usually taken further away from
the hoop.
MATCH-UPS
• Any pairing of players on opposing teams who guard each other.
OUTLET PASS
• The first pass made after a defensive rebound to a teammate to start a
fastbreak.
OUTSIDE SHOOTING
• Shots taken from the perimeter, further away from the hoop.
PASS
• When a player throws the ball to a teammate to advance the ball during a
possession.
PERSONAL FOUL
• Contact between players, which may result in excessive physical contact or
provide one team with an unfair advantage. Players may not push, hold, trip,
hack, elbow, restrain or charge into an opponent. These are also counted as
team fouls.
PIVOT
• A center, also the foot that must remain touching the floor until a ball handler
who has stopped dribbling is ready to pass or shoot.
POSSESSION
• To be holding or in control of the ball.
POST POSITION
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
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The position of a player standing in the low post or high post in the ‘key’ area
near the hoop.
• REBOUND
• A term used to describe the actual retrieving of the ball as it rebounds from the
backboard or the ring after a missed shot.
• RECEIVER
• The player who receives a pass from the ball handler
• REFEREE
• The person(s) assigned to the game to maintain the flow and integrity of the
game.
• SAG
• When a defender moves away from their opponent toward the basket they are
defending.
• SHOOTER
• A player who takes a shot at the basket in attempts to score.
• SHOOTER'S ROLE
• This is the ability to get even an inaccurate shot to bounce lightly off the rim
and into the basket.
• SHOOTING RANGE
• The distance from which a player is likely to make their shots.
• SQUARING UP
• When a player’s shoulders are facing the basket as they release the ball for a
shot. This is considered good shooting position.
• When a player’s shoulders are facing the basket as they release the ball for a
shot. This is considered good shooting position.
• To take the ball away from an opponent.
• STRONG/WEAK SIDE
• Whichever side of the key that the ball is on when on offense is called the
strong side. The other side is the weak side.
• SUBTITUTE
• A player who comes into the game to replace a player on the court.
• SWITCH
• Two defensive players change checks during live play.
TECHNICAL FOUL
A special violation called at the discretion of the referee towards players, coaches or
the team.
THROW-IN
• The method by which a team with possession inbounds the ball.
TIME OUT
• A period of sixty seconds during which the play is stopped and teams discuss strategy and a
moment to allow players to rest.
TIP OFF
• The initial jump ball that starts the game.
TRAILER
• An infringement of the rules, which does not involve contact.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
VIOLATION
• An infringement of the rules, which does not involve contact. The opposing team is
awarded the ball for a throw-in from out of bounds.
16 COMMON RULES IN BASKETBALL
• 1. Only five players per team on the court.
• 2. Score more than your opponent to win.
• 3. Score within the shot clock.
• 4. Dribbling advances the ball.
• 5. The offense has five seconds to inbound the ball.
• 6. The offense must advance the ball.
• 7. Ball and ballhandler must remain inbounds.
• 8. Defenders can’t interfere with a shot on a downward trajectory.
• 9. Defenders can legally block or steal the ball.
• 10. Defenders must leave the paint after three seconds.
• 11. Each team is allotted a certain number of fouls.
• 12. Illegal contact results in a foul.
• 13. Illegal contact results in a personal foul.
• 14. Excessive contact results in a flagrant foul.
• 15. Charges and illegal screens result in an offensive foul.
• 16. Certain rule violations result in technical fouls.
BASKETBALL REFEREE HAND SIGNALS
TRAVELLING
• When a player illegally moves one or both of their feet, a traveling violation is called. The
referee will put both arms in front of their face and move them in a circle to signal a
traveling. • A double dribble occurs when a player dribbles the ball, picks it up, and then
dribbles again. The referee puts both of their hands in front of them with their palms down,
then alternates moving them up and down to signal a double dribble has occurred.
DOUBLLE DRIBBLE
• A carrying violation is called when a player is dribbling the basketball and puts their hand
under it, then continues dribbling. To signal a carry, the official will use one of their hands
and flip it over from palm up to palm down several times.
CARRYING THE BASKETBALL
• 1. Players are only allowed 3 seconds in the paint -- a 12x16 feet area closest to the basket.
If a player is in the paint for more than 3 seconds, the referee will call a 3-second violation.
The referee will take three fingers, point them down at their side, and then swipe their hand
back and forth to signal this violation.
3-SECOND VIOLATION
• A team has five seconds to throw the ball inbounds when they are taking it out. If they take
longer than five seconds, the referee will call a 5-second violation. This is a simple signal, as
the referee will use one of their hands and put five fingers in the air.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
5-SECOND VIOLATION
• 1. When a team has the ball in the backcourt, they have 8 seconds to get the ball across the
half-court line. If they take longer than the allotted 8 seconds, the referee calls a 8-second
violation. (many younger leagues use 10 seconds instead of the referee signals this violation
by putting eight fingers in the air.
8-SECOND VIOLATION
• If playing in a league that uses a shot clock, teams will have 24 seconds to take a shot on
each possession (some leagues use longer shot clocks). If a team fails to shoot within this
time, the referee will call a 24-second violation. The referee will use one handed to tap the
top of their shoulder on the same arm.
24 SECOND VIOLATION
• (Backcourt Violation) When a team possesses the basketball in the front court, then a player
with the ball goes into the backcourt without the defense touching it, an over-and-back
violation occurs.
OVER AND BACK
• In basketball, a player may not intentionally kick the basketball. If they do, the official will
blow their whistle. To signal a kick occurred, the referee will point at their foot.
KICKING
• The ball is out of bounds when it touches a line that outlines the court or anywhere outside
of those lines. It is also out of bounds if it touches a player who is standing outside or on a
line. When the ball goes out of bounds, a referee will signal whose ball it is by pointing
toward the basket of the team that will take possession.
OUT OF BOUNDS
• When players from both teams possess the basketball, a jump ball is called. The referee will
give two thumbs up above their head to signal that a jump ball has been called.
JUMP BALL
When players from both teams possess the basketball, a jump ball is called. The referee will
give two thumbs up above their head to signal that a jump ball has been called
PERSONAL FOULS REFEREE HAND SIGNAL
If the defensive player is in a legal guarding position and the offensive playerknocks
them off of their spot, a charging foul is called. This is also called a player-control foul.
When the referee signals a charging foul, they make a fist with one hand and "punch" the
open palm of their other hand
· ILLEGAL SCREEN
· Reaching in
· Loose ball Hand check
Defensive players are not allowed to limit a ball-handler’s ability to move with their hands. If
the defender does limit the movement with their hands, a handchecking foul is called. For
this signal, the referee will chop one hand across the opposite wrist.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
HOLDING
In basketball, you are not allowed to grab another player by the jersey or any of their
body parts. If this happens, a holding foul is called. The ref’s signal for a holding foul is
making a fist point with one hand, holding that arm out, and then "grabbing" the wrist with
their other hand.
TRIPPING, ELBOWING
If a player gets aggressive with their elbows and connects with an opponent, a foul
will be called. Sometimes these fouls can be deemed flagrant and can result in two shots and
the ball for the team that got hit by the elbow.The official will signal this type of foul by
swinging their elbow.
BLOCKING
When a defensive player does not have a legal guarding position and impedes the
dribbler’s progress, a blocking foul occurs. The referee's signal for blocking is placing both
hands on their hips.
SHOOTING FOULS REFEREE HAND SIGNALS
TECHNICAL FOUL
Technical fouls occur when a player or coach shows unsportsmanlike behavior. Here are the
instances when a technical foul may be called:
• · Delay of game
• · Low or excessive number of players
• · Unsportsmanlike behavior
• · Calling a timeout after exhaustion of all timeouts
• · Flopping
FLAGRANT FOUL
In its simplest term, a flagrant foul is an unnecessary contact that may harm a player.
These fouls can be unintentional or deliberate, and a further review by the referees may be
necessary.
Flagrant 1 is an unnecessary contact that a player has committed. • Flagrant 2 is committed
when there’s excessive contact that’s unreasonable. A player who receives a flagrant 2 call in
the NBA will be immediately ejected out of the game
TWO FLAGRANT FOULS
Flagrant 1 is an unnecessary contact that a player has committed.
• Flagrant 2 is committed when there’s excessive contact that’s unreasonable. A player who
receives a flagrant 2 call in the NBA will be immediately ejected out of the game
SUBSTITUTION
When teams wants to exchange an oncourt player with someone on the bench, the
coach asks for a substitution. At the next dead ball, the referee signals the substitution by
making an "X" with their arms.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
THREE-POINT ATTEMPT
When a player attempts a three-pointer, the referee has a signal to show that. They
will put one arm straight up in the air to signal a three-point shot is being attempted
THREE-POINT MAKE
If the three-point attempt is made, the official has another signal for that. They will
take both of their arms and place them straight into the air.
NO BASKET
Sometimes shots are taken that are immediately after a foul is called or the time has
expired. The official will signal the shot does not count by waving and crossing their arms
out in front of them
TIMEOUT
The other type of timeout is a full timeout. The signal for this is to stick both arms
straight out to the side with fists being made
GOAL TENDING
-Sometimes shots are taken that are immediately after a foul is called or the time has
expired. The official will signal the shot does not count by waving and crossing their arms
out in front of them.
Prepared by: Maala, Kenneth M, BPED-3A
Sport and Exercise Psychology / 2nd Sem 2022-2023