Idedtification of Different
Plant Pathogenic Fungi
Submitted to
Submitted by
Dr.Md.Abdullahil Baki Bhuiyan
Md.Rizvi Chowdhury
Dept. of PLP
Reg.No.18-05-4867
BSMRAU
MS,Dept. of PLP
BSMRAU
Identification of Different Plant Pathogenic Fungi
Introduction:
Plants make up the majority of the earth’s living environment as trees, grass, flowers etc. Directly or indirectly,
plants also make up all the food on which humans & all animals depend. Even the meat, milk, eggs etc that we
and other carnivores eat come from animals that themselves depend on plants for their food. Plants are the only
higher organisms that can convert the energy of sunlight into stored usable chemical energy in carbohydrates,
proteins & fats. All animals, including humans , depend on these substances for survival.
But plants become sick. Sick plants grow & produce poorly, they exhibit various types of symptoms and often
parts of plants or whole plant die. The causative agents of disease in plants include pathogenic micro-organisms
such as fungi, bacteria, nematode, virus & mycoplasma etc. Among different pathogens, fungi is the most serious
agent of disease. More than 10,000 species of fungi can cause disease in plants.
Fungi are eukaryotic, achlorophyllus, nucleated, branced,unicellular or multicellular thallophytic microorganisms
having cell wall consists of chitin & glucan that may reroduce by the division of vegetative cells, well defined
asexual & sexual spores . A group of fungal like organisms the Oomycota which until about 1990 were considered
to be true fungi, have cell walls composed of glucans & cellulose, but no chitin. The Oomycota are now members
of the kingdom Chromista rather than fungi but continue to be treated as fungi due to the similarity of causing
disease in plants like fungi. Due to fungal diseases, every year yield is decreased at significant amount. So,
identification of fungi is needed to take appropriate control measures for increasing the crop production.
Objectives:
1.The study is conducted to identify different types of plant pathogenic fungi .
2. To gain proper knowledge about typical morphological characteristics, taxonomic position of different fungi.
Materials & methods:
Different type of diseased samples were collected from the fields of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Agricultural University. Then the samples were observed under stereo-microscope & prepare microscopic slides.
Then the slides were observed under binocular microscope & identified with the help of reference books as well
as the hel of our honourable course instructors.
Discussions: Different type of plant pathogenic fungi that I was able to identify was discussed below:
Phylum: Ascomycota
Class: Dothidiomycetes
SL.No. Name
1
Alternaria
brassicae
Description
Chain
conidia,obclavat
e to elliptical
pigmented with
transvers and
longitudinal
septation;conidi
ophre
geniculated at
the point of
junction point
with conidia
Host
Mustard
Scientific Classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub phylum :Pezizomycotina
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Pleosporales
Family: Pleosporaceae
Genus :Alternaria
2
Alternaria
alternata
So
Brinjal
So
3
Alternaria
tenuis
So
Wheat
So
Figure
4
Alternaria
tabaci
So
Tobacco
So
5
Altarnaria sp
so
Gladiolus
So
6
Periconia sp
Conidiophores
Brinjal
dark,
tall,
upright, stout,
simple,
determinate,
somewhat
enlarged at
apex,
which
bears a loose
head of comdia;
conidia
(blastospores)
dark, 1-celled,
globose, in dry
chains,
arising
from
globose
conidiogenous
cells .
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub phylum :Pezizomycotina
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Pleosporales
Family: Incetae sedis
Genus :Pericona
7
Bipolaris
oryzae
Distoseptate
conidia,elliptical
in shape.
Rice
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub Phylum :Pezizomycotina
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Pleosporales
Family:Pleosporaceae
Genus: Bipolaris
8
Biploaris
sorokiniana
So
Wheat
So
9
Curvularia
Usually curved
conidia with
large
intermediate
cell.
Rice
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub Phylum :Pezizomycotina
Class: Dothideomycetes
Sub-class: Pleosporomycetidae
Order: Pleosporales
Family: Pleosporaceae
Genus: Curvularia
10
Cercospora sp
Synnemata
producing fungi
with several
celled,hyaline,c
yllidrical to
filiform conidia.
Rose
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub Phylum :Pezizomycotina
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Capnodiales
Family:Mycosphaerellaceae
Genus: Cercospora
Cercospora sp
So
Bean
So
Jute
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Botryosphaeriales
Family: Botryosphaeriaceae
Genus: Macrophomina
11
12
Macrophomina Dark coloured
pycnidia is
observed.Pycni
dia is round to
globose shaped.
Round to ovate
conidia spreads
out while
pycnidia is
broken.
13
Phyllosticta sp
Lenticular to
globose,dark
coloured
pycnidia;conidia
is usually round
to ovoid with
thread like
appendege
Jackfruit
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub phylum: Pezizomycotina
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Botryosphaeriales
Family: Phyllostictaceae
Genus: Phyllosticta
14
Phyllosticta
minima
so
Croton
So
Class: Sordariomycetes
SL.No Name
1
Fusarium
caerulium
Description
Host
Hyaline conidia.2 types of
Potato
conidia found;fusiform
conidia(macroconidia) and
round
shapednconidia(microconidia)
Scientific Classifiaction
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub Phylum
:Pezizomycotina
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family:Nectriaceae
Genus: Fusarium
Figure
2
Fusarium sp
So
Jute
seed
So
3
Fusarium sp
So
Brinjal
So
4
Fusarium
oxysporum
So
Gladiolus So
5
Colletotrichum Acervuli disc-shaped or
capsici
cushion-shaped,
conidia
hyaline, 1-celled,ovoid to
falcate.
Chilli
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Sub Phylum
:Pezizomycotina
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Glomerelalles
Family:Glomerelallaceae
Genus: Colletotrichum
6
Colletotrichum So
orbiculare
Cucurbit
So
7
Phomopsis
Globose,dark coloured
pycnidia.Usually forms βconidia that is hook like.
Brinjal
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub phylum
:Pezizomycotina
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Diaporthales
Family: Diaporthaceae
Genus: Phomopsis
8
Pyricularia
Obclavate,three
celled,hyaline
Rice
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub phylum:
Pezizomycotina
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Magnaporthales
Family: Pyriculariaceae
Genus: Pyricularia
9
Trichoderma
Conidiophores hyaline, much
branched, not verticillate;
phialides single or in groups;
conidia (phialospores)
hyaline, 1-celled, ovoid, borne
in small terminal clusters;
usually easily recognized by
its rapid growth and green
patches or cushions of conidia
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub phylum:
Pezizomycotina
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Hypocreacea
Genus: Trichoderma
Class: Leotiomycetes
1
Diplocarpon
Tiny,elongated,oval
shaped,hyaline
conidia with
prominent septation.
Rose
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub phylum:
Pezizomycotina
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Helotiales
Family: Dermateaceae
Genus: Diplocarpon
2
Oidium
Mycelium external
on host, white;
conidiophores
upright, simple;
upper portion
increases
in length as conidia
are formed;
conidia cylindrical, 1celled, hyaline,
produced in
basipetal chains .
Croton
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Sub phylum:
Pezizomycotina
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Erysiphales
Family: Erysiphaceae
Genus: Oidium
3
Pestalotiopsis Acervuli dark, discoid
or cushion-shaped,
subepidermal;
conidiophores short,
simple; conidia dark,
several-celled, with
hyaline, pointed end
cells, ellipsoid to
fusoid, with
hyaline, apical
appendages
Strawberry Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub phylum:
Pezizomycotina
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Xylariales
Family: Sporocadaceae
Genus: Pestalotiopsis
4
Botrytis
The conidia are
ellipsoidal or ovoid,
generally with a
slightly protuberant
hilum. The mycelium
is composed of
brownish olive
hyphae.
Anastomoses
between hyphae are
often noted. Septa
are present and are
perforated by a
simple pore.
Grape
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub phylum:
Pezizomycotina
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Helotiales
Family: Scleotiniaceae
Genus: Botrytis
5
Arthobotrys
This fungus
reproduces by means
of 2-celled, pearshaped , in which
the cells are of
unequal size with the
smaller cell nearer to
the attachment point
on the conidiophore.
Grape
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub phylum:
Pezizomycotina
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Helotiales
Family: Orbiliaceae
Genus: Arthobotrys
Class: Pezizomycetes
1
Peziza
Spores are
elliptical, hyaline.
The asci are 250–300
x 10–12 µm. The asci
open at maturity by
means of an apical,
lid-like flap of tissue
termed
an operculum.
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sub phylum: Pezizomycotina
Class: Pezizomytcetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Pezizaceae
Genus: Peziza
Class: Eurotiomycetes
1
Aspergillus sp
Conidiophore
bears a globose
shaped
vesicle.Over
the vesicle
,phialide
contains chains
of basipetal
conidia.
Saprophyte
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Eurotiales
Family: Trichocomaceae
Genus: Aspergillus
2
Aspergillus niger
So
Onion
So
3
Penicillium
italicum
Branched
conodiophore
contains chain
of basipetal
conidia that,
together, forms
a broom like
appearance.
Citrus
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Eurotiales
Family: Trichocomaceae
Genus: Penicillium
4
Penicillium sp
So
Saprophyte
So
Phylum: Basidiomycota
1
Sclerotium
sp
Forms brown to black,
globose or
irregular, compact
sclerotia with smooth
surface;rind,cortex and
medulla is observer in
cross section.
-
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Typhulaceae
Genus: Sclerotium
2
Rhizoctonia
Right angle is observed at
the junction point of
mycelia and hyphae,
sclerotia light colored
and poorly formed in
some species or brown
or black
and well formed in other.
-
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family:
Ceratobasidiaceae
Genus: Rhizoctonia
3
Puccinia
(teliospore)
Mycelium is dikaryotic,
well developed,
branched,septate.The
teliospore has a single
germ pore & two nuclei.
-
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Pucciniomycetes
Order: Pucciniales
Family: Pucciniaceae
Genus: Puccinia
4
Phakopsora
Pycnia and aecia are
Soyabean Kingdom :Fungi
unknown. Uredinia are
Phylum :Basidiomycota
surrounded by
Class :Pucciniomycetes
paraphyses. Paraphyses
Order :Pucciniales
are cylindric to clavate.
Family :Phakopsoraceae
The urediniospores are
Genus :Phakopsora
almost sessile, obovoid
to broadly ellipsoid, Telia
are often intermixed with
uredinia,chestnut-brown
to chocolate-brown,
subepidermal in origin.
The teliospores are onecelled, irregularly
arranged, angularly
subglobose, oblong to
ellipsoid.
Phylum : Oomycota
1
Pythium
Usually characterized by
their production
of coenocytic hyphae with
out septations, contain a
single oospore.
Rice
Kingdom :Chromista
Phylum :Oomycota
Class :Oomycetes
Order :Peronosporales
Family :Pythiaceae
Genus :Pythium
2
Phytophthora
In Phytophthora, the
zoospores are
produced within the
sporangium, the sporangia
of Phytophthora are
always
terminal and usually ovoid
or obpyriformin
shape
Bean
Kingdom :Chromista
Phylum :Oomycota
Class :Oomycetes
Order :Peronosporales
Family :Pythiaceae
Genus :Phytophthora
3
Peronospora
The mycelium is welldeveloped,branched &
coenocytic. Motile
zoospores are developed
within sporangia. The
zoospores are kidney
shaped & bi-flagellate
with whiplash &tinsel type
flagella.
Radish
Kingdom :Chromista
Phylum :Oomycota
Class :Oomycetes
Order :Peronosporales
Family :Pythiaceae
Genus :Peronospora
4
Albugo
Reproduces by sexual
spores (oospores) &
asexual spores
(sporangia).The oospores
germinate & produce
sporangia on stalks called
sporangiophores.The
sporangia begin to
produce bi-flagellate
zoospore.
Red
amaranth
Kingdom :Chromista
Phylum :Oomycota
Class :Oomycetes
Order :Peronosporales
Family: Albuginaceae
Genus: Albugo
Phylum: Mucoromycota
1
Rhizopus Hyphae is aseptate (
Coenocytic cell).
Many haploid
sporangiospores are
held within the
sporangia structure.
Rhizoid is present.
Saprophyte
Kingdom :Fungi
Phylum :Mucoromycota
Sub phylum: Mucoromycotina
Class: Mucoromycetes
Order :Mucorales
Family :Mucoraceae
Genus :Rhizopus
Conclusion:
Different types of pathogens cause diseases in crops & cause a huge loss in crop production. Among different
pathogens, fungi are the most diversified micro-organism & cause diseases almost in every crops. This study helps
us to identify different type of plant pathogenic fungi. As agriculturist, our main concern is to increase production &
the main responsibility of plant pathologist is to protect the crops from pathogenic invasion. But without proper
knowledge of different pathogens, strategies for controlling can not be possible. There is a wise saying, “Knowledge
can be enriched when we do things with our own hands”. So this study of “Identification of different plant pathogenic
fungi” has helped to enrich our knowledge . This knowledge will be helpful for up taking necessary strategies for
controlling plant pathogenic fungi & protect the crops from loss.