Neolithic Jade Cong
Place of Origin: China
Date: Approx 3300-2250 BCE
Historical Period: Neolithic Era
Materials: Jade (nephrite)
The Chinese jade cong is a remarkable and enigmatic artifact that
holds a significant place in ancient Chinese art and culture. Crafted
from jade, the cong is characterized by its unique cylindrical shape
with a circular hole bored through its center. The cong dates back
to the Neolithic period, spanning around 3300 to 2200 BCE, and
represents a fusion of artistic creativity, spiritual symbolism, and
technical prowess. Its existence further exemplifies the shift in
culture from developing tools and objects out of necessity to
focusing on artistic and expressionistic endeavors as people were
able to settle.
Dimensions: 4.5cm x 7.2cm x 7.2cm
Credit: Freer Gallery of Art
Accession Number: F1916.118
While the exact purpose and meaning behind the cong is still up
for debate, it is believed to have been used for ceremonial and
burial rituals. The cong's shape is an embodiment of harmony and
balance, reflecting fundamental Chinese cosmology. That is, it is
the conjunction of yin (square, female) and yang (circular, male)
concepts. As for its symbolism, it is possible that it is meant to be a
connection between the earthly and spiritual realms. Its hole is said
to represent the heavens, while the square exterior represents the
earth, signifying the interconnection between these realms. This
duality extends to its spiritual symbolism, where the cong is often
associated with concepts of transformation, protection, and the
cyclical nature of existence.
Crafting the jade cong required an advanced understanding of
stone and jewel craftsmanship and a mastery of the difficult to
work with jade. The precision and skill demonstrated in its creation
highlight the importance of this object in both religious and artistic
contexts.