Grammar and Composition Grammar Practice Workbook Grade 10 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; and be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Writer’s Choice. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-823356-9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 055 04 03 02 01 00 ii Contents Unit 10 Parts of Speech 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Unit 11 Parts of the Sentence 11.3 11.5 11.5 11.5 Unit 12 Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Participles and Participial Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Clauses and Sentence Structure 13.1, 3 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 Unit 15 Compound Subjects and Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Indirect Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Subject Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Phrases 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.3 Unit 13 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Interrogative and Relative Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Action Verbs and Verb Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Linking Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Subordinating Conjunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Main Clauses; Simple and Compound Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Adjective Clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Noun Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Four Kinds of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Sentence Fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Run-on Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Verb Tenses and Voice 15.2 15.4 15.7 Regular and Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Perfect Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Voice of Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 iii Contents Unit 16 Subject-Verb Agreement 16.2 16.4–5 Unit 17 Using Pronouns Correctly 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.5 17.6 Unit 18 Capitalization of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Capitalization of Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numbers 21.1–3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.9 21.10 21.11 21.12–13 iv Irregular Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Incomplete Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Capitalization 20.1 20.2–3 Unit 21 Case of Personal Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Pronouns with and as Appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Pronouns After Than and As . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Clear Pronoun Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Using Modifiers Correctly 18.2 18.4 18.7 Unit 20 Agreement with Linking Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Agreement with Special Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 End Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 The Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 The Semicolon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Commas and Coordinate Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Commas and Compound Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Commas with Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs . . . . . . 45 Commas with Direct Address and Tag Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Misuse of Commas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Quotation Marks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Italics (Underlining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 The Apostrophe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Hyphens and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................ 10.1 Nouns Key Information A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. A concrete noun names an object that can be recognized by any of the senses; an abstract noun names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic. A proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea; a common noun is the general name of a person, place, thing, or idea. A collective noun names a group and can be regarded as either singular or plural. ■ A. Identifying Nouns Underline the nouns in the following sentences. 1. During the early years of the United States, thousands of settlers traveled west to build new homes. 2. Women and men worked together to clear the land, plant crops, and build homes. 3. Besides this work, women tended the children and did housekeeping chores. 4. They prepared food to use during the winter. 5. They made clothes for the whole family and used homemade soap to wash the laundry. 6. A frontier mother was often the only teacher her children had. 7. Because there were few doctors, women had to take care of the medical needs of their families. 8. Settlers usually lived so far apart that isolation was a common problem. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9. Sometimes pioneer families became friends with Native Americans who lived nearby. 10. To help fight loneliness, many women wrote journals and diaries about their lives and experiences. ■ B. Identifying Noun Types From the nouns you identified in the sentences above, list an example for each type of noun. Possible answers are given. family Collective noun _____________________________________________________________________ isolation, loneliness Abstract noun ______________________________________________________________________ women, land, United States Concrete noun _____________________________________________________________________ years, settlers, journals Common noun _____________________________________________________________________ United States, Native Americans Proper noun ___________________________________________________________________________ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10 1 Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................ 10.2 Interrogative and Relative Pronouns Key Information Questions are formed with interrogative pronouns. who whom whose which what Who is coming to dinner? Whose keys are these? A relative pronoun is used at the beginning of a special group of words that contains its own subject and verb and is called a subordinate clause. who whoever whose whom whomever that which whichever what whatever The woman who won the marathon is 35. Whoever works hardest will get promoted. ■ A. Distinguishing Between Interrogative and Relative Pronouns Underline the pronoun in each of the following sentences. Then write whether the pronoun is interrogative or relative. interrogative 1. Who finally auditioned for the lead role? __________________ 2. The explosion that shook the town was caused by an error at the factory. relative __________________ relative 3. The barn, which was painted red, stood in a field of daisies. __________________ interrogative 4. What have you done to make Angela so angry? __________________ relative 5. Ben is trying to decide whom to ask for help with his biology. __________________ Use an appropriate interrogative pronoun to turn each of the following statements into questions. Write your new interrogative sentence in the space provided. 1. Kendall called me last night. Whom did Kendall call last night?/Who called you last night? __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. This is the quickest way to get to the cafeteria. Which/What is the quickest way to get to the cafeteria? __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. These are my sister’s jeans. Whose jeans are these? __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. I would like to have lasagna for my birthday dinner. What would you like to have for your birthday dinner? __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. The Pulitzer Prize is named after Joseph Pulitzer. After whom is the Pulitzer Prize named? __________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ■ B. Using Interrogative Pronouns Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................ 10.3 Action Verbs and Verb Phrases Key Information Action verbs tell what someone or something does, either physically or mentally. The ball slammed into the catcher’s mitt. The child dreamed of cotton candy. Transitive action verbs are followed by words that answer the question what? or whom? We finally spotted our mistake. [spotted what?] We eventually invited Kate. [invited whom?] Intransitive action verbs are not followed by words that answer what? or whom? Instead, they are frequently followed by words that tell when, where, why, or how an action occurs. I sometimes sing in the shower. [sing where?] Mark Twain wrote with great wit. [wrote how?] A verb phrase consists of a main verb and all of its auxiliary, or helping, verbs. The ice was melting quickly in the sun. He did remember to order french fries. ■ A. Distinguishing Between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Underline the entire action verb, including all auxiliary verbs, in each of the following sentences. Then write whether the verb is transitive or intransitive. transitive 1. Sailboats have the right-of-way over motorboats. __________________ intransitive 2. The careful truck driver slowed noticeably in the rain and snow. __________________ transitive 3. The Chinese pandas should attract many visitors to the zoo. __________________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. transitive 4. Architects begin their work long before the start of construction. __________________ transitive 5. Most of the actors have already learned their lines. __________________ intransitive 6. The new compact disc will arrive in stores tomorrow. __________________ intransitive 7. The ball landed only six inches from the hole. __________________ transitive 8. The scent of fresh sheets welcomes the hotel’s guests every night. __________________ intransitive 9. Did you simply guess on the last question? __________________ transitive 10. A blues singer does not always sing sad songs. __________________ ■ B. Using Action Verbs Underline the verb in each of the following sentences. Then write a more lively verb that adds interest to the sentence. Possible answers are given. trudged 1. Jeff walked home slowly in the gray January light. __________________ plummeted 2. The parachutist fell toward the ground. __________________ raced 3. The police car drove by at high speed. __________________ pelted 4. During last month’s storm, hail hit our roof loudly. __________________ chatter 5. Those three girls talk constantly. __________________ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10 3 Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................ 10.3 Linking Verbs Key Information A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with a word or expression that identifies or describes the subject. The most commonly used linking verb is be in all its forms—am, is, are, was, were, will be, has been, was being. Other verbs that sometimes act as linking verbs include the following: appear look become remain stay feel seem taste grow sound Note: Except for seem, these words can also serve as action verbs. If seem can be substituted for the verb in a sentence, that verb is probably a linking verb. smell The soup smelled delicious. [linking] The chef smelled the soup. [action] ■ A. Distinguishing Between Action and Linking Verbs Underline the verb in each of the following sentences. Then write whether it is an action verb or linking verb. action 1. Many people admire Andrew Jackson. __________________ action 2. He came from the Carolina pine woods. __________________ linking 3. He eventually became president. __________________ action 4. Later he built a house near Nashville, Tennessee. __________________ action 5. Tourists still visit it today. __________________ action 7. Jackson grew hickory trees there. __________________ action 8. People called Jackson “Old Hickory.” __________________ linking 9. To many people he seemed a tough man. __________________ linking 10. However, he was a man of tenderness, too. __________________ ■ B. Using Linking Verbs Complete each of the following sentences by writing a word or group of words in the blank that follows the linking verb. The words you write should identify or describe the subjects of the sentences. Sentences will vary. 1. Usually our family vacations are ____________________________________________________ 2. That group’s latest hit song was_____________________________________________________ 3. The chocolate milk tastes _________________________________________________________ 4. After making a foul shot to tie the game, Michelle felt ___________________________________ 5. The temperature of the room seemed unusually _________________________________________ 4 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. linking 6. The house looks lovely. __________________ Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................ 21.6 Commas with Direct Address and Tag Questions Key Information Use commas to set off words used in direct address. I’m not sure whether or not I can attend, Jill. Use commas to set off tag questions. A tag question suggests the answer to the statement that precedes it. The Bears, my friend, will win the game. You rembered the tickets, didn’t you? ■ A. Punctuating Direct Address and Tag Questions Correctly Insert and circle commas where they are needed in the following sentences. 1. Alicia,do you know whether Cheryl has to work tonight? 2. The lab reports ,Ms. Jenkins ,are due tomorrow,aren’t they? 3. Do you think ,Doctor, that I will need to have the operation? 4. Thanks for this excellent compact disc ,Dad. 5. It was you ,Sis,who told Dad this is the one I wanted ,wasn’t it? 6. I would like to thank you, class, for working so productively while I was absent. 7. You are going to be able to stay for band practice today,aren’t you? 8. Please remember, ladies and gentlemen ,that the keynote speech is tomorrow evening. ■ B. Using Direct Address and Tag Questions Use the following guidelines to write sentences that demonstrate correct use and punctuation of direct address and tag questions. Sentences will vary. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Write a sentence that ends with the tag question haven’t you. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Write a sentence that ends with the tag question weren’t they. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Write a sentence that ends with a direct address to a teacher. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 46 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 21 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Write a sentence that begins with a direct address to one of your friends. Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................ 21.6 Misuse of Commas Key Information Do not use a comma before a conjunction that connects the parts of a two-part predicate. The fire burned brilliantly, and warmth filled the room. [correct] The baker mixed the dough, and then let it rise for an hour. [incorrect] The fire burned brilliantly; warmth filled the room. [correct] The baker mixed the dough and then let it rise for an hour. [correct] Do not use a comma between a subject and its verb or between a verb and its complement. Do not use a comma alone to join two main clauses that are not part of a series. Add a coordinating conjunction, or use a semicolon, to avoid a run-on sentence. The fire burned brilliantly, warmth filled the room. [incorrect] Walking to the store at the end of the block, excited Fred. [comma between subject and verb] The trucking firm transported, groceries, electronics, and dry goods. [comma between verb and complement] ■ A. Identifying Misused Commas Circle the misused commas in the following sentences. If another form of punctuation should replace a comma, insert it in the sentence. You may also insert coordinating conjunctions if they are needed. 1. Most Nigerians earn their living in agriculture,;they follow their ancestors’ traditions. 2. Most Nigerians live in rural areas, ;Nigeria does, however, have several large cities. 3. Abuja is the capital, and largest city. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. Other large cities include, Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, and Ogbomosho. 5. Nigeria is quite famous for its art,;for instance, traditional African sculpture was an important influence on the work of Pablo Picasso. 6. The first African writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature was named Wole Soyinka, and was Nigerian. ■ B. Avoiding Comma Errors in Your Writing Combine each of the following pairs of sentences. Be sure to use correct punctuation. 1. An actor, dressed as a very old man, shuffled onstage. He turned toward the audience. onstage and turned __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Finally, the old man began to speak. He spoke of days gone by, mistakes made and regretted, and lessons painfully learned. began to speak of days gone by __________________________________________________________________________________ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 21 47 Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................ 21.7 The Dash Key Information Use dashes to indicate abrupt breaks or changes in thought within sentences. Who—of all the people in this room—would have done such a thing? At the height of the eclipse—wasn’t that a fantastic moment?—there was an eerie silence. ■ A. Punctuating Sentences with Dashes < < Insert and circle missing dashes in each of the following sentences. — — 1. That man in the corner how odd, I haven’t seen him for years looks like my uncle. — — 2. The Washingtons they must be delighted won a trip to the Grand Canyon. — — 3. Most of the houses on our street I think they were all designed by the same person look alike. — — 4. Winter is finally over and summer I thought it would never come is almost here. < < < < < < ■ B. Interrupting Sentences Correctly Rewrite each of the following sentences. Use dashes to insert the parenthesized comments at an appropriate place in each sentence. 1. The big concert is two weeks from Wednesday. (let me know if you get tickets) . . . concert—let me know if you get tickets—is __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The vehicle ran the red light and crashed into a truck. (the driver wasn’t paying attention) . . . light—the driver wasn’t paying attention—and. . . . __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. The woman over there is talking very loudly. (I wonder if she knows people are staring) The woman over there—I wonder if she knows people are staring—is talking very loudly. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ■ C. Writing Sentences with Dashes Use each of the following phrases within dashes in a sentence. Sentences will vary. 1. (it was a stunning upset) _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. (I was amazed) _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 48 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 21 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. The leading candidate will appear in a debate this week. (and I certainly don’t see him losing now) The leading candidate—and I certainly don’t see him losing now—will appear. . . . __________________________________________________________________________________ Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................ 21.9 Quotation Marks Key Information A comma or a period should always be placed inside closing quotation marks. A semicolon or colon should always be placed outside closing quotation marks. “She’ll never give us a pop quiz,” said my friend Stu. Stu thus was suprised the next day when Ms. Harding said, “Close your books for a little quiz on last night’s reading.” In eighth grade we had to memorize the poem “Richard Cory”; I remember it to this day. The newspaper quoted two sources in its article “Governor to Unleash Soaring Taxes”: the governor’s secretary and the budget director. ■ A. Using Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation Insert and circle quotation marks where needed in the following sentences. All other sentence punctuation is correct. 1. Darlene said,“I will work only one school night a week.” ^ ^ ” “ 2. I’ll be there at eight, said my brother, which meant he probably would arrive closer to ten. ^ ^ ” “ 3. For years my mother has said, A stitch in time saves nine; to this day I have no idea what ^ ^ that saying means. 4. There are two versions of the song“Run to Me:” one features vocals, and the other contains ^ ^ only instrumentals. “ ” 5. Yes, I know that Daniela said, I will never go out with him; however, I think that she ^ ^ might. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ■ B. Writing Sentences with Quotation Marks Rewrite each of the following sentences. Change the indirect quotation to a direct quotation and punctuate the sentence correctly. You may need to change several words. 1. Mom told us to take our coats with us, and so we did. Mom told us, “Take your coats with you,” and so we did. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Wendy said that the view is breathtaking. Wendy said, “The view is breathtaking.” __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Nathan reminded us that the baseball season was about to begin; we were as excited as he was. Nathan reminded us, “The baseball season is about to begin”; we were as excited as he was. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Martin commented that the marching band sounded good. Martin commented, “The marching band sounds good.” __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 21 49 Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................ 21.10 Italics (Underlining) Key Information Italicize (or underline if typing or handwriting) the titles of the following kinds of items: books A Prayer for Owen Meany Long poems The Waste Land Plays Death of a Salesman Films The Karate Kid Television series Cheers Titles of paintings and sculptures, long musical compositions, newspapers and magazines, ships, trains, airplanes, and spacecraft should also be italicized. Italicize words, letters, and numerals that represent themselves. I really do not know what the word galvanize means. Chyna spells her name with a y instead of an i. It’s easy to turn 0 into 8. ■ Using Italics Properly Underline the item or items in the following sentences that should be italicized. 1. The PBS series Sesame Street has helped millions of children learn to read. 2. I always have a hard time spelling Luxembourg, but I can easily find the country on a map of Europe. 3. Saint Peter’s High School is putting on a production of My Fair Lady this year. 4. Her phone number has five 7’s in it, and she lives on Mulberry Street. 5. Business people from all over the country subscribe to the Wall Street Journal, which they can have delivered to their homes by the U.S. Postal Service. 7. Mozart’s opera The Marriage of Figaro is considered a classic. 8. Art collectors have paid more than thirty million dollars for paintings such as Van Gogh’s Irises. 9. The Great Gatsby is one of the most frequently read novels in American high schools. 10. How many e’s are there in committee? 11. My brother is going to renew his subscription to the Sporting News. 12. Hart Crane’s book-length poem The Bridge uses the Brooklyn Bridge as a central symbol. 13. The word adjectival refers to adjectives. 14. Citizen Kane is considered by some to be the best film ever made. 15. Ralph Ellison’s reputation as a writer rests primarily on his novel Invisible Man. 16. I have just finished Annie Dillard’s An American Childhood; I plan to read another of her books, perhaps Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. 17. The Thinker is a sculpture by Rodin. 18. Her name has three l’s in it; I believe the word for such a name is mellifluous. 50 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 21 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. My parents took a ride down the Mississippi River on a riverboat called The Delta Queen. Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................ 21.11 The Apostrophe Key Information Use an apostrophe and -s to form possessives in the following types of situations involving nouns and pronouns. Singular indefinite pronouns: someone’s plate Individual ownership, two or more people: van Gogh’s and Monet’s paintings. Use an apostrophe alone to form the possessive of plural nouns ending in -s. Singular nouns, even ones that end in -s: the duchess’s wedding Plural nouns that do not end in -s: the children’s sandbox the teams’ mascot two hours’ delay Use an apostrophe in place of letters omitted in contractions. Compound nouns: my brother-in-law’s dog I am—I’m Joint ownership: Ricky and Maria’s cat they are—they’re cannot—can’t ■ A. Using Apostrophes to Show Possession Insert apostrophes where they are needed in the following phrases. 1. a trips length trip’s mother’s 2. his mothers ambitions 3. Chriss response Chris’s 4. many residents signatures 5. no ones fault Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. residents’ men’s 9. Mr. Carsons job prince’s Wagner’s 17. several stores sales Dodges’ someone’s 16. one books conclusion brothers’ book’s stores’ 18. Tammy Johnsons contribution Carson’s 10. a womans autobiography mice’s 14. the Dodges new home 15. someones gloves 7. Wagners “Wedding March” 8. the two brothers jobs 12. the mices cunning 13. the princes sister no one’s 6. a pair of mens pants everybody’s 11. everybodys problem Johnson’s 19. the girls locker room girls’ woman’s 20. an umpires decision umpire’s ■ B. Using Apostrophes in Contractions The following song titles each contain two words that should be combined and written as contractions. Write the contraction in the space provided. I’ve 1. “I Have Got You Under My Skin” _______________ Rain’s 2. “A Hard Rain Is Gonna Fall” _______________ It’s 3. “For What It Is Worth” _______________ She’s 4. “She Is Funny That Way” _______________ There’s 5. “There Is a Small Hotel” _______________ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 21 51 Grammar Practice Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................ 21.12–13 Hyphens and Abbreviations Key Information Although hyphens are not usually used to join a prefix to a word, note the following exceptions: • to join a prefix to a proper noun or a proper adjective: pre-World War II • after the prefix re- when the resulting word looks like but is different in meaning and pronunciation from another word: re-mark the test but remark on the scores. • in compound adjectives that precede nouns: up-to-the-minute news • in expressions made up of an adverb ending in -ly and an adjective: the beatifully prepared dinner. Abbreviations can save time and space. Capitalize abbreviations of proper nouns and titles. Clancy M. McDonald, M.D. Abbreviate names of many organizations and of states in addresses. Hyphens are not used in the following cases: • in compound adjectives that follow nouns: The news was up to the minute. EPA NATO FDA FL NY WV ■ Using Hyphens and Abbreviations Decide where hyphens and abbreviations are needed in the following sentences and write the hyphenated word or phrase or the abbreviation in the blank. Write correct if a sentence is correct. Dr. Smith’s, self-diagnosed 1. Doctor Smith’s illness, self diagnosed as influenza, got worse. _______________ re-sort 2. I will have to resort all these files. _______________ vice-consul 5. The vice consul addressed the British Parliament. _______________ A.M. 6. Hal’s sister remarried yesterday at 9:00 ante meridiem. _______________ correct 7. The boxer was penalized for hitting below the belt. _______________ pre-Depression 8. Life in pre Depression America was carefree and extravagant. _______________ pro-Basque 9. The pro Basque supporters rallied in the streets of Madrid. _______________ 10. State of the art technology filled Steve’s office at the Young Men’s Christian Association. State-of-the-art; YMCA _______________ thirty-yard 11. The thirty yard run made the fans watching the football game cheer. _______________ 12. My seventy year old aunt, who lives in Washington, District of Columbia, still seems seventy-year-old; D.C. young. _______________ 1 lb.; 1g 13. Use 1 pound of butter and 1 gram of salt. _______________ correct 14. Most of the novels of Ann Beattie are well written. _______________ self-deprecating 15. A self deprecating person is not necessarily humble. _______________ 52 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 21 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3. The ZIP code abbreviations for Ohio and California are Ohio and California. ZIP-code; OH; CA _______________ correct 4. The visibly dejected skater buried her head in her hands. _______________