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Industrial society and its future

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"
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
Never forget that a human being with
technology
is
AND
exactly like an alcoholic with
ITS
FUTURE
a barrel of wine"
-
r
IF
AND
Ted Kaczynski
THE UNABOMBER PREVAILS
WE RETURN TO WILD NATURE...
.
CAN
I
STILL
HAVE MY CARPHONE?
J
Aiui-Authorttartans
Anonymous Po Box 11331 Eugene.Oregon 97440
U$.
The Unabomber's Manifesto
Introduction
1.
The
Industrial Revolution
and
its
consequences have been a disaster Tor the human race. They
who live in "advanced" countries,
have greatly increased the life-expectancy of those of us
made
but they hitvc destabilized society, have
life unfulfilling,
have led to widespread psychological suffering
to indignities,
damage on
suffering as well) and have inflicted severe
development of technology
lo greater indignities
and
will
worsen the
situation.
damage on
greater
inflict
Il
have subjected human beings
(in the
Third World to physical
The continued
the natural world.
will certainly subject
the natural world,
and
greater social disruption and psychological suffering,
it
may
human beings
probably lead to
will
it
lead to increased physical
suffering even in "advanced" countries.
2.
The
industrial-technological system
may
survive or
it
may
break down.
If
it
survives,
may
it
eventually achieve a low level of physical and psychological suffering, but only after passing
through a long and very painful period of adjustment and only
human beings and many
reducing
il
machine. Furthermore,
in the social
There
inevitable;
4.
cost of permanently
if the system survives, the consequences will be
no way of reforming or modifying the system so as lo prevent it from
depriving people of dignity and autonomy.
If (lie system breaks down the consequences will still be very painful. But the bigger the
system grows the more disastrous the results of its breakdown will be, so if it is to break down
cogs
3.
at the
other living organisms lo engineered products and mere
had best break
is
down sooner rather
than
later.
may or may
may be a relatively gradual process spanning
a few decades. We can'l predict any of that. Bui we do outline in n very general way the
measures that those who hale the industrial system should take in order to prepare the way for
We
not
therefore advocate a revolution against ihe industrial system. This revolution
make use of violence:
il
may
he sudden or
il
is not lo be a political revolution. Its object will
be lo overthrow not governments but the economic and technological basis of Ihe present
a revolution against that form or society. This
Anti-Authoritarians AiioiiMiwus
TO
Box 11331
Eugene, Oregon 9"-l4l)
society.
5. In this
mliclc
we
give atlcnlion to only
some of
ihe negative developments Hurt have
grown
developments we mention only briefly
or ignore altogether. This docs not mean that we regard these other developments as unimportant, For practical reasons we have lo confine our discussion lo areas thai have received
insufficient public attention or in which we have something new lo say. For example, since
out of llie industrial-technological system. Other such
there arc well-developed environmental
little
and wilderness movements,
we have
written very
about environmental degradation or the destruction of wild nature, even though
we con-
sider these lo be highly important.
,
-
•
The Psychology
Of Modern Leftism
will agree that we live in a deeply troubled society. One of the most widespread manifestations of thecraziness of our world is leftism, so a discussion of the psychology of leftism can serve as an introduction to the discussion of ihe problems of modern soci-
6.
Almost everyone
7.
But what
ety in general.
is
leftism? During the
cally identified with socialism.
properly be called a
leftist.
first
When we
speak of
is
fragmented and
leftists in this article
socialists, collectivism, "politically correct" types, feminists,
mal rights
mcnls
is
activists
a leftist.
and the
What we
like.
have been
half of ihe 20th ceolury leftism could
Today the movement
But not everyone
who
is
il is
not clear
we have
gay and
in
practi-
who can
mind mainly
disability activists, ani-
associated with one of these move-
are trying to gel at in discussing leftism
is
not so
much
a
movement
or an ideology as a psychological type, Of rather a collection of related types. Thus, what we
mean by "leftism" will emerge more clearly in the course of our discussion of leftist psychol-
ogy (Also, see paragraphs 227-230).
8.
Even
so,
we would wish, but
we arc trying to do is indicate in a rough and
tendencies that wc believe arc the maiu driving force
our conception of leftism will remain a good deal less clear than
there doesn't
seem
lo
be any remedy for
approximate way the two psychological
this.
All
,
of modern leflism.
We by
no incnns claim
ogy. Also.our discussion
meant
is
to
be Idling the whole truth about
modern
to apply to
leftism only.
which our discussion could be applied
tion of the extent lo
psychol-
leftist
We leave open
(o the leftists of (he
1
'
it
modern
that underlie
leftism
wc
9lh and early
call "feelings
of
inferior-
but this segment
is
characteristic only of a certain
is
He emphasizes
oriented toward large scale collectivism.
modern leftism as a
segment of modern leftism;
sex education and other psychologically "enlightened** educational methods, lor plan-
Me
a moralistic tone.
He
we mean
whole spectrum of related
tends to identify with victims.
traits:
low self-esteem,
1
1.
We
feelings of powerlessness, depressive ten-
modem
leftists
whom
be identifies)
is
The negative connotations have been attached
of
all
may
necessary for
of
leftist
is
inferior to
"politically incorrect" terminology arc not the average
woman
black ghcllo-dwcllcr, Asian immigrant, abused
activists,
many of whom do
not even belong to any "oppressed" group but
its
who have
salaries,
secure
employment with comfortable
may he
stronghold
Many
leftists
inferior.
among
had
come from
and the majority of
whom
to
have an intense identification with the problems of groups
themselves
etc.,
that they
are inferior;
have such feelings, but
we
are only
making
it
motives.
and so
the
leftist
women,
women
are
M
America and the West,
Words
litlle
232.
is
Indians,
lie hales
But
strong as capable as men.
the
ity
role in the liberal
and
leftist
vocabulary.
the
truth.
same wc
arc reasonably confident that the general outlines of the picture
to
Wc have portrayed
wc
symptom of
our time and as a
think that
this.
the
we have
modern form as a phenomdisruption of the power process. But we
leftism in
Oversocialized types
its
who
try to satisfy their drive for
on everyone have certainly been around for a long time.
the decisive role played by feelings of inferiority, low self-esteem, powertheir morality
some extent in 19th century leftism and early Christianity but as far as we can make
symptoms of low self-esteem, etc., were not nearly so evident in these movements, or in
any other movements, as they are
confidently that no such
in
modem
leftism. But
movements have existed
prior lo
we
are not in a position to assert
modern
leftism. This
is
a significant
question to which historians ought to give their attention.
lie
in
I
leftist is
impossible
who are not themselves victims, is a peculiarof modern leftism. Identification with victims by people not themselves victims can be
out,
countries or in primitive cultures,
West because hey are strong and successful
The
it
seen lo
warlike, imperialistic, sexist, ethnocentric
like "self-confidence," "self-reliance," "initiative", "enterprise,"
made
the necessary qualifications.
all
lessness. identification with victims by people
They
rationality. The
clear that these faults are not the leftist's real motive for hating
America ami
AH
power by imposing
where they appear
formation and the need for brevity
in a
painted here arc roughly correct.
not be as strong and as capable as men.
in socialist
in
fomulale our assertions more precisely or add
might possibly be wrong about
not suggest that
enthusiastically points out (and often greatly exaggerates) these faults
it
Lack of sufficient
flatly false.
mation to the
have an image
Finds excuses for them, or at best he grudgingly admits that they exist; whereas
Western civilization. Thus
made imprecise statements and statements that ought to have
and reservations attached to them; and some of our statements
And of
discussion of this kind one must rely heavily on intuitive judgment, and that can
sometimes be wrong. So we don't claim that this article expresses more than a crude approxi-
give for haling the West, etc. clearly do not correspond with their real
is
'
enon peculiar
women may
They say they hate the West because it
where these same faults appear
he
course
arc het-
a point about leftist psychology).
forth, but
devote himself to a cause and Immerse Mntsetf in a collectivity. And
power is stronger than that of the average bourgeois.
(Wc do
hate America, they hate Western civilization, they hale white mates, they hate
leftists
to
sorts of qualifications
for us to
tend to hate anything that has an image of being strong, good and successful.
reasons that
him
precisely because they do see these groups
is
Feminists are desperately anxious to prove that
Clearly they are nagged by a fear that
15. Leftists
that
all
may
privi-
university professors,
weak (women), defeated (American Indians), repellent (homosexuals), or otherwise
The leftists themselves feel that these groups arc inferior. They would never admit it
as inferior that they identify with their problems,
promote
231 Throughout this article we've
erosexual, white males from middle-class families.
of being
to
his (well-sublimated) drive fur
FINAL NOTE
or disabled person, but a minority of
leged strata of society. Political correctness has
of aggressive-
our own. (Wc do not mean
merely point out the hypersensitivity
anthropologists.)
Those who arc most sensitive about
irritating displays
work quietly and unobtrusively
is a True Believer in a collcctivistic ideology. The crypto- leftist
is
from the average leftist of the oversocialized type by the fact that his rebellious
impulse is weaker and he is more securely socialized. He is differentiated brim the ordinary
well-socialized bourgeois by the fact that ihcrc is some deep lack within him thai makes it
in these terms
Wc
who avoid
the system because he
saying anything about primitive peoples that could conceivably be interpreted as negative.
to replace the word "primitive" by "nonl iterate." They seem almost pmaunid about
imply that primitive cultures are inferior to ours.
be certain oversocialized types
from them in psychology, ideology and motivation. The ordinary bourgeois tries lo bring
people under control of the system in order to protect his way of life, or he docs so simply
because his attitudes arc conventional. The crypto- leftist tries to bring people under control of
They want
16.
leftists, that is. those who are most power hungry, are often characterby arrogance or by a dogmatic approach to ideology. However, the most dangerous
differentiated
to
who
leftist.'*
The more dangerous
by the activists themselves. Some animal rights advocates have gone so far us to reject the word "pel" and insist on
its replacement by "animal companion." Leftist anthropologists go to great lengths to avoid
anything that might suggest that any primitive culture
almost certainly a
techniques for socializing children, dependence of the individual on the system, and so forth, These crypto- Icliisls (as wc may call
them) approximate certain bourgeois types as far as practical action is concerned, but differ
woman originally had no derogatory connota"Broad" and "chick" were merely the feminine equivalents of "guy," "dude" or "fel-
low."
is
collcclivisl values, "enlightened" psychological
for an African, an Asian, a disabled person or a
tion.
14.
movements
ness and refrain from advertising their leftism, but
wc conclude that he has Inferiority feelings or low selfpronounced among minority rights advocates, whether or not they
belong to the minority groups whose rights they defend. They arc hypersensitive about the
words used to designate minorities. The terms "negro," "oriental," "handicapped" or "cluck"
13.
animal rights, and political correctness. Anyone
leftists
witli
the best diagnostic
rights, ethnic rights, disability rights,
ized
more or less repressed) and that these feelings are decisive in determining
modern leftism.
When someone interprets as derogatory almost anything that is said about him (or about
Maybe
tendency lo sympathize with the following movements: feminism, gay
the direction of
groups
tends
leftists
strongly sympathizes with all of these
230.
tend to have such
leftist is his
feelings (possibly
esteem. This tendency
12.
of the
Irait
argue that
He
and against violence, but he often finds excuses for those
violence. He is fond of using the common catch-phrases of the left like
"racism, ""sexism, " "homophobia, " "capitalism," "imperialism," "neocolonialism " "geno-
not only inferiority feelings in the strictest sense but a
dencies, defeatism, guilt, self-hatred, etc.
lends to be for gun con-
who do commit
highly influential.
"feelings of inferiority"
negative
trol, ftu
to be against competition
Feelings Of Inferiority
By
He has a
toward individualism. He often takes
cide," "social change," "social justice," "social responsibility."
10.
the duly of the indi-
attitude
ning, for affirmative action, for multictiltiiraiism.
y" and "ovcrsocinlizaiion." Peelings of inferiority arc characteristic of
whole, while ovcrsocialization
leftist is
vidual to serve society and the duly of society to take care of the individual.
20th century.
The two psychological tendencies
9.
The
229.
the ques-
"optimism," clc. play
anti-individualistic, pro-collcctiv-
36.
(Paragraph 229)
tt is
important In understand that
01 they exist today in our society
not necessarily a
leftist.
ideological tone that
tights
it
One wlm
The feminist, gay
characiemes
women, homosexuals,
etc.,
with these
movements
shonUI have equal lights
is
movements thai exist in our society have the particular
and if one believes, for example, that women should have equal
rights, etc.,
leftism,
tines not necessarily fallow that
we mean lameone who sympathize*
believes that
one must sympathize with the feminist movement as
it
exists today.
,
impose
die struggle lo
is in
their morality
222. Leftists, especially lliuse of
lie
I
on everyone,
Holler's book. "The True Believer." Hut nol
lypc as
leftists.
Presumably
till
'line Believers are of
lite
in llie
sense of line
same psychological
from a iruc-believing Icftisl. Because of their capacity for single-minded devotion lo I
cause, True Believers arc a useful, perhaps a necessary, ingredient ninny revolutionary movement. This presents a problem with which
how
to harness
True Believer
llie
don'l
know how
to deal.
tion
also
Some
readers
1
may
wants society
inside, he feels like a loser.
Art forms lhat appeal to modern
hope of accomplishing anything through rational calculation and
mcrsc oneself
18.
Modem
can be defined. Bul
emotionally
aiing others' values (up to a point)
extent that
iheir social goals.
and wouldn't want
Our remarks about
own
use high-handed methods lo reach
meant to apply to every individual lefiisi
movement. And the general character or a
of power
rise lo positions
in leftist
ntovcincnls lend to be
leftists
ment, ihere arc
many
of a genllcr breed
leftists
who
inwardly disapprove of
They need
many
tilings,
human
of the
ability
19.
They alwnys opposed Western
all
military resistance to
over the world vigorously protested ihe
Mill
226. Thus (he fact that
many
il
a
whole form having
of non-leftists and
is
is
or
is
not a
we
defined by the discussion of
reader to use his
228. But
il
To the
it
own judgment
will be helpful lo
list
lhat
leftists,
some
leftists
may
we
il
is
have given
in deciding
some
applied in a cut and dried manner.
being
extent thai
who
criteria for
Some
is
defined
at all,
in this article,
a
ought
utility
of IQ
and, to ihe
hostility,
importantly, the
(i.e.,
leftist
hates
successful, superior)
many
leftists
of the concept of
arc antagonistic lo genetic explanations of
tests. Leftists
Thus
if
a
person
is
"inferior"
it is
whose
nol typically the kind of person
nol his fault, but society's, because he
self- pro molcr, a ruthless
lost failh in himself, lie
has a deficit
in his
feelings of inferiority
sense of power and self-worth, bul he can
make himself
too far gone for that. His feelings of
lefiisi is
leftist.
He can
movement wilh which he
feci strong
only ns a
many
provoke police or
leftists
member of a
large
identifies himself.
racists to
by lying down
abuse them,
etc.
These
in front
tactics
of
may
use (hem nol as a means lo an end but because they prefer
tactics. Self-halted is a leftist trait.
may
claim lhat their activism
leftist
help.
For example,
make
sense lo
is
motivated by compassion or by moral principle, and
Icftisl
of the ovcrsocialized type. But compassion and
behavior; so
is
leftist
tT
demand
one believes
activism. Hostility
the drive for power. Moreover,
whom
lhat affirmative action is
much
is
loo promincul a
bchnvior
leftist
to lake n diplomatic
good
and conciliatory approach
nates against llicm, But lefiisi activists
who
Tor black people,
llml
is
il
does
it
would be
would make
al Icasl
think thai affirmative action discrimi-
do nol lake such an approach because
emotional needs. Helping black people
is
the leftists claim to be trying lo
affirmative action in hostile or dogmatic terms? Obviously
verbal and symbolic concessions to while people
satisfy their
a brng-
so ingrained that he cannot conceive of himself ns individually strong and
llcncc the collectivism of the
more productive
lo
make him
competitor. This kind of person has not
conceive of himself as having the capacity lo be strong, and his efforts to
component of
il
would not
not their real goal. Instead, race prob-
lems serve as an excuse for ihem to express Iheir own hostility and frustrated need for power.
In
doing so they actually harm black people, because the activists' hostile attitude toward the
while majority tends lo intensify race hatred.
no social problems
at all, the leftists
would have
to invent
problems
in
order lo provide themselves with an excuse for making a fuss.
cannot be
of the criteria without
not mcel any of the crilcrin. Again, you just have lo use your
/.
judgment.
it.
22. If our society had
criteria
More
The leftist's feelings of inferiority run so deep
some things as successful or superior and other
moral principle cannot be the main motives for
leftist.
an outlet for
is
power.
not rationally calculated lo be of benefit lo the people
who
attack these concepts because of their
failed, inferior).
moral principle does play a role for the
and we can pnly advise Ihe
may meet some
(i.e.
an egotist, a bully, a
21. Lcftisls
our conception of leftism
diagnosing leftism. These
individuals
or lack of
masochistic
ourselves would often be hnrd-presscd to decide whether a given
leftist.
They
behavior because such explanations tend to make some persons appear
often be effective, but
better than lo collaborate wilh leftists. Varieties of leftists fade out gradually inlo vari-
individual
reality.
satisfies the drive for
it
vehicles, they intentionally
anyway.^
un-lcftisl types
Ihe
reality
philosophers arc not simply cool-headed
20. Notice the masochistic tendency of leftist tactics, Leftists protest
Our discussion of leftism has a serious weakness. It is still far from clear whal we mean by
word "leftist." There doesn't seem to be much we can do about this. Today leftism is
fragmented into a whole spectrum of aclivisl movements. Yet not all activist movements arc
leftist, and some activist movements (e.g.., radical cnvironmenlalism) seem to include boih
eties
beliefs as false
organization or a mass
a totalitarian tendency.
and personalities of thoroughly
successful,
abilities or
v ul liable,
the
know
it is
Inferiority arc
227.
personalities of Ihe leftist type
and
n nth
1
individual leftists are personally mild and fairly tolerant people by
no means prevents leftism as
leftist
strong produce his unpleasant behavior. But the
action in Vielnam, but
approve of the suppression of academic freedom, but ihcy go along with
on
attack
in their
leftist is
wholly
U.S.! military
when the USSR invaded Afghanistan Ihcy did nothing. Not thai ihey
approved of ihe Soviet actions; bul because of their leftist faith, they just couldn't bear lo put
themselves in opposition lo communism. Today, in those or our universities where "political
correctness" has become dominant, there are probably many leftist types who privately dis-
The
garl,
l
talking about die faults of the West.
obvious that modern
concept of objective
at all, ihe
has not been brought up properly.
but then ihey would try lo find excuses for he communists and begin
communist aggression, Leftish lypes
is
if
superior or inferior lo others. Leftists prefer lo give society ihe credit or blame for an individual's
True, SOttH
many wrong
it
menial illness and of ihe
their faith in
movement, and because they cannol give up litis failh ihcy go along with Ihe lenders,
leftists do have the guls lo oppose Ihe totalitarian tendencies thai emerge, hut Ihey
generally lose, because lite power-hungry types ate bciler oitiinizcd, aic more ruthless and
Machiavellian and have laken care to build themselves a strong power base.
225. These phenomena appeared clearly in Russia and olhcr countries lli.il were taken over by
leftists. Similarly, before Ihe breakdown of communism in the USSR, lefiish types in the
West would seldom criticize llial country. If prodded Ihcy would admil (hut llie UJj.SK did
one can ask serious questions about
ihings as failed or inferior. This also underlies the rejection by
of ihe
Ihe
(rue that
he cannot tolerate any classification of
that
most power-hungry lypc because power-hungry people arc those who si rive battiest lo gel
into positions of power. Once ihe power-hungry types have captured conlrol of ihe moveactions of ihe lenders, but cannot bring themselves lo oppose them.
It is
psychological needs. For one thing, iheir attack
and other
is
The people who
were no
lcfl\vas tp tin-'
moment.
llie
science and rationality because they classify certain beliefs as true
not necessarily determined by the numerical proportions of the various kinds or
|ieople involved in Ihe movement.
224.
there
if
was
logicians systematically analyzing the foundations of knowledge. Ihcy arc deeply involved
I
leftism are nol
but to describe ihe general character of leftism as a
movement
lo
all that
philosophers (end lo dismiss reason, science, objective reality and to insist
foundations of scientific knowledge and about how,
know John and June who
are lefiish types and (hey don'l have all these lotalitarian Icndcncics." Il's quite true lhat many
leftists, possibly even a numerical majority, are decenl people who sincerely believe in tolera lot of crap.
is
of
in llie sensations
leftist
lhat everything is culturally relative.
).
say, "This sluffuboui leftism
tend to focus on sordiilness. defeat and
leftist intellectuals
despair, or else they lake an orgiastic tone, throwing off rational control as
lo h revolution against technol-
all
paragraphs 220. 22
deep
17.
We
we can say is thai no True Believer will make a safe recruit lo llie revoluunless his commitment is exclusively lo the destruction of technology. If he is committed
lo another ideal, he may want to use technology as a lool for pursuing thai olhcr ideal (sec
ogy. Al present
223.
energies of
lite
wc musl admit we
Ic
I
of pci son
a liuc-belicving uazi, lor instance is very different psychologi-
cally
aren't sure
lo solve everyone's needs for litem, take enre of them. He is not the soil
who has an inner sense ol confidence in his own ability to solve his own problems
and satisfy his own needs, flic leftist is anlagonislic to ihe concept of competition because,
ist.
ovcrsocinli/nl type, ate 'line Believers
{Paragraph 19) We are asserting that all, or even most, bullies and ruthless competitors suffer from feelings
ofinferiurity,
<
does not pretend to be an accurate description of everyone
of
might be considered a leftist. It is only a rough indication of a general tendency
We emphasize
23.
who
that tlie foregoing
dom, but today,
in
leftism.
everyone else
society.
demands.
and obeys the moral code of
It
may seem
A
person
his society
senseless to say that
many
and
is
by which children arc
said to be well socialized
fits in
if
he be-
well as a functioning part of that
leftists are over-socialized,
perceived as a rebel. Nevertheless, the position can be defended.
Many
since the
leftists
leftist is
are not such
rebels as they seem.
and act in a
is so demanding that no one can think, feci
everyalmost
yet
anyone,
hate
to
supposed
not
wc
are
For
example,
completely moral way.
or not. Some
one hates somebody nt some lime or other, whether he admits H to himself
imposes a severe
people are so highly socialized thai the attempt to think, feel and act morally
deceive themto
have
continually
they
guilt,
of
feelings
to
avoid
burden on them. In order
and actions that in
selves about their own motives and find moral explanations for feelings
1
describe such people.
reality have a non-moral origin. We use the term "oversocialized" to
25.
The moral code of our society
One
can lend to low self-esteem, a sense of powerlcssness, defeatism, guilt, etc.
them
of the most important means by which our society socializes children is by making
feci
ashamed of behavior or speech
26. Ovcrsocializalion
that
is
contrary to society's expectations.
If this is
over-
such feelings, he ends by feeling
arc
ashamed of himself. Moreover the thought and the behavior of the ovcrsocializcd person
The
person.
socialized
lightly
of
the
those
are
than
expectations
more restricted by society's
done, or
if
a particular child is especially susceptible to
lie, they commit
majority of people engage in a significant amount of naughty behavior. They
someone, they say spitepetty thefts, they break traffic laws, they goof off at work, they hale
other guy. The ovei socialized
ful tilings or they use some underhanded trick to get ahead olthc
and
not just a matter of morality;
is
that
many
human
are socialized to confirm to
Wc argue that
We
suggest that ovcrsocializalion
on one another,
a very important and influential segment of
beings
is
among
plays for
left is
lie is
nol strong
enough
values of society. Generally speaking, the goals of today's
accepted morality.
On
left.
leftists arc
2.
3.
These values are explicitly or implicitly expressed or presupposed
in
most of the
inate-
is,
leftist,
people.
leftism plays a psychological role
The
leftist
needs
to believe in leftism;
much
it
like that
which
religion
plays a vital role in his psy-
arc referring lo
leftist morality on everyone. (1 lowcvcr, many oflhe people wc
do not think of themselves as leftists and would nol describe their system of
words to
leftism. We use the term "leftism" because we don't know of any belter
is
totalitarian force.
Wherever
leftism
is in
of power
a position
it
tends to invade
never satisfied, because his activism
motive
the leftist's real
is
is
a surrogate activity (see paragraph 41). That
not to allntn the ostensible goals of leftism; in reality he
is
motivated by the sense of power he gets from struggling for and then reaching a social goal."
Consequently I he leftist is never satisfied with the goals he has already attained; his need for
power process leads him always lo pursue some new goal. The leftist wants equal opporthe
When
tunities for minorities.
by minorities.
And
as long as
that is attained
he
instsls
on
statistical equality
of achievement
some comer of his mind a negative attitude
reeducate him. And ethnic minorities are not enough;
anyone harbors
in
leftist has to
have a negative altitude toward homosexuals, disabled people, fat
should
people, old people, ugly people, and on and on and on. It's not enough that the public
of
be informed about the hazards of smoking; a warning has to be stamped on every package
no one can be allowed
cigarcltcs.
Then
to
cigarette advertising has lo be restricted if not banned.
never be satisfied until lobacco
etc. Activists
is
outlawed, and after that
have fought gross child abuse, which
is
it
will
The
activists will
be alcohol, then junk food,
reasonable. But
now
Ihey want to stop
they have done that they will want to ban something else they consider
unwholesome, then another thing and then another. They will never be satisfied until they
have complete control over all child rearing practices. And then they will move on lo another cause.
all
spanking,
When
220. Suppose you asked
leftists to
make
a
list
or ALL the things thai were wrong with society,
and then suppose you instituted every social change that they demanded. It is safe lo say thai
within a couple of years the majority of leftists would find something new lo complain about,
some new social "evil" lo correct because, once again, the leftist is motivated less by distress
solutions on society.
at society's ills than by Ihc need lo satisfy his drive for power by imposing his
221. Because of the restrictions placed on ihcir thoughts and behavior by their high level of
socialization, many leftists of the oversocialized lype cannot pursue power in the ways that
(Paragraph 25) During the Victorian period many oversocialized people suffered from Striata psychologihis
cal problems at a result of repressing or trying to repress llteir sexual feelings, Freud apparently based
theories on people of this type. Today the focus of socialization has shifted ftorn sex to aggression.
(Paragraph 27J Not necessarily including specialists in engineering "hard" sciences.
it
leftists.
Sec paragraphs 227-230.)
leftist is
its
vidual to serve society and the duty of society to take care of the individual. All these have
been deeply rooted values of our society (oral least of its middle and uppei classes* Tor a long
today to collaborate with
i
1
as
Cuba. Given the past history of leftism,
and he tries
seeks to satisfy his need for power through identification with n social movement
of the movement
lo go through the power process by helping lo pursue and attain the goals
the
(see paragraph 83). But no mailer how far the movement has gone in attaining its goals
not in conflict with the
it
in
every private corner and force every thought into a leftist mold. In pari this is because oflhe
More
quasi-religious character of leftism; everything contrary lo leftists beliefs represents Sin.
for power, The lcfti.il
drive
leftists'
oflhe
because
totalitarian
force
is
a
leftism
ant
porl
ly.
in
most basic
own, and then accuses mainstream society of violating that principle. Examples: racial equalnonviolence generity, equality of the sexes, helping poor people, jicacc as opposed to war,
duly oflhe indially, freedom of expression, kindness to animals. More fundamentally, the
lime.
some
219. Leftism
oversocializcd
the contrary, the left lakes an accepted moral principle, adopts
cooper-
cordesignate the spectrum of related creeds that includes the feminist, gay rights, pohticaf
with the old
rectness, clc, movements, and because these movements have a strong affinity
more serious
to rebel against the
it
utterly foolish for non-leftist revolutionaries
beliefs as
leftism. Leftists
rebelling. But usually
1938 and Castro and his followers did
toward some minority, the
modern
first
libertarian inclination,
as "leftists"
inflict
the
more
duty 10 impose
that their ovcrsocializalion is
autonomy by
it
leftists
has a deep
chological economy. His beliefs are not ensily modified by logic or facts. Me
but a
conviction that leftism is morally Right with a capital R. and thai he has not only a right
many norms of
the
in
hcing. But for the
of great importance in determining the direction of modem
of the oversocialized type tend to be intellectuals or members of the upper1
middle class. Notice that university intellectuals constitute the most highly socialized segsegment.
left-wing
also
the
most
society
and
our
ment or
leash and assert his
28. The leftist of the oversocializcd type tries to gel off bis psychological
and
under their own control.
oflhe most power-hungry type, repeatedly, have
"political
to oppress
Leftism is nol a religion
218. Various thinkers have pointed out that leftism is a kind of religion.
existence of any supernatural
in the strict sense because leftist doctrine docs not postulate the
fall
can be a severe hardship.
cruelties that
they ever gel
is
it
have double-crossed them to seize power for themselves. Robespierre did this in the
it in the Russian Revolution, the communists did it in
would be
a psychological leash
him. In
27.
wc
later
Spain
under the heading of morality. Thus the ovcrsocializcd person is kept
and spends his life running on rails that society has laid down for
oversocializcd people this results in a sense of constraint and powerlcssness
behavior that do not
on
have become dominant, they have shown
French Revolution, the Bolsheviks did
sense of shame
person cannot do these things, or if he docs do them he generates in himscirn
thoughts or
and self-hatred. The ovcrsocializcd person cannot even experience, without guilt,
ihoughls.And
feelings that are contrary to the accepted morality; he cannot think "unclean"
socialization
leftists
ated with non-leftist revolutionaries, as well as with leftists of a
24. Psychologists use the term "socialization" to designate the process
lieves in
if
217. In earlier revolutions,
OVERSOCIALIZATION
trained to think and act as society
those universities where
themselves ready to lake away from everyone else's academic freedom. (This
correctness .") The same will happen with leftists and technology: They will use
olhcr people do. For
,\5.
them
the drive for
power has only one morally acceptable
(Paragraph 219) Matty leftists ate motivated also by
from a frustrated need for power.
hostility,
outlet,
and
(tint
but the hostility probably results in part
.
would be few and
scattered.
An
industrial society, if built from scratch without outside help,
of stages: You need tools to make tools to make tools to make
tools ...
A long process of economic development and progress in social organization is
required. And, even in the absence of an ideology opposed to
technology, there is no reason to
cim only be
presented to us by the mainstream communications media and the educational system.
rial
built in a series
Leftists, es|jccially those
of the ovcrsocialized type, usually do not rebel against these prin-
.
believe that anyone
"progress"
is
would be
phenomenon
a
interested in rebuilding industrial society.
modern form of society, and
particular to the
The enthusiasm
it
seems not
to
ciples but justify their hostility to society by claiming (with
is
for
Ages
were four main civilizations that were about equally "advanced": Europe, the Islamic world, India, and the Far Fast (China, Japan,
Korea). Three of
more or
knows why Europe became dynamic
by the people who
movement
turn a non-leftist
The
To avoid
anti-leftist
this, a
movement
that exalts nature
all
human
collectivism
make
leftists
or persons
and opposes technology must take
leftists.
Leftism
is in
a resolutely
Above
driven by the need for power, and the
seeks power on a collective basis, through identification with a mass movement or an
in
all,
leftism
is
may seem
is
shown again and again
in the past.
When the Bolsheviks
engaging
than any that had existed under the Isars, and they oppressed ethnic minorities at least as
much as the tsars had done. In the United Stales, a couple of decades ago when leftists were a
(Paragraph 215)
Tltis
leftist
professors were vigorous proponents of academic frcc-
statement refers to our particular brand of anarchism. A wide vmiety of social
altitudes have been called "anarchist, "
and it may be that many who consider themselves anatchists would
our statement of paragraph 215. It should be noted, by the way, dial there is a nonviolent
anarvhist movement whose members probably would nut accept FCas anarchist and certainly would not
not accept
appiave ofFC's violent methods.
can express
itself
only
in
They want
make him
to
s'tudy
climbing the status lad-
life
They want to make black fathers "responbecome nonviolent, etc. But these are exactly the values of
system. The system couldn't care less what kind of music a man
to
far as lo rebel against
that
By
in physical violence.
tion." In other words,
is
long as he studies
in as
a "responsible" parent, is
non-
Some
one of modern society's most
ovci socialized
their
own
account, violence
is
leftists
by
form of "libera-
iinpot Hint principles
for
them
a
by committing violence they break through the psychological restraints
have been trained into them. Because ihey are oversocialized these restraints have been
more confining
for
them than
hence their need
for others;
lo
break free of them. Bui (hey
usually justify their rebellion in terms of mainstream values. If they engage in violence they
claim to be fighting against racism or the
3
We realize (hat many objections could
1
psychology. The teal situation
like.
be raised lo Ihc foregoing thumb-nail sketch of
leftist
complex, and anything like a complete description of it
would lake several volumes even if the necessary data were available. We claim only to have
32.
is
indicated very roughly the
two most important tendencies
The problems of the
are indicative of the problems of our society as a whole.
leftist
in the
psychology of modern
esteem, depressive tendencies and defeatism arc not restricted to the
especially noticeable in the
left,
they arc widespread in our society.
lo socialize us to a greater extent than any previous society.
lo eal,
in
lice
34.
to while, middle-class ideals.
executive or a scientist, spend his
Imulanicntal values of our society. Clearly they sometimes do,
too valu-
Russia were outsiders, they vigorously opposed censorship and the secret police, they advocated scir- determination for ethnic minorities, and so forth; hut as soon as they crime into
power themselves, they imposed a lighter censorship and crealed a more ruthless secret po-
our universities,
il
of the ovcrsocialized type want to
what kind of clothes he wears or what religion he believes
how
lo exercise,
1
in
leftists
school, holds a respectable job, climbs the status ladder,
have gone so
oppose technology, but they will oppose il only so long as they
are outsiders and the technological system is controlled by non-leftists, [f leftism ever
becomes dominant in society, so that the technological system becomes a tool in the hands of
leftists, they will enthusiastically use it and promote its growth.
In doing this they will be
minority
more
however much he may deny it, the ovcrsocialized leftist wants
lo integrate the black man into the system and make him adopt its values.
30. We certainly do not claim that leftists, even of theoversocialized type, never rebel against the
to
repealing a pattern that leftism has
what
in
anything
in
is
The anarchist" too seeks power, but he seeks it on an individual or small-group basis; he
wants individuals and small groups to be able to control the circumstances of their own lives.
He opposes technology because it makes small groups dependent on large organizations.
leftists
Bui
culture.
can hardly consist
It
violent and so forth. In effect,
215.
Some
man conform
become an
They want black gangs
listens lo,
the long tun
unlikely ever to give up technology, because technology
able a source of collective power.
216.
consist"/
it
the necessary technological base.
it.
black-style food, listening to black-style music, wearing black-style cloth-
the industrial-technological
movement whose
society, and il requires advanced technology. You can't have a united world
without rapid transportation and communication, you can't make all people love one
another
without sophisticated psychological techniques, you can't have a "planned society" without
organization. Leftism
ihc black
sible."
by organized
leftist
Amcricnn
to preserve African
superficial mailers. In all essential respects
human freedom and with Ihc elimination of modern techseeks to bind together the ciltirc world (both nature and the
race) into a unified whole. But this implies management of nature and of human life
is
want
instead, they
of African American culture
ing and going to a black-style church or mosque. In other words,
inconsistent with wild nature, with
nology. Left ism
in
this preservation
mote than caling
resulting influx of leftish types can easily
collaboration with
his real attachment
der to prove that black people nre as good as while.
into a leftist one, so (hat leftist goals replace or distort the original
stance and must avoid
shows
moving black people into high-prestige jobs, for
black schools and more money for such schools; the wny of life of the
technical subjects,
goals of the movement.
214.
leftist
fur affirmative action, for
copy of Ihc while man;
a
does
will live al that lime.
213. Because of their need for rebellion and for membership in a movement,
or similar psychological type are often unattracled to a rebellious or activist
leftist.
which theoversocialized
They want to integrate the black man into
make him a business executive, a lawyer, a scientist just like upper-middlc-class
while people. The leftists will reply flint ihc hist thing Ihcy want is to make the block man into
THE DANGER OF LEFTISM
goals and membership arc not initially
in
the system,
1,000
dealt with
way
an illustration of the
conventional altitudes of our society while pretending to be in rebellion against
improved education
less stable,
Those problems must be
that society
black "underclass" they regard as a social disgrace.
and only Europe became dynamic. No one
at (hat lime; historians have their thcoiics hut these arc
only speculation. At any rale, it is clear that rapid development toward a
technological form
of society occurs only under special conditions. So there is no
mason to assume thai longlasting technological regression cannot he brought about.
212. Would society eventually develop again toward an indusliiul-lcchtiological
form? Maybe.
hut there is no use in worrying about it, since wc can't predict or control
events 500 or
years in the future.
some degree of truth)
to these principles.
Many leftists push
there
those civilizations remained
is
to the
existed prior to the 17th century or thereabouts.
211. In the laic Middle
Here
29.
have
up
not living
4.
how
lo
make
love,
how
lo raise
left.
And
leftism.
Low self-
Though
they are
today's society ivies
We are even told by experts how
our kids and so
forth.
(Paragraph 28) There are many individuals of the middle and upper classes who resist some of these values,
but usually their resistance is more or less covert. Such resistance appears in the mass media only to a
very limited extent. The main thiust of propaganda in our society is in favor of the stated values. The main
reasons why these values have become, so to speak, the official values of our society
to the industrial system. Violence
is
is
discouraged because
it
is
that they are useful
disrupts the functioning of the system. Racism
discouraged because ethnic conflicts also disrupt the system, and discrimination wastes the talent of
minority- group
members who could be useful to die system. Poverty must be "cured" because
the underclass
rouses pirdilems far die system and contact with the underclass lowers the moral of the other classes.
Women are encouraged to have careers because their talents ate useful to the system anil, more importantly
it
because by having regular jobs
women became better integrated into the system and lied directly lo
rather than to their families. This helps toweaken fatuity solidarity. (The leaders of the system say they
want to strengthen the family, but they really mean
It
that they
want the family
to
serve as an effective tool
for socialiiing children in accord with the needs of the system. We atgue in paragraphs 51,52 that the
system cannot ajfoid to let the family or other small-scale social groups be strong or autonomous )
altitude is a direct
The Power Process
33.
Human
beings luivc a need (probably based
social attitude. Objections to these findings
biology) Tor something that
in
we
wilt csdl
llie
"power process." This is closely related lo the need for power (which is widely recognized)
elenr-cul
bul is not quite the same tiling. The power process has four elements. The three most
of these we cnll goal, effort and attainment of goal. (Everyone needs to have goals whose
attainment requires effort, and needs to succeed in attaining at least some of his goals.) The
fourth clement
autonomy and
is
more
difficult to define
will discuss
it
later
may
and
not
lie
necessary for everyone.
Wc
cidl
it
(paragraphs 42-44).
34. Consider the hypothetical case of a
a
man who can have anything he wants just by wishing
for
man
maintain their
is not true of fighting aristocracies that have lo struggle lo
power. But leisured,, secure aristocracies that have no need to exert ihemselves usually become bored, hedonistic and demoralized, even though they have power. This shows that power
decadent. This
35.
One must have
noi enough.
is
Everyone has goals;
goals toward which to exercise one's power.
nothing else, to obtain the physical necessities oflife: food, water and
lite climate. Bul the leisured aristocrat
if
whatever clothing and shelter are made necessary by
obtains these things without
effort.
Hence
his
boredom and demoralization.
36. Non-altainineni of important goals results in death
frustration if non-attainment
attain goals
throughout
of the goals
life results in
is
if
seem
lo be ideologically motivated. In
the goals are physical necessities, and in
compatible with survival. Consistent failure lo
human being needs
goals whose
attainment requires effort, and he must have a reasonable rate of success in attaining his
hood
205.
The
training. In either case they
trouble
which
lie
became
distinguished.
When
needs they often scl up
aw passed on,
many of ihc people who arc
inclined to rebel against the industrial system
ihey
must reproduce ilsclf abundantly. In doing so they will be
worsening Ihc population problem only slightly. And ihc most important problem is to get rid
population
of the industrial system, because once the industrial system is gone the world's
necessarily will decrease (see paragraph 167); whereas, if ihe industrial system survives, it
enable the world's
will continue developing new techniques of food production that may
population to keep increasing almost indefinitely.
206. With regard to revolutionary strategy, the only points on which we absolutely insist are that
the single overriding goal must be ihe elimination of modern technology, and lhat no other
goal can be allowed lo compete with this one. For the rest, revolutionaries should take an
empirical approach. If experience indicates that some of the recommendations made in the
foregoing paragraphs arc not going to give good results, then those recommendations should
be discarded.
TWO KINDS OF TECHNOLOGY
likely to be raised against our proposed revolution is lhat it is bound lo fiiil.
claimed) throughout history technology has always progressed, never regressed,
An argument
(il is
people do not have to exerl Ihemselves In
artificial
goals for ihemselves. In
many
cases
Wc distinguish
between
impossible. But this claim
is
ifvo kinds of technology,
which wc
is false.
will call small-scale technology
and organization-dependent technology. Small-scale technology is technology that can be
used by siniill-sciile communities without outside assistance. Organization-dependent technology is technology that depends on huge-scale social organization. Wc arc aware of no
significant cases of regression in small-scale technology.
Bul organization-dependent tech-
erwise would have put into the
ample:
same energy and emotional involvement (hat they othsearch for physical necessities. Thus Ihc aristocrats of the
their literary pretentions; ninny
competed
aristocrats, like Hirohilo.
We
cial
or
European
aristocrats n
few centuries ago
for status through elaborate displays of wealth; and a few
goal that people set up for ihemselves merely in order lo have
let
a rule
of Ihumb for the identification of surrogate
devotes
much time and energy
most of
his
to the pursuit of goal
lime and energy lo satisfying
to use his physical
directed toward an
some goal
of a goal
and mental
X
is
it is
activities.
facilities in a varied
X?
If
ihc answer
is
deprived because he didn't
if llicir
know all about the anatomy and
love (for example)
no, then the person's pursuit
modern
is
life,
working
he would not have
life-cycles of marine animals
nol a surrogate activity, because
existence were otherwise satisfactory, would feel deprived
passed their lives without ever having a relationship with a
pursuit of an excessive
feci seri-
marine biology clearly conslitulcd a
prclty certain that if Hirohilo had had lo spend his time
On the other band the pursuit of sex nnd
most people, even
Given a person who
and interesting way, would he
interesting non-scientific tasks in order to obtain Ihc necessities of
Ill
work toward,
X, ask yourself this: If he had to devote
and if that effort required him
a surrogate activity. Hirohilo's studies in
surrogate activity, since
felt
to
artifi-
his biological needs,
ously deprived because he did not attain goal
at
is
us say, merely for the sake of the "fulfilhiienl" that (hey get from pursuing the goal.
is
amount or sex, more than one
industrial society only
minimal
When
Ihe
Roman Umpire
member of the
if
they
opposite sex. (Bul
really needs, can be a surrogate activity.)
effort is necessary to satisfy one's physical needs.
fell
apart the
it
depends breaks down. Ex-
Romans* small-scale technology
surVivefd be-
cause any clever village craftsman could build, for instance, a waler wheel, any skilled smith
could make steel by Roman methods, and so forth. But the Romans' organization-dependent
technology did regress. Their aqueducts
niques of road construction were
have turned to science.
use Ihe term "surrogate activity" to designate an activity that
Here
few or no
may be handing the world over lo the sort of people who support or
industrial system. To insure ihc strength of the next generation of revolu-
way
tionaries Ihc present generation
208.
invested tremendous lime and energy in hunting, though they certainly didn't need ihc meal;
40.
have been raised, bul objections are feeble and
thai children tend on the
nology does regress when the social organization on which
other aristocracies have
nppcnrs (hat personality
likely to hold this or thai
any evcnl, no one denies
(hey then pursue these goals with the
Roman Empire bad
39.
thai
hence technological regression
ACTIVITIES
But not every leisured aristocrat becomes bored and demoralized. Tor example, the emperor
Hirohilo, instead of sinking into decadent hedonism, devoted himself lo marine biology, n
field in
is
accept the
al leasl
because
satisfy Uieir physical
it
more
arc also concerned about the population problems, hence Ihey are apt to have
207.
goals.
38.
& person
defeatism, low self-esteem or depression.
37. Thus, in order to avoid serious psychological problems, a
SURROGATE
make
average lo bold social altitudes similar to those of (heir parents. From our point of view it
doesn't mailer all that much whether the altitudes are passed on genetically or through child-
children. In this
has power, but he will develop serious psychological problems. At first he will
have a lot of fun, bul by nnd by he will become acutely bored and demoralized. Eventually he
may become clinically depressed. History shows that leisured aristocracies tend lo become
Such
it.
a person's genetic constitution, but
outcome of
within the context of our society, to
Iraits tend,
lost.
fell
into disrepair
and were never
The Roman system of urban
rebuilt.
sanitation
Their tech-
was
forgotten,
so lhat until rather reccnl times did the sanitation of European cities match that of Ancient
209.
The reason why technology has seemed always
to progress is that, until
or two before the Industrial Revolution, mosl technology
Rome.
perhaps a century
was small-scale technology. But
most of the technology developed since the Industrial Revolution is organization-dependent
technology. Take (he refrigerator for example. Without factory-made parts or the facilities of
it would be virtually impossible for a handful of local craftsby some miracle they did succeed in building one it would be
useless lo llicni without a reliable source of electric power. So they would have to dam a
stream and build a generator. Generators require large amounts of copper wire. Imagine try-
a posl-iudusirial
men
ing lo
make
that wire without
refrigeration?
picking, as
210.
So
machine shop
lo build a re frige ralor. If
il
is
It
was done before
And once
rebuild
lo build
get a gas suitable for
an icehouse or preserve food by drying or
the invention of the refrigerator.
clear lhat if ihc industrial system were once thoroughly broken
technology would quickly be
ogy.
modern machinery. And where would ihey
would be much ensier
it,
this
just as
it
lost.
The same
technology had been
is
lost for a
look centuries to build
il
down,
refrigeration
Irue of olher organ! z.at ion -dependent technol-
the
generation or so
first
it
would take centuries
lo
lime around. Surviving technical books
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