Leonardo Tax Workbook 2023 Thirty-first Edition Ta Ta ax x Wo Worrk kbo book ok 202 20 23 23 Th hirrty y-fiirst Ed Edition n LD DM Mittch helll BC Com m MA MAcc c DE Eco on (Na ( atal) C CA(SA) FFree ela anc ce tax t lec cturrer and w writter K Sta ark k MC Com m (UP)) Ph hD (UN NISA A) CA A(SA A) S niorr Le Sen ectu ure er: Dep D parrtme entt off Ta axation n, UP U M Nare e AC A CIS, MC Com m (SA an nd Inte erna atio ona al Tax)) (U UJ) Se enio or LLecture er: De epa artm men nt of o Taxa T atio on, UN NISA A Members of the LexisNexis Group worldwide South Africa JOHANNESBURG CAPE TOWN DURBAN Australia LexisNexis (Pty) Ltd www.lexisnexis.co.za Building 8, Country Club Estate Office Park, 21 Woodlands Drive, Woodmead, 2191 TBE Waterfront, 3 Dock Road, V & A Waterfront, Cape Town, 8001 TBE Umhlanga, Block A, Park Square, Centenary Boulevard, Umhlanga, 4319 LexisNexis, CHATSWOOD, New South Wales Austria LexisNexis Verlag ARD Orac, VIENNA Benelux LexisNexis Benelux, AMSTERDAM Canada China LexisNexis Canada, MARKHAM, Ontario LexisNexis, BEIJING France Germany LexisNexis, PARIS LexisNexis Germany, MÜNSTER Hong Kong LexisNexis, HONG KONG India Italy Japan LexisNexis, NEW DELHI Giuffrè Editore, MILAN LexisNexis, TOKYO Korea LexisNexis, SEOUL Malaysia New Zealand LexisNexis, KUALA LUMPUR LexisNexis, WELLINGTON Poland LexisNexis Poland, WARSAW Singapore United Kingdom LexisNexis, SINGAPORE LexisNexis, LONDON United States LexisNexis, DAYTON, Ohio © 2022 ISBN 978 1 7761 7472 0 (softcover) 978 1 7761 7473 7 (e-book) Copyright subsists in this work. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the publisher’s written permission. Any unauthorised reproduction of this work will constitute a copyright infringement and render the doer liable under both civil and criminal law. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information published in this work is accurate, the editors, authors, writers, contributors, publishers and printers take no responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person as a result of the reliance upon the information contained therein. Printed by CTP Printers Cape Town Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................. Chapter 1 Taxation frameworks ............................................................................ Chapter 2 Gross income ........................................................................................ Chapter 3 Special inclusions.................................................................................. Chapter 4 Exemptions ............................................................................................ Chapter 5 The general deduction formula ......................................................... Chapter 6 Special deductions .............................................................................. Chapter 7 Capital allowances and recoupments ............................................. Chapter 8 Individuals ............................................................................................. Chapter 9 Companies ........................................................................................... Chapter 10 Company distributions ......................................................................... Chapter 11 Partners and Partnerships .................................................................... Chapter 12 Trusts ....................................................................................................... Chapter 13 Non-residents ........................................................................................ Chapter 14 Trading stock......................................................................................... Chapter 15 Farmers .................................................................................................. Chapter 16 Retirement benefits .............................................................................. Chapter 17 Fringe benefits ...................................................................................... Chapter 18 Employees’ tax and provisional tax ................................................... Chapter 19 Capital gains tax .................................................................................. Chapter 20 Donations tax........................................................................................ Chapter 21 Estate duty ............................................................................................ Chapter 22 Value-added tax.................................................................................. Appendix A Rates of normal tax .............................................................................. Appendix B Scale of values: Travel allowance ...................................................... Appendix C Standard values of livestock ............................................................... Appendix D Expectation of life and present value tables .................................... v Page 1 3 21 39 51 61 87 107 121 143 169 179 193 213 229 239 269 283 299 313 331 347 363 389 392 393 394 Introduction The Tax Workbook has been designed to be used by students and lecturers, to provide the maximum benefit to each user. Each chapter deals with a specific topic or topics and the chapter contents progress from relatively easy questions to more difficult questions dealing with integrated problems. Each chapter contains examples with detailed solutions, which students can use as an aid to their studies, and questions without answers, for the use of lecturers. Lecturers who prescribe the workbook will be provided with a set of solutions to all the questions. The workbook will be updated annually. The users of the workbook should take careful note of the following: Assumptions relating to the examples and questions in this book Unless specifically stated to the contrary, the following assumptions must be made when interpreting the examples and questions: • All amounts are expressed in the currency of the Republic. • The use of the term “Republic” indicates the Republic of South Africa. • All individuals and companies are residents unless otherwise stated. • Unless otherwise stated, no Double Tax Agreements are in force between the Republic and the foreign countries referred to in questions. • All couples are married out of community of property. • Where appropriate, enterprises are registered as vendors for value-added tax purposes. • Unless otherwise stated, all amounts had been adjusted for value-added tax. • The taxpayer, his or her spouse or his or her child is a person; not a person with a “disability” as defined. • Ages given are the ages of persons on the last day of the year of assessment. • The current year of assessment, in the case of an individual, is the year of assessment ending on 28 February 2023 and, in the case of a company, its financial year ending during the period of 12 ending on or before 31 March 2023. • All determinations of “taxable income” are in rands only. Cents are ignored. Calculations of “normal tax payable” and “normal tax liabilities” may be expressed in rands and cents, or in rands only. 1 Tax Workbook • The following abbreviations are used in the workbook: The Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service First-in, first-out Value-added tax Paragraph Section Kilometre/s Close corporation South African Revenue Service The Commissioner FIFO VAT para s km CC SARS The solutions to examples and questions are based on legislation, regulations and interpretation notes promulgated, published or issued up to 30 November 2022. 2 Chapter 1 Taxation frameworks L Introduction In this chapter, the basic principles of the determination of the normal tax liability of a taxpayer are explained by using frameworks to determine the normal tax liability. This chapter includes definitions from the various Acts to explain the frameworks. These basic frameworks are applied in practical situations. The goal of this chapter is to help a student of Taxation to orientate himself when different taxes are concerned. L Examination technique If this Workbook is used properly, it will assist a student in mastering taxation at graduate level. Work through all the examples and then attempt all the questions. Then mark your attempts. This will help you to identify the issues that you do not understand. The following technique is recommended when using the examples and attempting to do questions: Step 1: Read the required part. At this stage the following should be identified: • The type of question, that is, whether it is a determination question or a discussion question or a combination of both. At graduate level the focus is more on determination questions. The verb used (“determine” or “discuss”) will identify the type of question. When attempting to answer a discussion question, provide one short sentence for each mark. Discussion questions may also require determinations to support the discussions. Remember, if you are required to discuss something in a question and you provide only determinations, no marks will be awarded. • The outcome expected, for example, if you are required to determine all the tax consequences for a given period, then all the relevant taxes that might be applicable must be included. Remember that during your studies you will deal with the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (which includes normal tax, withholding taxes and donations tax), the Value-Added Tax Act 89 of 1991, the Estate Duty Act 45 of 1955 and the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011. You further have to remember that South Africa does not have a separate capital gains tax act and that the taxable capital gain forms part of taxable income and is subject to normal tax. At graduate level this information is usually provided, and an indication will be given in the “Required” section, for example, to determine only the normal tax liability of a taxpayer for a year of assessment. continued 3 Tax Workbook Step 2: Evaluate the way in which the information is provided. • If the question consists of different short parts, it is an indication that you should read through all the given information before attempting to answer the question. If it is a discussion question, you will also have to read through all the information. If it is a determination question with references to notes, you can complete it while reading through the information at the same time. Be on the lookout for notes that contain general information. Step 3: Analyse and interpret the information. • While reading through the information provided, you should commence thinking about how to apply the information. Excess information is seldom given. • Establish the critical aspects of the question, for example, – identify the taxpayer, – determine the age of a natural person on the last day of the year of assessment (for example, natural persons who have attained the age of 65 years are treated more favourably and persons who have attained the age of 75 years qualify for an additional rebate, – identify whether the person is ordinarily resident in South Africa or deemed to be a resident for normal tax purposes (different provisions regarding the residence issue apply to the different forms of taxes), – identify whether the taxpayer is a vendor for value-added tax purposes, and – identify the tax period, for example, whether it is a year or period of assessment (normal tax), or a value-added tax period (ranging from one month, two months, four months, six months or yearly periods under the ValueAdded Tax Act). Step 4: Plan the outlay of your solution. • The following outlay is recommended for determination questions: – Divide your page into three or more columns (refer to Example 1.9). – In column one, write down the issue at stake. Use column two for determinations and discussions, and in column three provide your final solution (refer to Example 1.9). – Leave enough space between issues. – Always show your determinations. • Start each solution on a new page. • Write neatly. The layout of the solutions in the Tax Workbook is in textbook format to make the use of the Tax Workbook easier and to ensure a uniform style throughout the book. Normally students are not required to explain answers, unless the question specifically requires explanations to support the information provided. L Contents In this Tax Workbook the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962, the Value-Added Tax Act 89 of 1991, the Estate Duty Act 45 of 1955 and the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 are all dealt with. The table gives an indication of the time needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs, if applicable, that need to be studied before attempting the example or question are provided and the level of the example or question gives an indication of its difficulty. 4 Chapter 1 ) Example or Question and time allocation Taxation frameworks Topic and relevant sections Level Example 1.1 (10 minutes) • Taxable income Basic Example 1.2 (10 minutes) • Normal tax liability Basic Example 1.3 (20 minutes) • Normal tax due Intermediary Example 1.4 (15 minutes) • Normal tax payable Intermediary Example 1.5 (10 minutes) • Non-residents Basic Example 1.6 (15 minutes) • Dividends tax and normal tax on companies Basic Example 1.7 (10 minutes) • Donations tax Basic Example 1.8 (5 minutes) • Estate duty Basic Example 1.9 (10 minutes) • Value-added tax Basic Question 1.1 (15 minutes) • Normal tax due or refundable Intermediary Question 1.2 (30 minutes) • Normal tax liability (married community of property) Question 1.3 (25 minutes) • Normal tax Intermediary Question 1.4 (25 minutes) • Normal tax Intermediary in Intermediary L Examples The Income Tax Act deals not only with the taxation of receipts and accruals (regardless of its nature) but also with donations tax, which is a tax on the transfer of an asset. The Income Tax Act also deals with a tax on the distribution of dividends by a company to its shareholders. Value-added tax is a tax on the consumption of goods and services and estate duty is a tax on the transfer of property. The Income Tax Act is arranged into different chapters, which are further divided into different parts. Where the legislation dealing with a specific issue becomes too cumbersome, schedules are used. These schedules form part of the main Act. This Tax Workbook focuses on Chapter II of the Income Tax Act, which is divided into several parts. The focus will be on Part I (Normal Tax), Part V (Donations Tax), and Part VIII (Dividends Tax). 5 Tax Workbook Normal tax In the determination of the normal tax due in Part I, the following Schedules have been used: • First Schedule – dealing with the determination of taxable income derived from farming activities. • Second Schedule – dealing with the determination of gross income derived by way of lump-sum benefits from pension, provident and retirement annuity funds. • Fourth Schedule – dealing with amounts of employees’ tax to be deducted or withheld by employers and provisional tax payments towards normal tax. • Sixth Schedule – dealing with the determination of the normal tax liability of a micro-enterprise electing to be subjected to tax on its turnover. • Seventh Schedule – dealing with benefits or advantages derived by reason of employment or holding of any office. • Eighth Schedule – dealing with the determination of taxable capital gains and assessed capital losses. In the following section, the basic framework that should be used in the determination of each of the different types of taxes is provided. Normal Tax Framework: The determination of taxable income Amounts “Gross income” as defined including • lump-sum benefits from funds (Second Schedule), and • fringe benefits (Seventh Schedule) Less: Amounts exempt from normal tax Gives: “Income” as defined Less: Amounts deductible in the determination of taxable income (excluding contributions to retirement funds) Add: Taxable farming income (First Schedule). Remember that a company can also carry on farming activities Add: Certain allowances and advances not used for business purposes to be included in taxable income Add: Taxable capital gain (Eighth Schedule) Less: Contributions to retirement funds (s 11F) Less: Donations to certain public benefit organisations (all taxpayers) Gives: “Taxable income” as defined 6 - - - - Chapter 1 Taxation frameworks Example 1.1 (10 minutes) Richard Nkambi (66 years of age) had the following receipts and accruals during the 2023 year of assessment: R Salary from employer (gross income) 450 000 Interest from local bank (exempt from normal tax up to R34 500) 35 500 Dividend from a South African company (exempt from normal tax) 5 000 Richard Nkambi incurred the following expenses during the 2023 year of assessment: Pension fund contributions (deductible in the determination of taxable income) 19 000 Household expenses (not deductible in the determination of taxable income) 100 000 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Richard Nkambi’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 1.1 Richard Nkambi’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment is as follows: R R Salary from employment 450 000 Interest received or accrued 35 500 Dividends received or accrued 5 000 Gross income Less: Amounts exempt from normal tax – Interest received or accrued – Dividends received or accrued 490 500 34 500 5 000 39 500 Income Less: Amounts deductible in the determination of taxable income – Pension fund contributions 19 000 – Household expenses (private expenditure – not deductible in the determination of taxable income) _ 451 000 Taxable income 432 000 19 000 Framework: Determination of amount payable or refundable Taxable income Schedule tax tables for natural persons and flat rates for companies (at 28%; or 27% for years of assessment ending on or after 31 March 2023) and trusts (at 45% or scales) Normal tax payable Less: Rebates (s 6 (only natural persons), medical scheme fees tax rebate (s 6A), additional medical expenses tax credit rebate (s 6B) and s 6quat rebate (a resident taxpayer to eliminate double taxation)) Gives: Normal tax liability Less: Prepaid tax (employees’ tax and provisional tax) Gives: Amount payable or refundable 7 Tax Workbook Example 1.2 (10 minutes) Nombi Classen (76 years of age) had the following receipts and accruals for the 2023 year of assessment: R Salary from employment (gross income) 590 000 Nombi Classen does not have any amounts that are deductible in the determination of her taxable income. Nombi Classen qualifies for the following s 6 normal tax rebates: • A primary rebate of R16 425. • A secondary rebate (age rebate – attained the age of 65 years) of R9 000. • And a tertiary rebate (age rebate – attained the age of 75 years) of R2 997 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Nombi Classen’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 1.2 Nombi Classen’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment is determined as follows: R R Salary from employer 590 000 Taxable income 590 000 Schedule tax payable on a taxable income of R590 000 On R488 700 On R101 300 (R590 000 – R488 700) at 36% 115 762 36 468 Normal tax payable Less: Rebates – Primary (natural person) – Secondary (attained the age of 65 years) – Tertiary (attained the age of 75 years) Normal tax liability 152 230 16 425 9 000 2 997 28 422 123 808 Only rands are used in the determination of taxable income. Cents are simply ignored. The determinations of normal tax payable and normal tax liability are, however, in rands and cents. Example 1.3 (20 minutes) Franco Jussepe (46 years of age and a person with a ‘disability’ as defined in s 6B) had the following receipts and accruals during the 2023 year of assessment: R Receipts and accruals from a restaurant operated in his own name (gross income) 650 000 Salary earned from his part-time employment (gross income) 180 000 Dividends from South African companies ((exempt from normal tax)) 50 000 Interest from a local bank (R23 800 is (exempt from normal tax)) 43 800 continued 8 Chapter 1 Taxation frameworks Interest on tax-free investment ((exempt from normal tax)) Taxable capital gain from the sale of an asset Franco Jussepe incurred the following expenses and contributions during the 2023 year of assessment: Expenses incurred in the production of his restaurant’s gross income Medical scheme contributions made (Franco Jussepe and his wife are members of the medical scheme. Based on his contributions, he qualifies for a medical scheme fees tax credit of R694 a month and a s 6B medical expenses tax credit rebate of R604,73 at the end of the year of assessment.) Franco Jussepe made the following pre-paid taxes: Employees’ tax deducted from his part-time employment Provisional tax YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Franco Jussepe’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment. R 800 20 000 120 000 26 800 45 000 80 000 Solution 1.3 Franco Jussepe’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment is determined as follows: R Gross income – restaurant 650 000 Salary 180 000 Dividends received or accrued 50 000 Interest received or accrued (R43 800 + R800) 44 600 Gross income Less: Exemptions from normal tax – Interest received or accrued on tax-free investment – Interest received or accrued on other accounts – Dividends received or accrued Income Less: Amounts deductible in the determination of taxable income – Amounts incurred in the production of his restaurant’s gross income 924 600 800 23 800 50 000 74 600 850 000 120 000 Add: Taxable capital gain 730 000 20 000 Taxable income 750 000 Normal tax determination on a taxable income of R750 000 On R641 400 Add: R108 600 (R750 000 – R641 400) at 39% 170 734,00 42 354,00 Normal tax payable 213 088,00 continued 9 Tax Workbook R Less: Rebates – Primary (natural person) 16 425,00 – Medical scheme fees tax credit rebate 8 328,00 (R694 × 12 months) – Additional medical expenses tax credit rebate (s 6B) (determined at 33,3% × (R26 800 – 3 × (R694 × 12 months))) 604,73 Normal tax payable Less: Prepaid amounts – Employees’ tax – Provisional tax 25 357,73 187 730,27 45 000 80 000 125 000,00 Normal tax liability 62 730,27 Example 1.4 (15 minutes) Determine the normal tax payable by each of the following taxpayers: Nkanyezi Ltd Nkanyezi Ltd is classified as a personal service company for income tax purposes. It has a taxable income of R600 000 for its 2023 year of assessment (ended 31 March 2023). A personal service company is subject to normal tax at a flat rate of 27% of its taxable income for a year of assessment ended on or after 31 March 2023. Langa Ltd Langa Ltd is classified as a small business corporation for normal tax purposes. It has a taxable income of R320 000 for the 2023 year of assessment (ended 28 February 2023). A small business corporation is subject to normal tax on the following cumulative sliding scale: • 0% payable on the first R91 250 of taxable income, • 7% payable on taxable income exceeding R91 250 but not exceeding R365 000, • R19 163 plus 21% on taxable income exceeding R365 000 but not exceeding R550 000, and • R58 013 plus 28% on taxable income above R550 000. Maru Ltd Maru Ltd is classified as a micro-business for normal tax purposes and it elected to be subjected to normal tax on its turnover. It has a turnover of R650 000 for its 2023 year of assessment. The following sliding scale applies for the turnover tax: Taxable turnover Rate of tax R0 – R335 000 ................................................. R335 000 – R500 000 ...................................... Rnil 1% of the amount by which the taxable turnover exceeds R335 000 R1 650 plus 2% of the amount by which the taxable turnover exceeds R500 000 R6 650 plus 3% of the amount by which the taxable turnover exceeds R750 000 R500 000 – R750 000 ...................................... R750 000 and above .................................... 10 Chapter 1 Taxation frameworks YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the normal tax payable for the 2023 year of assessment for each of the above-mentioned taxpayers. Solution 1.4 Nkanyezi Ltd’s normal tax liability for its 2023 year of assessment is determined as follows: R Taxable income 600 000 Normal tax payable on its taxable income at 27% 162 000 Langa Ltd’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment is determined as follows: Taxable income 320 000 Normal tax on taxable income On R91 250 Add: (R320 000 – R91 250) at 7% – 16 012,50 Normal tax payable 16 012,50 Maru Ltd’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment is determined as follows: Turnover 650 000 Normal tax on a turnover of R650 000 On R500 000 1 650 Add: R150 000 (R650 000 – R500 000) at 2% 3 000 Normal tax payable 4 650 Normal Tax Framework: Determination of the withholding tax on royalties and similar payments payable to a “non-resident” Gross royalty at 15% Framework: Determination of the withholding tax on payments payable to a “non-resident” entertainer or sportsperson Gross amount at 15% Framework: Determination of the withholding tax on interest payable to a “non-resident” Gross interest at 15% 11 Tax Workbook Example 1.5 (10 minutes) Part A Palesa Banda is a “non-resident” and derived the following royalties from a source in South Africa during January 2023: • R100 000 gross royalties from Company A, and • R250 000 gross royalties from Company B. Both these royalties are gross income but then exempt from normal tax under s 10(1)(l). These royalties are subject to a final withholding tax. Palesa Banda also earned interest of R50 000 on a loan to her brother, a “resident”. This interest is gross income but exempt from normal tax (s 10(1)(h). It is subject to a final withholding tax. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Palesa Banda’s South African tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment. Part B George Pepper, a “non-resident” international singer, held a show at Sun City in December 2022. He earned R400 000 from the show. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the amount that must be withheld from George Pepper’s earnings for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 1.5 Part A Determination of Palesa Banda’s South African tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment: R R Royalties from Company A 100 000 Royalties from Company B 250 000 Interest 50 000 Gross income Less: Exemptions from normal tax Royalties from Company A Royalties from Company B Interest 400 000 100 000 250 000 50 000 Taxable income and (normal tax payable) 400 000 – Withholding tax on royalties Company A (R100 000 at 15%) Company B (R250 000 at 15%) 15 000 37 500 Withholding tax on interest (R50 000 at 15%) Final South African tax liability 7 500 60 000 12 Chapter 1 Taxation frameworks Part B Determination of the amount of withholding tax that must be withheld from George Pepper’s earning for the 2023 year of assessment: Withholding tax on foreign entertainers and sportspersons Amount received 400 000 Withholding tax rate 15% Final tax liability 60 000 Dividends Tax Framework: Determination of dividends tax Dividends declared (excluding exempt from dividends tax dividends) Amount withheld: Dividends tax levied at 20% Example 1.6 (12 minutes) Mthimkhulu (Pty) Ltd is a resident company with a March year end. The tax rate applicable to normal tax for Mthimkhulu (Pty) Ltd is 27%. The following information is provided for its year of assessment ending 31 March 2023 (all amounts have been adjusted for value-added tax): R Sales (gross income) 1 500 500 Dividend accrued (note 1) 95 000 Income Less: Amounts deductible in the determination of taxable income Less: Dividends declared (note 2) 1 595 500 652 500 943 000 175 000 Retained income for year 768 000 Provisional tax paid 200 000 Notes (1) The following dividend accrued to Mthimkhulu (Pty) Ltd: R95 000 from a resident company (gross income but exempt from normal tax under s 10(1)(k)). (2) A dividend declared is not deductible in the determination of taxable income. 30% of Mthimkhulu (Pty) Ltd shares are owned by resident companies. The remainder of its shares are owned by natural persons (all South African residents). The R175 000 dividend was declared on 15 February 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO: (1) Determine the normal tax liability and the amount due by or refundable to Mthimkhulu (Pty) Ltd for its year of assessment ended 31 March 2023. (2) Determine the dividends tax Mthimkhulu (Pty) Ltd must withhold and pay over to SARS. 13 Tax Workbook Solution 1.6 Part (1) Determination of the normal tax liability and the amount due for the year of assessment ending 31 March 2023: R Sales 1 500 500 Dividend accrued 95 000 Gross income Less: Exemptions from normal tax (local dividend) 1 595 500 95 000 Income Less: Amounts deductible in the determination of its taxable income 1 500 500 652 500 Taxable income 848 000 Normal tax payable on R848 000 at 27% Less: Provisional tax 228 960 200 000 Amount due 28 960 Part (2) Dividend tax that Mthimkhulu (Pty) Ltd must withhold and pay over to SARS: R Dividends declared 175 000 Less: Exempt from dividends tax dividends: (30% × R175 000; declared to resident company shareholders not subject to dividends tax) 52 500 Dividend subject to dividends tax 122 500 Dividends tax on R122 500 at 20% 24 500 Donations Tax Framework: Determination of donations tax Value of each property disposed of under a donation (excluding donations exempt from donations tax) Less: Donations valued at R100 000 for a natural person or R10 000 for a non-natural person (each year of assessment) Gives: Net value Amount payable: Net value at 20% (or 25% if the aggregate value of donations after 1 March 2018 exceeds R30 000 000) Example 1.7 (10 minutes) Jabulani Dlamini made the following donations during the 2023 year of assessment: • R50 000 cash to his wife on 15 March 2022 (a donation to a spouse is exempt from donations tax), • a flat with a market value of R240 000 to his brother on 25 May 2022, and • a boat with a market value of R10 000 to his son on 25 December 2021. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Jabulani Dlamini’s donations tax liability for each donation. 14 Chapter 1 Taxation frameworks Solution 1.7 R 15 March 2022: Donation to his wife – exempt from donations tax 25 May 2022: Donation to his brother: Value of property Less: Exemption from donations tax for a natural person each year of assessment 100 000 Net value 140 000 – 240 000 Donations tax payable at 20% 25 December 2021 Donation to his son: Value of property (note) 28 000 Donations tax payable at 20% 2 000 10 000 Note Each donation must be evaluated on its own to establish whether donations tax is payable. The R100 000 exemption from donations tax applies for a year of assessment. This exclusion was enjoyed in full when Jabulani Dlamini made the donation to his brother. Estate Duty Framework: Determination of estate duty Value of property and deemed property Less: Allowable deductions Gives: Net value of estate Less: R3 500 000 abatement (can increase up to R7 000 000 in a limited situation) Gives: Dutiable amount of the estate Amount payable: 20% of dutiable amount up to R30 000 000 and 25% on the excess. Example 1.8 (5 minutes) Michael Zulu died on 5 November 2022. He left his entire estate to his daughter. He had property with a market value of R5 000 400 at date of his death. His liabilities amounted to R400 400 (all deductible in the determination of the dutiable amount of his estate). YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the estate duty payable on the estate of the late Michael Zulu. 15 Tax Workbook Solution 1.8 R Value of property and deemed property 5 000 400 Less: Amounts deductible in the determination of the dutiable amount of his estate 400 400 Net value of his estate Less: Abatement 4 600 000 3 500 000 Dutiable amount of the estate 1 100 000 Estate duty at 20% 220 000 Value-Added Tax Framework: Determination of Value-Added Tax Output tax Less: Input tax Value-added tax payable or refundable Example 1.9 (10 minutes) Molapo Services CC is a registered vendor. It has to render value-added tax returns every two months (February, April, June, August, October and December). The following information is provided for its value-added tax period ending December 2022: R Services rendered (including value-added tax of 15%) 115 000 Less: Salaries (not subject to value-added tax) 29 900 Other goods and services acquired from vendors (including value-added tax of 15%) 23 000 Entertainment (including value-added tax of 15% – but input tax is disallowed in the Value-Added Tax Act) 1 380 Trading stock (not second-hand goods) purchased from non-vendors (value-added tax was not levied) 1 725 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the value-added tax payable by Molapo Services CC or refundable to it for its value-added tax period ending 31 December 2022. 16 Chapter 1 Taxation frameworks Solution 1.9 Output tax Sales Less: Input tax Salaries Goods and services Entertainment Trading stock from non-vendors Determinations, discussion and reason R R 15 000 R115 000 × 15 / 115 Not subject to value-added tax R23 000 × 15 / 115 Disallowed No deduction since the amount does not include value-added tax Value-added tax payable – 3 000 – – 3 000 12 000 L Questions Question 1.1 (15 minutes) Marinda Mokaba is 40 years old and unmarried. She had the following receipts and accruals during the 2023 year of assessment: R Salary received from her employer (gross income) 680 000 Interest from a local bank (gross income, but a maximum of R23 800 is exempt from normal tax) 132 800 Gross rentals from the letting of a holiday home (gross income) 75 000 Dividend from South African company (gross income, but fully exempt from normal tax) 50 000 Marinda Mokaba incurred the following expenses and made the following contributions during the 2023 year of assessment: Retirement annuity fund contributions (within the limits of s 11F and fully deductible in the determination of her taxable income) 65 000 Rental expenses in relation to the holiday home incurred in producing her gross rentals 64 000 Marinda Mokaba made the following prepaid taxes: Employees’ tax Provisional tax 169 363 5 000 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Marinda Mokaba’s normal tax due or refundable for the 2023 year of assessment. 17 Tax Workbook Question 1.2 (30 minutes) Unathi Molefe (32 years of age) and Mamorok Molefe (28 years of age) are married in community of property. They had the following receipts and accruals during the 2023 year of assessment: R Unathi Molefe’s salary from employment (gross income) 880 000 Mamorok Molefe’s salary from employment (gross income) 830 000 Unathi Molefe’s gross receipts and accruals as an estate agent operating in his own name (gross income) 225 000 Mamorok Molefe’s interest received or accrued from a local bank 90 000 Unathi Molefe’s interest received or accrued from a local bank 3 800 (Each natural person qualifies for a local interest exemption of R23 800) Unathi Molefe incurred the following expenses and made the following contributions during the 2023 year of assessment: Expenses incurred in producing his estate agent gross income 62 100 Unathi Molefe made medical scheme contributions 30 600 (Unathi Molefe and Mamorok Molefe are members of the medical scheme. Based on his contributions, Unathi Molefe qualifies for a medical scheme fees tax credit rebate of R694 a month. (They do not qualify for the additional medical expenses tax credit rebate.) Unathi Molefe had employees’ tax deducted from his salary 240 382 Mamorok Molefe had employees’ tax deducted from her salary 228 111 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Unathi Molefe’s and Mamorok Molefe’s normal tax due or refundable for the 2023 year of assessment. Question 1.3 (25 minutes) You are working at an accounting firm and are responsible for answering other employees’ questions. You received the following questions via e-mail: To: Student Regarding: Types of taxes 1. What is a direct tax? What is an example of this tax? 2. What is the difference between a progressive tax and a proportional tax? 3. The levy of taxation should comply with certain basic criteria or norms. Adam Smith pronounced four canons (or principles) of taxation. What are these four canons? 4. What are the three main sources of taxation from which the Government obtains its revenues? To: Student Regarding: Tax rate What is Gert Green’s marginal tax rate and average tax rate if he has a taxable income of R610 000 for the 2023 year of assessment? 18 Chapter 1 Taxation frameworks To: Student Regarding: Tax rebates 1. What rebates can be deducted from normal tax? 2. When are rebates proportionally reduced? 3. Can the rebates be more than the normal tax? YOU ARE REQUIRED TO answer each of the questions above. Question 1.4 (15 minutes) Gary Botha is 30 years old and married. He owns a business which trades as a close corporation. His close corporation had the following receipts and accruals during its 2023 year of assessment (ended 28 February 2023): R Turnover (gross income) It incurred the following expenses during its 2023 year of assessment: 880 000 Expenses incurred in producing its income 464 000 Gary Botha incurred domestic expenses (not deductible in the determination of his taxable income) 223 000 When Gary Botha consulted his tax adviser, she told him that his close corporation is a taxpayer and is subject to normal tax at 27%. While attending a small business seminar he was told that different tax rates apply depending on how a business is classified for normal tax purposes. Gary Botha asks you to explain this to him. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO explain (i) the requirements that must be met to be classified as one of the taxpayers below; and (ii) how its normal tax liability will be determined if it is classified accordingly: (a) A personal service provider. (b) A micro-enterprise. (c) A small business corporation. (d) And a close corporation. 19 Chapter 2 Gross income L Introduction In the determination of whether an amount is subject to normal tax in South Africa, it is first necessary for it to be included in the taxpayer’s gross income as required by the definition of “gross income” as set out in s 1(1) of the Income Tax Act. The definition of “gross income” has the following three components: • Its first component deals with residents of the Republic. • Its second component deals with persons who are not residents of the Republic. • And its third component deals with its so-called special inclusions. If a person is a resident of the Republic, he is subject to normal tax on his world-wide receipts and accruals. If he is not a resident, he is subject to normal tax on only his receipts and accruals that are from a South African source. A natural person is a resident of the Republic if he • is ordinarily resident in South Africa, or • complies with the so-called physical presence test. A person other than a natural person will be a resident of the Republic if it • is incorporated in South Africa, • is established or formed in South Africa, or • has its place of effective management in South Africa. The examples and questions in this chapter are designed to illustrate and test the various requirements of the definition of “gross income” for both natural persons and persons other than natural persons, including receipts or accruals dealt with in its paras (a) to (n). To answer the examples and questions relating to the definition of “gross income”, the key requirements of the definition of “gross income” must all be satisfied. The requirements listed below must all be present for an amount to be included in a person’s gross income: Framework: Key requirements of gross income include the following: • • • • • • A total amount in cash or otherwise, received by or accrued to, during the year or period of assessment, not of a capital nature, for non-residents: from a source within South Africa, and its so-called special inclusions. 21 Tax Workbook L Contents The following table gives an indication of the time that is needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that need to be referred to before attempting the example or question are provided. The level of the example or question gives an indication of its difficulty. ) Example or Question and time allocation Topic and relevant sections Level Example 2.1 (20 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income”. • Resident. Basic Example 2.2 (30 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income”. • Paragraph (a) of the definition of “gross income” – annuities. • Paragraph (c) of the definition of “gross income” – services rendered. Basic Example 2.3 (15 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income”. Basic Example 2.4 (20 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income”. • Paragraph (a) of the definition of “gross income” – annuities. Intermediate Example 2.5 (20 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income”. Basic Example 2.6 (20 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income”. Intermediate Question 2.1 (25 minutes) • Combined. Advanced Question 2.2 (60 minutes) • Combined. Advanced Question 2.3 (20 minutes) • Combined. Advanced L Examples Example 2.1 (20 minutes) Umhlaba Rentals CC trades as an agent for property owners who let their properties to tenants. Its activities include collecting rentals and maintaining some properties situated offshore. One of the properties Umhlaba Rentals CC manages is a block of flats situated in Malta. The separate units within this property belong to different persons. The following persons each earned rentals of the equivalent of R85 000 during the 2023 year of assessment from this block of flats. Each person is concerned that he may be liable for normal tax in South Africa. 22 Chapter 2 Gross income The following information for each person may be relevant: Bongani Zama Bongani Zama lives in South Africa. He was on holiday in Australia for the last 92 days of the 2023 year of assessment. This was the only occasion that he was outside South Africa in the 2023 year of assessment. Pedro Prado Pedro Prado is a French citizen who is ordinarily resident in Italy. He is not ordinarily resident in South Africa. During a working holiday in 2018 and 2019, he was in South Africa from 1 April 2018 until 15 February 2019. He enjoyed his stay in South Africa. He visited South Africa again from 1 June 2020 to 31 December 2020. During November 2021 and December 2021, he again visited South Africa for eight weeks (56 days). During 2022, he visited South Africa once more, from 1 October 2022 to 31 December 2022. Andrews Plc Andrews Plc is registered in the United Kingdom. It has its place of effective management in the United Kingdom. It was established and formed in the United Kingdom. Its year of assessment ends on the last day of February. Venicia Ltd Venicia Ltd is incorporated in South Africa. It carries on business in Europe. Its place of effective management is in Lucerne, Switzerland. Its year of assessment ends on the last day of February. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO indicate whether the above persons will be subject to normal tax in South Africa for the 2023 year of assessment. (Ignore the provisions of a double tax agreement that may be applicable.) Solution 2.1 For a person to be subject to normal tax in South Africa, an amount received by or accrued to him must be included in his gross income. For an amount to be included in his gross income, it must comply with all the requirements of the definition of “gross income” as set out in s 1(1). For a resident, the total amount, in cash or otherwise, received by or accrued to him during the year of assessment, excluding amounts of a capital nature, must be included in his gross income. When an amount is received by or accrued to a person other than a resident, the total amount, in cash or otherwise, received by or accrued to the person from a source in South Africa, during the year of assessment, excluding amounts of a capital nature, must be included in this gross income. The rentals earned satisfy the requirements of • the total amount, • received by or accrued to, • during the year of assessment, and • not of a capital nature. 23 Tax Workbook In the determination of whether the rentals earned are subject to normal tax in South Africa, the following questions must be answered: • Is the person receiving the rentals a resident of the Republic? • If he is not a resident of the Republic, are the rentals from a source in South Africa? Each person is discussed in the determination of whether the rentals earned are subject to normal tax in South Africa. Bongani Zama For Bongani Zama to be a resident of the Republic, it must first be decided if he is ordinarily resident in South Africa. The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court (now the Supreme Court of Appeal) has interpreted the term “ordinarily resident” to mean the place where a person has his permanent place of residence (CIR v Kuttel 1992 (3) SA 242 (A), 54 SATC 298), or the place where he will return to after his wanderings (CIR v Cohen 1946 AD 174, 13 SATC 362). Since he was only on holiday outside South Africa and will return to South Africa after his wanderings, he is ordinarily resident in South Africa. The rentals received by or accrued to him will therefore be included in his South African gross income. Pedro Prado Pedro Prado is not ordinarily resident in South Africa. He can, however, be a resident of the Republic based on his physical presence in South Africa. The following requirements all have to be satisfied for him to be a resident of the Republic under the so-called physical presence test: • He must have been in South Africa for a period or periods exceeding 91 days in aggregate during the current year of assessment (the 2023 year of assessment). • He must have been in South Africa for a period or periods exceeding 91 days in aggregate during each of the five years of assessment preceding the current year of assessment (the 2018 to 2022 years of assessment). • He must have been in South Africa for a period or periods exceeding 915 days in aggregate during the five preceding years of assessment (the 2018 to 2022 years of assessment). Pedro Prado’s situation is as follows: • During the 2023 year of assessment, he was in South Africa from 1 October 2022 to 31 December 2022. He was present in South Africa for 92 days (31 + 30 + 31). He therefore meets the first requirement. • He was not in South Africa during the 2018 year of assessment (ended 28 February 2018) or during the 2020 year of assessment (ended 29 February 2020). He therefore does not meet the second requirement. • He spent 591 days in South Africa during the previous five years of assessment: 2018: 2019: 2020: 2021: 2022: Total: no days 321 days no days 214 days 56 days 591 days 24 Chapter 2 Gross income The number of days spent by Pedro Prado in South Africa during the previous five years of assessment is less than 915 days. He therefore does not meet the third requirement to be a resident of the Republic under the so-called physical presence test. Since none of the three requirements is satisfied, Pedro Prado is not a resident of the Republic under the so-called physical presence test. Nor is he ordinarily resident in South Africa. A non-resident is subject to normal tax in South Africa on only amounts received by or accrued to him from a source in South Africa. It is then necessary to determine if the rentals that accrue to Pedro Prado are from a source within South Africa. The provisions of s 9(2) do not apply to rentals. It is then necessary to consider the relevant and binding, case law relating to the source of rentals. In Rhodesian Metals Ltd, Liquidator v COT (1938 AD 282, 9 SATC 363) it was held by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court (now the Supreme Court of Appeal) that the source of a rental received from an immovable property is the place where the property is situated. Pedro Prado’s property is situated in Malta. It is not in South Africa. There is no provision that deems its source to be within South Africa. It follows then that the rentals received by or accrued to him are not included in his South African gross income (see also CIR v Lever Bros & Unilever Ltd 1946 AD 441, 14 SATC 44). Andrews Plc First it is necessary to determine if Andrews Plc is a resident of the Republic. A person other than a natural person is a resident of the Republic, if it • is incorporated in South Africa, • is established or formed in South Africa, or • has its place of effective management in South Africa. Andrews Plc does not satisfy any of the above requirements that result in it being a resident of the Republic. The second question that has to be considered is if Andrews Plc’s net rentals are from a source in South Africa. The provisions of s 9(2) do not apply to rentals. It is then necessary to consider the relevant and binding, case law relating to the source of rentals. In Rhodesian Metals Ltd, Liquidator, v COT (1938 AD 282, 9 SATC 363) it was held by the Appellate Division that the source of a rental received from an immovable property is the place where the property is situated. Andrews Plc’s property is situated in Malta. It is not in South Africa. There is no provision that deems the source of its rentals to be within South Africa. Its rentals are therefore not included in its South African gross income. Venicia Ltd Venicia Ltd is a South African resident. A person other than a natural person is a resident if it • is incorporated in South Africa, • is established or formed in South Africa, or • has its place of effective management in South Africa. 25 Tax Workbook Since Venicia Ltd is incorporated in South Africa, it is a resident of the Republic. This means that its world-wide receipts and accruals are included in its South African gross income. Its rentals are therefore included in its South African gross income since they are not of a capital nature. Example 2.2 (30 minutes) The definition of “gross income” is an important definition in the determination of a person’s taxable income. In the following situations, the inclusion of the relevant amount within gross income needs to be determined. All the taxpayers are residents of the Republic. Kamo Mutwa Kamo Mutwa carries on business as an author (a writer of books). She writes her books in South Africa. During the 2023 year of assessment, a royalty of the equivalent of R50 000 accrued to her from the sales in Zimbabwe of a book written by her. Lucas Naho Lucas Naho is employed as a salesperson by a retailer. During the 2023 year of assessment he won a prize for being the retailer’s most productive salesperson of the year. The prize was an all-inclusive two-week holiday at a seaside resort, valued at R70 000 (this amount was also its cost to his employer). Bud Costello Bud Costello, who lives and works in Cape Town, inherited a house valued at R2 500 000 in Johannesburg from his late grandfather. Since he will not move to Johannesburg, he sold this house for R2 650 000. Lou Abbott Lou Abbott, a property developer living and trading in Pretoria, inherited on 3 March 2022 a block of flats in Pretoria, valued at R18 000 000, from a late uncle who also lived in Pretoria. Since he was at that time selling two other blocks of flats under sectional title, he immediately applied for sectional title rights on his inherited property. By 28 February 2023, he had sold all the flats in his inherited property for R19 000 000. Shivan Govender Shivan Govender carried on an estate agency business in Durban as an equal partner until 1 March 2022. He then sold his share in the partnership for R300 000. This R300 000 selling price is made up as follows: • R100 000 for his share of the partnership’s trading debtors (at book value), • R50 000 for his share of the furniture and fittings of the partnership, and • R150 000 for goodwill. The R100 000 for the partnership’s trading debtors and the R50 000 for its furniture and fittings were paid for in cash. He agreed to accept an annual amount of R20 000 for the rest of his life as settlement for his goodwill. 26 Chapter 2 Gross income Paul du Plooy On 1 May 2022, Paul du Plooy purchased a plot of land in Bryanston on which he intended to erect a house for his family and himself to reside in. He was forced to purchase a far larger property than he required since the seller of this plot was unwilling to sell only a portion of it to him. Subsequent to his purchase of it, he subdivided it. On 30 June 2022 he sold the excess portion of it at a profit of R1 500 000. Thomas Mokoena Thomas Mokena holds deposits of R90 000 originating from tenants occupying flats in his apartment block in Bloemfontein that he erected during the 2022 year of assessment and that he let throughout the 2023 year of assessment. These deposits are refundable to a tenant who vacates a flat, provided it is in the same condition as it was in when he obtained the right to use it, and provided he has occupied it for a period of at least six months. Thomas Mokena deposited the R90 000 in a separate bank account. He will use the R90 000 solely for the repayment of a deposit to a qualifying tenant. Lenny Diver Lenny Diver is a diving instructor employed by a local scuba-diving club. While diving, he discovered the wreck of a ship in fairly shallow water off the coast of East London. The ship sank more than 200 years ago, carrying a cargo of china. He realised that this cargo of china was now valuable. Lenny Diver then commenced a salvage operation, hiring a boat, equipment and employing assistants for this purpose. Lenny Diver received an advance payment of R5 000 000 for the china from a museum in London, to whom he granted the sole right to purchase the entire cargo. By the end of the 2023 year of assessment, Lenny Diver had sold china to the museum in London for R6 500 000, but the museum has not yet paid him the R1 500 000 in excess of its R5 000 000 deposit. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss if the amounts referred to in each situation above will be included in the respective taxpayer’s gross income, giving brief reasons. Ignore capital gains tax. Solution 2.2 Kamo Mutwa The definition of “gross income” includes all amounts received by or accrued to a resident. A resident is subject to normal tax on his world-wide receipts and accruals. A royalty is the “fruit” (revenue in nature) of the “tree” (copyright to the book and capital in nature). She must therefore include the equivalent of R50 000 in her South African gross income. Lucas Naho The winning of a prize would normally constitute a receipt of a capital nature, being fortuitous and not arising out of an operation of business. In Lucas Naho’s situation, however, the winning of the prize is closely connected with his employment. The prize that he was awarded was a benefit of his employment. Its cost to his employer will be the amount that is included in his gross income under para (i) of the definition of “gross income” read with para 2(a) of the Seventh Schedule. 27 Tax Workbook Bud Costello The definition of “gross income” excludes most receipts or accruals of a capital nature. An important test established by the courts in South Africa and elsewhere is whether the taxpayer’s intention is that of speculation or investment. Since Bud Costello inherited the property, he did not acquire it with a speculative intention. But did his intention change to that of speculation at the time that it was sold? Did he go over to the business of dealing in property, or embark on a scheme of selling it for a profit (Natal Estates Ltd v SIR 1975 (4) SA 177 (A), 37 SATC 193)? He sold it after a short holding period. Yet his reason for selling was not that he wished to speculate. He wished to sell it since he did not need it. He did not enter into an extensive advertising campaign to sell it. On the facts given, his receipt or accrual from its sale would be of a capital nature and is therefore be excluded from his gross income. Lou Albert Since Lou Albert inherited the property, he did not acquire it with a speculative intention. Did his intention change to that of speculation at the time that it was sold? Did he embark on a scheme of selling it for a profit (Natal Estates Ltd v SIR 1975 (4) SA 177 (A), 37 SATC 193)? He already carries on the trade of a property developer, with a specialised knowledge of this trade. He applied for sectional title rights on it. He then sold it at a substantial profit in a short time. The mere fact that an application is made for sectional title rights would not necessarily indicate a speculative intention, but in his situation he regularly enters into similar transactions. The fact that he carries on the trade of a property developer could result in his inherited property also being treated as his trading stock. The receipts or accruals from its sale will then not be of a capital nature. They will then be included in his gross income. Shivan Govender The R100 000 received in cash by Shivan Govender for the sale of his share of the partnership’s trade debtors is an amount of a capital nature since the transactions giving rise to the amounts owing by the debtors have already resulted in an inclusion in his gross income in the years of assessment when the debts arose (that is, when the credit sales were made). Therefore the amount is not included again in his gross income. The R50 000 received in cash by Shivan Govender for the sale of his share of the partnership’s furniture and fittings is also a receipt of a capital nature since it forms part of the fixed capital structure of his business. He may, however, have to include in his gross income an amount “recouped” on the sale of this asset under s 8(4), should its selling price exceed its tax value. The sale of the goodwill of a business is also of a capital nature since goodwill forms part of a taxpayer’s fixed capital structure. But when the purchase consideration is payable as an annuity, it is included in gross income under para (a) of the definition of “gross income”, even if it is capital in nature. Paul du Plooy Paul du Plooy’s intention when he purchased the property was not to enter into a profit-making scheme. He was forced by circumstances to purchase a property in excess of his needs. The profit that he made on the sale of the excess land was 28 Chapter 2 Gross income fortuitous and not deliberately sought after or worked for (CIR v Pick ÆŒ Pay Employee Share Purchase Trust 1992 (4) SA 39 (A), 54 SATC 271). The sale of this excess portion of the property is a receipt or an accrual of a capital nature (Stott v CIR 1928 AD 252, 3 SATC 253). The amount is therefore excluded from his gross income. Thomas Mokoena It is necessary to consider whether the deposits were received by Thomas Mokoena on his own behalf and for his own benefit (Geldenhuys v SIR 1947 (3) SA 252 (C), 14 SATC 419). If the deposits were not received for his benefit or on his behalf, there can be no receipt for the purposes of the definition of “gross income”. The fact that he deposited the amounts in a separate (trust) bank account confirms that he did not treat them as his own property (see MP Finance Group CC (In liquidation) v C:SARS 2007 (5) SA 141 (SCA), 69 SATC 141), when it was held that when a taxpayer subjectively considered itself entitled to an amount, it received it within the meaning of gross income). It was held by the Appellate Division in Pyott Ltd v CIR (1945 AD 128, 13 SATC 121) that, if a deposit is placed in a separate (trust) bank account (being the situation here), it will probably not be gross income. The deposits will therefore be excluded from his gross income. Lenny Diver Lenny Diver sold the salvaged china in the course of carrying on a business or in pursuance of a profit-making scheme (Elandsheuwel Farming (Edms) Bpk v SBI 1978 (1) SA 101 (A), 39 SATC 163). His realisation of the value of the china, the extent of the operations he has entered into, including the hiring of a boat, equipment, employing assistants and negotiating a contract with the museum, all support a business-like modus operandi, despite the fact that this is an isolated transaction (Stephan v CIR (1919 WLD 1, 32 SATC 54)). It follows that any amounts that he receives or that accrue to him from the salvaged china are not fortuitous, but are deliberately sought after and worked for (CIR v Pick Äœ Pay Employee Share Purchase Trust 1992 (4) SA 39 (A), 54 SATC 271). The amounts from the sale of the china are therefore not of a capital nature. The R5 000 000 advance was received by Lenny Diver within the meaning of the term “received by” as used in the definition of “gross income” since he received it for his own use and benefit (Geldenhuys v SIR 1947 (3) SA 252 (C),14 SATC 419). Since he granted the museum the sole right to purchase all the china, the R1 500 000 (the difference between the R6 500 000 selling price of the salvaged goods and the R5 000 000 advance payment) has “accrued to” him since he is entitled to it (Peoples’ Stores (Walvis Bay) (Pty) Ltd v CIR 1990 (2) SA 353 (A), 52 SATC 9)). If the museum imposed a condition (for example, an inspection of the goods and their acceptance solely if they meet certain conditions) before it would accept liability for them, accrual will take place only when these conditions are satisfied (Mooi v CIR 1972 (1) SA 675 (A), 34 SATC 1)). Example 2.3 (15 minutes) When Jan Napier retired on 29 February 2020, he used the lump sum that accrued to him on his retirement to purchase a rent-producing property. He believed that the return from letting it would provide him with a better investment than an 29 Tax Workbook interest-bearing security in a bank. He purchased the property on 10 March 2020, financing the balance of its purchase price out of the amount obtained from a mortgage bond over it. Jan Napier’s net receipts and accruals from the letting of this rent-producing property provided him with a reasonable return on his investment. Jan Napier has now received a good offer from another person for the purchase of this rent-producing property. His decision to accept the offer will depend on whether the amount he receives or that accrues to him from its sale will be included in his gross income. He has approached you for advice in this regard. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO explain some of the more important factors that will be taken into account when deciding if the amount Jan Napier receives or that accrues to him from the sale of this rent-producing property will be subject to normal tax. You must briefly state whether the receipt or accrual from its sale will be included in his gross income. Ignore capital gains tax. Solution 2.3 Jan Napier’s primary purpose when he purchased the rent-producing property will be an indication of whether his intention with it was that of speculation or investment (Stott v CIR 1928 AD 252, 3 SATC 253). It is also necessary to determine if his intention with it had subsequently changed by the time it is sold by him (Natal Estates Ltd v SIR 1975 (4) SA 177 (A), 37 SATC 193). It is necessary not only to consider his testimony as to his intention, but also all the facts and circumstances of his specific situation. These facts and circumstances would include, among others, • the method of financing its purchase, • the period for which it has been held, • the activities relating to it during his holding period, • the reason for its sale, • the manner of its sale, • the nature of his occupation, and • his history of similar transactions. Jan Napier’s property was purchased with the intention of letting it and not with a speculative intention. It has been profitably let since its date of purchase. Its purchase was financed out of his own funds, together with a mortgage bond over it. Its return has been sufficient to cover his mortgage bond commitments (payment of the interest due and part repayment of the capital) and to provide him with an adequate return on his investment. There does not appear to have been a financial need for him to sell it. No action has been taken by him to sell it. He has received a fortuitous offer from someone who wishes to purchase it. The period during which it was held by him, however, appears to be short. But he does not carry on business as a dealer in property. He is a retired person. No information is given regarding any similar transactions carried out by him in the past. On the information available, and on a balance of probabilities, his receipt or accrual from its sale will be of a capital nature and will therefore be excluded from his gross income. 30 Chapter 2 Gross income Example 2.4 (20 minutes) Tim Naidoo, a resident of the Republic, is employed by a gold-mining company in the Free State. In April 2022 he was injured while on duty. On 15 February 2023 he was awarded by his employer compensation of R900 000 for the loss of the use of his left hand. It was awarded to him because of the negligence on the part of his employer. He continued to be employed by the gold-mining company but in a clerical position and at a lower salary. To supplement his lower salary, Tim Naidoo purchased a mini-bus under a three-year contract and ran a taxi business, using a hired driver. After a month his taxi driver became concerned about his safety in the taxi business and failed to report for duty, taking the mini-bus with him. This constituted a breach of the contract by desertion. He successfully sued his driver and, on 31 August 2022, was awarded R30 000 for the breach of his contract and R80 000 for the mini-bus (equal to its tax value). Exploiting his opportunities at the gold mine, Tim Naidoo worked for a crime syndicate dealing in stolen gold. He received a commission of R140 000 for acting as a “go-between”. He never physically received this money since he arranged for his commission to be awarded directly to a local charity. Tim Naidoo has a hobby of collecting model toys. On 30 April 2022 he sold two model toys to another collector for R20 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss whether the above amounts will be included in Tim Naidoo’s gross income. Ignore capital gains tax. Solution 2.4 Lump-sum compensation The lump-sum compensation award to Tim Naidoo of R900 000 from his employer for the loss of the use of his left hand is a receipt or accrual of a capital nature. It is therefore excluded from his gross income. He has lost part of his income-earning capacity (CIR v Visser 1937 TPD 77, 8 SATC 271 and WJ Fourie Beleggings v C:SARS 2009 (5) SA 238 (SCA), [2009] JOL 23375 (SCA), 71 SATC 125). Damages for breach of contract The R30 000 in damages awarded to Tim Naidoo for the breach of the contract by the driver of his taxi relates to a loss of his income during the year. It was not for a permanent impairment of his capital structure. Since the R30 000 fills a “hole” in his income, it is included in his gross income (WJ Fourie Beleggings v C:SARS 2009 (5) SA 238 (SCA), [2009] JOL 23375 (SCA), 71 SATC 125). The R80 000 awarded to Tim Naidoo for the loss of his mini-bus is of a capital nature, and also does not represent a recoupment of former capital allowances that were deducted in the determination of his taxable income since the amount awarded equals the mini-bus’s tax value. It will be excluded from his gross income because it is capital in nature. Commission The commission of R140 000 awarded to Tim Naidoo by the crime syndicate dealing in stolen gold is of a revenue nature (being for services rendered or to be rendered). 31 Tax Workbook Paragraph (c) of the definition of “gross income” includes in gross income all amounts received or accrued for services rendered or to be rendered. The fact that the R140 000 arises from an illegal activity does not mean that it will be excluded from his gross income (MP Finance Group CC (In liquidation) v C:SARS 2007 (5) SA 521 (SCA), 69 SATC 141). Whether the commission accrued to Tim Naidoo prior to its cession to a local charity depends on the facts. He “arranged” for the commission to be awarded directly to a charity. This may indicate that it was ceded before it accrued to him. For a cession to be effective, the future income must accrue to the cessionary and the cedent must have divested himself of the future income (CIR v Witwatersrand Association of Racing Clubs 1960 (3) SA 291 (A), 23 SATC 380). But since he has rendered a service, the commission is still included in his gross income under the second proviso to para (c) of the definition of “gross income”. Hobby In pursuing his hobby, Tim Naidoo is not engaged in an operation of business in carrying out a scheme of profit making (CIR v Pick ’n Pay Employee Share Purchase Trust 1992 (4) SA 39 (A), 54 SATC 271). His intention is to enjoy his hobby, not to make a profit from it. In addition, the sale of the two models was isolated. It did not result from any form of continuity (CIR v Stott 1928 AD 252, 3 SATC 253). The R20 000 would therefore be excluded from his gross income since it is capital in nature. Example 2.5 (20 minutes) In the following five situations, the inclusion of the relevant amount in “gross income” is in question. All persons are residents of the Republic. Thula Manzini Thula Manzini carries on business as a second-hand motor car dealer. During the 2023 year of assessment he sold his private (family) motor car for R130 000. Shezi Loatle Shezi Loatle owns a furniture shop in Bloemfontein. During the 2023 year of assessment she sold a bedroom suite to a customer for R5 000. The customer paid R4 000 in cash and Shezi Loatle accepted the customer’s second-hand bedroom suite as a “trade-in” for the balance of the purchase price of R1 000. Three days later she sold this second-hand bedroom suite to another customer for R1 500. Zimele Ltd Zimele Ltd carries on the business of structural engineers specialising in the erection of aviaries. On 14 February 2023, two weeks before the end of its year of assessment, it completed the erection of an aviary for the Bird Rehabilitation Club. Under this contract, • 95% of the contract price was due and payable on completion of the aviary, and • 5% of it is to be retained as “retention moneys” until a final certificate is issued by the contract engineer, six months after the aviary’s erection. The price of the contract between Zimele Ltd and the Bird Rehabilitation Club is R100 000. 32 Chapter 2 Gross income Xibelani (Pty) Ltd Xibelani (Pty) Ltd sells fashion garments. On 25 February 2023, it sold a collection of evening outfits on credit to the Pretoria Model Agency for R60 000. Under this contract of sale, it undertook to deliver the outfits to the Pretoria Model Agency on 3 March 2023. Its year of assessment ends on the last day of February. It then delivered the collection of outfits to the Pretoria Model Agency on 3 March 2023. Tirhisano Maluleke Tirhisano Maluleke requires a deposit of 5% on orders placed by his customers for fresh eggs and farm chickens. If a customer cancels the order, the deposit is forfeited. During February 2023, he accepted deposits of R5 000 for deliveries of fresh eggs and farm chickens to be made in March 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine, in each of the above situations, what amount will be included in the “gross income” of the respective person for the 2023 year of assessment. Ignore capital gains tax. Solution 2.5 Thula Manzini The opening words of the definition of “gross income” in s 1(1) exclude receipts and accruals of a capital nature. The sale by Thula Manzini of his private (family) motor car would be of a capital nature since he would not be engaged in the operation of business in a scheme of profit making (CIR v Pick n Pay Employee Share Purchase Trust 1992 (4) SA 39 (A), 54 SATC 271). He would merely be selling one of his private or domestic assets. In Thula Manzini’s situation, his business involves the purchasing and selling of secondhand motor cars. It is then possible that his private (family) motor car was merged with his trading stock (indicating a change in intention in relation to his private (family) car) and he sold it as part of his business operations. He would have to prove that this was not the situation. If he was unable to prove that this was the situation the R130 000 would not then be excluded from his gross income. Section 102 of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 provides that the burden of proof is on Thula Manzini. Shezi Loatle The definition of “gross income” includes amounts that have been received by or accrued to a person in the form of cash and in a form other than cash, provided that the benefit in a form other than cash is capable of being valued and therefore has a monetary worth or can be turned into money (CIR v Butcher Bros (Pty) Ltd 1945 AD 301, 13 SATC 21 and C:SARS v Brummeria Renaissance (Pty) Ltd & others 2007 (6) SA 601 (SCA), [2007] SCA 99 (RSA), 69 SATC 205). When a benefit is received or accrued in a form other than cash, it would be included in the taxpayer’s gross income, usually at its market value on the date it was received or accrued. The R4 000 that was paid in cash to Shezi Loatle will be included in her gross income, being a non-capital cash receipt for the sale of trading stock. The value of the second-hand furniture will also be included in her gross income. This value would be R1 500 and not the balance of the selling price of R1 000. The fact that the furniture was sold within three days for R1 500 would confirm that R1 500 was its market value on the date it was “traded in” by her customer and received by her. 33 Tax Workbook Zimele Ltd The amount that accrued to Zimele Ltd to be included in its gross income is the amount to which it became unconditionally entitled (Mooi v CIR 1972 (1) SA 675 (A), 34 SATC 1). It follows that R95 000 (95% of the R100 000) accrued to it on 14 February 2023. The remaining R5 000 (5% of R100 000) accrues to Zimele Ltd only when the contract engineer’s final certificate is issued. This will not take place before 14 August 2023. It follows that it must include R95 000 in its 2023 gross income and R5 000 in its 2024 gross income. Xibelani (Pty) Ltd Xibelani (Pty) Ltd is entitled to the sale value of the evening outfits (of R60 000) as soon as the contract of sale is entered into. There is an obligation on its part to deliver the goods before it has a right to the R60 000. It delivered the goods on 3 March 2023. This is then the date of accrual for the inclusion of that amount in its gross income. It must therefore include the R60 000 in its gross income in its 2024 year of assessment. (The cost of the evening outfits would still be included in its gross income as part of its closing stock at the end of its 2023 year of assessment.) Tirhisano Maluleke Deposits received by Tirhisano Maluleke represent amounts received by him. He receives these deposits for his own benefit (Geldenhuys v SIR 1947 (3) SA 252 (C), 14 SATC 419). They are not subject to a condition, since his customers forfeit them should they cancel their orders. The R5 000 has therefore been “received by” him under the definition of “gross income” and will be included in his 2023 gross income. Example 2.6 (20 minutes) Tlou Taunyane, a resident of the Republic, operates a small business in South Africa, making yellowwood and teak furniture. He also restores antiques. The following items relate to the 2023 year of assessment: • In March 2022, Tlou Taunyane sold furniture that he had manufactured in South Africa to a furniture dealer in Zimbabwe for a cash price of R50 000. • In February 2023, Tlou Taunyane was paid a non-refundable deposit of R20 000 by a customer for furniture to be delivered to her in Johannesburg during March 2023. • During May 2022, Tlou Taunyane restored antique furniture for a friend in Pretoria in return for which his friend, a building contractor, made certain extensions to Tlou Taunyane’s workshop to increase its productive capacity. The building materials cost his friend R50 000. The normal cost of the friend’s labour would have been R30 000. The lowest quotation Tlou Taunyane had received from other builders for these essential improvements to his workshop was R150 000. Had he charged his friend the normal rate for the restoration work he carried out, he would have charged him R100 000. • During June 2022, Tlou Taunyane travelled to Swaziland and carried out restoration work on antique furniture belonging to a game farmer. The debt for his work was still outstanding on 28 February 2023. It amounted to R10 000. • While in Swaziland, Tlou Taunyane gambled at a local casino. His net winnings were R500 000. 34 Chapter 2 Gross income • Tlou Taunyane invested R50 000 of his winnings in a six-monthly fixed deposit in a financial institution in Swaziland. Interest for the six months ended 31 December 2022 was credited to his bank account in South Africa. This interest, determined at the rate of 5% a year, amounted to R1 250. It is payable six monthly. • Tlou Taunyane purchased a cottage (a small house) in Swaziland for R450 000 with the balance of his winnings. During the 2023 year of assessment he received rentals for the six-month period up to 31 January 2023 (at R5 000 a month) amounting to R30 000. The R5 000 rental due to him for February 2023 was still outstanding on 28 February 2023. • Tlou Taunyane sold some furniture that had been in his family for generations. He had been using it in his home. He sold it for cash. It was sold for R200 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO explain, giving full but brief reasons, whether the above amounts will be included in Tlou Taunyane’s gross income for the 2023 year of assessment. Ignore capital gains tax. Solution 2.6 Offshore sale The R50 000 for Tlou Taunyane’s sale of furniture to the furniture dealer in Zimbabwe is included in his gross income (Tlou Taunyane is a resident of the Republic). It accrued to him, and was received by him, during the 2023 year of assessment. It is not of a capital nature. Deposit The deposit of R20 000 received by Tlou Taunyane will be included in his gross income. It is not of a capital nature. It has been received by him under the meaning of the term “received by” as used in the definition of “gross income”. Since it is non-refundable, it has also “accrued to” him on the date it was “received by” him. Barter transaction The definition of “gross income” includes amounts “in cash or otherwise” received by or accrued to a taxpayer during the year of assessment. Since the extensions to Tlou Taunyane’s property were carried out by his friend in return for services rendered, an amount must be included in his gross income for the services he rendered to his friend. This amount is not of a capital nature. It has been received by and it has accrued to him. For barter transactions, the amount to be included in gross income is usually the market value of the benefit, that is, the arm’s length value received from an independent third party. The amount to be included in his gross income is then R150 000 (C:SARS v Brummeria Renaissance (Pty) Ltd & others 2007 (6) SA 601 (SCA), [2007] SCA 99 (RSA), 69 SATC 205). Swaziland work The R10 000 for work done by Tlou Taunyane in Swaziland is included in his gross income since it is not of a capital nature. Although the R10 000 has not yet been “received by” him, it has “accrued to” him since he is unconditionally entitled to it (CIR v People’s Stores (Walvis Bay) (Pty) Ltd 1990 (2) SA 353 (A), 52 SATC 9). Since he is a resident his world-wide receipts and accruals are included in his gross income. 35 Tax Workbook Casino winnings Tlou Taunyane’s casino winnings of R500 000 would be excluded from his gross income since they are of a capital nature. He is not a professional gambler. Fortuitous gains are normally of a capital nature (CIR v Pick ’n Pay Employee Share Purchase Trust 1992 (4) SA 39 (A), 54 SATC 271). Interest The interest on the fixed deposit earned by Tlou Taunyane will be included in his gross income since it is not an amount of a capital nature. Interest on a fixed deposit does not accrue from day to day, but under the terms of the fixed-deposit contract, unless the interest-accrual period exceeds a year. It is then deemed to accrue on a yield-to-maturity basis under the provisions of s 24J. The interest of R1 250 on R50 000 at 5% a year represents interest for the period of six months. The interest on this fixed deposit is payable six-monthly. Rental received and accrued The R30 000 in rental actually received by Tlou Taunyane, and the rental of R5 000 that has accrued to him from his rent-producing property situated in Swaziland, will be included in his 2023 South African gross income since he is a resident. His world-wide receipts and accruals are included in his gross income. Private furniture The R200 000 received by Tlou Taunyane from the sale of the furniture from his private home would be of a capital nature. This R200 000 would therefore be excluded from his gross income. It had been in his family for generations. He had used it in his home. It did not form part of his trading stock. He did not purchase it to sell it in the course of his business operations. He did not merge it with his other trading stock (CIR v Pick n Pay Employee Share Purchase Trust 1992 (4) SA 39 (A), 54 SATC 271). The onus of proof that the amount is of a capital nature is, however, on him (s 102 of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011). L Questions Question 2.1 (25 minutes) James Jockey, the current South African champion jockey, stated in a recent television interview that he intended to give all the riding fees and the prize money he earned during the Gauteng Summer Racing Season held during November and December 2022 and January 2023 to a local charity. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss, with reference to the Income Tax Act and relevant court decisions, whether the riding fees and prize money that James Jockey earned will be included in his gross income for the 2023 year of assessment. Also discuss whether the specification of a local charity, or the ceding of the amounts to any local charity, would make a difference to whether an amount will be included in his gross income. 36 Chapter 2 Gross income Question 2.2 (60 minutes) Imbewu Produce (Pty) Ltd Imbewu Produce (Pty) Ltd has for many years been carrying on the business of growing fresh produce (mainly vegetables) on land that it owns. Its fresh produce is then sold at the local municipal market. This is its sole business. During Imbewu Produce (Pty) Ltd’s 2010 year of assessment, it purchased an additional farm from a deceased estate at a favourable price. At that time, it did not need additional land but nevertheless purchased the farm for the purpose of using it to grow fresh produce at a later stage. Economic conditions in the fresh-produce industry deteriorated and, during Imbewu Produce (Pty) Ltd’s 2023 year of assessment, it decided that it no longer required this additional land. It sold this farm it had purchased in its 2010 year of assessment as land suitable for livestock farming. Imbewu Produce (Pty) Ltd would like to know if the amount obtained from the sale of this farm will be included in its gross income. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO (1) answer Imbewu Produce (Pty) Ltd’s above question, and (2) state, giving reasons, whether your answer would be different if it had developed the farm as a residential township, and then sold it as building plots. Ivan Hesse Ivan Hesse has been achieving a reasonable return from the letting of a block of 15 flats that he purchased in 19945. He does not have a history of property dealing. Ivan Hesse is aware that he can make a substantial profit by selling the 15 flats individually. He has made an application for a sectional title register to be opened. Ivan Hesse is considering improving the 15 flats prior to their sale to make them more attractive to potential buyers. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss, giving reasons, whether the amounts earned by Ivan Hesse from the sale of his 15 flats are of a revenue nature. Consider the situation when they are sold individually without the improvements’ being made, and the situation when they are first improved and then sold. Ignore capital gains tax. Berea Football (Pty) Ltd Berea Football (Pty) Ltd owns the Berea Football Team. Recently it sold two players, Ace Khune and King Mbhele, to Westville Football (Pty) Ltd. Ace Khune was sold for R5 000 000 and King Mbhele for R25 000. Ace Khune Ace Khune started playing football eight years ago for Berea Football’s under-14 team. After signing a life-service contract with Berea Football (Pty) Ltd, he was trained and coached by its coaches until he was considered the “number one” striker in South Africa. 37 Tax Workbook King Mbhele King Mbhele was “snapped up” by Berea Football (Pty) Ltd at a bargain price from Hasbeen Football Club for R3 000. When purchasing him, it realised he would not suit the style of play used by its team but anticipated being able to sell him at a “quick profit”. This happened only eight weeks after purchasing him. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss what amounts, if any, Berea Football (Pty) Ltd should include in its gross income from the above two sales it made. Assume that its receipts and accruals are not exempt from normal tax. Ignore capital gains tax. Question 2.3 (20 minutes) Phumudzo Masia (a resident of the Republic) is employed by a computer business as one of its consultants. During April 2022, Phumudzo Masia inherited a citrus farm situated in the Letsitele district from his late aunt. Since the oranges were ripe, he immediately sold them for R75 000. Since he was not going to become a farmer, he then sold this inherited citrus farm on 31 May 2022 for R6 000 000. The R6 075 000 received by Phumudzo Masia from the above sales was invested by him in local shares. For the 2023 year of assessment local dividends of R250 000 accrued to him from these local shares. Phumudzo Masia also inherited a computer from his late aunt. He installed the latest computer games on it. His friends enjoy playing these games. To play, he charges them R25 an hour. The games are popular. He has made a net profit of R6 500 from this venture of his. During Phumudzo Masia’s leave period of three weeks, he visited friends in Mauritius. While there, he was requested by a business in Mauritius to assist it with its computer problems. He spent five days working for this Mauritian business in Mauritius and was paid the equivalent of R5 000 for his services. Phumudzo Masia also collects rental on behalf of his uncle who now lives outside South Africa and who owns a block of flats in Pretoria. He received R800 000 from the tenants occupying the flats. He then kept R80 000 of the R800 000, being his 10% commission on the rentals he collected. He deposited the balance of R720 000 into his uncle’s local bank account. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO explain, giving full but brief reasons, whether the above amounts will be included in Phumudzo Masia’s gross income for the 2023 year of assessment. Ignore capital gains tax. 38 Chapter 3 Special inclusions L Introduction For an amount to be subject to normal tax in South Africa, it must, in the first instance, comply with all the requirements of the definition of “gross income” as set out in s 1(1) of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. Paragraphs (a) to (n) of the definition of “gross income” include certain amounts in gross income that may not be included in gross income under the opening words of the definition of “gross income”. The reason for their non-inclusion under the opening words of the definition of “gross income” is simply because they are of a capital nature. The capital versus revenue issue therefore does not apply to these so-called special inclusions in the definition of “gross income”. The examples and questions in this chapter are designed to illustrate and test the socalled special inclusions that form part of the definition of “gross income”. Unless stated otherwise, all taxpayers are residents of the Republic. Framework: Gross income consists of • the opening words of the definition, and • its so-called specific inclusions. All receipts and accruals are added together, and the total constitutes gross income. L Contents The following table gives an indication of the time that is needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that must be referred to before attempting the example or question are also provided. The level of the example or question gives an indication of its difficulty. ) Example or Question and time allocation Topic and relevant sections Level Example 3.1 (10 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income” • Paragraph (a) of the definition – annuities Basic Example 3.2 (5 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income” • Paragraph (gA) of the definition – know-how receipts or accruals Basic continued 39 Tax Workbook ) Example or Question and time allocation Topic and relevant sections Level Example 3.3 (5 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income” • Paragraph (b) of the definition – alimony Basic Example 3.4 (10 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income” • Paragraph (c) of the definition – services rendered • Paragraph (cA) of the definition – restraint of trade awards Basic Example 3.5 (10 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income” • Paragraph (a) of the definition – annuities • Paragraph (e) of the definition – lump-sum benefits • Paragraph ( f ) of the definition – amounts due under employment contracts Basic Example 3.6 (10 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income” • Paragraph (g) of the definition – lease premiums • Paragraph (h) of the definition – leasehold improvements Basic Example 3.7 (15 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income” • Paragraph (i) of the definition – fringe benefits • Paragraph (jA) of the definition – manufactured assets • Paragraph (k) of the definition – dividends Basic Question 3.1 (20 minutes) • Combined Basic Question 3.2 (15 minutes) • Combined Intermediate Question 3.3 (45 minutes) • Combined Advanced L Examples Example 3.1 (10 minutes) Mcebo Senzo During the 2023 year of assessment, Mcebo Senzo sold his business, a fast-food take-away business, for R1 200 000. Since the purchaser was unable to settle the purchase consideration in cash, he agreed to receive R120 000 a year for the next 10 years in settlement of the amount due to him. 40 Chapter 3 Special inclusions Tankiso Tefu Tankiso Tefu agreed to sell to Keletso Vuma his business that manufactures barbecue sauces and salad dressings. To help Keletso Vuma’s cash flow, it was agreed that he would pay R100 000 annually to Tankiso Tefu for the rest of his life. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO explain whether the above amounts will be included in the gross incomes of the sellers. Solution 3.1 Mcebo Senzo Mcebo Senzo’s agreement for the sale of his business specified the selling price as R1 200 000. He agreed that the R1 200 000 could be settled in instalments of R120 000 a year for 10 years. The annual instalment of R120 000 that is received by him in the 2023 year of assessment is not an annuity but an agreed payment in the reduction of the purchase consideration of R1 200 000. In an annuity contract, no total debt is mentioned (KBI & ’n ander v Hogan 1993 (4) SA 150 (A), 55 SATC 329). The R120 000 is excluded from Mcebo Senzo’s gross income. The sale of a business (capital asset) normally gives rise to a receipt or an accrual of a capital nature (tree versus fruit), unless the taxpayer carries on business as a purchaser and seller of businesses. Tankiso Tefu The R100 000 a year for the rest of his life that accrues to Tankiso Tefu from his agreement with Keletso Vuma is an annuity. Even though it is capital in nature, under para (a) of the definition of “gross income”, it is included in Tankiso Tefu’s gross income each year, for the rest of his life. Example 3.2 (5 minutes) Dikeledi Seami agreed, in conjunction with a financial partner, Masimanyane (Pty) Ltd, to promote a new magazine. She was issued shares worth R150 000 in it by it in consideration for her concept. Before selling this concept to it, she researched and developed her concept. In other words, it paid her for her commercial knowledge and the information that she provided to it, and not for a copyright. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine whether the R150 000 must be included in Dikeledi Seami’s gross income. Solution 3.2 Paragraph (gA) of the definition of “gross income” includes in gross income a consideration received or accrued to a person for the imparting of information or knowledge. This is regardless of whether this consideration is of a capital nature or similar to a premium. The R150 000 is therefore included in Dikeledi Seami’s gross income. Example 3.3 (5 minutes) Barbara Baardmannetjie and Bertie Baardmannetjie separated (and were then divorced) during the 2021 year of assessment. 41 Tax Workbook Barbara Baardmannetjie immediately emigrated from South Africa and is now a resident of Canada. She is not a resident of the Republic. Under their divorce agreement, she enjoys alimony of R180 000 a year from Bertie Baardmannetjie (her former husband). Bertie Baardmannetjie is still a resident of the Republic. He pays the R180 000 to Barbara Baardmannetjie at a rate of R15 000 a month. This payment is made by means of a stop order against his salary. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine if the R180 000 (R15 000 each month) is included in Barbara Baardmannetjie’s South African gross income. Solution 3.3 Under para (b) of the definition of “gross income”, Barbara Baardmannetjie is required to include in her gross income “any amount payable to the taxpayer . . . by the spouse or former spouse of that taxpayer, under any judicial order or written agreement of separation or under any order of divorce, by way of alimony or allowance or maintenance of the taxpayer . . .”. Therefore, Barbara Baardmannetjie must include the R180 000 in her gross income. The fact that she now resides in Canada does not alter this situation. The source of this R180 000 alimony is in South Africa, where their divorce agreement was concluded. Although it is included in her gross income, it is then exempt from normal tax under the provisions of s 10(1)(u). Example 3.4 (10 minutes) Dimpho Lekau Dimpho Lekau, a resident of the Republic, is a third-year arts student at a university in Pretoria. While at the campus, she “spies” for the South African Police. At the end of each term, she compiles a report on matters that took place on the campus that she believes may be of interest to it. Upon receipt of her report, R25 000 accrues to her from it. During the 2023 year of assessment, she filed four reports and earned R100 000 in total for these four reports. Conny Makwati Conny Makwati was retrenched by her employer on 31 March 2022. She was 49 years old at the time of her retrenchment. She had befriended many customers in the local community who had previously been serviced by her former employer. If she became employed by a “competing” employer within the region, she could possibly persuade customers who had previously been serviced by her former employer to become customers of her new employer (rather than her former employer). Her former employer therefore found it necessary to restrain her from working for a “competitor” within the region. Her former employer awarded her R360 000 not to work for a “competitor” within the region for five years. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO state whether the above amounts will be included in the recipient taxpayer’s gross income. 42 Chapter 3 Special inclusions Solution 3.4 Dimpho Lekau The R25 000 that accrues to Dimpho Lekau for each report is for services that she rendered to the South African Police. Under para (c) of the definition of “gross income”, the R100 000 (four at R25 000 each) is included in her gross income. There is no need for an employer-employee relationship to exist for the provisions of para (c) to apply. All that is necessary, is that there must be a causal relationship between the services rendered and the award that results. Conny Makwati A restraint of trade award is normally capital in nature (since it is an award for the sterilisation of a capital asset whereby its recipient can no longer freely trade or work). Notwithstanding this, para (cB) of the definition of “gross income” includes in the gross income of a natural person an amount received by or accrued to him as consideration for a restraint of trade imposed on him, provided it was awarded for or by virtue of his employment or holding of an office or as a result of his past or future enrolment or the holding of an office. Conny Makwati must therefore include the R360 000 in her gross income. The entire amount is subject to normal tax in the year of assessment in which it accrues. Example 3.5 (10 minutes) Dudu Buthelezi Dudu Buthelezi’s services were terminated by her employer on 31 March 2022 for non-performance. Under the service agreement with her employer, she should have been given one term’s notice (a period of three months). In lieu of this notice that should have been given to her, she was awarded a lump sum of R39 000 from her employer on the termination of her services (on 31 March 2022). Lenah Zondo Lenah Zondo attained the age of 60 years on 30 April 2022. She retired on the same day. She earned a salary of R18 000 a month in both March 2022 and April 2022. A lump sum of R450 000 accrued to her from the pension fund that she had been a member of on 30 April 2022. She had been a member of it for 20 years. All her contributions to it had been deductible in the determination of her taxable income. She did not invest any portion of this R450 000 lump sum in another “qualifying” retirement fund. On the last day of each month, commencing with May 2022, R16 000 accrued to her from the pension fund. Zama Shongwe Zama Shongwe, a 19-year-old second-year social science student at a university in Pretoria, received a lump sum of R150 000 from her late father’s employer. Her mother died five years ago. Her father was her sole relative. He died on 31 March 2022, at the age of 53 years, from a Covid-19-related illness. On his death, his former employer awarded R150 000 to her. Zama Shongwe invested the R150 000. Local interest of R15 750 accrued to her from this investment up to the end of the 2023 year of assessment. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO state if the amounts referred to in the above three situations are included in the gross income of the recipient taxpayers. 43 Tax Workbook Solution 3.5 Dudu Buthelezi Under para ( f ) of the definition of “gross income” “[a]ny amount received or accrued in commutation of amounts due under any contract of employment or service” must be included in the recipient’s gross income. Dudu Buthelezi must therefore include the R39 000 in her gross income. Lenah Zondo Under para (e) of the definition of “gross income”, Lenah Zondo must include R450 000 in her gross income, being the taxable portion of a lump sum that has accrued to her from a pension fund. Lenah Zondo will also include her salary of R18 000 a month for the months of March 2022 and April 2022 in her gross income. This inclusion will either be in accordance with the opening words of the definition of “gross income” or under its para (c), being amounts received or accrued for services rendered. The R16 000 that accrues to Lenah Zondo each month from the pension fund is an annuity and is therefore included in her gross income under para (a) of this definition. Zama Shongwe Since the award was made to Zama Shongwe upon the death of Mr Shongwe (her late father), the R150 000 received by her is deemed to have accrued to him immediately prior to his death. Under proviso (bb) to para (d) of the definition of “gross income”, it must be included in his gross income. The local interest of R15 750 accrues to Zama Shongwe and must be included in her gross income under the opening words of the definition of “gross income” since it is a receipt or an accrual of a revenue nature (or under s 24J(3)). Example 3.6 (10 minutes) Hendrik Houtkapper owns a double plot of land in the Magaliesberg. He inherited it from his late grandfather. A condition of this inheritance was that he could not sell it. On one of the two plots, he erected a holiday home (berg or country cottage) for his family’s and his own use. On the other plot, he entered into a lease agreement with Herman Hadida that included the following conditions: • Herman Hadida was to pay Hendrik Houtkapper a premium of R50 000 on the signing of the agreement. This was carried out on 1 June 2022. (This payment was made.) • The lease was for a 30-year period. • A monthly rental was payable by Herman Hadida to Hendrik Houtkapper. For the first two years of the lease, the rental agreed upon was R2 500 a month. (After that an agreed escalation formula would apply.) • Herman Hadida was obliged to erect a particular four-bedroom house on the site. It was agreed that a minimum of R1 800 000 was to be spent by him on erecting this particular house. (A particular house was agreed on, but not the R1 800 000.) The four-bedroom house was completed at a cost of R1 920 000 on 30 November 2022. It was occupied immediately for the long summer holiday by Herman Hadida and his family. 44 Chapter 3 Special inclusions YOU ARE REQUIRED TO state whether the amounts referred to above will be included in Hendrik Houtkapper’s gross income. Solution 3.6 Hendrik Houtkapper must include in his gross income • the premium of R50 000 (under para (g) of the definition of “gross income”) on the signing of the agreement, • the rentals as they accrue each month (under the opening words of the definition of “gross income”), and • R1 920 000 (being the value of improvements effected to his property by Herman Hadida (under para (h) of the definition of “gross income”)). Since it was a particular building that was agreed to, with a minimum cost also being agreed to, it is the actual cost incurred of the building of R1 920 000 that para (h) requires to be included in his gross income. The R1 920 000 will have to be included in full (no spreading of it) in his gross income at the time when the improvements were completed. Although there is an accrual when the agreement is entered into on 1 June 2022, the quantum of this accrual is, on that date, unknown. Some relief is possible under s 11(h). It provides for the Commissioner to grant a special discretionary allowance to be deducted in the determination of his taxable income. Example 3.7 (15 minutes) Kobus Krombek Kobus Krombek is now a resident of the Republic, having emigrated two years ago from the Netherlands to South Africa. He still owns a number of shares in foreign companies. The foreign dividends from these foreign shares are forwarded to him in South Africa. During the 2023 year of assessment, foreign dividends the equivalent of R31 500 accrued to him from his shareholdings in foreign companies. Izaak Ibis During the 2023 year of assessment, Izaak Ibis completed 25 years of service to his employer. In appreciation of his long and devoted service to it, it awarded him a cell phone valued at R7 500 (which cost it R6 000 – it enjoyed a 20% discount on the cell phone’s purchase price since it fairly often buys similar cell phones) and an award for R50 000 (being 25 years’ service at R2 000 a year). The taxable value of the cell phone under the Seventh Schedule is R1 000. Tshixwadza & Sons Ltd Tshixwadza & Sons Ltd is a resident of the Republic. It manufactures motor vehicles. Of the motor vehicles that it manufactures, 95% are sold to its franchise dealers. The remaining 5% are manufactured for its own use. They are given as “company cars” to certain of its employees. When a “company car” is 11 months old, the qualifying employee who has had the use of it has the option to purchase it from Tshixwadza & Sons Ltd at its current market value. If the qualifying employee does not purchase it, it is then sold by Tshixwadza & Sons Ltd at its current market value to the public as a used motor vehicle. During its 2023 year of assessment (ended 28 February 2023), Tshixwadza & Sons Ltd earned, amongst others, the following amounts: • R850 000 from sales of motor vehicles to its employees. • R1 290 000 from sales of used motor vehicles to members of the public. 45 Tax Workbook YOU ARE REQUIRED TO state whether the amounts referred to in the above situations are included in the gross incomes of the respective taxpayers. Solution 3.7 Kobus Krombek Under the provisions of para (k) of the definition of “gross income”, local dividends and foreign dividends are required to be included in the shareholder’s gross income. Therefore, the equivalent of R31 500 must be included in Kobus Krombek’s South African gross income. It is only when the income (gross income less exempt income) of the taxpayer is determined that exempt from normal tax amounts are then excluded. Izaak Ibis A cash award for services rendered forms part of the recipient’s gross income. Under para (c) of the definition of “gross income”, R50 000 is therefore included in Izaak Ibis’ gross income. Non-cash awards are defined as a taxable fringe benefit (para 2(a) of the Seventh Schedule) and come into gross income under para (i) of the definition of “gross income”. Although the cell phone valued at R7 500 is a taxable benefit that has been awarded to Izaak Ibis by his employer and is required to be included in his gross income (para (i) of the definition of “gross income”), it is included in his gross income at its taxable value of R1 000 (R6 000 (R7 500 × 80%) less a R5 000 long-service concession). Tshixwadza & Sons Ltd Under para (jA) of the definition of “gross income”, an amount received by or accrued to a person during the year of assessment from the disposal of an asset manufactured, produced, constructed or assembled by him, that is similar to another asset manufactured, produced, constructed or assembled by him for purposes of manufacture, sale or exchange by him, or on his behalf, must be included in his gross income. Tshixwadza & Sons Ltd is therefore required to include, amongst others, the following amounts in its gross income: • R850 000 for sales of its motor vehicles to its employees. • R1 290 000 for sales of its motor vehicles to members of the public. L Questions Question 3.1 (20 minutes) Tsepo Letsoalo Tsepo Letsoalo is a farmer. He farms sugar cane in Mpumalanga. During the 2023 year of assessment, he incurred R15 000 in eradicating large growths of lantana (a noxious plant) that was posing a threat to his sugar cane plantations. Since the Government is campaigning against this noxious plant, it subsidised this expense. During the 2023 year of assessment, he was awarded a subsidy of R6 000 from the Government in this regard. 46 Chapter 3 Special inclusions Loerie Rugby Club The Loerie Rugby Club is an association of persons formed and established in South Africa. On 1 January 2023 the Loerie Rugby Club was awarded R240 000 by its Provincial Union (being a non-profit company carrying on a sporting activity under a code of sport administered and controlled by a national federation as contemplated in s 1 of the National Sport and Recreational Act 110 of 1988). Tshakuma Dzamba Tshakuma Dzamba operates a manufacturing business in his own name. He is the owner of a death, disability or illness policy on his production supervisor. This policy was entered into before 1 March 2012. On 31 August 2012 an addendum to the effect that s 11(w) applies to premiums paid for it was added. The insurer awarded Tshakuma Dzamba R100 000 as a result of his production supervisor’s illness. He then used this R100 000 to pay a replacement production supervisor while his production supervisor was on sick leave, caused by his illness. The premiums paid on this insurance policy by Tshakuma Dzamba were deducted in the determination of his taxable income. Nhlangano Coco Nhlangano Coco farms in the southern Free State and in Lesotho. He has two farms, one in Ficksburg (in the Free State) and the other near Maseru (in Lesotho). Four years ago he purchased a tractor for his Free State farm for R150 000. He used it on this farm for three years. He then ‘transferred’ it to his Lesotho farm. At the time of its ‘transfer’ to Lesotho, which was during the 2022 year of assessment, it had a Rnil tax value. During the 2023 year of assessment, a fire damaged Nhlangano Coco’s Lesotho farm, destroying the tractor (amongst other assets). His insurer awarded him R100 000 in full settlement of the loss of this tractor. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO state whether the amounts referred to in the above situations are included in the gross incomes of the respective taxpayers. Question 3.2 (15 minutes) Lumka Temba, aged 60 years and a resident of the Republic, was dismissed in June 2022 by her employer. If the incident that gave rise to her dismissal were to become public, it would potentially harm not only her, but also her employer. Therefore, to keep the matter as quiet as possible, she was awarded R50 000 “hush money” by her employer. Lumka Temba’s employer also agreed to pay her a termination package comprising the following amounts: • For leave due to her, R24 000 under her employment contract. • In lieu of three months’ notice, R63 000 under her employment contract. • The surrender value of a deferred compensation award of R45 000. It has an established policy under which these awards are conferred upon certain of its employees when they retire or leave its employment. It was obliged to make this payment to her under her employment contract. 47 Tax Workbook To prevent Lumka Temba from becoming an employee of her former employer’s competitors, she was also awarded by it R300 000 not to work in a similar industry for a five-year period. YOU ARE REQUIRED to determine Lumka Temba’s 2023 “income” as defined. Question 3.3 (45 minutes) Prior to the 2023 year of assessment, Dr Mohale, a general practitioner, practised on his own for 30 years. During the last 20 years, he conducted his practice from his home. Dr Mohale’s home was a double-storey house. His practice was situated on the lower floor and he lived upstairs (with his wife). With a view to Dr Mohale’s retirement (in five years’ time), he admitted two partners, Dr Lekota and Dr Shitola, into his practice in the 2023 year of assessment. The partners share profits and losses in the following ratio: • Dr Mohale 40%, • Dr Lekota 30%; and • Dr Shitola 30%. The partnership practises under the name “Drs Mohale, Lekota & Shitola, General Practitioners”. To accommodate the partnership practice, Dr Mohale and his wife moved out of the upstairs floor of their home. It was then altered into consulting rooms. Prior to the alterations commencing, a five-year lease agreement was entered into between Dr Mohale and the partnership. The following conditions were provided for in this lease agreement: • The partnership would pay Dr Mohale a lease premium of R150 000 on the signing of the lease agreement (on 1 January 2023). (A lease premium was agreed upon since he needed cash to fund his move to his new house.) • The partnership was obliged to improve the property to the extent of R1 500 000 by converting the upstairs floor into consulting rooms. The actual cost of the improvements was R1 575 000. • The partnership would pay a monthly rental to Dr Mohale. The rental would be R18 000 a month for the first two years of the lease agreement. After that an escalation clause would come into operation, with the amount of the monthly rental payable to be determined in accordance with an agreed-upon formula. This rental would, however, be payable only from the date that the alterations were completed. (They were completed on 30 April 2023 and the first rental (of R18 000) was paid to him on 1 May 2023.) When Dr Mohale was assessed for the 2023 year of assessment, the Commissioner included • the premium of R150 000 that he received, • R1 500 000 for the “improvements”, and • R36 000 for two months’ rental in his gross income. 48 Chapter 3 Special inclusions In the determination of Dr Mohale’s taxable income, no amounts were deducted from these inclusions in his gross income. Dr Mohale objected to this assessment on the grounds that • only R90 000 (being 60% of the R150 000 lease premium) had been received by (or accrued to him) for “gross income” purposes, • no amount accrued to him for the “improvements” clause in the 2023 year of assessment, and • no rentals were received by him or accrued to him in the 2023 year of assessment. Dr Mohale’s alternate ground was that if an amount for the “improvements” clause was to be included in his gross income for the 2023 year of assessment, it was limited to R900 000, being 60% of the agreed-upon value of R1 500 000. Dr Mohale’s objection failed on all grounds. He then appealed against this decision. The dossier revealed that in the partnership accounts for its two-month trading period to 28 February 2023, (the partners had agreed upon a last day of February year-end), no amounts were deducted under the general deduction formula for the lease premium, the improvements and the rentals. But a “s 11( f )” allowance of R5 000 (R150 000 ÷ 5 years × 2 / 12) was deducted in the determination of the partnership’s taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment. Due to the legal issues involved, the appeal was not heard by the tax board but was referred directly to the tax court. Dr Mohale refused the offer to have this dispute resolved using the alternate dispute resolution process. He also did not enter into a settlement agreement with the Commissioner. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO prepare an argument on behalf of the Commissioner to be presented at the tax court. 49 Chapter 4 Exemptions L Introduction If an amount falls within the definition of “gross income” as set out in s 1(1) of the Income Tax Act it is included in the taxpayer’s gross income. In certain situations, an amount of gross income is then exempt from normal tax. These exempt from normal tax amounts need to be deducted from a taxpayer’s gross income in the determination of his “income”. Section 10 contains most of these exemptions from normal tax. Other exemptions from normal tax are contained elsewhere in the Income Tax Act. Receipts and accruals of certain taxpayers are exempt from normal tax owing to the status of the taxpayer. Certain amounts, or portions of a receipt or an accrual, are exempt from normal tax as a result of their nature. In these instances, the nature of the amount, and not the status of the taxpayer, is used in the determination of whether the amount is exempt from normal tax. The examples and questions in this chapter illustrate and test the identification of amounts that are exempt from normal tax and that have to be deducted from a person’s gross income in the determination of his “income”. Framework: Gross income Less: Receipts or accruals exempt from normal tax Equals: Income L Contents The following table gives an indication of the time that is needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that need to be referred to before attempting the example or question are provided. The level of the example or question gives an indication of its difficulty. ) Example or Question and time allocation Topic and relevant sections Level Example 4.1 (10 minutes) • Section 10(1)(nB) – fringe benefits Basic Example 4.2 (10 minutes) • Section 10(1)(o)(ii) – employment outside South Africa Basic continued 51 Tax Workbook ) Example or Question and time allocation Topic and relevant sections Level Example 4.3 (10 minutes) • Section 10(1)(o)(i) – employment outside South Africa Basic Example 4.4 (15 minutes) • Section 10(1)(g) – war pensions and diseases • Section 10(1)(h) – interest earned by non-residents • Section 10(1)(i) – Local interest exemption • Section 10(1)(zB) – training of employees Intermediate Example 4.5 (10 minutes) • Section 10(1)(gC) – foreign pensions • Section 10(1)(nA) – uniforms Basic Question 4.1 (20 minutes) • Combined Intermediate Question 4.2 (10 minutes) • Combined Intermediate Question 4.3 (25 minutes) • Combined Intermediate L Examples Example 4.1 (10 minutes) Mukhetwa Rampudi and Mukhatshwa Rampudi moved from Richards Bay to Pretoria during the 2023 year of assessment. They are both employed by Die Eerste Nasionale Bank, and they were both transferred by it to Pretoria. From 1 April 2022, Mukhetwa Rampudi worked at its Pretoria branch. Two months later, from 1 June 2022, Mukhatshwa Rampudi worked at its Pretoria branch. Mukhetwa Rampudi lived at the Centurion Holiday Hotel (near Pretoria) from 1 April 2022 to 31 October 2022, and Mukhatshwa Rampudi lived with him at the same hotel from 1 June 2022 to 31 October 2022. On 1 November 2022, Mukhetwa Rampudi and Mukhatshwa Rampudi moved into their own home in Pretoria. Die Eerste Nasionale Bank paid all their hotel accommodation costs. Centurion Holiday Hotel levied Mukhetwa Rampudi R35 625 a month for the months of April 2022 and May 2022 and then levied Mukhetwa and Mukhatshwa Rampudi R44 400 a month for the months of June 2022, July 2022, August 2022, September 2022 and October 2022. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine whether the above amounts are exempt from normal tax. Solution 4.1 Section 10(1)(nB)(iii) states that the following are exempt from normal tax hiring residential accommodation in a hotel or elsewhere for the employee or members of his household during the period ending 183 days after his transfer took effect or after he took up his appointment, as the case may be, if such residential accommodation was occupied temporarily pending the obtaining of permanent residential accommodation 52 Chapter 4 Exemptions when incurred by an employee who has been transferred from one place of employment to another. The exemption applies to the period ending 183 days after his transfer. In Mukhetwa Rampudi’s situation, the exemption from normal tax would be as follows: Month Number of days Cost R April 2022 30 35 625 May 2022 31 35 625 June 2022 30 22 200 (50% of R44 400) July 2022 31 22 200 (50% of R44 400) August 2022 31 22 200 (50% of R44 400) September 2022 30 22 200 (50% of R44 400) 183 160 050 Half of Mukhetwa Rampudi’s October 2022 accommodation total charge of R44 400, amounting to R22 200, is not exempt from normal tax since the exemption period ending 183 days after his transfer has been exceeded. This R22 200 will then be included in his “income”. The entire cost of accommodating Mukhatshwa Rampudi at the Centurion Holiday Hotel is exempt from normal tax, since her total stay at the hotel was less than 183 days from the date of her transfer. Example 4.2 (10 minutes) Bradfield Oestervange and Grys Oestervanger are both employed by Southwest Limited. They are employed at its head office situated in Johannesburg. It has a branch in Windhoek, Namibia. During the 2023 year of assessment, both of them were “seconded” by it to work at its Windhoek branch. Bradfield Oestervanger worked at its Windhoek branch for the seven-month period from 1 April 2022 to 31 October 2022, while Grys Oestervanger worked at its Windhoek branch for the five-month period from 1 April 2022 to 31 August 2022. Neither of them returned to (visited) South Africa during the period from 1 April 2022 to 31 August 2022. But, at the end of September 2022, Bradfield Oestervanger returned to South Africa for a long weekend (three days) to visit Grys Oestervanger. Bradfield Oestervanger earned remuneration of R720 000 from Southwest Limited for the 2023 year of assessment. Grys Oestervanger earned remuneration of R540 000 from Southwest Limited for the 2023 year of assessment. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine whether the above amounts are exempt from normal tax. Solution 4.2 Section 10(1)(o)(ii) provides that there will be exempt from normal tax certain remuneration received by or accrued to a person during a year of assessment for services rendered outside South Africa by him for or on behalf of an employer, if he was outside South Africa • for a period or periods exceeding 183 full days in aggregate during a 12-month period, and • for a continuous period exceeding 60 full days during that period of 12 months, and those services were rendered during that period or those periods. 53 Tax Workbook Bradfield Oestervanger’s situation is as follows: Month Total number of days April 2022 30 May 2022 31 June 2022 30 July 2022 31 August 2022 31 September 2022 27 October 2022 31 Total 211 Continuous 30 31 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 61 Since Bradfield Oestervanger was outside of South Africa for a period exceeding 183 full days and a continuous period exceeding 60 full days, he satisfies both conditions. This means that of his R720 000 salary for the 2023 year of assessment, R420 000 (7/12 of R720 000) is exempt from normal tax. This is less than the maximum exempt amount under this exemption of R1 250 000 for a year of assessment. Since Grys Oestervanger was not outside South Africa for 183 full days (she was outside South Africa for only 153 full days), no portion of her salary is exempt from normal tax. Example 4.3 (10 minutes) Mandla Makhathini and Mbuso Makhathini are both employed by Richards Bay Shipping Limited. Both of them are crew members on a ship. They are not, however, always allocated to duties on the same ship. Richards Bay Shipping Limited is engaged in the international transportation of goods for reward. All its ships are used for this purpose. During the 2023 year of assessment, Mandla Makhathini was outside South Africa for 190 full days, while Mbuso Makhathini was outside South Africa for 180 full days. Mandla Makhathini earned a remuneration of R432 000 from Richards Bay Shipping Limited for the 2023 year of assessment, while Mbuso Makhathini earned a remuneration of R288 000 for the 2023 year of assessment. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine whether the above amounts earned by Mandla Makhathini and Mbuso Makhathini are exempt from normal tax. Solution 4.3 Section 10(1)(o)(i) exempts from normal tax any form of remuneration . . . derived by any . . . crew member of a ship engaged . . . in the international transportation for reward of passengers or goods . . . if such person was outside the Republic for a period or periods exceeding 183 full days in aggregate during the year of assessment. Mandla Makhathini’s remuneration of R432 000 will be exempt from normal tax since he was outside South Africa for 190 full days (exceeded 183 full days) during the 2023 year of assessment. Mbuso Makhathini’s remuneration of R288 000 will, however, not be exempt from normal tax since she was outside South Africa for only 180 full days (did not exceed 183 full days) during the 2023 year of assessment. 54 Chapter 4 Exemptions Example 4.4 (15 minutes) Vuyo Jonga Vuyo Jonga is a retired miner. Two pensions accrued to him during the 2023 year of assessment: • First, a pension of R24 000 a month for past services rendered. • Secondly, a pension of R22 500 a month for having contracted pneumoconiosis, a disease often contracted by a person employed in mining operations. (The pension of R22 500 a month is payable under the law relating to the payment of compensation for diseases contracted by persons employed in mining operations.) Noma Gamanda Noma Gamanda, aged 56 years, an ambassador to a foreign country, is stationed in South Africa. She is not ordinarily resident in South Africa. She earned a salary of R720 000 and emoluments of R180 000 for the 2023 year of assessment. She invested her surplus cash in a South African financial institution and earned R30 000 local interest during the 2023 year of assessment. Her investment with the financial institution was not a “tax free investment” as defined in s 12T(1). This local interest accrued to her on 28 February 2023. Major Ndovhuya Ramudzuli Major Ndovhuya Ramudzuli earns a salary of R189 000 a year from the South African National Defence Force. He also enjoys a war pension of R90 000 a year. Tsakani Mulalo Tsakani Mulalo recently obtained a master’s degree in Agricultural Engineering from a recognised university. As a result of obtaining this degree, he was awarded a gratuity of R30 000 from Malamulela Limited, his employer. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO state, in each of the above situations, what amounts are exempt from normal tax. Solution 4.4 Vuyo Jonga The monthly pension of R24 000 that accrues to Vuyo Jonga for services rendered must be included in his gross income since it is a payment for past services rendered. No exemption from normal tax is available. Vuyo Jonga’s pension for having contracted pneumoconiosis (a mining disease), although included in his gross income, is then exempt from normal tax under s 10(1)(g). Noma Gamanda Noma Gamanda, aged 55 years, is a non-resident. She earns a salary of R720 000 and emoluments of R180 000. Since she is in South Africa solely as an ambassador of a foreign country and owing to the fact that she is not ordinarily resident in South Africa, both her salary and emoluments are exempt from normal tax in South Africa under s 10(1)(c)(iii). 55 Tax Workbook Noma Gamanda also earned local interest of R30 000 from a South African financial institution. Under the provisions of s 9(2)(b), the source of this local interest is in South Africa. This means that it is subject to normal tax in South Africa. Since she is ordinarily resident outside South Africa, the full amount (R30 000) of it could have been exempt from normal tax under s 10(1)(h). Yet this exemption from normal tax is unavailable to her since she was not physically absent from South Africa for at least 183 days in the 12-month period preceding its date of receipt or accrual. The first R23 800 of it is, however, exempt from normal tax under the provisions of s 10(1)(i). Ndovhuya Ramudzuli Ndovhuya Ramudzuli’s salary of R189 000 is included in his gross income. There is no exemption from normal tax for a salary earned by a person employed by the South African National Defence Force. Although the South African National Defence Force is itself exempt from normal tax, s 10(3)(a) states that the exemptions from normal tax provided by s 10(1) are not extended to payments made out of the receipts, accruals, amounts or profits of these exempt from normal tax entities. Ndovhuya Ramudzuli’s war pension, although included in his gross income, is exempt from normal tax under s 10(1)(g). Tsakani Mulalo Even though the R30 000 awarded to Tsakani Mulalo for obtaining a degree is a voluntary award, it is still for services rendered or to be rendered. There is a causal relationship between his services and the award he received. Therefore the R30 000 forms part of his gross income under para (c) of the definition of “gross income”. It is not a bursary. This means that the s 10(1)(q) exemption from normal tax is unavailable to him. Example 4.5 (10 minutes) Patrys Nimmersat and Nellie Nimmersat Patrys Nimmersat and Nellie Nimmersat are both employed by Polsmoor Alarms (Pty) Ltd. He is a security officer, while she is employed in its control office. Patrys Nimmersat is required to wear a navy-blue security officer’s uniform, including a helmet and epaulettes (ornamental shoulder pieces on a coat), while at work. Nellie Nimmersat is required to wear a navy-blue skirt with a plain white blouse while at work. She is not required to wear a helmet. There are no epaulettes on her blouse, nor are there markings on the pockets or elsewhere on her clothes. Patrys Nimmersat was given three sets of uniforms by Polsmoor Alarms (Pty) Ltd during the 2023 year of assessment. Each set cost it R9 900. Nellie Nimmersat was given a clothing allowance of R9 000 a month by Polsmoor Alarms (Pty) Ltd. She is required to purchase her work clothing out of this allowance. Gans Grasmeerle and Fret Grasmeerle Gans Grasmeerle and Fret Grasmeerle emigrated from Germany to South Africa during the 2022 year of assessment. They are both now residents of the Republic. 56 Chapter 4 Exemptions Gans Grasmeerle enjoys a pension equivalent to R300 000 a year from his former employer. He worked for it for a total of 30 years. Of the 30 years that he worked for it, he worked in South Africa (at its South African branch) for five years. Four of these five years of working in South Africa were in the last 10 years that he was employed by it. Fret Grasmeerle enjoys a pension equivalent to R60 000 a year from the German social security system. Prior to moving to South Africa, neither Gans Grasmeerle nor Fret Grasmeerle was ordinarily resident in South Africa. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO state, in each of the above situations, what amounts are exempt from normal tax. Solution 4.5 Patrys Nimmersat and Nellie Nimmersat Section 10(1)(nA) exempts from normal tax where an employee is as a condition of his employment required while on duty to wear a special uniform which is clearly distinguishable from ordinary clothing, the value of any such uniform given to the employee by his employer, or so much of any allowance made by the employer to the employee in lieu of any such uniform as is reasonable. Patrys Nimmersat’s uniform is clearly distinguishable from ordinary clothing, and, since it is a condition of his employment that he wear it while on duty, the R29 900 value of the sets of uniforms (three uniforms at R9 900 each) given to him by his employer is exempt from normal tax. Nellie Nimmersat’s uniform is not clearly distinguishable from ordinary clothing. The R9 000 a month clothing allowance she enjoys from her employer will therefore not be exempt from normal tax. Gans Grasmeerle and Fret Grasmeerle Section 10(1)(gC)(ii) provides that a lump sum, pension or annuity received by or accrued to a resident from a source outside South Africa as consideration for past employment outside South Africa is exempt from normal tax. Gans Grasmeerle worked in South Africa (at his employer’s South African branch) for five years. Four of these five years of working in South Africa were in the last 10 years that he was employed by it. The provisions of s 9(2)(i) apply to the pension enjoyed by Gans Grasmeerle. Under this provision, R250 000 (25/30 of R300 000) of his pension is not from a South African source. It is this R250 000 that is then exempt from normal tax under s 10(1)(gC)(ii) (see above). Section 10(1)(gC)(i) provides that an amount received by or accrued to a resident under the social security system of another country is exempt from normal tax. Since the pension of R60 000 enjoyed by Fret Grasmeerle accrues from the German social security system, the entire R60 000 is exempt from normal tax in South Africa. 57 Tax Workbook L Questions Question 4.1 (20 minutes) Hester Hamerkop, aged 61 years, emigrated from South Africa six years ago, a few months after her husband died. She is not a resident of the Republic. She invested her blocked funds in • an interest-bearing security, • local dividend-yielding shares, and • a rent-producing property. In the 2023 year of assessment, Hester Hamerkop expects to earn the following amounts from these investments: R Local interest 90 000 Local dividends 30 000 Local net rentals 180 000 The local interest will accrue to Hester Hamerkop on 28 February 2023. The local interest-bearing security is not a “tax free investment” as defined in s 12T(1). Hester Hamerkop visited friends in South Africa from 1 January 2022 to 30 April 2022 (a total of 120 days, of which 61 days are in the 2023 year of assessment). She is planning to visit South Africa again to attend a wedding. It will take place in December 2022. An airline is offering a discount flight on a four-month return trip. Hester Hamerkop can either take the flight that arrives in South Africa on • 1 October 2022 and leaves South Africa on 31 January 2023, or • 1 November 2022 and leaves South Africa on 28 February 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO inform Hester Hamerkop which flight she should take. Give reasons for your decision, together with a detailed determination. Base your decision solely on the after-tax return that she will earn from a South African source in the 2023 year of assessment. Question 4.2 (10 minutes) Fikile Mabuza is a nursing sister at the Pretoria Academic Hospital. She commenced working for it on 1 June 2022. Prior to that, Fikile Mabuza had been unemployed for six months. For the months of March 2022, April 2022 and May 2022, she was awarded R6 000 a month, payable to her under the Unemployment Insurance Act. Pretoria Academic Hospital incurred the following expenses in appointing Fikile Mabuza as an employee: • R25 600 was paid to transport her and her household from her previous place of residence to her new place of residence. • R25 000 was awarded to her towards the cost she had incurred on selling her previous place of residence. • R50 000 was awarded to her towards the cost she had incurred when settling into her new place of residence. 58 Chapter 4 Exemptions • R16 740 was paid to a residential hotel for one month’s temporary accommodation for her before she moved into her new place of residence. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine whether the amounts or benefits enjoyed by Fikile Mabuza, as detailed above, are exempt from normal tax. Question 4.3 (25 minutes) Listed below are six situations when a taxpayer has enjoyed a benefit or advantage that may be exempt from normal tax: Quinton Qabe Quinton Qabe is a cleaner employed by a local university. To improve his communication with his fellow employees, he attended a course on how to speak and write English. The course cost him R1 200. His employer reimbursed him for the R1 200 he had incurred. He was successful in the examination held at the end of the course. He was awarded a diploma at a ceremony given by the presenters of the course. Queenie Queque Queenie Queque is also employed by a local university. She also desired to improve her communication skills and therefore enrolled for the same course as Quinton Qabe (see above). She was also reimbursed by her employer for the R1 200 she incurred. But she was unsuccessful in the examination held at the end of the course. She was not awarded a diploma. And she was not required to repay the R1 200 to her employer. Valda Vink Valda Vink is a nursing sister employed by Kurrichane Hospital Ltd. Her remuneration from it is R240 000 for the 2023 year of assessment. Her 14-year-old son is a pupil at Kurrichane High School. It offers qualifications up to and including NQF level 4. Her son was awarded a R18 000 bursary by Kurrichane Hospital Ltd during the 2023 year of assessment. Quincy Qubana Quincy Qubana is employed by Kurrichane Hospital Ltd as its chief financial officer. His remuneration from it is R660 000 for the 2023 year of assessment. His 17-year-old unmarried daughter is a student at Kurrichane Technikon, which offers qualifications including those of NQF level 7 and above. She was awarded a R50 000 bursary by Kurrichane Hospital Ltd during the 2023 year of assessment. Astrid Akkedis During the 2022 year of assessment, Astrid Akkedis and her former husband were divorced. She was awarded custody of their two children. Throughout the 2023 year of assessment, she was awarded R1 800 alimony and R2 700 maintenance (R1 350 for each child) monthly from her former husband. He is employed by Kurrichane Hospital Ltd as an admissions clerk. His remuneration from it is R378 000 for the 2023 year of assessment. 59 Tax Workbook Daniela Duif Daniela Duif retired from her employment with Kurrichane Hospital Ltd at the age of 60 years on 31 March 2022. She was awarded a golden handshake of R90 000 by it as compensation for the loss of her office. She used part of her golden handshake award to purchase shares in a local company. An interim local dividend of R2 000 from this shareholding accrued to her on 15 September 2022, and a final local dividend of R4 500 accrued to her on 15 February 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine whether the amounts or benefits detailed above are exempt from normal tax. 60 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula L Introduction The examples and questions in this chapter illustrate and test the provisions of the so-called general deduction formula, contained in the Income Tax Act. It consist of the • opening words to s 11, • s 11(a), being the so-called positive test, • s 23( f ) and s 23(g), being the so-called negative tests, and • the remaining s 23(a) to s 23(r). Section 23H is also dealt with in this chapter. To answer the examples and questions relating to the general deduction formula, it is necessary to take all its components into account. They must all be present for an expense incurred or loss suffered to be deductible in the determination of the taxpayer’s taxable income. For interest incurred, the relevant provision for its deduction in the determination of the taxpayer’s taxable income is s 24J. With the exception of not being of a capital nature, all its other requirements are identical to those of the general deduction formula. Framework Key concepts of the general deduction formula are as follows: • Carrying on a trade. • Expenditure or losses. • Actually incurred. • During the year of assessment. • In the production of the income. • Not of a capital nature. • Laid out or expended for the purposes of trade. L Contents The following table gives an indication of the time that is needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that must be referred to before attempting the example or question are provided. Its level gives an indication of its difficulty. 61 Tax Workbook ) Example or Question and time allocation Topic and relevant sections Level • Section 1(1) – definition of “trade”. • Section 11(a) – general deduction formula positive test. • Section 23(a) – maintenance of family. • Section 23(b) – domestic or private expenses. • Section 23(d) – interest, taxes, duties or levies. • Section 23(g) – negative test. • Section 23(h) – notional interest. Intermediate Example 5.2 (15 minutes) • Section 1(1) – definition of “trade”. • Section 1(1) – definition of “gross income”. • Section 11(a) – general deduction formula positive test. • Section 23(g) – general deduction formula negative test. • Practice Note 31. Intermediate Example 5.3 (15 minutes) • Section 11(a) – general deduction formula positive test. • Section 23( f ) – expenses incurred in producing exempt income. • Section 23(g) – general deduction formula negative test. • Section 23H – prepaid expenses. • Section 11A – pre-trade expenditure. Intermediate Example 5.4 (20 minutes) • Section 11(a) – general deduction formula positive test. • Section 23(b) – domestic or private expenses. • Section 23(d) – interest, taxes, duties or levies. • Section 23(g) – general deduction formula negative test. • Section 23H – prepaid expenses. Intermediate Example 5.5 (20 minutes) • Section 11(a) – general deduction formula positive test. • Section 23(c) – recoverable under an insurance contract. • Section 23(g) – general deduction formula negative test. Advanced Example 5.6 (20 minutes) • Section 11(a) – general deduction formula positive test. Advanced Example 5.7 (20 minutes) • Section 11(a) – general deduction formula positive test. • Section 11(cA) – restraint of trade. • Section 23(k) – labour broker. • Section 23(l) – restraint of trade. • Section 23(m) – employment of office. Advanced Example 5.1 (25 minutes) Intermediate continued 62 Chapter 5 ) Example or Question and time allocation The general deduction formula Topic and relevant sections Level Question 5.1 (30 minutes) • Combined. Advanced Question 5.2 (45 minutes) • Combined. Advanced Question 5.3 (30 minutes) • Combined. Advanced L Examples Example 5.1 (25 minutes) Are the following 15 statements correct? Give brief reasons for your answers. (1) The term “actually incurred” in relation to an amount that is deductible in the determination of taxable income means an amount actually paid or an amount for which there is a commitment to pay in the future. (2) No tax, duty, levy or interest on the late payment of tax or on penalties may be deducted in the determination of taxable income. (3) Whether it is necessary to incur the expense will determine whether it is deductible in the determination of taxable income under the general deduction formula. (4) Certain provisions for future expenditure or losses qualify for a deduction in the determination of taxable income under s 11(a). (5) One of the tests established by the courts to distinguish capital expenditure from non-capital expenditure is whether the expenditure incurred fills a “hole” in the taxpayer’s capital structure. (6) In the determination of a taxpayer’s taxable income, “home study” expenses incurred by him are deductible in the determination of his taxable income if he conducts his business from his home or earns a commission. (7) Capital expenditure is expenditure giving rise to an enduring benefit. (8) When an act is performed in the production of the income, expenditure attendant upon that act qualifies for a deduction in the determination of taxable income under s 11(a). (9) Only expenses incurred in South Africa are deductible in the determination of a taxpayer’s taxable income. (10) A domestic or private expense incurred by a taxpayer is not deductible in the determination of his taxable income under the general deduction formula. (11) The terms “business income” and “trade income” do not necessarily have the same meaning. (12) Expenses must be incurred in the production of the “gross income” for them to be deductible in the determination of taxable income. (13) If expenditure is excessive, no amount will be deductible in the determination of the taxpayer’s taxable income under the general deduction formula. 63 Tax Workbook (14) Expenses not wholly and exclusively laid out by a taxpayer for purposes of his trade do not qualify for deduction in the determination of his taxable income under the general deduction formula. (15) Notional interest may, in limited circumstances, be deducted in the determination of a taxpayer’s taxable income. Solution 5.1 (1) Incorrect. The term “actually incurred” means amounts paid and amounts for which there is a liability to pay (Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway Co Ltd v CIR 1936 CPD 241, 8 SATC 13 and KBI v Nasionale Pers Bpk 1984 (4) SA 551 (C), 46 SATC 83). A further requirement is that there must be an unconditional legal liability to pay the amount (Nasionale Pers Bpk v KBI 1986 (4) SA 549 (A), 48 SATC 55, CIR v Edgars Stores Ltd 1988 (3) SA 876 (A), 50 SATC 81 and CIR v Golden Dumps (Pty) Ltd 1933 (4) SA 110 (A), 55 SATC 198). The word “commitment” conveys a less stringent requirement. (2) Incorrect. Section 23(d) prohibits the deduction of a tax imposed under the Income Tax Act or interest or penalty imposed under any other Act administered by the Commissioner. It does not prohibit the deduction of value-added tax, the skills development levy and unemployment insurance fund contributions in the determination of taxable income to the extent that they are part of a deductible expense in the determination of taxable income and are irrecoverable. (3) Incorrect. The requirement is whether the expenditure was actually incurred in the production of a taxpayer’s income. The necessity of an expense is irrelevant. Whether the taxpayer conducts his business extravagantly is also irrelevant (Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway Co Ltd v CIR 1936 CPD 241, 8 SATC 13 and Joffe & Co (Pty) Ltd v CIR 1946 AD 157, 13 SATC 354). (4) Incorrect. A provision for a future expenditure or loss is not an expense actually incurred or a loss actually suffered, nor is it an expense “actually incurred”. An expense that has actually been incurred, but not yet paid must be distinguished from a provision for possible future expenditure or losses. The deduction in the determination of taxable income of provisions is also prohibited under s 23(e). The Income Tax Act does, however, contain special provisions (for example, s 11( j), the so-called doubtful debt allowance, and s 24C for allowances for future expenditure) to be deductible in the determination of taxable income. (5) Incorrect. The test of “filling a hole in the taxpayer’s capital structure” relates to distinguishing capital from non-capital receipts and accruals. A similar test for capital expenditure is that it should not give rise to an “enduring” benefit. (6) Incorrect. Expenditure incurred on a taxpayer’s private dwelling or premises is deductible in the determination of taxable income only for that part of the premises occupied for the purposes of trade, provided it is • used regularly and exclusively for that purpose, and • specifically equipped for that purpose (s 23(b)). 64 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula While employment constitutes a trade as defined, s 23(b) restricts the deduction in the determination of taxable income for persons in employment or occupying an office, as follows: • His income must be derived mainly from commissions or other variable amounts based on his work performance and his duties must be performed predominantly elsewhere other than in an office provided by his employer, or • his duties must be performed predominantly in that part of his private dwelling used for trade purposes. (7) Correct. Whether expenditure gives rise to an enduring benefit is only one of the tests applied in the determination of whether an expense incurred or loss suffered is of a capital nature. (Refer to the answer to (5) above.) (8) Incorrect. The test from Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway (Pty) Ltd v CIR (1936 CPD 241, 8 SATC 13) is as follows: The purpose of the act entailing the expenditure must be looked into. If it is performed for the purpose of earning income, then the expenditure attendant upon it is deductible . . . The other question is, what attendant expenses can be deducted? How closely must they be linked to the business operation . . . [A]ll expenses attached to the performance of a business operation bona fide performed for the purpose of earning income are deductible whether such expenses are necessary for its performance or attached to it by chance or are bona fide incurred for the more efficient performance of such operation, provided they are so closely connected to it that they may be regarded as part of the cost of performing it. This means that the expense must be incurred bona fide and must be closely connected to the activities of the business for it to be deductible in the determination of the taxpayer’s taxable income. (9) Incorrect. To be deductible in the determination of a taxpayer’s taxable income, an expense must, amongst other things, be incurred in the production of the income. It does not matter where (inside or outside South Africa) the expenditure is actually incurred – expenses that comply with all the requirements of the general deduction formula irrespective of where they are incurred will be deductible in the determination of taxable income. (10) Incorrect. The deduction of a domestic or private expense in the determination of a taxpayer’s taxable income is prohibited by s 23(a). It is, therefore, not deductible in the determination of taxable income under the general deduction formula, except for the use of a private dwelling for trade purposes (s 23(b)). (11) Correct. The definition of a “trade” is wide and includes every profession, trade, business, employment, calling, occupation or venture, including the letting of property and the use of or the grant of permission to use any patent . . . or any design . . . or any trade mark . . . or any copyright . . . or any other property which is of a similar nature. A “business” is included in the above definition of a “trade”. But a “trade” is far wider than a “business”, since it includes many other things, for example, employment, the letting of property and the earning of royalties from intellectual property. (12) Incorrect. Section 11(a) provides for a deduction in the determination of a taxpayer’s taxable income of expenses not of a capital nature that are actually incurred in the production of the taxpayer’s “income” (as defined). 65 Tax Workbook Income, by definition, is the amount remaining after amounts exempt from normal tax have been deducted from “gross income”. Expenses incurred in the production of amounts that are exempt from normal tax therefore do not qualify for a deduction in the determination of taxable income. Their deduction in the determination of taxable income is also prohibited by the provisions of s 23( f ). (13) Incorrect. “Excessive” expenditure is not deductible in the determination of taxable income on the grounds that it is inspired by some motive other than the production of the income or is not expended for the purposes of trade (Tobacco Father v COT 1951 SR, 17 SATC 395). In most instances, expenditure held to be excessive is remuneration (to directors or members of close corporations or to family members), interest and payments for management services by a company in a group of companies. It is the Commissioner’s practice to disallow the excessive portion of the expenditure, but to include in the gross income of the recipient the full amount of the receipt or accrual (s 23(g)). This means that only the “market-related” or a “reasonable” portion of the excessive expenditure will be deductible in the determination of taxable income, but the recipient includes in his gross income the full amount of the receipt or accrual. (14) Incorrect. Section 23(g) allows the deduction of expenditure in the determination of the taxpayer’s taxable income to the extent that moneys have been expended for the purposes of trade, thereby sanctioning apportionment of a dual-purpose expense into a deductible portion and a non-deductible portion in the determination of taxable income. The opening words of s 11 also sanction the apportionment of a dual-purpose expense. (15) Incorrect. Section 23(h) prohibits the deduction in the determination of taxable income of interest that might have been made on capital employed in trade. Example 5.2 (15 minutes) Jake Naidoo Jake Naidoo owns a house in America that he lets for the equivalent of R40 000 a month. Since he lives in South Africa, he appointed an agent in America to collect his rental from this house and to deposit it into an American bank account on his behalf. He pays this agent the equivalent of R3 000 a month. Jillie Bean Jillie Bean, a recently-divorced mother of two young children, needs to work. She obtained employment as a typist. From 1 September 2022 she paid fees of R1 500 a month to the Baby Bee Crèche for its taking care of her children while she is at work. Sono Motsamai Sono Motsamai does part-time work in the evenings, capturing the assignment results of students from a local university on a computer. On 1 May 2022 she purchased a computer for R13 500. Steve Sport Steve Sport is a tennis coach. During the 2023 year of assessment he attended a course for tennis coaches so as to be up to date with the latest coaching methods and techniques. To attend this course he incurred R11 200. 66 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula Chantel Cronjé Chantel Cronjé successfully passed a swimming instructor’s course on 25 February 2023. She can now “officially” give swimming lessons. From 25 to 28 February 2023, she advertised her services. Her first lesson was, however, given only on 3 March 2023. She incurred R15 800 on the swimming instructor’s course and R4 250 on her advertisements. Petunia Madika Petunia Madika, who is not a moneylender, borrowed R30 000 at an interest rate of 10%. She lent it to her aunt at an interest rate of 7%. During the 2023 year of assessment, she incurred interest of R3 000 on the amount she had borrowed. Local interest of R2 100 accrued to her from her aunt. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine, in each of the above situations, whether the expense incurred is deductible under the general deduction formula in the determination of the relevant taxpayer’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 5.2 Jake Naidoo The letting of property is included in the definition of “trade” in s 1(1) of the Income Tax Act. The equivalent of R3 000 a month incurred by Jake Naidoo is deductible in the determination of his taxable income under s 11(a) since it satisfies the “in the production of the income” requirement. His gross rental is included in his gross income under the opening words of the definition of “gross income”. The expense satisfies all the necessary requirements of the general deduction formula and is therefore deductible in the determination of his taxable income. Jillie Bean Although the fees of R1 500 a month paid by Jillie Bean to the Baby Bee Crèche for the care of her two young children is likely to satisfy all the requirements of s 11(a), the deduction of domestic expenses in the determination of taxable income is prohibited by s 23(b). Her expense is of a domestic nature and is therefore not deductible in the determination of her taxable income. Sono Motsamai Sono Motsamai is conducting a trade. The expenditure of R13 500 on the purchase of her computer was actually incurred by her. It was purchased by her to enable her to earn income. This R13 500 expenditure is, however, of a capital nature since it forms part of her income-producing structure. Its cost is, therefore, not deductible in the determination of her taxable income under s 11(a). Steve Sport Steve Sport conducts a trade. He actually incurred R11 200 when paying for his coaching course. The purpose of his expense was to earn his income. The expense is not of a capital nature since coaching methods are continually changing. No enduring benefit will, therefore, be derived by him from this expense. The R11 200 expense is therefore deductible under s 11(a) in the determination of his taxable income. 67 Tax Workbook Chantel Cronjé The R15 800 paid by Chantel Cronjé for the swimming instructor’s course does not qualify for deduction in the determination of her taxable income since it is an expense of a capital nature. She created an income-producing asset when incurring this expense. The R4 250 paid by Chantel Cronjé for the advertisements qualifies for a deduction in the determination of her taxable income since it complies with all the requirements of the general deduction formula, and specifically with the “in the production of the income” requirement. An expense is not deductible in the determination of taxable income only when income is produced. All that is necessary is that the expenditure be incurred for the purpose of producing income (Sub-Nigel Ltd v CIR 1948 (4) SA 580 (A), 15 SATC 381). Her trade commenced on 26 February 2023, or even earlier, when she started advertising her services, and not when she started earning income. Petunia Madika The local interest of R2 100 accruing to Petunia Madika would be included in her “gross income”. She is able to enjoy the s 10(1)(i) so-called basic local interest exemption from normal tax for not otherwise exempt local interest against this local interest. If Petunia Madika had already fully enjoyed this exemption from normal tax during the 2023 year of assessment against other local interest received or accrued, her “income” arising out of the interest on the loan to her aunt would be R2 100. (A more equitable basis of enjoying the normal tax local interest exemption against her gross interest earned would be on a pro rata or similar basis.) The interest incurred on the loan Petunia Madika raised to make the loan to her aunt is not deductible in the determination of her taxable income since she does not conduct the trade of a moneylender (the earning of interest on an investment is not included in the definition of a “trade” in s 1(1)). She is therefore unable to deduct the interest expense of R3 000 that she incurred in the determination of her taxable income under s 11(a) or under any other provision, for example, s 24J. Under Practice Note 31, the Commissioner will allow a taxpayer in this situation to deduct interest incurred in the determination of his taxable income up to the amount of interest accrued that is “income” arising from the loan on which the interest was incurred. In Petunia Madika’s situation, R2 100 will be deductible in the determination of her taxable income, but only if the local interest she earned was not exempt from normal tax. Example 5.3 (15 minutes) Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd entered into the following transactions during its 2023 year of assessment (ended on 28 February 2023): • On 31 January 2023, it paid R76 500 for electricity for the six-month period from 1 February 2023 to 31 July 2023 relating to the property it occupies for the purposes of its trade. • On 1 October 2022, one of its employees lost his finger while operating a machine in its factory. In January 2023, a court ordered that it had to award this employee compensation of R100 000. It awarded this compensation to him in April 2023. 68 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula • On 15 November 2022, it entered into a contract to purchase a vacant plot of land adjoining its factory, to be used as a parking bay for its customers. The cost of the vacant land was R700 000. It was settled in cash on 15 February 2023. • It borrowed money on 1 March 2022 to purchase shares in a South African listed company to be held as an investment. Interest of R5 000 is payable annually in arrears on this loan. • On 1 December 2022, it had issued 70 000 debentures of R100 each, bearing interest at 10% a year to finance the purchase of the vacant plot of land (see above). A new factory will be erected on it. Interest of R70 000 is payable annually, in arrears, to the debenture holders. • On 1 September 2022, it acquired the exclusive right, for a period of five years, to sell a certain product in the area in which its business is situated. The cost of this exclusive right was R150 000, payable in five equal annual instalments of R30 000 each. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss the deduction under the general deduction formula, or for interest incurred under s 24J, of the amounts incurred by Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd in the above transactions in the determination of its taxable income. Give reasons for your answers. Refer to relevant case law. Solution 5.3 Electricity account Of the electricity account of R76 500 paid by Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd, R12 750 (1/6 of R76 500) relates to February 2023, falling within its 2023 year of assessment. The balance of R63 750 (5/6 of R76 500) relates to the following five months – thus to its 2024 year of assessment – and is therefore a prepaid expense. To be deductible in the determination of taxable income under the general deduction formula, an amount must be “actually incurred” during the year of assessment in question, in the production of the income, it must not be of a capital nature, and must be laid out for purposes of trade. The R76 500 satisfies all the above requirements of this formula. But it is still necessary to determine whether it has been “actually incurred”. In Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway (Pty) Ltd v CIR (1936 CPD 241, 8 SATC 13), it was held by the Cape Provincial Division of the Supreme Court (now the High Court) that the term “actually incurred” means not only amounts actually paid, but includes amounts for which the taxpayer is legally liable. It has also been held by the Transvaal Provincial Division that an amount has been “actually incurred” when the taxpayer has an unconditional legal liability to pay it (CIR v Edgars Stores Ltd (1988 (3) SA 876 (T), 50 SATC 81)). Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd has actually paid the R76 500 and has an on-going legal liability to pay that amount. The only condition is that it continues to occupy the premises for its trade purpose. The entire R76 500 has been “actually incurred”, even though the total amount might not have been due and payable on the date of payment, and it is, therefore, deductible in full in the determination of its 2023 taxable income. When applicable, s 23H may delay the deduction in the determination of taxable income of certain prepaid expenses until the following year of assessment. There are, amongst other things, two situations when s 23H will be inapplicable 69 Tax Workbook (that is the prepaid portion can be deducted in the determination of taxable income claimed in full in the year of assessment that it was paid): • The first is when the total (in this instance unknown) of the taxpayer’s prepaid expenses does not exceed R100 000. • The second is when the services are rendered to the taxpayer within six months of the end of the year of assessment of incurral (which applies in this situation, since its prepaid amount is for only five months). The provisions of s 23H therefore do not apply to the electricity account paid by Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd on 31 January 2023. The R76 500 is therefore deductible in full in the determination of its taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment. Compensation paid In addition to satisfying the other requirements of the general deduction formula, for an expense to be deductible in the determination of taxable income, it must be incurred in the production of the income. In Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway (Pty) Ltd v CIR (1936 CPD 241, 8 SATC 13), it was held by the Cape Provincial Division that this requirement refers not only to expenses that actually produced income or that were incurred for the purpose of producing income, but also encompasses expenses so closely connected with the taxpayer’s income-earning operations that they could be considered to be part of those operations. In Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway (Pty) Ltd v CIR a tram-driver died following an accident after he had lost control of the tram and then crashed. The Cape Provincial Division held that the type of business carried on by the taxpayer involved risks of this nature. This meant that payment of the compensation was sufficiently closely connected with the production of its income. It therefore enjoyed a deduction in the determination of its taxable income. For the compensation paid by Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd, the risk of injury to its employees operating machines in its factory is equally closely connected to the production of its income to render the amount deductible in the determination of its taxable income. In other words, the expense is an “inevitable concomitant” of its type of business (Joffe & Co (Pty) Ltd v CIR (1946 AD 157, 13 SATC 354)). Although the expense was only paid in Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd’s 2024 year of assessment, its liability had been fixed by the court. An unconditional liability had been incurred in January 2023 and, therefore, the R100 000 is deductible in the determination of its taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment. Vacant plot of land The R700 000 incurred by Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd to purchase the vacant plot of land is an expense of a capital nature, since the land forms part of its income-earning structure and is not connected to its income-earning operations (New State Areas Ltd v CIR (1946 AD 610, 14 SATC 155)). The R700 000 was incurred as part of the fixed capital of its business rather than its floating capital. The expense is, therefore, not deductible in the determination of its taxable income. Loan to purchase listed shares The loan that Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd entered into was to purchase listed shares that would produce local dividends. To be deductible in the determination of its taxable 70 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula income, the expense must be incurred to produce “income” as defined in the Act – that is, gross income less amounts that are exempt from normal tax. Since local dividends are exempt from normal tax (s 10(1)(k)(i)), the interest on the loan is not incurred in the production of its income and is, therefore, not deductible in the determination of its taxable income. Section 23( f ) reinforces this by prohibiting the deduction of expenses that do not produce “income” as defined. Debenture interest The debentures were issued by Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd to finance the purchase of a vacant plot of land on which a factory will be built. Since the interest on the debentures is incurred in the purchase of an asset, the vacant plot of land, which will not be used for trade purposes until the new factory has been completed and brought into use, the expense is not deductible in the determination of its taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment. Only when the asset is brought into use by Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd for trade purposes, will the interest be deductible in the determination of its taxable income under the provisions of s 24J. The pre-trade portion of the interest incurred by Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd may, however, still be deductible in the determination of its 2023 taxable income under the provisions of s 11A, read with Interpretation Note 51. Exclusive right to sell The R150 000 incurred by Mabje-a-goro (Pty) Ltd for the exclusive right to sell the product in its trading area for a period of five years relates to the establishment of an income-producing asset (as opposed to the cost of performing its income-earning operations). The expense is of a capital nature (New State Areas Ltd v CIR (1946 AD 610, 14 SATC 155)). The fact that the expense is being settled in instalments does not change its capital nature. The expense is not deductible in the determination of its taxable income. Example 5.4 (20 minutes) Jill Chef Jill Chef, a caterer, works from her home. She uses her home kitchen that occupies 10% of the floor area of her home, to prepare the food for her catering business. Jill Chef has built an additional storeroom to store only the ingredients used for her trading activities. The interest incurred on funds borrowed by her to build this storeroom is R4 500 for the 2023 year of assessment. During the 2023 year of assessment she repaid R5 000 on the capital outstanding on these borrowed funds. Two-thirds of Jill Chef’s account at the local supermarket relates to her catering business. This account is always settled at the end of the month following the month when the purchases were made. Her account is R22 400 a month. The interest portion of Jill Chef’s mortgage loan repayments on the mortgage bond on her home is R7 200 for the 2023 year of assessment. Jill Chef pays R13 600 a month to a full-time assistant in her catering business. She also paid her teenage son R6 000 for the 2023 year of assessment for assisting as a waiter at some functions. Had she hired a waiter, she would have had to pay him R8 000. 71 Tax Workbook Sam Speedy Sam Speedy operates a business making deliveries between Pretoria and Johannesburg. A driver of one of his delivery vehicles committed a speeding traffic offence and, on 1 May 2022, Sam Speedy paid the resulting fine of R1 000. Sam Speedy also neglected to submit his skills development levy return. He had to pay a penalty of R200 on 31 October 2022. Jan Motaung Jan Motaung, a sole trader, paid an insurance premium of R12 500 on 1 July 2022 to insure his shop against fire damage for the 12-month period ending on 30 June 2023. Jan Motaung also pays a monthly premium of R4 800 for insurance against the loss of his trading stock and a monthly premium of R1 350 for a life insurance policy on his own life. Mary Msimang Mary Msimang manufactures leather shoes. Because of cash-flow problems, she was unable to pay the R80 000 due for her latest purchase of leather (a raw material). She offered this creditor one of her delivery vehicles with a market value of R84 000 in settlement of the R80 000 she owed to it. Her offer was accepted by it. Petrus Mofokeng Petrus Mofokeng entered into an agreement on 1 December 2022 for the lease of a property from which to conduct his ceramics business. On 1 December 2022, he paid R36 000 to the lessor for 12 months’ rental in advance. The lessor has the option to cancel the lease and repay the unused portion of the rental. Albatross Ltd Albatross Ltd paid R8 400 to transport a machine to be used in a manufacturing process from the premises of its supplier to its factory. Maredi Ltd Maredi Ltd paid R100 000 for audit and secretarial fees for its 2023 year of assessment. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss the deduction in the determination of the relevant taxpayer’s taxable income of the above amounts under the general deduction formula, giving brief reasons for your answers. Solution 5.4 Jill Chef Jill Chef may deduct the following amounts in the determination of her taxable income: • Two-thirds of her total grocery account for expenses incurred during the 2023 year of assessment are deductible from her income under s 11(a), read with s 23(g). They were actually incurred. They are deductible from her income in the year of assessment when they were incurred, not in the year of assessment of payment. They were incurred in the production of her income. They are also not of a capital nature. The portion of them relating to the carrying on of her trade is, therefore, deductible in the determination of her taxable income. 72 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula • She may not deduct from her income, under s 23(b), that portion of the interest incurred on her mortgage bond relating to the floor area occupied by her kitchen since, although it was occupied for the purposes of her trade, the kitchen was not used exclusively for that purpose. • The interest of R4 500 that she incurred on the loan used to fund the building of her storeroom is deductible in the determination of her taxable income under the provisions of s 24J. This deduction is not prohibited by s 23(b), since the storeroom is used exclusively for her trade. The R5 000 capital repayments made by her are not deductible in the determination of her taxable income since they are of a capital nature. They are linked to her income-producing structure and not her income-producing operations. • The R13 600 a month paid to her catering assistant is deductible in the determination of her taxable income since it is incurred in the production of her income. • The R6 000 paid to her teenage son during the 2023 year of assessment for his assistance as a waiter at certain income-earning functions is also deductible in the determination of her taxable income since it satisfies all the requirements of the general deduction formula, and it is not excessive. (She would have had to pay a non-related waiter R8 000 for the same services.) Had the amount been excessive, s 23(g) and the opening words of s 11 would have prohibited the deduction from her income of the excessive portion on the grounds that it had not been laid out for the purposes of her trade but for some other motive, for example, generosity or family sentiment. The R6 000 will be included in her son’s gross income. Sam Speedy Sam Speedy would have to prove that the speeding traffic offence for which the fine was paid was closely connected with his income-producing operations to qualify for a deduction in the determination of his taxable income under the general deduction formula. But, in any event, under s 23(o), no deduction in the determination of his taxable income is permitted for fines, bribes or penalties arising from unlawful activities. He may not deduct the fine of R1 000 that he incurred in the determination of his taxable income. The penalty of R200 paid by Sam Speedy for neglecting to submit his skills development levy return on time is not deductible in the determination of his taxable income. Section 23(d) specifically prohibits, amongst other things, the deduction of interest or penalties imposed under any Act administered by the Commissioner. The Skills Development Levies Act is an Act administered by the Commissioner. Jan Motaung Jan Motaung may deduct in the determination of his taxable income, both the • annual premium of R12 500 for the insurance of his factory against fire, and • monthly premium of R4 800 for insurance against the loss of his trading stock, under the provisions of the general deduction formula, even though the premium for the insurance of his factory relates to a capital asset (Sub-Nigel Ltd v CIR (1948 (4) SA 580 (A), 15 SATC 381)). Although the premium of R12 500 relates to a period extending beyond the end of the 2023 year of assessment, the expenditure was actually incurred during the 2023 year of assessment and is deductible in full in the 2023 year of assessment. 73 Tax Workbook In Jan Motaung’s situation, the services are rendered to him within six months of the end of the 2023 year of assessment, therefore, the provisions of s 23H do not apply to this prepaid expense. The premium of R1 350 a month paid by Jan Motaung on a life insurance policy on his own life is a private or domestic expense and its deduction in the determination of his taxable income is specifically prohibited by s 23(b). Mary Msimang Expenses and losses include not only amounts payable in cash, but also liabilities that may be settled in kind, as long as the consideration given has a determinable monetary value. The cash equivalent of the value of the asset used by Mary Msimang to settle a liability represents the expense that has been incurred. Under the provisions of the general deduction formula, she is able to deduct R84 000 in the determination of her taxable income for the purchase price of the leather (one of her raw materials, being her trading stock). Petrus Mofokeng The rental of R36 000 incurred by Petrus Mofokeng is an expense “actually incurred”. It is not of a capital nature since rental is a payment for the use of an asset (the tenant does not acquire ownership of it but merely the right to use it). The entire R36 000 “actually incurred” by him is, therefore, deductible in the determination of his taxable income under the provisions of the general deduction formula. The total of all his prepaid expenses for a year of assessment must not exceed R100 000. If the total of all his prepaid expenses exceeds R100 000 for a year of assessment, then the provisions of s 23H will apply. Then only the portion of the expense that relates to the 2023 year of assessment will be deductible in the determination of his 2023 taxable income. Albatross Ltd Expenditure incurred by Albatross Ltd in transporting its capital asset is closely connected to the income-producing structure of its business and is, therefore, of a capital nature. It follows then that it is not deductible under the general deduction formula in the determination of its taxable income. Maredi Ltd The audit and secretarial fees “actually incurred” by Maredi Ltd are not incurred in the production of its income. But it is the practice of the Commissioner to allow the deduction in the determination of taxable income of these expenses on the grounds that they are repetitive in nature, even though they are not incurred in the production of the income. In C:SARS v Mobile Telephone Networks Holdings (Pty) Ltd (Supreme Court of Appeal – 18 February and 7 March 2014, 76 SATC 205), a portion of audit fees incurred, determined on a pro rata basis relating to the taxpayer’s relevant receipts and accruals, was held by the Supreme Court of Appeal to be deductible in the determination of its taxable income. Example 5.5 (20 minutes) In the following situations, the deduction of an expense or loss under the general deduction formula in the determination of the relevant taxpayer’s taxable income is in question. 74 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula Lesela Outfitters (Pty) Ltd On 1 July 2022, Lesela Outfitters (Pty) Ltd renewed its lease agreement for premises in a shopping centre in which it carries on its business. The agreement provided for • a monthly “basic” rental of R20 000, and • an annual “turnover” rental determined at 10% of its turnover in excess of R2 400 000 during each 12-month period, commencing on 1 July of each year. For Lesela Outfitters (Pty) Ltd's year of assessment ended 28 February 2023, it deducted the following amounts in the determination of its net income: • A “basic” rental of R160 000 (R20 000 a month for eight months). • A provision for its “turnover” rental of R20 000 (10% of its R1 800 000 turnover for the period, less its “basic” rental). Energy CC Energy CC manufactures gymnasium equipment. In December 2022 it sponsored a national weightlifting championship with prize money of R150 000. Energy CC's year of assessment ends on the last day of February. Kgari Ltd During Kgari Ltd's 2023 year of assessment, it incurred • R250 000 on the cost of an ornamental statue erected in front of the main entrance to its head office (the statue has improved its image), and • interest of R5 000 on a loan raised to finance the cost of erecting this ornamental statue. Kgari Ltd's year of assessment ends on the last day of February. Polokegong (Pty) Ltd Polokegong (Pty) Ltd’s trading stock, valued at R250 000, was destroyed on 15 December 2022 in a fire in its warehouse. On 15 May 2023, its insurer awarded it R150 000 for the loss of this trading stock. Polokegong (Pty) Ltd’s year of assessment ends on the last day of February. Lebone Ltd Messrs Mokgorosi and Morena, respectively the managing director and production director of Lebone Ltd, travelled to America in November 2022 for the purpose of purchasing new machinery for its factory. They found that the machinery was unsuitable. They then returned to South Africa without having made a purchase. Lebone Ltd incurred R60 000 in this regard. Lebone Ltd's year of assessment ends on the last day of February. Mohumi Batho After Mohumi Batho’s shop had been broken into on a number of occasions, he purchased a watchdog. He paid R5 000 for it. He spent R800 a month on its food. During the 2023 year of assessment he paid R3 000 in veterinary fees for it. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss the deduction of the above amounts in the determination of the relevant taxpayer’s taxable income. 75 Tax Workbook Solution 5.5 Lesela Outfitters (Pty) Ltd The rentals incurred by Lesela Outfitters (Pty) Ltd constitute non-capital trade expenses closely connected to its income-producing activities. The problem to be addressed is whether both its “basic” rental and its “turnover” rental constitute expenses that are “actually incurred” in its 2023 year of assessment under s 11(a). Lesela Outfitters (Pty) Ltd has an unconditional legal liability under its lease to pay its “basic” rental. Lesela Outfitters (Pty) Ltd’s liability to pay its “turnover” rental is conditional upon its turnover for the 12-month period commencing on 1 July each year exceeding R2 400 000. At 28 February 2023, its turnover had not yet exceeded this amount and there is no certainty that it will do so. The premises may burn down, or it may cease trading or be declared bankrupt. Its R20 000 “turnover” rental is, therefore, conditional. An expense has not yet been actually incurred. Had Lesela Outfitters (Pty) Ltd’s turnover already exceeded R2 400 000 by 28 February 2023, liability of the turnover rental would no longer be conditional for that portion of its turnover in excess of R2 400 000. Lesela Outfitters (Pty) Ltd’s basic rental of R160 000 (8 months at R20 000 a month) incurred by it is deductible in the determination of its taxable income, while its provision for its turnover rental of R20 000 is not deductible in the determination of its 2023 taxable income. Energy CC Energy CC is conducting a trade. Expenditure of R150 000 was actually incurred by it for the purpose of producing its income. This expenditure is of a non-capital nature since no enduring benefit will be created by the sponsorship. The expense is therefore deductible in the determination of its 2023 taxable income. Kgari Ltd The R250 000 incurred by Kgari Ltd when it erected the ornamental statue in front of the main entrance to its head office is not deductible in the determination of its taxable income since it is an expense of a capital nature. The expenditure is incurred by it to improve its image. It is therefore capital in nature due to the enduring benefit that should result. The interest incurred by Kgari Ltd on the loan used to finance the erection of its ornamental statue is deductible in the determination of its taxable income under the provisions of s 24J, for the following reasons: • In CIR v Genn (1955 (3) SA 293 (A), 20 SATC 113), the principle was established by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court (now the Supreme Court of Appeal) that interest incurred on funds borrowed for the purposes of a trade is an expense incurred in the production of the income, irrespective of whether the borrowed funds are used for the purchase of fixed or current assets. • In Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway Co Ltd v CIR (1936 CPD 241, 8 SATC 13), it was held by the Cape Provincial Division of the Supreme Court (now the High Court) that the purpose of the transaction giving rise to the expense must be taken into account. If the purpose was undertaken to earn income, the associated expense is deductible in the determination of taxable income. 76 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula The transaction undertaken by Kgari Ltd was the raising of the loan. The purpose of this transaction was to improve its image by the erection of an ornamental statue. The direct result of this should be an increase in its income (CIR v Standard Bank of SA Ltd (1985 (4) SA 485 (A), 47 SATC 179)). Kgari Ltd’s expense arising from this transaction (the interest) is therefore deductible in the determination of its taxable income since it was incurred “in the production of the income”. Polokegong (Pty) Ltd The loss suffered by Polokegong (Pty) Ltd of its trading stock destroyed in a fire, is a loss of a non-capital nature. It is incurred in the production of its income due to the fact that it is an inevitable concomitant of its trade. It is, therefore, deductible in the determination of its taxable income. Section 23(c), however, prohibits the deduction in the determination of taxable income of a loss or expense to the extent that it is recoverable, amongst other things, under an insurance contract. Therefore, only R100 000 of the loss of R250 000 suffered by Polokegong (Pty) Ltd is deductible in the determination of its taxable income. For its 2023 year of assessment, being its year of assessment when the loss was suffered by it, it would deduct the loss, even if it was unable to quantify this loss at that stage, since an amount may be deducted only in the year of assessment when it is actually incurred. By the time its 2023 return is submitted, the loss suffered would probably have been quantified. Lebone Ltd No portion of the travelling expenses “actually incurred” by Lebone Ltd is deductible in the determination of its taxable income. The travelling expenses were incurred for the purpose of purchasing a capital asset. The expense is of a capital nature and, consequently, not deductible in the determination of its taxable income. Mohumi Batho The R800 a month for dog food and the R3 000 veterinary fees that were incurred by Mohumi Batho are deductible expenses in the determination of his taxable income. They are “inevitable concomitants” of his trade and repetitive by nature. They are, therefore, deductible in the determination of his taxable income. The watchdog was purchased by Mohumi Batho for purposes of his trade. The cost of his watchdog (R5 000) is a capital expense since it is a once-off expense giving rise to an enduring benefit for him. It is, therefore, not deductible in the determination of his taxable income under the general deduction formula. (A so-called wear-and-tear or depreciation allowance under s 11(e) of R5 000 is, however, available on his watchdog. The so-called wear-and-tear or depreciation allowance is determined at 100% since the asset cost less than R7 000 (Interpretation Note 47 in § 4.3.5 and Binding General Ruling 7 also in § 4.3.5).) Example 5.6 (20 minutes) Mashooro (Pty) Ltd Mashooro (Pty) Ltd incurred the following expenses during its year of assessment ended on 28 February 2023: • A fee of R30 000 paid by it to a consultant for advice on ways of streamlining its production process. This expense will not increase its income from the sale of its products, but should result in a decrease in its production costs. 77 Tax Workbook • Compensation of R12 000 paid by it to a supplier of raw materials for the cancellation of a contract. This expense enables it to purchase, during April 2023, its next batch of raw materials from another supplier, at R5 000 less than that which would have been payable to its original supplier. The raw materials should last for six months of its normal production. • Compensation of R10 000 paid by it to the producer of a similar product to that supplied by it, in consequence of it having infringed the patent rights of that other producer. In return for this payment, the producer of the similar product agreed not to sue it or the patent infringement and to allow it to continue producing the offending product for a further 12 months. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss the deduction of these expenses incurred by Mashooro (Pty) Ltd in the determination of its 2023 taxable income. Movha (Pty) Ltd Movha (Pty) Ltd is a dealer in used motor vehicles. It incurred the following expenses during its 2023 year of assessment (ended on 28 February 2023): • A bribe of R10 000 paid by it to an official at the local vehicle-testing grounds to expedite the issue of roadworthy certificates for second-hand cars (its trading stock) it had sold. • A refund of R15 000 made by it to a customer relating to the purchase price of a second-hand car that she had purchased during its 2022 year of assessment. This second-hand car proved to have a serious fault. • It paid a contractor R10 000 for the erection of a large billboard displaying an advertisement of the “superior” second-hand cars it offers for sale. It also paid the local municipality a fine of R1 500 for the billboard’s obstruction of the flow of pedestrians on the pavement. It then paid the contractor a further R2 000 to move this large billboard to a more suitable location. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss, giving reasons, whether these expenses incurred by Movha (Pty) Ltd are deductible in the determination of its 2023 taxable income. Solution 5.6 Mashooro (Pty) Ltd The position regarding the deduction of the expenditure incurred by Mashooro (Pty) Ltd in the determination of its 2023 taxable income is as follows: • The fee of R30 000 paid by it to the consultant is an expense incurred for the purposes of its trade and, although it will not produce income, it will reduce costs. Contrary views have been expressed about the deduction in the determination of taxable income of expenses that will not produce income but that will prevent losses or reduce future costs (Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway Co Ltd v CIR (1936 CPD 241, 8 SATC 13)). But since the expense is closely connected with its incomeearning operations it may, therefore, qualify for deduction in the determination of its taxable income. The R30 000 paid by it to the consultant may, however, give rise to an enduring benefit and would, therefore, be of a capital nature and not deductible under the positive aspect of the general deduction formula (s 11(a)) in the determination of its taxable income. 78 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula • The R12 000 paid by it to the previous supplier of raw materials is a trade expense that has actually been incurred by it. Again, while it will not directly produce income, it will reduce the cost of its trading stock (which is of a non-capital nature, being part of its income-earning operations and not its income-earning structure). It is, therefore, closely connected with the production of its income. This payment does not create an enduring benefit since the raw materials service only six months of its normal production. The expense is therefore deductible in the determination of its 2023 taxable income. • The compensation of R10 000 was paid by it to prevent it from being sued for a patent infringement and to enable it to continue manufacturing the offending product for a further 12 months. Had it been sued for the infringement of a patent and been forced to pay compensation as a result, this expense would not have been incurred in the production of its income, nor could this expense be said to be closely connected to its income-earning operations, since it is not part of its business to infringe patents (Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway Co Ltd v CIR (1936 CPD 241, 8 SATC 13) and Joffe & Co (Pty) Ltd v CIR (1946 AD 157, 13 SATC 354)). This payment also enables it to continue earning income from the manufacture of the offending product for a further 12 months. It is a non-capital payment since it does not create an enduring benefit. It follows then that this R10 000 expense has been incurred for a dual purpose (to prevent it being sued and to allow its production to continue) and, although s 23(g) and the opening words of s 11sanction the apportionment of an expense incurred for a dual purpose, it is impossible to apportion this R10 000 expense. Therefore, no portion of the R10 000 it incurred is deductible in the determination of its 2023 taxable income. Movha (Pty) Ltd The position regarding the deduction of the expenditure incurred by Movha (Pty) Ltd in the determination of its 2023 taxable income is as follows: • Under s 23(o), fines, bribes or penalties arising from unlawful activities are not deductible in the determination of taxable income. The R10 000 bribe incurred by it is, therefore, not deductible in the determination of its taxable income. • The R15 000 refund made by it is not an expense incurred in the production of its income. But it will qualify for deduction in the determination of its taxable income provided the refund it made is closely connected to the conduct of its trade. This refund is not the same as an early-payment discount granted as a normal part of a taxpayer's trading operations. It is a loss that has been suffered from the sale of a faulty product. Dealing in second-hand cars carries with it the concomitant risk of a second-hand car having an unseen fault. It follows then that, for this reason, the refund is deductible in the determination of its 2023 taxable income. • The R10 000 that it incurred on the advertising sign is an expense of a capital nature. While advertising is normally a deductible non-capital expense in the determination of taxable income, the large billboard itself is a capital asset and the advertisement on this large billboard is designed to give rise to an enduring benefit. (The cost of the advertising billboard also does not qualify for the so-called wear-and-tear or depreciation capital allowance under s 11(e) since it is a permanent structure.) Under s 23(o), fines, bribes or penalties arising from unlawful activities are not deductible in the determination of taxable income. The fine of R1 500 that it incurred is therefore also not deductible in the determination of its taxable income. 79 Tax Workbook The further R2 000 incurred by it in moving the large billboard is also not deductible in the determination of its taxable income since it was paid for a capital asset. Example 5.7 (20 minutes) Khayalethu (Pty) Ltd Khayalethu (Pty) Ltd manufactures and sells caravans and mobile homes. All products it sells are subject to a one-year warranty agreement whereby it will repair or replace, free of charge, defective products. Based on prior years’ experience, it estimates that 5% of the selling price of each product is incurred in replacing, or repairing, defective products under the relevant warranty agreement. For accounting purposes, Khayalethu (Pty) Ltd raises a warranty provision at the end of its financial year, based on 5% of the products sold that are still under their one-year warranty period. Will Khayalethu (Pty) Ltd's warranty provision of R125 000 raised at the end of its year of assessment (that ended on 28 February 2023) be deductible in the determination of its taxable income? Swan, Drake and Duck During the 2022 year of assessment, the accountancy partnership of Swan, Drake and Duck was terminated when Reginald Swan left the partnership. Reginald Swan agreed that he would not practise in competition with his former partners. During the 2023 year of assessment, however, he breached this contract by performing work for certain clients of his old practice. He did this even though he knew that his former partners would seek compensation against him under the arbitration clause in their partnership dissolution agreement. His reason for doing this work was because he needed to earn a living. Reginald Swan’s former partners then instituted arbitration proceedings against him. The arbitrator awarded damages and costs of R107 580 against him. Is the R107 580 that Reginald Swan incurred deductible in the determination of his 2022 taxable income? Zola Mahamba Zola Mahamba is a labour broker. For the 2023 year of assessment he incurred • expenses of R200 000 in the production of his income, and • R1 000 000 for remuneration paid to his employees. Are these amounts incurred by Zola Mahamba deductible in the determination of his 2023 taxable income? Sam Mkhabela Sam Mkhabela is employed as the branch manager of a large retail store. He incurred expenses of R4 950 when entertaining his employer’s clients. As branch manager he is expected by his employer to entertain certain of its clients. The retail group is of the opinion that it is part of the duties of its branch managers to regularly and necessarily entertain existing suppliers and prospective customers. Sam Mkhabela also made contributions to a pension fund and a retirement annuity fund. 80 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula An audit on the various amounts reflected on Sam Mkhabela’s tax certificates has been carried out and all amounts are correct. The following is a summary of the information contained on his tax certificate: • The gross remuneration Sam Mkhabela earned is R230 520. • Included in Sam Mkhabela’s gross remuneration of R230 520 is an entertainment allowance of R3 600. • Sam Mkhabela’s pension fund contributions (based on his “cash” salary of R180 000) amount to R10 800. • Sam Mkhabela’s current retirement annuity fund contributions amount to R9 600. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO explain to each of the above taxpayers, giving brief reasons, whether the amounts referred to above qualify for deduction under the general deduction formula in the determination of the relevant taxpayer’s taxable income. For Sam Mkhabela, also state whether his expenditure is deductible in the determination of his taxable income under any other provision. Solution 5.7 Khayalethu (Pty) Ltd Khayalethu (Pty) Ltd may not deduct its warranty provision of R125 000 raised for accounting purposes in the determination of its taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment. This warranty provision does not constitute an expenditure or loss “actually incurred” during its 2023 year of assessment. It is only a conditional liability at the end of its 2023 year of assessment, dependent on events that may not occur in a subsequent year of assessment. It does not have an unconditional legal obligation at the end of its 2023 year of assessment to incur R125 000 in warranty expenses. It has merely estimated the potential cost of the future warranty expenses that it may incur. In the determination of Khayalethu (Pty) Ltd's 2023 taxable income, only the warranty expenses “actually incurred” by it during that year of assessment can be deducted. Section 23(e) also disallows the deduction from income of an amount that is transferred to a reserve fund or otherwise capitalised. Reginald Swan Reginald Swan’s actions, including his contravention of his agreement that he would not practise in competition with his former partners that resulted in the arbitration award against him, was motivated solely by his intention to earn an income. The damages and costs of R107 580 were, thus, incurred by him in the production of his income. They are also not of a capital nature. They are therefore deductible in the determination of his 2023 taxable income. Zola Mahamba Under s 23(k), an expense incurred by a labour broker (other than a labour broker to whom a certificate of exemption has been issued), other than an expense that constitutes an amount paid or payable to an employee of his, which amount is, or will be, taken into account in the determination of that employee’s taxable income, is not deductible in the determination of his taxable income. This prohibition 81 Tax Workbook is most restrictive since all non-capital administrative expenses, other than the remuneration of an employee, are not deductible in the determination of Zola Mahamba’s taxable income. It follows that the R1 000 000 remuneration paid by Zola Mahamba is “actually incurred” by him and is deductible in the determination of his 2023 taxable income. But the R200 000 expenses incurred in the production of his income are not deductible in the determination of his 2023 taxable income. Sam Mkhabela Under s 23(m), an expense, loss or allowance relating to employment of or an office held by a person deriving remuneration (as defined in the Fourth Schedule) is not deductible in the determination of his taxable income. But the following expenses for a salaried person are specifically deductible in the determination of his taxable income: • Contributions to a pension or a retirement annuity fund under s 11F. • Legal expenses (s 11(c)), the so-called wear-and-tear or depreciation capital allowance (s 11(e)), bad debts (s 11(i)) and the doubtful-debt allowance (s 11( j )). • Amounts deductible in the determination of taxable income under s 11(nA) or s 11(nB) (these are amounts received by the taxpayer that are then refunded by him). • Rentals, repairs or expenses in connection with a salaried person’s dwelling house or domestic premises. These expenses must qualify for deduction in the determination of his taxable income under s 11(a) or s 11(d) to the extent that the amount is not prohibited from being deductible in the determination of taxable income under s 23(b) (private and domestic expenses). Thus, Sam Mkhabela is unable to deduct the entertainment expenses he incurred in the determination of his taxable income. He enjoys a deduction in the determination of his taxable income for his pension fund and retirement annuity fund contributions amounting to R20 400 (R10 800 plus R9 600) in total (these amounts are not deductible in the determination of his taxable income under s 11(a), but are deductible in the determination of his taxable income under s 11F). There are, however, limits on the amount deductible in the determination of taxable income for a year of assessment under s11F. Also, non-deductible amounts in a year of assessment are deemed to be contributions made in a subsequent year of assessment for a possible deduction in the determination of taxable income for that subsequent year of assessment. L Questions Question 5.1 (30 minutes) Dorothy Nkosi Dorothy Nkosi is, amongst other things, a television presenter on “Morning Edition”, a local television show. She appears live every weekday from 06h00 to 08h00. To look her best for her morning presentations, she incurred the following expenses during the 2023 year of assessment: • A weekly standing appointment with her beautician. She incurs R500 for each appointment. 82 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula • Appointments with her personal trainer (three times a week) to regain her figure after recently having given birth to a baby. She incurs R200 for each appointment. • Purchase of suitable classic “daywear” by her to wear during her live presentations on “Morning Edition”. She incurs in this regard R7 500 a month on credit (on her clothing accounts). Dorothy Nkosi believes that these expenses are essential to her performing her role as a presenter on local television. She is not an employee of the television station. She presents for it on a freelance (self-employed) basis. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss, giving reasons, whether the above expenses incurred by Dorothy Nkosi qualify for deduction in the determination of her taxable income under the general deduction formula. Renske Haynes Renske Haynes is a retired lawyer. She now conducts a small conveyancing practice from her home. She needs to know whether the following expenses that she has incurred during the 2023 year of assessment are deductible from her income: • Expenses of R15 400 incurred by her relating to her office in her home. • Administration of her “local” share portfolio. She paid an administration fee of R5 000 to an asset manager. • Administration of her call accounts with various banking institutions to maximise the local interest that she earned. No portion of the local interest that she earns from these investments is exempt from normal tax. An administration fee of R3 500 was paid to her broker for his help in this regard. • An extra amount paid to her housekeeper. Her housekeeper takes messages if she is unavailable to receive a call. She estimates that it costs her an extra R350 a month to employ the housekeeper to perform this additional task of taking messages. For the 2023 year of assessment the additional amount paid to her housekeeper was R4 200. • On 2 January 2023, she paid the property rates of R216 000 for her home for the 2023 calendar year. • On 1 February 2023, she took advantage of a special offer on paper that is used by her in her printer and purchased a large quantity of it for R3 800 (only 10% of it was used by her during February 2023). YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss, giving reasons, whether the above expenses incurred by Renske Haynes are deductible from her income under the general deduction formula. Question 5.2 (45 minutes) The following situations involve an expenditure incurred or loss suffered that may qualify for deduction in the determination of taxable income under the general deduction formula: Rulani Mokwevho During the 2022 year of assessment Rulani Mokwevho, an information technology specialist, purchased, as an investment, two rent-producing townhouses situated in 83 Tax Workbook a suburb in Pretoria. He financed the purchase with R750 000 cash and the balance out of borrowed funds. During the 2022 and 2023 years of assessment, Rulani Mokwevho suffered rental losses of R12 450 and R10 950 respectively on the letting of these two townhouses. Hulani Hlungwani Hulani Hlungwani is the author of articles on cookery that appear in food magazines. She is not employed by the publishers of these magazines. They are her clients. Hulani Hlungwani has confirmed that at least half the meals she prepares at home are “experimental” meals that she might “write-up” in future articles. Hulani Hlungwani paid R231 080 for the ingredients she used in preparing meals during the 2023 year of assessment. Carin Jacobs Carin Jacobs is a full-time lecturer in law at a university. Her income consists of her salary from the university and fees for writing articles. Her duties are to • present lectures, • provide student support during fixed consulting hours, and • spend a third of her time on research. Carin Jacobs is currently studying towards a doctorate. The office provided by the university is inadequate since she shares it with two other lecturers. She therefore uses her study at home for one-third of her working time to prepare her lectures, give her students support, carry out research and work on her doctorate. In this regard, she has incurred the following expenses: • Expenses in maintaining a study at home of R5 465. • Periodicals (law related) and stationery of R2 950. • Photocopies and faxes of R1 350. Mangi Moyo Mangi Moyo is the owner of a delicatessen and coffee shop. The use of a cold meat slicing machine is available to customers shopping in his delicatessen. One of his customers lost a finger when slicing some cold meat that she was about to purchase. He was liable to pay her compensation of R250 000 for the loss of her finger. Jess Jakes An accountant, Jess Jakes, failed in the discharging of his duties for one of his clients. To • protect his name as a professional, • avoid legal proceedings, and • prevent the undesirable publicity that may have arisen out of his poor administration of the client’s affairs, he made a cash settlement of R60 000 to this client. 84 Chapter 5 The general deduction formula Buhlebuyeta & Co A partnership of attorneys, Buhlebuyeta & Co, paid damages of R24 000 to a client as a consequence of the misappropriation of his funds by one if its employees. Walker & Seymor (Pty) Ltd To secure a contract, Walker & Seymor (Pty) Ltd gave a guarantee to a customer. It was then unable to fulfil this guarantee. Walker & Seymor (Pty) Ltd then had to pay damages of R9 000 to the customer as a result of its guarantee. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss, in each of the above situations, whether the loss suffered or expenditure incurred is correctly deductible in the determination of the relevant taxpayer’s taxable income. Question 5.3 (30 minutes) Bastina Baloy and Spike Spilloon have the following tax-related questions that need to be answered: Bastina Baloy Bastina Baloy is disabled. She employs a driver-companion to assist her at home and in her business. In addition to paying him a salary of R108 000 a year, she provides him with free accommodation in her home and food, at an estimated market value of R192 000 a year. Bastina Baloy is an architect and leases an office in town. She incurred travelling expenses of R93 600, travelling from her home to the office and from the office to clients. She also paid several parking fines during the 2023 year of assessment amounting to R7 200 in total. In each instance, because of her disability, she needed to park close to the client’s premises. Bastina Baloy attended two seminars during the year of assessment to ensure that she was up to date with the latest developments in building design for disabled users, at a cost of R5 000 each. She also attended lectures in the evenings during the year, at a cost of R20 000, and obtained a structural engineering qualification that will assist her in her business. Spike Spilloon Spike Spilloon is a private detective who undertakes a variety of investigations. During the 2023 year of assessment, Spike Spilloon’s office was burgled and confidential files were stolen. Shortly afterwards, Spike Spilloon was contacted by a blackmailer demanding the payment of a large amount of money. He paid the amount to prevent the loss of certain valuable clients and the potential forfeiture of fee income. He may even have faced claims from his clients for damages. In the burglary, Spike Spilloon's computer equipment was stolen and his office wasbadly damaged. Spike Spilloon purchased replacement computer equipment for R30 000. He paid for it out of an award from his insurer. Spike Spilloon replaced the computer software programs that were not fully insured, at a cost of R15 000, using R7 000 out of the award from his insurer and R8 000 of his own funds. 85 Tax Workbook The wife of one of Spike Spilloon’s clients sued him for damages. On 1 January 2023, he voluntarily paid her R10 000. She was still dissatisfied, however, and pursued the matter further in court. A settlement of R15 000 was finally ordered in December 2023. Spike Spilloon then paid her the additional R5 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO advise Bastina Baloy and Spike Spilloon as to whether the expenses that they incurred are deductible in the determination of their taxable incomes. 86 Chapter 6 Special deductions L Introduction In this chapter, certain expenditure that qualifies for a special deduction under the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 is dealt with. The general deduction formula that is used for many deductions and losses is contained in s 11(a). Even if an amount does not comply with its requirements, it may qualify for a special deduction or allowance under s 11(c) to s 37H. These so-called special deductions (or allowances) are then deducted in the determination of taxable income. Section 23 (prohibited deductions) and s 23A to s 23O (limitation of deductions) must also be taken into account. Framework: The following structure is used to determine taxable income: Gross income Less: Amounts exempt from normal tax Gives: Income Less: Amounts to be deductible in the determination of taxable income Add: Amounts to be included in taxable income (portion of allowances not incurred for business purposes) Add: Taxable capital gain Less: Assessed loss Less: Retirement fund contributions deduction in the determination of taxable income Less: Section 18A deduction in the determination of taxable income Gives: Taxable income The following broad summary assists in finding questions and examples relating to deductions and allowances not dealt with in this chapter: Chapter 7 Capital allowances Sections 11(e), (f), (g), (gB), (gC) and (o), 11D, 12C, 13, 13sept, 13sex, 13quin, and 24J Chapter 8 Individuals Sections 11(nA) and (nB), 11F and 20A Chapter 9 Companies Sections 12E, 24, 24BA, 24C, 24I, and 24J and revision of deductions and allowances Chapter 14 Trading stock Section 22 87 Tax Workbook L Contents The examples and questions in this chapter illustrate the taxation of persons who carry on a trade. They are all residents. The table gives an indication of the time that is needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that must be known before attempting an example or question are provided. The level of the example or question gives an indication of the difficulty of the example or question. ) Example or question and time allocation Topic and relevant sections Level Example 6.1 (15 minutes) • Section 11(c) – legal expenses • Section 11(d) – repairs and maintenance • Section 23H – prepaid expenditure Basic Example 6.2 (15 minutes) • Section 8(4)(a) – recoupment • Section 11(cA) – restraint of trade awards • Section 11(i) – bad debts • Section 11(j) – doubtful debts Basic Example 6.3 (15 minutes) • Section 11(gB) – registration and renewals • Section 11(gC) – patents, designs, trade marks and copyrights • Section 11D – research and development • Section 12C(1)(gA) – capital allowance • Section 12M – medical lump-sum payments Intermediate Example 6.4 (10 minutes) • Section 11(lA) – shares issued under a broad-based employee share plan • Section 11(m) – annuities to former employees and their dependants Basic Example 6.5 (20 minutes) • Section 11A – pre-trade expenditure and losses • Section 12H – learnership agreements • Section 18A – donations to public benefit organisations Intermediate Example 6.6 (35 minutes) • Section 11(i) – bad debts • Section 11(j) – doubtful debts • Section 23H – prepaid expenditure Advanced Example 6.7 (15 minutes) • Section 11D – research and development • Section 18A – donations to public benefit organisations • Section 20 – assessed losses • Section 23H – prepaid expenditure Basic Question 6.1 (25 minutes) • Section 11(a) – general deduction formula • Section 11(d) – repairs and maintenance Intermediate continued 88 Chapter 6 ) Example or question and time allocation Special deductions Topic and relevant sections Level • Section 11(m) – annuities to former employees and their dependants • Section 11(gC) – patents, designs, trade marks and copyrights • Section 11(i) – bad debts • Section 11(m) – annuities to former employees and their dependants • Section 11D – research and development costs • Section 12C(1)(gA) – capital allowance • Section 13(1)(d) – capital allowance • Section 18A – donations to public benefit organisations • Section 23(o) – scrapping and termination capital allowance Question 6.2 (15 minutes) • Section 11(a) – general deduction formula • Section 11(c) – legal expenses • Section 11(i) – bad debts • Section 11(j) – doubtful debts • Section 11(m) – annuities to former employees and their dependants Basic Question 6.3 (15 minutes) • • • • Section 7B – variable remuneration Section 11(c) – legal expenses Section 11(d) – repairs and maintenance Section 11(cA) – restraint of trade awards • Section 11 (lA) broad-based employee shares • Section 12C – capital allowance Intermediate L Examples Example 6.1 (15 minutes) Bonsai (Pty) Ltd incurred the following expenses during its financial year ended January 2023: Legal expenses The following legal expenses of R40 000 were paid to attorneys Kloppers and Nkwe: • R5 000 was for debt collection. • R15 000 related to the drawing up of a restraint of trade agreement for an employee who had resigned to set up his own business. • R20 000 related to a dispute when one of Bonsai (Pty) Ltd’s clients sued it for supplying inferior products. Kloppers and Nkwe successfully defended this action when it was proved that the client did not follow the required instructions. 89 Tax Workbook Repairs and maintenance • Bonsai (Pty) Ltd pays a maintenance contractor to maintain the four koi ponds (fish ponds) located on its premises. The maintenance contractor is paid on an annual basis. On 1 November 2022, it paid him R90 000 to maintain the koi ponds from 1 November 2022 to 31 October 2023. This is the only prepaid expense incurred by Bonsai (Pty) Ltd in its 2023 year of assessment. • Bonsai (Pty) Ltd paid R750 to Geoff Handyman (an electrician) for repairing an electrical point that was damaged by lightning during an electrical storm. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the deductions in the determination of the taxable income of Bonsai (Pty) Ltd for its 2023 year of assessment. Provide reasons for your answers. Solution 6.1 Legal expenses R • Debt collection – deductible under s 11(c) • Restraint of trade agreement – of a capital nature • Successful dispute – deductible in the determination of its taxable income under s 11(c) since it was incurred in the ordinary course of its trade. If he dispute had been unsuccessful in defending this action, the resulting damages payable would still have been deductible in the determination of its taxable income since they arose as inevitable concomitant of its trade. 5 000 – 20 000 Repairs and maintenance • Maintenance expenditure of the koi ponds is deductible in the determination of its taxable income under the provisions of s 11(d). The “prepaid” period of this maintenance contract extends beyond six months after the end of Bonsai (Pty) Ltd’s 2023 year of assessment. It extends to 31 October 2023, being nine months beyond the end of Bonsai (Pty) Ltd’s 2023 year of assessment. The provisions of s 23H will, however, not apply, since the prepaid amount of R67 500 (R90 000 / 12 × 9) is less than R100 000 (cumulative limit for all pre-paid expenses not otherwise deductible). The full amount of R90 000 paid, is deductible in the determination of its taxable income in Bonsai (Pty) Ltd’s 2023 year of assessment • The R750 paid to Geoff Handyman for repairing an electrical point that was damaged by an electrical storm will be deductible in the determination of its taxable income under s 11(d). A new asset was not created. Example 6.2 (15 minutes) Part A Sindzawonye CC, which has a 30 June financial year-end, provides specialised IT services. It entered into an agreement with one of its employees who resigned from its employment on 1 March 2022. Under this agreement, the ex-employee was restrained from rendering her services anywhere in Gauteng for a period of five years commencing on 1 March 2022. In 90 Chapter 6 Special deductions return for being restrained from rendering her services for a period of five years, Sindzawonye CC compensated her by awarding her R450 000 on 1 March 2022. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine and briefly discuss the deduction (or allowance) that Sindzawonye CC will be entitled to in the determination of its taxable income for this restraint of trade award for its 2022 year of assessment. Part B Ihawu Ltd has a 31 March financial year-end. The following bad debts were written off during its 2023 year of assessment: R • Trade debtors (note 1) 84 000 • Loan to supplier (note 2) 120 000 The following bad debts were written off during its 2022 year of assessment and were recovered during its 2023 year of assessment: R • Trade debtors 50 000 • Investment in a pyramid scheme (the liquidators paid 5 cents for each rand invested) 5 000 Notes (1) The accounting provision (according to a prepared list) for doubtful debts amounted to R190 000 on 31 March 2022 (consisting of R150 000 for trade debtors, R40 000 for a loan to an employee (Elsie Bent)) and R220 000 on 31 March 2023 (consisting of R180 000 for trade debtors and R40 000 for a loan to an employee (Elsie Bent)). Assume in this instance that IFRS 9 was not applied and that 25% of the accounting provision on trade debtors are deductible in the determination of taxable income under s 11(j)(ii)(bb). (2) The loan was granted to relieve the financial difficulties of the supplier. Ihawu Ltd is not in the business of providing loans. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine and discuss the deduction in the determination Ihawu Ltd’s taxable income of its above transactions. Ignore capital gains tax. Solution 6.2 Part A The R450 000 paid to the ex-employee is of a capital nature and is therefore not deductible in the determination of its taxable income under the general deduction formula (s 11(a)), but it will give rise to a s 11(cA) deduction in the determination of its taxable income to the payer of this amount (Sindzawonye CC). The amount constitutes income of the employee under para (cB) of the definition of ‘gross income’. The amount deductible in the determination of its taxable income is the lesser of • R450 000 divided by the five-year restraint period, amounting to R90 000, and • one-third of R450 000, amounting to R150 000. 91 Tax Workbook The lesser amount, being R90 000, is the amount of the deduction in the determination of Sindzawonye CC’s taxable income for its 2022 and the following four years of assessment. Part B Bad debts and doubtful debts provision Under the provision of s 11(i), an amount is deductible in the determination of taxable income when it is a bad debt, and provided it was included in the taxpayer’s income in the current year of assessment (or was included in a previous year of assessment). Deduction of bad debts Trade debtors (deductible in the determination of Ihawu Ltd’s taxable income) Loan to supplier (not deductible in the determination of its taxable income since this amount was not included in Ihawu Ltd’s income). It may, however, have capital gains tax consequences. R 84 000 – Provision for doubtful debts Under s 11(j), an allowance will be granted only for debts that would be deductible in the determination of Ihawu Ltd’s taxable income if they became bad. Therefore, only its trade debts would qualify for the s 11(j) allowance. Add: Doubtful debt allowance from 2022 37 500 Less: Deduct the doubtful debt allowance for 2023 (R180 000 × 25%) 45 000 Bad debts recovered Under s 8(4)(a), there must be included in the taxpayer’s income all amounts allowed to be deducted in the determination of taxable income and subsequently recouped. The bad debts of R50 000 were deducted in the determination of Ihawu Ltd’s taxable income under s 11(i) and must be added to its income. The investment was never deducted in the determination of its taxable income since it is of a capital nature. The recoupment of the investment may have capital gains tax implications. Add: Bad debt recovered 50 000 Example 6.3 (15 minutes) Camagu Ltd invests in trade marks and patents (intangible assets). It grants the right of use of these intangible assets to universities in exchange for royalties. Camagu Ltd has a 31 March year-end. It is a South African resident and is listed on the JSE Limited Exchange. Camagu Ltd also has a department that specialises in scientific research and development to invent intangible assets for its use. These assets can help certain students in obtaining their qualification. The following are some of the transactions entered into by Camagu Ltd during its 2022 and 2023 years of assessment: • It purchased a trade mark (Stop-Stress-Immediately) on 15 August 2022 and a patent (Learn-Tax-Quickly) on 1 February 2023. The purchase price of the trademark was R327 000 and of the patent was R850 000. 92 Chapter 6 Special deductions • One of its trade marks (Breathing Techniques during Examinations) was purchased for trade purposes during its 2013 year of assessment for R180 000 (to be used over its remaining registered period until 30 June 2023). The registration of this trade mark was renewed for a further four-year period at a cost of R48 000. • Camagu Ltd paid R10 000 000 to retired employees as a compensation for the variation of their employment contracts. The amount is paid as the final settlement of its liability to provide for post-retirement medical scheme benefits. Its employees must use the amount to provide for their own future medical scheme contributions. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the deductions (or allowances) deductible in the determination of Camagu Ltd’s taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment that arise out of the above transactions. Solution 6.3 The following amounts are deductible in the determination of Camagu Ltd’s taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment: R Trade mark: Stop-Stress-Immediately – no deduction in the determination of taxable income if a trade mark is acquired from another person (s 11(gC)(iv)) Patent: Learn-Tax-Quickly – s 11(gC) (R850 000 × 5%) Renewal costs – s 11(gB) Medical lump-sum payment – s 12M Example 6.4 – 42 500 48 000 10 000 000 (10 minutes) Mickey & Duck Ltd, a South African resident company, conducts business as a retailer of toys. It concluded the following transactions in connection with its 90 permanent employees during its financial year ended 31 March 2023. Share scheme On 5 January 2023, it granted 3 000 shares to each one of its 90 permanent employees at a consideration of R0,50 a share. These shares have a nominal value of R1 each. Their market value was R5 a share on the date that the grants were approved. No restrictions apply to these shares. The plan under which the shares were issued by it qualifies as a broad-based employee share plan under s 8B. Annuities Mickey & Duck Ltd paid the following annuities to former employees: • R45 000 to an ex-employee who retired due to old age during its 2023 year of assessment, and • R20 000 a year for the next 10 years to the dependants of an ex-employee (who had died in a motor vehicle accident when delivering toys to a client). YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss the deductions in the determination of Mickey & Duck Ltd’s taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment of the amounts involved in the above transactions, giving reasons for your answers. 93 Tax Workbook Solution 6.4 Share scheme For a broad-based employee share plan under s 8B, the amount of the shares at market value, but limited to R10 000 a year for qualifying equity shares granted to a single employee, is deductible in the determination of the taxable income of the employer (s 11(lA)). The deduction for each employee amounts to R13 500 (3 000 shares × (R5,00 – R0,50)). This is more than the limit of R10 000 a year for a single employee. Mickey & Duck Ltd will deduct in the determination of its taxable income only R900 000 (90 employees × R10 000) for the shares issued in its 2023 year of assessment. The remaining R315 000 (90 employees × R3 500) will be deductible in its 2024 year of assessment. Annuities Annuities paid to a former employee who retired on the grounds of old age are deductible in the determination of taxable income in full, under s 11(m)(i). The R45 000 is therefore deductible in the determination of its taxable income. An annuity paid to the dependants of an ex-employee (who died in a motor vehicle accident when delivering toys to a client) are deductible in the determination of its taxable income under s 11(m)(iii). The R20 000 is therefore deductible in the determination of its taxable income. Example 6.5 (20 minutes) Case A Dumela (Pty) Ltd has a taxable income of R350 000 for its 2023 year of assessment, before allowing a deduction for a donation under s 18A. Dumela (Pty) Ltd made a cash donation of R28 000 to a public benefit organisation approved by the Commissioner under s 30, and received a “s 18A receipt” from it. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Dumela (Pty) Ltd’s taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment. Case B On 1 October 2022, Siya Vuma commenced operating a business (selling handmade mosaic mirrors) trading as a close corporation. The close corporation, Masala Mosaic CC, was registered in October 2022. Masala Mosaic CC has a 31 January financial year-end. Trading did not commence until 1 January 2023. But Masala Mosaic CC incurred certain expenditure before 31 December 2022. The expenditure it incurred from 1 October 2022 to 31 December 2022 was as follows: R • Raw materials purchased 24 000 • Two months’ rental for its trade premises 6 000 • Electricity and water, rates and insurance for its above premises 17 000 During its financial year ended 31 January 2023, Masala Mosaic CC had a gross income of R150 000 and closing stock (to be included in its gross income) of R130 000. 94 Chapter 6 Special deductions The expenditure incurred by it from 1 January 2023 to 31 January 2023 was as follows: • Raw materials purchased • Rental of its trade premises • Electricity and water, rates and insurance for its above premises 145 000 3 000 8 500 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Masala Mosaic CC’s taxable income for its year of assessment ended 31 January 2023. Masala Mosaic CC is not a small business corporation. Case C Jose’s Clothing (Pty) Ltd entered into registered learnership agreements with Kwena Mohlala and Riad Chetty. The learnership agreements fulfil all the criteria of s 12H. Jose’s Clothing (Pty) Ltd has a 30 September financial year-end. Kwena Mohlala On 1 October 2022, Jose’s Clothing (Pty) Ltd employed Kwena Mohlala as a “learner” on a full-time basis, with a level 6 NQF qualification. Under the registered learnership agreement, the learnership agreement will be completed after two years. Riad Chetty On 1 February 2023, Jose’s Clothing (Pty) Ltd employed Riad Chetty (a disabled person as defined in the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998) as a “learner” on a part-time basis, with a level 7 NQF qualification. Under the registered learnership agreement, the learnership agreement will be completed after six months (26 weeks). Solution 6.5 Case A Dumela (Pty) Ltd has a taxable income of R350 000 before the s 18A deduction. The deduction allowed under s 18A will be • R28 000 in the determination of its taxable income (the qualifying donation), • limited to a maximum of R35 000 (10% of R350 000). Dumela (Pty) Ltd will thus be able to deduct R28 000 in its 2023 year of assessment. Dumela (Pty) Ltd’s taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment will, therefore, be R322 000 (R350 000 – R28 000). 95 Tax Workbook Case B 2023 year of assessment R 150 000 130 000 280 000 Gross income Add: Closing stock Less: Amounts deductible in the determination of taxable income Raw materials purchased – s 11(a) Rental of trade premises – s 11(a) Electricity and water, rates and insurance for the above trade premises – s 11(a) Taxable income from trade Raw materials purchased – pre-trade expenditure under s 11A Two months’ rental of trade premises – pre-trade expenditure – s 11A Electricity and water, rates and insurance – pre-trade expenditure – s 11A Taxable income 145 000 3 000 8 500 156 500 123 500 24 000 6 000 17 000 47 000 76 500 Note The deductions in the determination of taxable income under s 11A may not exceed the income from that specific trade during that year of assessment. Case C Kwena Mohlala Jose’s Clothing (Pty) Ltd will be able to deduct R40 000 in the determination of its taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment as a “commencement” deduction. Riad Chetty Jose’s Clothing (Pty) Ltd will be able to deduct R25 000 (R50 000 × 6 / 12) in the determination of its taxable income since a “disabled” learner was a party to a registered learnership agreement during the year (but apportioned since the agreement was less than 12 months). Jose’s Clothing (Pty) Ltd will also be able to deduct R50 000 as a “completion” allowance in its 2023 year of assessment. Example 6.6 (35 minutes) Sizophumelela Ltd, a resident of the Republic, manufactures perfumes designed to last for up to 10 hours without re-application. Its manufacturing plant is situated in KwaZulu-Natal. Its financial statements indicate that it made a net income before tax of R4 500 000. 96 Chapter 6 Special deductions The financial year of Sizophumelela Ltd ends on the last day of February. The following journal entries were recorded during its year ending 28 February 2023: (1) Finance lease Right of use: Computers Value-added tax input account To: Lease liability Being computers acquired under a finance lease Lease liability To: Bank Being the first annual payment of lease liability Finance charges (statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income) To: Lease Liability Being interest for the month ending 28 February 2023 Depreciation (statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income) To: Right of use: Computers Being depreciation for its 2023 financial year: R340 000 / 5 × 1 / 12 on the assumption that computers will be transferred to Sizophumelela Ltd at the end of lease term) Dr 340 000 51 000 147 119 2 740 5 667 Cr 391 000 147 119 2 740 5 667 Additional information Sizophumelela Ltd leased computers for a three-year period at an annual rental of R147 119. The lease commenced on 1 February 2023. Binding General Ruling No 7 makes provision for a write-off period of three years for computers. (2) Prepaid expenses Dr Prepaid expenses (statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income) To: Insurance (statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income) To: Lease expenses for offices (statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income) To: Licence fee payable annually under legislation Being expenses relating to its 2023 financial year Cr 75 000 33 500 38 000 3 500 Additional information Sizophumelela Ltd voluntarily prepaid its insurance premiums and office lease payments. It was obliged to pay the licence fee annually in advance. The prepaid insurance and licence fee relate to the 10 months ending 31 December 2023. The office lease payments relate to the four months ending 30 June 2023. 97 Tax Workbook (3) Doubtful debts Dr Provision for doubtful debts To: Decrease in provision for doubtful debts (statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income) Being the adjustment of the provision of doubtful debts for its 2023 financial year from R46 000 to R41 500 Cr 4 500 4 500 Additional information Assume in this instance that IFRS 9 was not applied and that 25% of the accounting provision on trade debtors are allowable under s 11(j)(ii)(bb) as a deduction in the determination of taxable income. (4) Bad debts Dr Bad debts expense (statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income) To: Loan to employee To: Trade debtors Being amounts not recoverable written off as bad 52 100 Cr 34 100 18 000 Additional information One of Sizophumelela Ltd’s employees needed extra funds. It then granted her a loan of R50 000 at a market-related interest rate. The employee repaid R19 300 of this loan on 31 December 2021. In 2022, the employee resigned and disappeared. Sizophumelela Ltd wrote off the outstanding capital amount and the interest owing of R3 400 (included in the total amount of R34 100). YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the taxable income of Sizophumelela Ltd for its 2023 year of assessment. Commence with its net income before tax of R4 500 000. Solution 6.6 R Net income before tax (1) Finance lease Add: finance charges (reversal of accounting treatment since the lease payments are deductible in the determination of taxable income) Add: depreciation (Sizophumelela Ltd is not the legal owner and therefore not entitled to a capital allowance) Less: Lease payments (excluding VAT) are deductible in the determination of taxable income under s 11(a) • R147 119 – (1 / 3 × R51 000) = R130 119 • Limited under s 23H (prepaid portion of R119 276 (being R130 119 × 11 / 12) exceeds R100 000): R130 119 × 1 / 12 R 4 500 000 2 740 5 667 4 508 407 10 843 10 843 4 508 407 98 Chapter 6 Special deductions (2) Prepaid expenses Insurance The prepaid portion extends 10 months into its next year of assessment, but because the total prepaid expenses under s 23H exceeds R100 000 (including the prepaid lease payments), only the expenditure relating to its current year of assessment is deductible in the determination of its taxable income. The deductible expenditure in the determination of its taxable income has already been debited to the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and therefore no adjustment is required for in the determination of its taxable income. R R – Lease rentals The prepaid portion extends four months into its next year of assessment. Since this period does not exceed the required six months under s 23H, the full expenditure is deductible in the determination of its taxable income. The expenditure relating to its 2023 financial year has already been debited to its statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, and therefore an adjustment must be made only for the prepaid portion. 38 000 Licence fees The provisions of s 23H does not apply to an amount imposed by legislation, therefore the expenditure is deductible in the determination of its taxable income in full. The expenditure relating to its 2023 financial year has already been debited to its statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and an adjustment must be made for the prepaid portion. 3 500 (3) Doubtful debts Reversal of the accounting provision Allowance under s 11(j): deduction in the determination of its taxable income for the current year (R41 500 × 25%) Add back allowance from the previous year (R46 000 × 25%) 4 500 10 375 67 218 4 441 189 11 500 4 452 689 (4) Bad debts Deduction in the determination of its taxable income available under s 11(i) Loan to employee The loan is of a capital nature and was not previously included in its income. The interest is deductible in the determination of its taxable income under s 11(i). Since this expenditure was already debited to its statement of profit and loss and other comprehensive income, a correction is required (R34 100 – R3 400). 99 30 700 Tax Workbook Trade debtors Since the amount was previously included in income, a deduction in the determination of its taxable income is allowed. It was already debited to its statement of profit and loss and other comprehensive income and therefore no adjustment is required. Taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment Example 6.7 – 4 483 424 (15 minutes) Malemela (Pty) Ltd is a resident of the Republic. It manufactures garden furniture. Its financial director provides you with the following information for its 2023 year of assessment (ended on 28 February 2023): R Net income from manufacturing operations (excluding items listed below) 1 200 000 Rental in advance (for the factory premises two months (note 1)) 280 000 Insurance premiums (note 2) 108 000 Administrative expenses (note 3) 26 000 Research and development expenditure (note 4) 1 160 000 Notes (1) Malemela (Pty) Ltd entered into a new lease agreement for its factory premises on 1 March 2022. The agreement stipulates that Malemela (Pty) Ltd must pay the rental two months in advance on the 25th day of each month. (2) The insurance premiums have been paid. They consist of the following: R • Loss of profits insurance 90 000 • Fire and storm insurance for its factory building and equipment 18 000 108 000 (3) Administrative expenses consist of the following: Legal expenses for the collection of irrecoverable debts Speeding fines that the directors consider to be a normal business expense Cash donation to the University of Pretoria Bursary Fund (a s 18A receipt was obtained) R 6 000 4 000 16 000 26 000 (4) Malemela (Pty) Ltd conducts qualifying technological research and development activities. The research activities were approved by the Minister of Science and Technology under s 11D(9). Operating expenses for the 2023 year of assessment were R360 000. New and unused research machines (but not pilot plant) used in the research activities were purchased on 30 June 2022 for R800 000. They were brought into use on the same date. Malemela (Pty) Ltd suffered an assessed loss of R80 000 during its 2022 year of assessment. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the taxable income of Malemela (Pty) Ltd for its 2023 year of assessment. 100 Chapter 6 Special deductions Solution 6.7 Taxable income of Malemela (Pty) Limited for its 2023 year of assessment: R R Net income 1 200 000 Less: Amounts deductible in the determination of taxable income Rentals (note 1) 280 000 Insurance premiums paid (note 2) • Loss of profits 90 000 • Fire and storm cover 18 000 Administrative expenses • Legal expenses 6 000 • Speeding fines (s 23(o)(ii)) – Research and development expenses (s 11D) • Operating expenses (R360 000 × 150%) (s 11D(2)(a)) 540 000 • Machine (R800 000 × 50%) (s 12C(1)(gA)) 400 000 1 334 000 Loss for the year Add: Assessed loss brought forward (s 20) 134 000 80 000 214 000 Less: Donation (s 18A) University – actual donation of R16 000 – limited to 10% of taxable income (note 3) Assessed loss for its 2023 year of assessment – 214 000 Notes (1) The prepaid portion extends two months into the next year of assessment. Since this period does not exceed the six months required by s 23H, the full expenditure is deductible in the determination of taxable income. (2) The insurance paid for the loss of profits and fire and storm cover is deductible in the determination of taxable income under s 11(a) since it was incurred in the production of the income. (3) The portion of the donation of R16 000 not allowed as a deduction in the determination of taxable income, will be carried forward to its 2024 year of assessment but subject to the same limits. 101 Tax Workbook L Questions Question 6.1 (25 minutes) Nonyana (Pty) Ltd manufactures bird and poultry feed at a factory situated in Midrand. It is not a “small business corporation” as defined. Its accountant presents the following information for its 2023 financial year (ended on 28 February 2023): R Net income from manufacturing operations (this amount does not include the items of income and expenditure that follow): 1 217 296 Annuities paid (note1) 38 000 Insurance premiums paid (note2) 34 039 Selling and administration expenses (note 3) 22 000 Rentals incurred for factory – R6 000 a month payable on the first day of each month 72 000 New patent (note 4) 106 400 Expenditure on scientific research (note 5) 1 482 100 Dividend paid to holders of its shares on 31 January 2023 9 000 Notes (1) During Nonyana (Pty) Ltd 2023 year of assessment, two of its employees died as a result of an accident in the factory. At a directors’ meeting, it was decided that, as a special concession, the payment of the following annuities would be made to the families of the two deceased employees. This procedure would not become new company policy. Payment is to be made on an annual basis, commencing in December 2022: R Lindi Ntshalo – a life-time annuity 12 000 Linda Ntshalo, her minor son – an annuity for a period of 10 years 4 400 Khumo Kgomo – a life-time annuity 21 600 38 000 (2) Insurance premiums paid comprised the following: Loss of profits insurance Fire and storm insurance for its factory building and equipment R 16 600 17 439 34 039 102 Chapter 6 Special deductions (3) Selling and administration expenses comprised the following: R Parking fines that the directors considered to be a normal business expense Donation to the local university Rag fund (no s 18A receipt was obtained) Interest on overdraft raised to finance the payment of a dividend Repairs to its delivery vehicles Donation to a public benefit organisation (the prescribed s 18A receipt was obtained) Sundry expenses deductible in the determination of its taxable income 300 1 000 600 5 800 11 000 3 300 22 000 (4) Nonyana (Pty) Ltd purchased the patent for a new blend of bird food from an independent third party for R106 400. It was brought into use on 1 September 2022. (5) Scientific research in connection with its products commenced during the year in a special laboratory that was erected. The requirements of s 11D and other relevant sections in the Income Tax Act have been satisfied. The expenditure was incurred as follows: R Cost of laboratory brought into use on 1 December 2022 New and unused machine (but not pilot plant) for its laboratory brought into use on 1 December 2022 Research assistants’ salaries for the period 1 December 2022 – 28 February 2023 Materials used during the period 1 December 2022 – 28 February 2023 900 000 116 000 346 800 119 300 1 482 100 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Nonyana (Pty) Ltd’s normal tax liability for its 2023 year of assessment. Question 6.2 (15 minutes) Gagu Mabasa carries on a trade (as sole trader) as a manufacturer of toys. She sells her toys under the name Gagu Toys. The following information relates to the 2023 year of assessment: Gross profit Her gross profit for the year was R1 910 000. 103 Tax Workbook Bad and doubtful debts Included in her debtors outstanding at the end of the 2023 year of assessment are the following amounts: R Trade debtors that are irrecoverable 25 500 Loan to an ex-employee who absconded 8 350 Trade debtors that are considered to be doubtful (half of these debtors have been outstanding for more than 120 days while the other half of these debtors have been outstanding for more than 60 days but less than 120 days) 62 000 A doubtful debt allowance of R17 000 was deducted in the determination of her 2022 taxable income under s 11(j). Legal expenses Legal expenses of R9 000 were incurred on an appeal to the tax court against certain expenses not being deducted in the determination of her 2016 taxable income. The tax court found that the expenses incurred were of a capital nature. Legal expenses of R7 500 were incurred resulting from a claim by the parents of a child who developed an allergy after playing with a toy painted with a toxic paint. Gagu Mabasa settled the claim. It amounted to R35 000. Annuities The following annuities were incurred: R To the wife and two daughters of an employee who died during an accident in her factory, R3 000 each 9 000 To a retired employee who was injured in the same accident 5 500 (It is not Gagu Mabasa’s policy to make payments of this nature but she decided to make an exception in these two instances.) Operating expenses Gagu Mabasa’s operating expenses for the 2023 year of assessment were R1 258 000. These expenses are all deductible in the determination of her taxable income. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Gagu Mabasa’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment Question 6.3 (20 minutes) Qhawe Engineering (Pty) Ltd is in the business of consulting, research and manufacturing. Its head office is situated in Johannesburg and it has branches in Cape Town and Durban. Qhawe Engineering (Pty) Ltd is registered as a vendor. All amounts exclude value-added tax. During Qhawe Engineering (Pty) Ltd’s year of assessment ended 28 February 2023, it incurred, amongst other things, the following expenses: R Repairs (note 1) 165 000 Restraint of trade agreement (note 2) 2 000 000 Legal fees (note 3) 150 000 Gardening services (note 4) 120 000 Share incentive scheme (note 5) 700 000 Bonuses (note 6) 400 000 104 Chapter 6 Special deductions Notes (1) A secretary employed by Qhawe Engineering (Pty) Ltd overheard a comment by a client that its offices look dilapidated and did not fit its professional image. It therefore decided to improve the appearance of the building and to repair the building where necessary. The architect’s fees amounted to R20 000. The building contractor met his budget and the actual costs incurred were as follows: R Building contractor • Building façade (the principal front of a building, that faces on to a street or open space) 70 000 • Painting interior walls 60 000 Repairs to fixtures (for example, wall plugs) damaged or not working properly and replaced if necessary 15 000 (2) Qhawe Engineering (Pty) Ltd and Butho (Pty) Ltd went into a joint venture to commence a research project. The goal with this research project was to develop a sun heater wheel barrow to be used in rural areas where people do not have tap water and electricity. Butho (Pty) Ltd lost interest in this project and stopped financing it. Both parties knew that this was as breach of contract by Butho (Pty) Ltd, but after negotiations, an agreement was reached, and it was decided that Qhawe Engineering (Pty) Ltd would repay Butho (Pty) Ltd’s investment. Although Qhawe Engineering (Pty) agreed, the payment will be subject to a restraint of trade agreement applicable for five years from 1 April 2022. (3) The legal costs relate to the restraint of trade agreement (refer to note 2). (4) Garden and Cleaning Services CC have an excellent reputation and can pick and choose their clients. The contract that Qhawe Engineering (Pty) Ltd entered into with it states that the fees are paid upfront for one year. The amount was paid on the first business day in January 2023. (5) All Qhawe Engineering (Pty) Ltd’s full-time senior personnel, representing 40% of its employees, were given the opportunity to take up shares in it at no cost per share. According to an independent valuator, the market value of a share in it was R7 a share at that date. There are no restrictions on the shares. The value of the shares taken up by the senior personnel was R700 000. (6) Qhawe Engineering (Pty) Ltd’s management paid bonuses to all full-time employees in its 2023 year of assessment. The bonuses were paid on 31 March 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the amounts that Qhawe Engineering (Pty) Ltd may deduct in the determination of its taxable income for its year of assessment ending 28 February 2023. 105 Chapter 7 Capital allowances and recoupments L Introduction Section 11(a) of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as amended does not allow the deduction of expenditure and losses of a capital nature. Expenditure and losses are of a capital nature if they relate to the income-earning structure (rather than the income-earning operations). The Act provides elsewhere for the deduction of expenditure and losses of a capital nature. Examples of types of expenditures and legislation that apply to the income-earning structure and which will be dealt with in this chapter, are: • Fixed assets, including lease improvements and lease premiums in terms of ss 11(e), (cA), (f), (g), (h), (o), 11A, 12C, 13, 13sept, 13sex and 13quin. Examples of fixed assets are buildings, machinery, implements (including vehicles) and articles. Remember that if the taxpayer held any of the above-mentioned assets as trading stock, the trading stock is part of the income-earning operations. The intention is to speculate with the asset and not to hold it as part of the incomeearning structure. • Intellectual property (patents, models, trademarks, copyrights, etc.) in terms of ss 11(gB), (gC) and 11D. In terms of s 11(e), the Commissioner must prepare a list of periods of use for different assets. This list of write-off periods is provided in Binding General Ruling No. 7. All amounts exclude VAT, unless stated otherwise. L Contents The table gives an indication of the time needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that need to be known before attempting an example or question are provided, and the level of the example or question gives an indication of the difficulty of the question. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 7.1 (5 minutes) • Section 11(e) Basic Example 7.2 (10 minutes) • Section 11(e) Basic continued 107 Tax Workbook ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 7.3 (10 minutes) • Section 23C(1) • Section 12C Basic Example 7.4 (10 minutes) • Section 13(1) Basic Example 7.5 (20 minutes) • Section 11(a), (f) and (g) • Section 11A • Section 13(1) Intermediate Example 7.6 (15 minutes) • Section 13sex • Section 13sept Intermediate Example 7.7 (10 minutes) • Section 11(o) • Section 12C Basic Example 7.8 (60 minutes) • Section 8(4)(e) • Section 11(a), (cA), (d), (e), (f), (g), (gB) and (i) • Section 12C and 12H • Section 13(1) and 13quin Advanced Question 7.1 (30 minutes) • • • • Intermediate Question 7.2 (20 minutes) • Section 12C • Section 13(1) Intermediate Question 7.3 • Section 11(a), (c), (cA), (gA), (gB) • Section 12C • Section 13(1), 13sex and 13quin Advanced (20 minutes) Section 12C Section 8(4)(e) and (eB) Section 13(1) Section 24J L Examples Example 7.1 (5 minutes) On 1 July 2022, Thuso Mngani, an attorney carrying on business in the Republic, entered into a two-year instalment sale agreement for the purchase of a personal computer. An instalment of R450 was payable each month. Had he purchased the personal computer for cash, he would have paid R9 000. Interest of R952 is incurred in terms of s 24J during his 2023 year of assessment. The personal computer was delivered to his offices on 1 July 2022 and immediately brought into use. A three-year write-off period on personal computers is allowed for income tax purposes. Thuso Mngani’s practice is not registered for VAT. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine what effect the purchase of the personal computer will have on Thuso Mngani’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. 108 Chapter 7 Capital allowances and recoupments Solution 7.1 R Finance charges Finance charges in terms of s 24J for the 2023 year of assessment Wear-and-tear allowance (s 11(e)) On “cash” cost of R9 000 Over a three-year period for eight months: R9 000 × 1 / 3 × 8 / 12 2 000 Total deductions from Thuso Mngani’s taxable income 2 952 Example 7.2 952 (10 minutes) Xolani Zemvelo, a resident of the Republic, trades as a retailer in stationery. He purchased a new printer at a cash cost of R32 000. Delivery and transport charges were R1 000 and installation costs amounted to R750. The installation costs were incurred when an electrical power point had to be relocated to provide power to the printer, at a cost of R750, and when the floor had to be strengthened to hold the weight of the printer, at a cost of R1 500. Xolani Zemvelo is not registered for VAT. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss which amount Xolani Zemvelo can claim a s 11(e) allowance on. Solution 7.2 Section 11(e) allowance An allowance for wear-and-tear is available to Xolani Zemvelo on the cash cost of the printer. The cash cost to Xolani Zemvelo is made up as follows: R Purchase price 32 000 Delivery and transport 1 000 Electrical installation 750 Foundation alterations 1 500 35 250 This cash cost to a taxpayer is defined in proviso (vii) to s 11(e). This cost is the cost is the true cash cost including other direct costs incurred in the installation or erection of the asset. The costs were incurred in bringing the asset to a state where it can be used to produce income, costs including, for example, the electrical installation, form part of the cost of the asset. Delivery and transport fall into the same category as the electrical installation, but the foundation specifically forms part of the cost of the asset in terms of proviso (iiA). In this instance wear-and-tear would be allowed on R35 250, calculated for the period from the date that the printer was actually brought into use for trade purposes. Example 7.3 (10 minutes) Nene Ltd, a VAT vendor, purchased new machinery. It concluded the transaction for the purchase of this machinery on 1 June 2022 and committed itself to a purchase consideration of R230 000 (R200 000 plus R30 000 VAT). 109 Tax Workbook The supplier of this machinery was unable to supply the machinery on the contracted delivery date of 31 August 2022. (The supplier’s employees had been on strike and all delivery dates had to be revised.) Nene Ltd received the machinery on 30 November 2022. As a result of this delay, the supplier agreed to a reduced consideration of R207 000 (R180 000 plus R27 000 VAT) and issued an invoice for the amount. Nene Ltd brought this machinery into use in a process of manufacture on 1 December 2022. On 31 January 2023 it paid R207 000 to the supplier. Nene Ltd’s year of assessment ends on the last day of February. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss and calculate the capital allowances that Nene Ltd is entitled to (or will be entitled to). Solution 7.3 The cost for the s 12C allowance is the lesser of: • the cash arm’s length cost on the date on which the transaction for the purchase of the asset was in fact concluded; and • the actual cost. Therefore, the cost to Nene Ltd is R180 000. The VAT is excluded because Nene Ltd will obtain an input tax credit for the R27 000 VAT paid (s 23C(1)). The allowance is: • R72 000 (40% of R180 000) in its 2023 year of assessment; and • R36 000 (20% of R180 000) in its 2024, 2025 and 2026 years of assessment. The s 12C allowance is not apportioned if the period of use is less than a full year of assessment. Example 7.4 (10 minutes) Juba Ltd has always carried on its manufacturing business in leased premises. It commenced with the erection of its own factory on 1 December 2021. As at 28 February 2022 (the company’s year-end), R3 000 000 (excluding VAT) had been incurred on the construction of the factory. The factory was completed on 31 December 2022 at a total cost of R18 000 000 (excluding VAT). Juba Ltd used the factory for the first time in January 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the capital allowances for Juba Ltd, a VAT vendor, for the 2022 and 2023 years of assessment. Solution 7.4 Cost of factory at 28 February 2022 No tax allowances are available during the 2022 year of assessment because the factory has not yet been used for trade purposes. Cost of factory when complete Date brought into use: January 2023 Allowance: The s 13(1) annual allowance at a rate of 5%: R18 000 000 × 5% (for the 2023 year of assessment) 110 R 3 000 000 18 000 000 900 000 Chapter 7 Capital allowances and recoupments The s 13 allowance is not apportioned if the period of use is less than a full year of assessment. Example 7.5 (20 minutes) Rifumu Mathebula carries on a manufacturing business as a sole trader. He had to expand the production capacity of his business. After all options were investigated his financial adviser advised him to lease the adjacent plot and to conclude a lease agreement with his neighbour. Under a lease between Rifumu Mathebula (the lessee) and the owner-lessor, a taxpayer, a plot of land was leased by him for 20 years from 1 April 2022. Rifumu Mathebula is a vendor, and you may assume that all amounts exclude VAT where applicable. The lease agreement provides for: • a rental of R2 000 a month, payable from completion date; • a lease premium of R96 000 to be paid on 1 April 2022; and • an industrial building to be erected on the land at a cost of R1 920 000. The industrial building was duly erected at a cost of R2 400 000. It was completed on 31 August 2022 and brought into use a day later on 1 September 2022. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the amounts to be deducted in the determination of Rifumu Mathebula’s 2023 taxable income, arising from the above lease agreement. Solution 7.5 Amounts deductible in the determination of taxable income Rental incurred (under s 11(a)): R2 000 a month for six months Lease premium allowance (in terms of s 11(f )) (note 1): R96 000 / 20 years × 6 / 12 since it is used for the carrying on of a trade for only six months (see the opening words of s 11) Obligatory improvements allowance (in terms of s 11(g)): R1 920 000 / 19 years and 7 months × 6 / 12 since it is used for the carrying on of a trade for only six months (see the opening words of s 11) Industrial building allowances Cost Less: Section 11(g) allowances (in total) R 12 000 2 400 49 021 2 400 000 (1 920 000) 480 000 Section 13 allowance (5% on R480 000) 24 000 Note 1: It is submitted that s 11A does not apply because Rifumu Mathebula is already trading, and the premium does not relate to a new trade. 111 Tax Workbook Example 7.6 (15 minutes) Anzani Limited bought 10 flats on 19 April 2022 (date on which ownership was transferred) in a newly erected building from the developer, at a total cost of R200 000 each. The flats are rented out to bona fide employees for R1 000 a month and were occupied on 1 May 2022. The employees have the option to buy a flat for R200 000. The purchase will be financed by an interest-free loan from the employer. The loan is repayable in six-monthly instalments of R10 000. Only one employee exercised this option, and ownership was transferred on 1 August 2022. The employee repaid R10 000 of the loan on 31 January 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss and calculate the deductions that Anzani Limited may claim for the year of assessment ending 31 March 2023. Solution 7.6 Anzani Limited qualifies for a s 13sex allowance on the flats rented out. The taxpayer owns at least five new and unused residential units that are situated in the Republic and are used for trade purposes. All ten residential units qualify for the deduction because the unit was not sold during a previous year. The taxpayer qualifies for the 5% allowance as well as a further 5% allowance, because the units qualify as low-cost residential units. A low-cost residential unit is defined as an apartment the cost of which does not exceed R350 000 and the owner of which does not charge rentals of more than 1% of that cost. Because the flats are part of a building that was erected by the developer, the allowances are based on 55% of the cost price. The s 13sex deduction is calculated as follows: R200 000 × 10 units × (5% + 5%) × 55% (part of building purchased) = R110 000. (The sale of a unit to an employee will result in a s 8(4)(a) recoupment.) The s 13sept allowance on the low-cost residential unit sold to the employee (financed by an interest-free loan) is calculated on the outstanding loan amount at the end of the year of assessment, at 10% of the outstanding amount. The deduction amounts to: R190 000 (R200 000 – R10 000) × 10% = R19 000. (Repayments of the loan by the employee in any subsequent year will result in a recoupment in terms of s 13sept(4) of the lesser of the amount repaid or the aggregate of all amounts allowed as a deduction in terms of s 13sept.) Example 7.7 (10 minutes) Ukhozi (Pty) Ltd’s financial year ends on the last day of February. All amounts exclude VAT where applicable. On 1 January 2021, Ukhozi (Pty) Ltd purchased a new machine under a cash arm’s length transaction for R100 000. On the same day it brought this machine into use in a process of manufacture. On 31 August 2022, Ukhozi (Pty) Ltd ceased using this machine after it was burnt due to an electrical fault. On the same day its remains were sold to a scrap-metal dealer for R1 000. Ukhozi (Pty) Ltd then claimed for the loss of this machine from its insurer. On 15 February 2023, its insurer awarded it R15 000 as full and final settlement for its claim. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the normal tax consequences, including capital gains tax consequences, arising out of the purchase and sale of this machine. 112 Chapter 7 Capital allowances and recoupments Solution 7.7 Normal tax Cost of machine Less: Section 12C capital allowance (at 40%) R 100 000 40 000 Tax value on 28 February 2021 Less: Section 12C capital allowance (at 20%) 60 000 20 000 Tax value on 28 February 2022 Less: Section 12C capital allowance (at 20%) 40 000 20 000 Tax value on 31 August 2022 20 000 Proceeds Sold for Insurance settlement (ex VAT) Less: Tax value 1 000 15 000 (20 000) Scrapping allowance (in terms of s 11(o)) (4 000) Capital gains tax Proceeds (R16 000 – recoupment of Rnil) Less: Base cost (R100 000 – R80 000 – R4 000) Capital gain (capital loss) 16 000 16 000 – Example 7.8 (60 minutes) Gagasi Ltd (a resident company) manufactures different brands of breakfast cereals in the Republic. The company is registered for VAT purposes. The following preliminary income statement of the company for the financial year 1 October 2021 to 30 September 2022 is at your disposal. All amounts exclude VAT, unless stated otherwise. Note R Sales 282 500 200 Less: Cost of sales (107 400 300) Gross profit (taxable) Add: Other income Interest received Profit on sale of asset 175 099 900 1 2 Income Less: Operating expenses Repairs and moving costs Depreciation Leasehold improvements and related expenses Bad debts – trade debtors Salaries and wages Scientific research expenditure Trade mark Other tax-deductible expenditure Net profit before tax 5 160 000 500 000 180 759 900 3 2 4 5 6 7 445 000 9 248 256 23 620 000 125 000 33 344 759 1 705 000 38 800 96 844 000 (165 370 815) 15 389 085 113 Tax Workbook Notes (1) Gagasi Ltd earned interest on investments at local financial institutions. (2) Profit on sale of fixed asset and depreciation provided: • Machine B (with a tax value of Rnil) was sold for R360 000 (less than the original cost) on 30 November 2021 to a non-connected party. • Manufacturing machine C (new) was purchased on 1 June 2022 for R2 500 000 (including all related qualifying costs) and brought into use on 1 July 2022 in the new industrial building in Cape Town. • Two delivery trucks were purchased for R420 000 each on 1 June 2022 and were immediately bought into use. The approved write-off period on trucks in terms of Binding General Ruling No. 7 is four years. • The industrial (factory) building was erected in Gauteng during 2010 at a total cost of R20 255 000 and brought into use on 1 September 2010. • A contract was concluded on 1 July 2021 to erect a new office block at a cost of R8 000 000 in Gauteng. The office block was brought into use on 1 February 2022. • Depreciation on motor vehicles and office equipment amounts to R6 900 250 and corresponds with the allowable write-off periods as stated in Binding General Ruling No. 7. (3) Repairs and moving costs consist of: R • Machine D (fully written off for tax purposes) was upgraded, and the machine now produces twice its former production output. The machine is as good as new. The cost of the original machine amounted to R200 000. The cost of the R275 000 upgrade qualifies for a 40% allowance in terms of s 12C 275 000 • Machine E (fully written-off for tax purposes) was moved to the new factory in Cape Town (note 4) and brought into use on 1 July 2022. 120 000 • Foundation relating to machine E 50 000 445 000 (4) On 31 October 2021, the company signed a 20-year lease contract with immediate effect. In terms of the contract, Gagasi Ltd had to erect another industrial building at a cost of R20 000 000 on the same premises. The lessor gave no further specifications. The building was completed on 30 June 2022 at a cost of R23 000 000 and brought into use on 1 July 2022. The lease premium of R500 000 was paid on the signing of the contract, and the monthly rental of R15 000 was payable from the signing of the lease contract. The original industrial building was occupied and brought into use immediately after the signing of the lease agreement. (5) The following transactions relate to the amount of salaries and wages deducted in the income statement: • One of the research assistants resigned due to differences between herself and the supervisor. She accepted an amount of R90 000 as part of a restraint of trade agreement. The restraint of trade agreement is valid for a two-year period, and the amount was paid on 31 August 2022. 114 Chapter 7 Capital allowances and recoupments • On 1 February 2022, Gagasi Ltd entered into a six-month registered learnership agreement with one of its existing disabled employees on an NQF level 7, Bran Brown. Gagasi Ltd complies with all the requirements set by the Commissioner with regards to learnership agreements, in terms of s 12H. • All other amounts included in salaries and wages are tax deductible. (6) Gagasi Ltd conducts qualifying technological research and development activities. The research activities were approved by the Department of Science and Technology. The management of Gagasi Ltd decided to employ a team of experts, in order to create a new nutritious, affordable breakfast cereal. A patent would ultimately be registered in terms of the Patents Act. The following amounts were spent during the period 1 May 2022 to 30 September 2022: R Cost of laboratory (exclusively used for this research), brought into use for the first time on 1 May 2022 900 000 New and unused machinery (exclusively used for this research) for the laboratory, brought into use on 2 May 2022 350 000 Research assistants’ salaries 440 000 Materials consumed 15 000 1 705 000 (7) During the year, Gagasi Ltd registered its environmentally friendly logo as a trade mark to be included on all future product packaging. The cost of registering the trade mark amounted to R38 800. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income of Gagasi Ltd for its year of assessment ending on 30 September 2022, starting with the net profit before tax of R15 389 085. Solution 7.8 Description Net profit before tax Gross profit Interest received Profit on sale of asset, depreciation and moving costs Machine A Depreciation Repairs and moving costs Recoupment – machine B (s 8(4)(e)) Machine C (s s 12C) Delivery trucks (s 11(e)) Factory building (s 13(1)) Calculation/reason No adjustment – taxable (information provided) No interest exemption for companies Deduct accounting profit Add back accounting depreciation Add back accounting entry R2 500 000 × 40% (R420 000 × 2) / 4 years × 4 / 12 R20 255 000 × 5% R 15 389 085 – – (500 000) 9 248 256 445 000 360 000 (1 000 000) (70 000) (1 012 750) continued 115 Tax Workbook Office block (s 13quin) Other assets (s 11(e)) Machine D (s 12C) Machine E (s 12C) Moving costs Machine E Foundation Leasehold improvements Lease premium (s 11(f)) Lease improvements (s 11(g)) Factory building (s 13(1)) on excess Rentals (s 11(a)) Bad debts (s 11(i)) Salaries and wages: Restraint of trade (s 11(cA)) Learnership agreements (s 12H) Scientific research expenditure (s 11D, 12C(1)(gA) and s 13(1)(d)) Trade mark (s 11(gB)) Other expenditure Taxable income R8 000 000 × 5% (400 000) Amount provided (6 900 250) R275 000 × 40% (as the repairs leads to increase in capacity it needs to be capitalised. The amount qualifies for the (110 000) s 12C allowance on the cost) Deductible in full because there is no remaining write-off period for the machine (120 000) Deductible in full because there is no remaining write-off period for the machine (50 000) Add back accounting entry 23 620 000 R500 000 / 20 years × 11 / 12 R20 000 000 / (19 years and 4 months) × 3 / 12 R3 000 000 × 5% R15 000 × 11 months Trade debtors written off – deductible as previously included in taxable income and taken into account in calculating the net profit before tax (22 917) (258 621) (150 000) (165 000) – Add accounting entry 90 000 Deduction limited to the lesser of: R90 000 / 2 years = R45 000; or R90 000 / 3 = R30 000, therefore (30 000) Allowance on a registered learnership agreement entered into by Gagasi Ltd, with a disabled learner (Bran Brown), who at the time of entering into that agreement was employed by Gagasi Ltd. Commencement allowance: R50 000 × 6 / 12 (25 000) Completion allowance (50 000) 1 705 000 Reverse accounting treatment Cost of laboratory (exclusively used for this research), brought into use for the first time on 1 May 2022: 5% × R900 000 (45 000) New and unused machinery (exclusively used for this research) for the laboratory, brought into use on 2 May 2022: R350 000 × 50% (175 000) Section 11D expenses incurred (R440 000 + R15 000) × 150% deduction (682 500) Registration of trade mark – deductible in full – Tax deductible – given – 39 090 303 116 Chapter 7 Capital allowances and recoupments L Questions Question 7.1 (30 minutes) The following information relates to Bantam Manufacturing Ltd, a resident of the Republic, for its 2023 year of assessment (which ended on 28 February 2023). Bantam Manufacturing Ltd is a VAT vendor and all amounts exclude VAT where applicable. Bantam Manufacturing Ltd will elect any option available to it that will defer its normal tax liability. • A factory machine was destroyed by fire on 31 May 2022. It cost R70 000 on 1 February 2021. Its tax value at 28 February 2022 was R28 000. (It qualified for the s 12C capital allowance.) Proceeds from its insurer were R82 500 (excluding VAT), and it was replaced by a new machine, purchased under a 36-month instalment credit sale agreement on 1 September 2022, at a cash price of R112 500 plus finance charges of R31 500. The payments amounted to R4 000 per month from 1 September 2022 to 31 August 2025. This new replacement machine was brought into use on 1 January 2023. In terms of s 24J, the interest was R6 096 for the first four months and R2 838 for the next two months. • Another manufacturing machine was also destroyed by the same fire on 31 May 2022. It had cost R35 250 on 1 November 2020. Its tax value at 28 February 2022 was R14 100. (It qualified for the s 12C capital allowance at a rate of 20%.) Proceeds from its insurer were R27 000. This machine was replaced by a used machine, which was purchased for R90 000 cash on 1 July 2022 and brought into use on the same day. • An additional factory building was erected at a cost of R7 700 000. It was brought into use on 1 November 2022. The erection of this building commenced on 1 November 2021. • A further factory building, which cost R8 000 000, was brought into use on 1 February 2023. The erection of this building commenced on 1 July 2022. The value-added tax consequences of each transaction have been correctly accounted for. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the inclusions in, and deductions from, the gross income of Bantam Manufacturing Ltd for its 2023 year of assessment. Also, calculate any capital gain or loss that will be taken into account in the determination of Bantam Manufacturing Ltd’s aggregate capital gain or loss for its 2023 year of assessment. Question 7.2 (30 minutes) Umcebo Ltd is a resident of the Republic with a February year-end. Umcebo Ltd is a VAT vendor. It manufactures chicken breeding batteries from a factory situated in Pietermaritzburg. The land that the factory is erected on belongs to Umcebo Ltd. It erected the factory building on this land. It also erected a large warehouse on the same premises. This warehouse is a separate building from the factory building. The warehouse did not qualify for any capital allowances. After a feasibility study had been carried out, it was agreed that Umcebo Ltd would now also manufacture cattle-feed troughs. A factory was needed to house the cattle-feed troughs. As the warehouse was being under-utilised, it was altered into the required factory. 117 Tax Workbook Alterations and additions commenced on 1 May 2022. The buildings were completed on 31 October 2022, at a cost of R600 000. The warehouse had originally cost R150 000 to erect. Production commenced in this factory building (the converted warehouse) on 1 November 2022. The industrial capacity of this factory was considerably increased as a result of its conversion from a warehouse. The following four machines were ordered by Umcebo Ltd on 1 September 2022 for its cattle-feed trough division: • Machine 1 was brought into use on 1 November 2022. It was purchased new and cost R51 750 (R45 000 plus R6 750 VAT) cash. • Machine 2 was brought into use on 1 December 2022. It was purchased as a second-hand machine and cost R34 500 (R30 000 plus R4 500 VAT) cash. • Machine 3 was brought into use on 1 February 2023. It was purchased as a second-hand machine and it cost R42 750. As Machine 3 was purchased from a non-vendor, no VAT was paid on the purchase consideration. Umcebo Ltd, however, qualified for a notional input tax deduction for VAT purposes of R5 250 on the purchase consideration. • A further machine, Machine 4 (a second-hand machine), was given (donated) to Umcebo Ltd by a manufacturer who had recently ceased business. Had Umcebo Ltd purchased this machine it would have had to pay R15 000 (excluding VAT) for it. Machine 4 was brought into use on 1 December 2022. Because the machine does not have a cost price, the company qualifies for a deduction in terms of s 11(e). The acceptable write-off period in terms of Binding General Ruling No. 7 is four years on the value of the machine. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate all the tax allowances and deductions that Umcebo Ltd is entitled to in its 2023 year of assessment, arising out of the transactions it entered into with the establishment of its cattle-feed trough manufacturing division. Question 7.3 (20 minutes) Nghwazi Engineering (Pty) Ltd designs and manufactures machinery according to client’s specifications. Nghwazi Engineering (Pty) Ltd is not a small business corporation enterprise as defined in s 12E. The budget for the cost of capital investment for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023 was as follows: R Industrial building and plant (note 1) 25 000 000 Housing for employees (note 2) 2 640 000 Administrative offices (note 3) 9 000 000 Design and register trademark (note 4) 500 000 Acquisition of design as defined in the Designs Act 195 of 1993 (note 5) 700 000 Restraint of trade agreement (note 6) 5 000 000 Cost machine manufactured by Engineering (Pty) Ltd for own use (note 7) 118 900 000 Chapter 7 Capital allowances and recoupments Notes (1) R18 000 000 will be spent on the new and unused plant to expand the production line. The industrial building must be altered and improved to make provision for the plant as mentioned above. The estimated cost of the improvements to be made to the building is R7 000 000. (2) The estimated housing costs are made up as follows: • Housing on premises will consist of two residential units. It was decided to make provision for the plant managers and security personnel to live on the premises when on duty. Their hours are not fixed, and they cannot be expected to travel from their home at short notice. The units will be basic apartments and provided free of charge. Two residential units will be built at a cost of R300 000 each. • Three apartments will be bought from a developer within walking distance from the office. The cost of each apartment will be R680 000. The apartments will be used for housing of non-resident contractors. (3) The administrative office will be bought from a developer. (4) All its competitors have brand names and logos. It was thus important to follow this trend. An advertising company will devise the logo and brand name. It will be registered as a trade mark under the Trademark Act. (5) The company is in the process of buying a design from a young engineering student for R700 000. The directors know that his design is worth a lot of money. The student is ecstatic and accepted the offer of R700 000. (6) The company entered into a restraint of trade agreement in the prior year with one of its competitors, Muhali CC. The contract stipulates that R5 000 000 will be payable over a five-year period. At the end of the end of each year it will be established if there was a breach of contract before any payments are made. (7) The market value of a similar machine is R1 200 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED to calculate the deductions and allowances that Nghwazi Engineering (Pty) Ltd may claim, if the estimates are assumed to be correct, for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023. Round all amounts off to the nearest thousand rand. 119 Chapter 8 Individuals L Introduction The examples and questions in this chapter illustrate the taxation of a natural person (who is a resident of the Republic) for his/her 2023 year of assessment. Further aspects covered include the following: • receipts and accruals (excluding fringe benefits, dealt with in chapter 17, and lump sums, dealt with in chapter 16); • exemptions; • deductions relating to sole traders; • deductions relating only to individuals, for example, pension, provident and retirement annuity fund contributions; • donations to certain qualifying public benefit organisations; • section 6 and 6quat rebates; • section 6A and 6B tax credits. To answer the examples and questions, it is necessary to keep in mind the framework for the calculation of the normal tax liability and the amount payable or due to the taxpayer. Framework The basic framework for calculating taxable income is as follows: “Gross income” as defined Less: Exempt income Gives: “Income” as defined Add: Portion of allowances not used for business purposes (s 8) Less: Deductions and allowances (All s 11 and other deductions except for ss 11F and 18A) Add: Taxable capital gain (Eighth Schedule) Less: Section 11F contributions to any retirement fund Less: Donations to qualifying public benefit organisations Gives: “Taxable income” as defined Calculation of amount payable or refundable: Normal tax payable in accordance with the tax table (natural persons) Less: Rebates (s 6 (natural persons only) and s 6quat (resident taxpayers)) Less: Credit (s 6A (medical scheme fees tax credit)) Less: Credit (s 6B (additional medical expenses tax credit)) Gives: Normal tax liability Less: Prepaid tax (employees’ tax and provisional tax) Gives: Amount payable or (refundable) 121 Tax Workbook L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that is needed to complete the example or question. The relevant provisions (sections or paragraphs of the legislation) that must be known before attempting the example or question are provided. The level of the example or question gives an indication of the difficulty of the question. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 8.1 (15 minutes) • Section 18A – donations to public benefit organisations Example 8.2 (30 minutes) • Section 6B – additional medical expenses tax credit Intermediate Example 8.3 (30 minutes) • Section 11(a) – general deduction formula • Section 11(c) – legal costs • Section 11(e) – wear-and-tear or depreciation • Section 23(b) – home office • Section 23(g) – apportionment of private and business expenses • Section 23(m) – limitation of deductions by employees Intermediate Example 8.4 (30 minutes) • Section 10(1)(i) and (k) – certain exemptions • Section 11F – pension fund and retirement annuity fund contributions • Section 11(nA) – income refunded • Section 23(f) – prohibited deductions • Section 26A – taxable capital gain Intermediate Example 8.5 (45 minutes) • Section 6 – personal rebates • Section 6A – medical scheme fees tax credit • Section 6B – additional medical expenses tax credit • Section 6quat – foreign taxes rebate • Section 7(2) – deemed accrual for spouses • Section 10(1)(i) – interest exemption • Section 11F – retirement annuity fund contributions • Section 18A – donations to public benefit organisations Advanced Example 8.6 (20 minutes) • Section 20A – ring-fencing of assessed losses Question 8.1 (20 minutes) Combined question Intermediate Question 8.2 (40 minutes) Combined question Intermediate Question 8.3 (45 minutes) Combined question Advanced Question 8.4 (45 minutes) Combined question Advanced 122 Chapter 8 Individuals L Examples Example 8.1 (15 minutes) The following three taxpayers, all of whom are under the age of 65 years, have made donations to a qualifying public benefit organisation. The necessary s 18A receipts were obtained. These taxpayers would now like to know what their taxable incomes will be. Details of their receipts and accruals and expenditure: Arthur R 613 000 17 500 2 000 Billy R 880 000 21 500 – Colin R 550 000 28 800 1 500 Arthur R 613 000 17 500 Billy R 880 000 21 500 Colin R 550 000 28 800 (17 500) 2 000 (2 000) (21 500) – – (23 800) 1 500 (1 500) 613 000 – 880 000 (900 000) 555 000 – Taxable income before s 18A allowance Section 18A allowance Actual donation, limited to 10% of taxable income before s 18A Arthur: R800 limited to 10% × R613 000 Billy: R1 000 limited to Rnil Colin: R20 000 limited to 10% × R555 000 Less: Section 18A allowance (see above) 613 000 (20 000) 555 000 Taxable income/(assessed loss) 612 200 Director’s fees Interest from taxable investments Interest from “tax free investment” Assessed loss from a failed business venture, brought forward from 2022 (not ring-fenced) – 900 000 – Donation to an approved public benefit organisation 800 1 000 20 000 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine each taxpayer’s taxable income or assessed loss for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 8.1 Director’s fees Interest from taxable investments Less: Exempt first R23 800 in terms of s 10(1)(i), but limited to actual Interest from “tax free investment” Less: Exempt in full in terms of s 12T Less: Assessed loss brought forward (800) – (20 000) (20 000) 535 000 Note: The disallowed donation made by Billy as a result of the actual donation exceeding the 10% limit may be carried forward to the 2024 year of assessment. The excess shall be deemed to be a donation actually paid in that year of assessment. 123 Tax Workbook Example 8.2 (30 minutes) Listed below are six case studies concerning medical expenses incurred and paid by taxpayers during the 2023 year of assessment. You may assume that the taxpayers and their dependants were members of their respective medical schemes throughout the year of assessment, and no person is a person with a “disability” as defined (unless stated otherwise). (1) Annie Adams is 40 years old and self-employed. She, her husband and their two minor children are members of a registered medical scheme. She contributed R5 500 a month to the medical scheme. In addition, she paid qualifying medical expenses of R10 500 that were not reimbursed by the medical scheme. Her taxable income was R250 000. (2) Betty Black is 50 years old. She, her husband and their three minor children are members of a registered medical scheme. Her employer made monthly contributions of R3 500 to the medical scheme, while she also contributed R3 500 a month. The employer’s monthly contributions resulted in a benefit of R42 000 in terms of paragraph 12A of the Seventh Schedule. She paid qualifying medical expenses of R10 500 that were not reimbursed by the medical scheme. Her taxable income was R280 000. (3) Cathy Cohen is 70 years old and retired. She and her husband are members of a registered medical scheme. She contributed R1 500 a month to the medical scheme. She also paid qualifying medical expenses of R20 000 that were not reimbursed by the medical scheme. Her taxable income was R140 000. (4) David Devine is 40 years old and self-employed. He, his wife and his four minor children are members of a registered medical scheme. His wife is a person with a “disability” as defined. He contributed R6 500 a month to the medical scheme. He also paid qualifying medical expenses of R10 500 that were not reimbursed by the medical scheme. His taxable income was R360 000. (5) Eric Edison is 75 years old and retired. He is a member of a registered medical scheme. Since his retirement, his previous employer has continued to contribute R5 000 a month to the medical scheme for his membership of it. He does not contribute to the medical scheme. He paid qualifying medical expenses of R25 000 that were not reimbursed by the medical scheme. His taxable income was R180 000. (6) Fran Ferguson is 45 years old. She, her husband and her minor child are members of a registered medical scheme. Her employer contributed R3 700 a month to the medical scheme. She contributed R500 a month to the scheme. The taxable benefit relating to her employer’s contribution to the medical scheme, calculated according to the provisions of paragraph 12A of the Seventh Schedule, was R3 700 a month. She paid qualifying medical expenses of R11 590 that were not reimbursed by the medical scheme. Her taxable income before the inclusion of the above taxable fringe benefit was R247 400. YOU ARE REQUIRED to calculate the s 6B additional medical expenses tax credit of each of the above taxpayers for his/her 2023 year of assessment. 124 Chapter 8 Individuals Solution 8.2 (1) Annie Adams Section 6B: Additional medical expenses tax credit Contributions to medical scheme of R66 000 (R5 500 × 12); Less: 4 × s 6A credit (4 × (R694 + (R234 × 2)) ×12) Add: Qualifying expenses not reimbursed by medical scheme Reduced by R18 750 (7,5% of taxable income of R250 000) R R 66 000 (55 776) 10 224 10 500 20 724 (18 750) 1 974 Section 6B tax credit (R1 974 × 25%) 494 (2) Betty Black Section 6B: Additional medical expenses tax credit Contributions to medical scheme of R84 000, being own contributions of R42 000 (R3 500 × 12) and fringe benefit of R42 000. Less: 4 × s 6A credit (4 × (R694 + (R234 × 3)) × 12) Add: Qualifying expenses not reimbursed by medical scheme Reduced by R21 000 (7,5% of taxable income of R280 000) R R 84 000 (67 008) 16 992 10 500 27 492 (21 000) 6 492 Section 6B tax credit (R6 492× 25%) 1 623 (3) Cathy Cohen Section 6B: Additional medical expenses tax credit Contributions to medical scheme R1 500 × 12 months Less: 3 × s 6A credit (3 × (R694 × 12)) Add: Qualifying expenses not reimbursed by medical scheme R R 18 000 (24 984) – 20 000 20 000 Multiplied by 33,3% equals the s 6B tax credit (4) David Devine Section 6B: Additional medical expenses tax credit Contributions to medical scheme (R6 500 × 12) Less: 3 × s 6A credit (3 × (R694 + (R234 × 4)) × 12) Add: Qualifying expenses not reimbursed by medical scheme 6 660 R R 78 000 (58 680) 19 320 10 500 29 820 Section 6B tax credit (R29 820 × 33,3%) 9 930 125 Tax Workbook (5) Eric Edison R Section 6B: Additional medical expenses tax credit Contributions to medical scheme (not applicable because the contribution by his employer has a nil value under para 12A(5)(a) and also no s 6A credit) Add: Qualifying expenses not reimbursed by medical scheme R – 25 000 25 000 Section 6B credit (R25 0000 × 33,3%) 8 325 (6) Fran Ferguson R R Section 6B: Additional medical expenses tax credit Contributions to medical scheme (own contributions of R6 000 (R500 × 12 months) and fringe benefit of R44 400) Less: 4 × s 6A credit (4 × (R694 + R234) × 12) 50 400 (44 544) Add: Qualifying expenses not reimbursed by medical scheme 5 856 11 590 Reduced by R21 885 (7,5% of taxable income of R291 800 (R247 400 plus fringe benefit of R44 400)) 17 446 (21 885) – Section 6B credit (Rnil × 25%) – Example 8.3 (30 minutes) Mpho Madlala is employed by an insurer to sell life insurance policies. He earns a fixed salary of R440 000 a year, and also receives an entertainment allowance of R5 000 a month to be used to entertain future policyholders on behalf of his employer (see below). He does not earn commission. During the 2023 year of assessment, Mpho also earned R400 000 in his spare time as a freelance computer programmer. Mpho is not a vendor. Mpho incurred the following expenses during the 2023 year of assessment in respect of his employment: R • Lunches enjoyed with future policyholders (including Mpho’s lunches, costing R6 000) • Tickets for sporting events presented to managers of businesses in the area who may be persuaded to invest in “key-man” policies 48 000 30 000 He funded the above expenses out of his entertainment allowance to the extent of R60 000, and out of his own pocket to the extent of R18 000. 126 Chapter 8 Individuals To promote his computer programming activities, Mpho incurred the following expenses during the 2023 year of assessment: R • Entrance fee to join the local squash club, where he hopes to meet business contacts 5 000 • Annual membership fee at the local squash club 24 000 • Drinks and snacks at the club with other members (including Mpho’s own costs of R4 000) 21 000 • Ballpoint pens advertising his computer-programming services, presented to fellow squash players 3 000 Mpho has been conducting his computer programming business from his home since 1 July 2021. His office at home occupies 10% of the total floor area of his home. He also uses the television room (which occupies 5% of the floor area) as an office during the day. Both rooms have been specifically equipped for business purposes. He incurred the following expenses during the 2023 year of assessment on his home: • • • • • Mortgage bond repayments (R23 000 relating to capital repayments) Cleaning and maintenance New built-in cupboards installed in his office at home Electricity, water and rates Telephone (80% of its use being for his business). The Commissioner accepts this apportionment as being reasonable in terms of s 23(g). R 240 000 60 000 40 000 66 000 17 600 Mpho purchased computer equipment on 1 July 2022 at a cost of R112 500, which was brought into use immediately. (The acceptable write-off period of the equipment is three years.) During the 2023 year of assessment, Mpho incurred legal expenses in connection with: R • a court dispute with the local municipality relating to his right to use his home for business purposes (the decision was given in his favour); • the recovery of his trade debtors; and • attempting to recover R5 000 in cash stolen from his computer programming receipts by his assistant during December 2022, and a loan of R20 000 she still owed him at the time of her disappearance. She earned R30 000 a month for the two months that she was employed. 50 000 10 000 4 000 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO explain to Mpho whether the above expenses are deductible in determining his taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 8.3 Entertainment expenditure Entertainment expenditure incurred in respect of his employment is not deductible. As his remuneration is not normally derived mainly in the form of commission, the entertainment expenditure incurred by him of R78 000 (R48 000 and R30 000) is not deductible in terms of s 23(m). The fact that he receives an entertainment 127 Tax Workbook allowance does not alter this fact. The entertainment allowance must be included in taxable income in full. (Please note that had Mpho, however, received a reimbursement or an advance for expenditure to be incurred on the instruction of his employer, and proof was provided to the employer that such expenditure was wholly incurred as aforesaid, it would not be taxable.) The deduction of the entertainment expenditure incurred in respect of his programming activities is subject to the provisions of s 11(a), and Mpho must prove that the non-capital costs were incurred in the production of his income. The initial entrance fee at the squash club is therefore not deductible, because it is of a capital nature, while the membership fee (R24 000), drinks and snacks (including his own) of R21 000, are deductible – provided that he can submit proof that the expenses were incurred in the production of income. Advertising expenditure The R3 000 incurred for the ballpoint pens is an advertising expense (and not entertainment). It was incurred in the production of his income from his computer programming activities and is therefore deductible in terms of s 11(a). Home office expenditure He may deduct the cost of the expenses on his home, in proportion to the floor area occupied by his office at home as a percentage of his total floor area, because his office at home is specifically equipped for the purposes of his trade and is regularly and exclusively used for this purpose (s 23(b)). Expenses relating to the television room are not deductible, as the room was not used exclusively for this purpose, although it was specifically equipped for it. The following other expenses may be claimed in terms of ss 11(a) and 23(g): • Mortgage bond repayments (interest portion only) • Cleaning and maintenance • Built-in cupboards (capital expense and no s 11(e) allowance as they form part of the permanent structure of his home) • Electricity, water and rates R 217 000 60 000 – 66 000 343 000 Deduction: 10% (in relation to the “trade” floor area) Telephone (80% × R17 600 for trade use) 34 300 14 080 48 380 Wear-and-tear allowance A wear-and-tear allowance on computer equipment may be claimed in terms of s 11(e). The allowance is R25 000 (R112 500 / 3 years × 8 / 12) for the 2023 year of assessment. Legal expenses • Legal expenses relating to the right to use his home for business purposes are incurred for the purpose of attaining an enduring trade benefit, therefore of a capital nature and not deductible. • Legal expenses of R10 000 for the collection of his trade debts are deductible in terms of s 11(c). 128 Chapter 8 Individuals • Legal expenses incurred in recovering the cash stolen is deductible in terms of ss 11(a) and 23(g), while the legal costs incurred in recovering the outstanding loan of R20 000 is not deductible. The deductible portion of the R4 000 legal fees is thus R800 (R5 000 / R25 000 × R4 000). It can be argued that cash is floating capital and not fixed capital, and that there is a close connection between Mpho’s business operations and the risk of petty theft of this nature. Also, the actual loss of R5 000 is tax deductible. The legal expenses relating to the irrecoverable loan of R20 000 are, however, of a capital nature as Mpho is not a moneylender. Also, the bad-debt deduction in terms of s 11(i) is unavailable, as the debt never formed part of his income. (The salary paid to his assistant of R60 000 (R30 000 × 2 months) is deductible in terms of s 11(a).) Example 8.4 (30 minutes) Listed below are details of the receipts and accruals and expenditure of four taxpayers for the 2023 year of assessment. Ignore the provisions of any double tax agreements. Khokho Mosea Khokho Mosea is 25 years old and married out of community of property. Receipts and accruals Salary Interest from a local bank (not a “tax free investment” as per s 12T) Dividends on share investments in – Republic private companies – Republic public companies – United Kingdom public companies (note), the equivalent of Expenditure Interest incurred on a loan raised to purchase the shares in the Republic private companies R 204 000 19 150 700 300 3 800 1 000 Note The shares in the United Kingdom public companies were bequeathed to Bernard Apple by his father, who was not a resident of the Republic. The dividends on these shares are not exempt from normal tax in terms of s 10B(2). Themba Mnisi Themba Mnisi is 29 years old and not married. Receipts and accruals Salary Amount in lieu of leave not taken during the year Annual bonus from employer Interest on Malawian Government bonds – the equivalent of Interest on a fixed deposit with a bank in the Republic Rental from rent-producing property in Malawi – the equivalent of R 144 000 4 800 12 000 3 320 9 440 36 280 continued 129 Tax Workbook Expenditure Interest incurred on a mortgage bond (loan) to finance the purchase of his private residence Medical expenses paid by Themba Mnisi. He is not a member of a medical scheme Pension contributions (based solely on his salary) Maintenance and rates on the Malawian rent-producing property – the equivalent of 12 480 19 155 7 200 8 400 Lebo and Sarah Pule Lebo Pule is 28 years old and his wife, Sarah Pule, is 25 years old. They are married out of community of property. Receipts and accruals R Salary (Lebo) – Government 298 200 Salary (Sarah) – Greens Limited 281 250 Interest (not from “tax free investment”) (Lebo) 29 500 Local dividends (Sarah) 2 800 Taxable capital gain (i.e. after applying the inclusion rate of 40%) (Sarah) 2 250 Expenditure Retirement annuity fund contributions (Lebo) 50 000 Repayment of salary (Sarah) (note) 56 250 Note During the last three months of the year of assessment Sarah was on maternity leave, during which she received 75% of her normal salary. When she resigned on 28 February 2023, she was obliged to repay this amount to her employer (Greens Limited). YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income or assessed loss of the above taxpayers for their 2023 years of assessment. Solution 8.4 Khokho Mosea Age (on the last day of the year of assessment): 25 years Salary Foreign dividends (not exempt in terms of s 10B(2)) Less: Exemption (s 10B(3)) R3 800 × 25 / 45 R 3 800 (2 111) Interest from a local bank Less: Exemption (s 10(1)(i)), R23 800 limited to actual 19 150 (19 150) “Local” dividends (R700 + R300) Less: Exemption (s 10(1)(k)(i)) Less: Interest incurred (deduction prohibited in terms of s 23(f)) 1 000 (1 000) Taxable income R 204 000 1 689 – – – 205 689 130 Chapter 8 Individuals Themba Mnisi Age (on the last day of the year of assessment): 29 years Salary Leave pay (“gross income” paragraph (c) for services rendered or to be rendered (including a voluntary award)) Bonus (“variable remuneration” as contemplated in s 7B) R 144 000 R 4 800 12 000 Remuneration Interest on Malawian Government bonds (not exempt) Interest on fixed deposit Less: Exemption (s 10(1)(i)), R23 800 limited to actual) 160 800 3 320 9 440 (9 440) – Rentals Less: Related expenses (s 11(a)) 36 280 (8 400) 27 880 Less: Pension fund contributions (less than maximum – note 2) 192 000 (7 200) Taxable income 184 800 Notes (1) Interest incurred on a mortgage bond (loan) over a private residence is not tax deductible – s 23(a) or (b). Had the proceeds of the loan been employed for trade purposes in the production of the income, the interest might have been deductible (ss 23(g) and 24J). (2) Determination of maximum deduction allowed for pension fund contributions: Contributions made are deductible, but limited to the lesser of: • R350 000; • 27,5% of the greater of remuneration (R160 800) or taxable income (R192 000). Thus 27,5% × R192 000 = R52 800; or • R192 000, namely Conrad’s taxable income before the s 11F deduction and any taxable capital gain (if any) The maximum limit for the pension fund contributions deduction is thus R52 800, being the lesser of R350 000, R52 800 and R192 000, but limited to actual contributions of R7 200. (3) Themba will be entitled to a s 6B medical expenses tax credit of R1 324, calculated as 25% × (R19 155 – (7,5% × R184 800)). Lebo Pule Age (on the last day of the year of assessment): 28 years Salary Interest Less: Exempt portion in terms of s 10(1)(i) R 29 500 (23 800) R 298 200 5 700 Less: Retirement annuity fund contributions (note) 303 900 (50 000) Taxable income 253 900 131 Tax Workbook Note His retirement annuity fund contributions were R50 000, the maximum deductible amount is limited to the lesser of: • R350 000, • 27,5% of R303 900, being the greater of remuneration (R298 200) or taxable income (R303 900). Thus, 27,5% × 303 900 = R83 573, or • R303 900: Lebo’s taxable income before 11F and any taxable capital gain (if any). The full actual contributions of R50 000 may therefore be deducted since it is less than the maximum of R83 573. Sarah Pule Age (on the last day of the year of assessment): 25 years R Salary “Local” dividends Less: Dividend exemption (s 10(1)(k)(i)) Less: Repayment of salary (s 11(nA)) 21 800 (21 800) R 281 250 – (56 250) Taxable income before the inclusion of the taxable capital gain Add: Taxable capital gain 225 000 2 250 Taxable income 227 250 Example 8.5 (45 minutes) Maxi Brummer is a resident of the Republic. She is 30 years old. She is married in community of property. Her husband did not earn any passive income. The following information relates to the 2023 year of assessment. Income from a Republic source • A salary of R420 000. • Net rentals of R40 000 were earned from a beach cottage. • Interest of R24 000 was earned from a fixed deposit. Foreign income • Foreign dividends of $760, before a withholding tax of 10% was deducted. These dividends are not exempt in terms of s 10B(2). • Interest of ɉ165 on an investment inherited from her aunt. The inheritance and the income on it are excluded from their joint estate. This interest was not subject to a withholding tax. • Assume the average exchange rates for the 2023 year of assessment were $1 : R15 and ɉ1 : R18 respectively. In terms of s 25D(3), she elected that her foreign receipts and accruals be translated into rand by applying the average exchange rate. 132 Chapter 8 Individuals Expenditure • She did not belong to a pension fund or a provident fund. • She contributed R40 000 to an approved retirement annuity fund. • She contributed R5 800 a month to a medical scheme for herself and her husband. She did not pay any medical expenses. • A donation of R2 500 was made by her to a qualifying university. She obtained the s 18A receipt. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate Maxi Brummer’s 2023 normal tax liability. Solution 8.5 Calculation of Maxi Brummer’s 2023 normal tax liability Republic source R Salary 420 000 Net rentals (R40 000 / 2) (note 1) 20 000 Interest (R24 000 / 2) (note 1) 12 000 Foreign dividend (note 2) – Foreign interest (note 3) – Foreign source R – – – 5 700 2 970 Total R 420 000 20 000 12 000 5 700 2 970 452 000 – (12 000) 8 670 (3 167) – 460 670 (3 167) (12 000) 440 000 5 503 445 503 (39 506) (494) (40 000) Subtotals Less: Donation – s 18A (note 7) 400 494 (2 469) 5 009 (31) 405 503 (2 500) Taxable income Schedule tax payable R403 003 On R353 100 On R49 903 at 31% 398 025 4 978 403 003 Less: Section 10B(3) exemption (note 4) Less: Section 10(1)(i) exemption (note 5) Subtotals to be used for the s 6quat(1B)(a)(i) calculation Less: Retirement annuity fund contribution s 11F (note 6) 73 726 15 470 89 196 (16 425) (8 328) (1 516) (570) Less: Section 6 primary rebate Less: Section 6A credit (note 8) Less: Section 6B credit (note 9) Less: Section 6quat rebate (note 10) Normal tax liability 62 357 133 Tax Workbook Notes (1) Maxi is married in community of property. In terms of s 7(2A), half the net rentals and local interest are deemed to accrue to her spouse. (2) She has elected in terms of s 25D(3) that the foreign dividends are converted into rand at the average rate of $1 = R15. Because she is married in community of property, she includes R5 700 ($760 × R15/$1 divided by two) in her gross income. The withholding tax paid by her is then R570 (10% × R5 700). (3) The foreign interest is excluded from the joint estate. She must include foreign interest of R2 970 (ɉ165 × R18/ɉ1) in her gross income. (4) Section 10B(3) exemption: 25 / 45 × R5 700 = R3 167 (5) The maximum exemption she may claim against local interest is R23 800 but is limited to the R12 000 actually included in her gross income. (6) The deduction for the retirement annuity fund contribution of R40 000 is limited to the lesser of: • R350 000, or • 27,5% of R445 503, being the greater of remuneration (R420 000) or taxable income (R445 503). Thus, 27,5% × 445 503 = R122 513 • R445 503, being the taxable income before the 11F deduction and before any taxable capital gain (if any). The maximum limit for the retirement annuity fund contributions deduction is R122 513, being the lesser of R350 000, R122 513 and R445 503, but limited to actual contribution of R40 000. The R40 000 deductible contributions must be deducted from the Republic-source income and non-Republic-source income as follows: Attributable to Republic-source income: R440 000 / R445 503 × R40 000 = R39 506 Attributable to non-Republic-source income: R5 503 / R445 503 × R40 000 = R494. (7) The s 18A deduction is calculated on her taxable income before her s 18A deductions are made. She may claim R2 500 (the full amount of the donation), because her maximum deductible donation limit is R40 550(10% × R405 503). The deductible donation must be deducted from Republic and non-Republic income as follows: Attributable to Republic-source income: R440 000 / R445 503 × R2 500 = R2 469. Attributable to non-Republic-source income: R5 503 / R445 503 × R2 500 = R31. (8) A medical scheme fees tax credit of R8 328 (R694 × 12) is deductible from the normal tax payable in terms of s 6A. (9) The additional medical expenses tax credit is R2 188, calculated as follows: Contributions to medical scheme (R5 800 × 12) 69 600 Less: 4 × s 6A credit (4 × (R694 × 12)) (33 312) Less: 7,5% of taxable income of R403 003 36 288 (30 225) 6 063 Multiplied by 25% equals the s 6B tax credit 134 1 516 Chapter 8 Individuals (10) The foreign tax applicable to her portion of the foreign dividend is R570 (note 2 above). This amount need NOT be reduced to take into account the exempt portion of the foreign dividend (s 6quat(1A) proviso (ii)): Section 6quat rebate is the lesser of: • R570; and • the Republic taxation attributable to foreign source income being R1 102 (R4 978 / R403 003 × R89 196). Example 8.6 (20 minutes) Part 1 Joseph Malongwane is 55 years old. The following information relates to his 2023 year of assessment: R Balance of assessed loss brought forward from the 2022 year of assessment (24 000) Salary 1 650 000 Interest accrued from a local bank (not from a “tax free investment”) 67 300 Taxable capital gain from the disposal of a rent-producing fixed property (calculated as R515 000 (capital gain) less R40 000 (annual exclusion) multiplied by 40% (inclusion rate for a natural person)) 190 000 Rental loss incurred (65 000) Pension fund contributions (7,5% of his salary) (123 750) YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss whether s 20A applies to the rental loss suffered by Joseph Malongwane in the 2023 year of assessment. Assume that the rental loss arose from a suspect trade and that the provisions of s 20A(3) do not apply. Part 2 Beauty Tshabalala (45 years old) commenced carrying on a bed and breakfast business from her home during 2021. The area of her house that she trades with, expressed as a percentage of the total area of the house, is 33,3%. The following information relates to the 2021, 2022 and 2023 years of assessment: Year of assessment 2021 2022 2023 Taxable income (before business loss) Business loss R 1 682 400 1 300 300 1 790 360 R (45 600) (56 870) (52 580) The amount at which the maximum marginal rate of tax is chargeable R 1 577 300 1 656 600 1 731 600 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss whether Beauty Tshabalala’s business losses incurred in the 2021, 2022 and 2023 years of assessment are ring-fenced in terms of s 20A. Provide detailed reasons for your answer. 135 Tax Workbook Solution 8.6 Part 1 Joseph Malongwane’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment, before taking the rental loss and balance of assessed loss brought forward from the 2022 year of assessment into account, is calculated as follows: R Income from employment 1 650 000 Interest accrued 67 300 (23 800) Less: Interest exemption (s 10(1)(i)) Income Add: Taxable capital gain 1 693 500 190 000 Less: Pension fund contribution (note) 1 883 500 (123 750) Taxable income 1 759 750 The R1 759 750 represents the taxable income of Joseph Malongwane’s before deducting the current year’s loss, and an assessed loss brought forward from the 2022 year of assessment. This amount represents the taxable income for purposes of determining whether the requirement in s 20A(2) has been met. Because this amount exceeds R1 731 600, the amount at which the maximum marginal rate of tax is chargeable for natural persons for the 2023 year of assessment, the requirement in terms of s 20A(2) is satisfied. Because the rental loss suffered arose from a suspect trade, and s 20A(3) does not apply, the rental loss incurred is ring-fenced in terms of s 20A. Note Section 11F deduction is limited to the lesser of R350 000 or 27,5% of the greater of remuneration (R1 650 000) or taxable income (R1 883 500); or taxable income before 11F and taxable capital gain (R1 693 500). The full contribution of R123 750 is therefore deductible. Part 2 2021 year of assessment • Beauty Tshabalala’s taxable income (before taking the assessed loss into account) for the 2021 year of assessment) of R1 682 400 exceeds R1 577 300 , the amount at which the maximum marginal rate of tax is chargeable for a natural person for the 2021 year of assessment. The requirement in terms of s 20A(2) is therefore satisfied. • The bed and breakfast business is a suspect trade in terms of s 20A(2)(b)(iii), because Beauty Tshabalala does not let at least 80% of the residential accommodation and the loss incurred will therefore be ring-fenced in terms of s 20A. • Beauty Tshabalala’s taxable income for the 2021 year of assessment is R1 682 400 and the loss of R45 600 is carried forward to the 2022 year of assessment. 2022 year of assessment • Beauty Tshabalala’s taxable income (before taking the assessed loss into account) for the 2022 year of assessment of R1 300 300 does not exceed R1 656 600, the 136 Chapter 8 Individuals amount at which the maximum marginal rate of tax is chargeable for a natural person for the 2022 year of assessment. The requirement in terms of s 20A(2) is therefore not satisfied. The loss of R56 870 will not be ring-fenced. • Beauty Tshabalala’s taxable income for the 2022 year of assessment is R1 243 430 (R1 300 300 – R56 870). • The loss of R45 600 brought forward from the 2021 year of assessment may not be set off against her 2022 taxable income, because it is ring-fenced and can only be off-set against profits from the bed-and-breakfast income. This loss is carried forward to the 2023 year of assessment. 2023 year of assessment • Beauty Tshabalala’s taxable income (before taking the assessed loss into account) for the 2023 year of assessment of R1 790 360 exceeds R1 731 600, the amount at which the maximum marginal rate of tax is chargeable for a natural person for the 2023 year of assessment. The requirement in terms of s 20A(2) is therefore satisfied. • The bed and breakfast business is a suspect trade (see 2020 year of assessment), and the loss suffered will be ring-fenced in terms of s 20A. • Beauty Tshabalala’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment is R1 790 360. A loss of R98 180 (R52 580 (2023 year of assessment) + R45 600 (2021 year of assessment)) is carried forward to the 2024 year of assessment. L Questions Question 8.1 (20 minutes) Primrose Maepe (25 years old and unmarried) resigned from her employment as a secretary with effect from 30 November 2022. She started her own catering business on 1 December 2022 after she had been awarded a contract to provide lunches for a local company. Primrose runs her business as a sole proprietor. She is not a vendor. Primrose provides the following information relating to the 2023 year of assessment: Receipts and accruals R Salary (1 March to 30 November 2022) 150 000 Lump sum accrued from a provident fund (note 1) 284 750 From her business (1 December 2022 to 28 February 2023) 74 297 Contributions and expenses Provident fund contributions while employed (note 1) 6 750 Contributions to a retirement annuity fund (note 2) 7 200 Business expenditure (all deductible) 31 500 Medical expenditure (note 3) 26 500 137 Tax Workbook Notes (1) Lump sum from provident fund Primrose contributed to this provident fund when she was employed. During the 2023 year of assessment up to her resignation, she contributed R750 a month (based on her salary) which was deductible in full under the provisions of s 11F. On 30 November 2022, R284 750 accrued to her, of which R71 250 was deductible in terms of the provisions of the Second Schedule relating to contributions made prior to the introduction of s 11F. (2) Contributions to a retirement annuity fund As from 1 December 2022 Primrose contributed R2 400 a month to a retirement annuity fund. (3) Medical scheme contributions and expenses Primrose was a member of a medical scheme for the entire 2023 year of assessment. She contributed R1 000 a month to the medical scheme’s hospital plan. She paid R14 500 for medical expenses not covered by the medical scheme. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO: (1) calculate Primrose's total taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment; and (2) calculate the s 6B additional medical expenses tax credit that Primrose will be entitled to deduct from her normal tax payable. Question 8.2 (30 minutes) Listed below are details of the receipts, accruals and payments of four taxpayers for the 2023 year of assessment. It may be assumed that a wife’s income accrues independently of her husband’s business activities. They are married out of community of property. Ignore the provisions of the double tax agreement between South Africa and the United Kingdom. George and Gina Fair George Fair, aged 40 years, is a person with a “disability” as defined in s 6B. Neither he nor Gina belongs to a medical scheme. R Salary – George Fair – Wheelchair Manufacturers Limited 208 000 Interest on current account – George Fair 10 770 Salary – Gina Fair – University of East London 254 000 Annuity payable monthly to Gina Fair from the United Kingdom estate of a relative – the equivalent of 7 200 Interest on fixed-deposit investments (not “tax free investments”) – George Fair 13 720 – Gina Fair 850 Qualifying medical expenses paid by George Fair for – himself – illness not related to disability 2 350 – himself – relating to his disability 33 740 – Gina Fair – illness 1 800 Pension fund contributions relating to employment – George Fair: R208 000 at 5% 10 400 138 Chapter 8 Individuals Lionel and Lillian Khaki Lionel Khaki is 59 years old, and Lillian Khaki is 56 years old. R Salary (Lionel Khaki) – Khaki Material Manufacturers Limited 480 000 Directors’ fees – Lionel Khaki 120 000 Value of company-car usage – per Seventh Schedule – Lionel Khaki 21 600 Assessed loss brought forward – attributable to Lionel Khaki (9 525) Interest – Lionel Khaki (not from a “tax free investment”) 35 725 Salary (Lillian Khaki) – Old-Age Nursing Home at R8 800 a month 105 600 Uniform allowance – Lillian Khaki – nurse’s uniform at R200 a month 2 400 Trade profit – Lillian Khaki – Flower Boutique 22 200 Pension fund contributions (Lionel Khaki: R24 000; Lillian Khaki: R5 280) 29 080 (Lionel Khaki’s pension fund contributions are based solely on his salary of R480 000, and those of Lillian Khaki on her salary of R105 600 from the Old-Age Nursing Home.) Qualifying medical expenses paid – Lionel Khaki 15 982 Lionel and Lillian are not members of a medical scheme. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income or assessed loss of the above taxpayers for the 2023 year of assessment, clearly indicating your reasons for the inclusion or exclusion of any of the given information. Also calculate the s 6B credits that they will be entitled to (if any). Question 8.3 (45 minutes) Mark Sipiwe (aged 76 years) and Beauty Sipiwe (aged 56 years) are married in community of property. They are residents of the Republic. Mark retired from his full-time employment at a manufacturing company in the 2018 year of assessment, while Beauty retired from her position on 31 March 2022. Ignore the provisions of any double tax agreement. Details of Mark’s receipts and accruals for the 2023 year of assessment are as follows: • A pension of R24 000 a month accrues to him from the pension fund he had been a member of during his employment with the manufacturing company. This pension is paid to him on the 25th day of each month. • During his employment Mark developed a computer program that analysed monthly results and produced useful statistics and ratios for use by senior management. Mark registered a patent over this computer program. Royalties of R18 000 accrued to him from the use of this patent. • Interest of R59 800 accrued to Mark from various interest-bearing investments he has made in South Africa. • Since his retirement Mark has become a beekeeper. He is now a dealer in honey. He operates this business from their home, from where he sells honey to members of the general public. This business venture has far exceeded Mark’s expectations, and his taxable profit for the 2023 year of assessment was R139 200 before taking Beauty’s monthly salary of R5 200 for her limited assistance in his honey business since 1 April 2022 (see below) into account. 139 Tax Workbook • During October 2022, Mark was in Zimbabwe for two weeks. While in Zimbabwe, he was paid the equivalent of R15 700 for advising a Zimbabwean honey producer on how to maximise his production. • Mark purchased shares in Honey International Ltd, a company that is not a resident of the Republic. On 28 February 2023 a foreign dividend amounting to the equivalent of R12 136 accrued to him from it. This dividend is not exempt in terms of s 10B(2). • Mark’s monthly contributions to the medical scheme for him and his wife were R5 500. Mark paid qualifying medical expenses of R13 900 during the 2023 year of assessment. Mark also incurred an additional qualifying medical expense of R1 200 when he consulted his doctor on 25 February 2023. He settled this R1 200 on 6 March 2023. Details of Beauty’s receipts and accruals for the 2023 year of assessment follow: • A salary of R25 600 for the month of March 2022 from her employment. • Rentals from a building that she inherited from her father many years ago. Her gross rentals from this building were R36 000. She incurred tax-deductible expenditure of R8 400 on earning these rentals. This inheritance was not excluded from their joint estate. • A monthly pension of R15 400 since her retirement from the pension fund that she had been a member of while being employed. • An annuity from an insurer. In the 2022 year of assessment Beauty purchased a lifetime annuity of R3 600 (payable at a rate of R300 a month) from an insurer. The cash consideration paid by her was R24 000. Assume that her life expectancy for purposes of the calculation of the expected return of this annuity contract was 15 years. • Commencing as from 1 April 2022, a monthly salary of R5 200 from Mark’s honey business (see above). Beauty’s involvement in the business is limited to taking orders over the telephone from members of the general public. She does this work only on Wednesdays. The going rate for the services she renders is R2 300 a month. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the normal tax liabilities of Mark and Beauty Sipiwe for the 2023 year of assessment. Question 8.4 (45 minutes) Jim Fredericks, a resident of the Republic, was employed by Blue Birds Ltd as its transport manager. During the 2023 year of assessment he was employed from 1 March 2022 to 30 September 2022 (the date of his death). He died in an accident at the age of 33 years. In March 2022 his salary was R22 500. On 31 March 2022, his monthly salary was increased to R24 500 with effect from 1 April 2022 and he was also awarded a lump sum of R36 000 from Blue Birds Ltd, as a result of his salary increase being backdated for 18 months. No portion of this R36 000 was contributed to the pension fund. Jim Fredericks advised the Commissioner that he would like the s 7A(2) option to be applied to the back-pay of R36 000 he had received. He was also paid an entertainment allowance by Blue Birds Ltd of R500 a month. 140 Chapter 8 Individuals He was a member of the Blue Birds Pension Fund. His contribution for March 2022 was R2 250. As from 1 April 2022 he contributed R2 450 a month to this pension fund. (You may accept that these contributions do not exceed the limit in s 11F). Following upon his death, his surviving spouse, Nona (to whom he was married out of community of property), received a lump sum of R750 000 from the pension fund. In terms of the Second Schedule to the Income Tax Act, R450 000 of this amount is taxable. Commencing with the month of October 2022, she was awarded R14 500 each month. During the previous year of assessment, Jim Fredericks had inherited a rentproducing property. For the period 1 March 2022 to 30 September 2022, Jim Fredericks earned net rentals of R26 200 from this rent-producing property. This rentproducing property was bequeathed to Nona. From 1 October 2022 to 28 February 2023, Nona earned net rentals of R22 500 from this rent-producing property. Interest of R24 500 and local dividends of R3 000 accrued to Jim Fredericks during the period 1 March 2022 to 30 September 2022. Jim Fredericks used borrowed funds to finance his interest-bearing security and local dividend-yielding share investments. Interest incurred on these borrowed funds was R14 000. The borrowed funds had been used to the extent of 60% to finance the interest-bearing security investment, and 40% to finance the local dividend-yielding share investment. Jim Fredericks incurred entertainment expenditure of R2 800 in relation to his trade (as transport manager). He settled these entertainment expenses out of the proceeds of his entertainment allowance (see above). Jim Fredericks made a R1 000 qualifying donation to a public benefit organisation. He received the required certificate from it. Up to the time of his death, Jim Fredericks had paid R6 000 in qualifying medical expenses. After his death his executor paid a further R11 644 of qualifying medical expenses incurred by Jim Fredericks. Jim and Nona were not members of a medical scheme. During the previous year of assessment, Jim Fredericks and his brother, Dave Fredericks, had operated a retail business in partnership. (Jim Fredericks was a silent (but not a limited) partner in this business.) This business failed, and as a result Jim Fredericks ended up with an assessed loss of R44 000 for the 2022 year of assessment. This assessed loss must still be adjusted by the Commissioner when he applies the provisions of s 7A(2). Nona Fredericks did not work while Jim was alive. But on 1 November 2022, she commenced working at a salary of R5 000 a month. Besides this salary, the R14 500 monthly amount from the pension fund (see above) and the net rentals of R22 500 (see above), she had no other receipts or accruals during the 2023 year of assessment. Nona Fredericks is 31 years old. She is a resident of the Republic. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the normal tax liabilities of the late Jim Fredericks and his widow, Nona Fredericks, for the 2023 year (or period) of assessment. 141 Chapter 9 Companies L Introduction This chapter includes examples and questions on the following classes of taxpayers that trade: • companies; and • close corporations. Dividends that are paid by these entities may result in a dividend tax liability of 20%. Dividends tax is dealt with in chapter 10. In order to answer the examples and questions, keep the following framework in mind. Framework: Normal tax Calculation of taxable income: “Gross income” as defined Less: Exempt income Gives: “Income” as defined Less: Allowable deductions and allowances Add: Taxable capital gain (Eighth Schedule) Less: Donations to certain public benefit organisations Gives: “Taxable income” as defined Calculation of normal tax and amount payable/(refundable): Fixed tax rates on taxable income Normal tax payable Less: Rebate (s 6quat (only to resident taxpayers)) Gives: Normal tax liability Less: Prepaid tax Gives: Amount payable/(refundable) In this chapter, the principles of various capital allowances and the following sundry provisions of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as amended are illustrated and tested: • Section 24: A debtors allowance is calculated in terms of s 24. This provision is applicable when a seller enters into an agreement in terms of which the full amount payable in terms of the agreement accrues to him on the date when the agreement is entered into, but the buyer settles the amount over a period. If more than 25% of the amount payable in terms of the agreement is payable 12 months after the agreement is entered into, s 24 provides for a debtors allowance for the seller. This allowance is calculated as the seller’s gross profit that is included in his outstanding debtors at the end of a year of assessment. 143 Tax Workbook • Section 40CA: Section 40CA deems a company to have actually incurred an amount of expenditure for the acquisition of an asset equal to the market value of the shares immediately after the acquisition when the company acquires an asset in exchange for shares issued by the company. (If a deemed capital gain arises on the transaction because of a mismatch in values (s 24BA), then the deemed capital gain is also treated as expenditure actually incurred, but this anti-avoidance rule is outside the scope of this book.) • Section 24C: Section 24C provides for an allowance for future expenditure that will be incurred in future years of assessment if the taxpayer’s income includes amounts received or accrued that will be used to finance such future expenditure. To claim a deduction under this provision a link must exist between the future expenditure and a contract. • Section 24I: Exchange differences on exchange items are calculated in terms of s 24I. These exchange differences are then included or deducted from a taxpayer’s income. • Section 24J: Section 24J provides for the inclusion or deduction of accrued or incurred interest in or from a taxpayer’s income. L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that you will need to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that you need to know before attempting the example or question are provided, and the level of the example or question gives an indication of the difficulty of the question. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 9.1 (10 minutes) • Normal tax rates for different types of companies • Section 23(k) – labour brokers and personal service providers Basic Example 9.2 (6 minutes) • Section 6quat – rebate for foreign taxes Basic Example 9.3 (30 minutes) • • • • • • Section 11(e) Section 12C Section 13 Section 24C Section 24I Section 24J Intermediate Example 9.4 (40 minutes) • • • • • • Section 8(4)(a) Section 11(a), (e), (f ), (g) and (o) Section 12C Section 13 Section 22 Section 24J Advanced Example 9.5 (30 minutes) • Section 24J – incurral and accrual of interest Intermediate Example 9.6 (20 minutes) • Section 22 – trading stock • Section 24I – foreign exchange Intermediate continued 144 Chapter 9 ) Example/Question and time allocation Companies Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 9.7 (20 minutes) • Section 24 – credit agreements and debtors allowance Intermediate Example 9.8 (15 minutes) • Section 24C – allowance in respect of future expenditure on contracts Intermediate Example 9.9 (15 minutes) • Section 40CA – transactions where assets are acquired in exchange for shares issued Basic Question 9.1 (30 minutes) • Section 24 – suspensive sale debtors allowance Intermediate • Section 24C – allowance in respect of future expenditure on contracts Question 9.2 (30 minutes) • Section 22 – trading stock • Section 24I – foreign exchange Intermediate Question 9.3 (20 minutes) • • • • • Section 9C Section 11(e) Section 12E Section 23(f ) Section 23H – integrated question Intermediate Question 9.4 (40 minutes) • • • • • • • • Paragraph (m) – “gross income” Section 6quat Section 8(4)(a) Section 11(d), (e), (i), (j) and(w) Section 12C Section 13 Section 22 Sections 24 and 24J – integrated question Advanced Question 9.5 (50 minutes) • • • • • • • • • • Section 8(4)(a) Section 11(o) Section 12E Section 13 Section 13quin Section 18A Section 22(8) Section 24I Section 24J Section 26A – integrated question Advanced L Examples Example 9.1 (10 minutes) Company A’s taxable income for the year of assessment ending 31 March 2023 was R400 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss and calculate the normal tax payable by the company, if: (1) it is registered, managed and controlled in the United Kingdom and operates through a branch in the Republic; 145 Tax Workbook (2) it is registered in the United Kingdom, but has its place of effective management in the Republic; (3) it is a “personal service provider” as defined in the Fourth Schedule. The taxable income was calculated after deducting an expense of R40 000, that is not allowed in terms of s 23(k); and (4) it is a qualifying “small business corporation” as defined in s 12E(4). Solution 9.1 At the time of publication of this Workbook, the Rates and Monetary Amounts and Amendment of Revenue Laws Bill 21 of 2022 had not been promulgated. Once it is, Schedule 1 of the resultant Act will provide the various rates of normal tax payable (refer Appendix A). (1) The company is not a “resident” (as defined in s 1) but will pay normal tax at the same rate as a resident company which is 27%. The normal tax payable by Company A will thus be R108 000 (R400 000 at 27%). (2) The company is a “resident” (as defined in s 1). Paragraph (b) of the definition of “resident” determines that a person (other than a natural person) which is incorporated, established or formed in the Republic or which has its place of effective management in the Republic, will be regarded as a resident. The rate applicable to resident companies is 27%. The normal tax payable is R108 000 (R400 000 at 27%). (3) A “personal service provider” (PSP) is defined in the Fourth Schedule. Section 23(k) prohibits the deduction of any expenses incurred by a PSP other than any expense which constitutes an amount paid or payable for services rendered, legal fees (s 11(c)), bad debts (s 11(i)), contribution to funds (s 11(l)), refunded amounts (s 11(nA) or (nB)), and expenses in respect of premises, finance charges, insurance, repairs, fuel and maintenance in respect of assets, if such premises or assets are used wholly and exclusively for purposes of trade. The normal tax payable is R118 800 ((R400 000 + R40 000) × 27%). (4) The rate of tax levied on a “small business corporation” (as defined in s 12E) is based on a sliding scale. The normal tax payable amounts to R26 513, calculated as R19 163 + ((R400 000 – R365 000) × 21%). Example 9.2 (6 minutes) Apart from foreign rental, Mvela (Pty) Ltd trades solely in the Republic. Mvela (Pty) Ltd is neither a “small business corporation” nor a “personal service provider” as defined. Mvela (Pty) Ltd’s taxable income for its year of assessment ending 31 March 2023, before taking the following rentals into account, amounted to R4 400 000. Net rentals (the rand equivalent) of R200 000 from a property located abroad, accrued to the company during its 2023 year of assessment. Foreign tax of R60 000, which is not recoverable, was paid on the rentals and no double tax agreement (DTA) exists between South Africa and the foreign country. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate Mvela (Pty) Ltd’s normal income tax liability for its year of assessment ending 31 March 2023. 146 Chapter 9 Companies Solution 9.2 Calculation of the normal tax liability of Mvela (Pty) Ltd for its year of assessment ending 31 March 2023: R Taxable income before taking the rentals into account 4 400 000 Rental income 200 000 Taxable income 4 600 000 Normal tax at 27% on R4 600 000 Less: Section 6quat rebate (note) 1 242 000 (54 000) Normal tax liability 1 188 000 Note The maximum deduction from normal tax payable in the Republic is the tax applicable to the inclusion of the foreign income, which is 27% × R200 000 = R54 000 or alternatively: R200 000 × R1 242 000 = R54 000 R4 600 000 The excess of R6 000 (R60 000 – R54 000) can be carried forward to the next year. Example 9.3 (30 minutes) Toshaba Ltd is a manufacturing enterprise with activities throughout the Republic. The following information is applicable to its year of assessment ending 31 March 2023. (All amounts exclude VAT, unless stated otherwise.) Note R Sales 1 28 793 210 Less: Cost of sales 16 771 872 Gross profit Other income Dividends earned Expenditure Exchange rate differences Depreciation Lease payments Instalment sale payments Other deductible expenditure 12 021 338 2 150 700 3 4 5 6 ? 1 655 875 510 000 184 800 2 835 900 Notes (1) Included in sales is an advance payment of R300 000 in respect of an order for goods still to be manufactured. The quoted selling price is R800 000, and it should cost R500 000 to manufacture the goods. Assume that the Commissioner will allow a s 24C allowance on the following basis: Future expenditure × Advance payments Selling price (2) “Local” dividends of R150 700 accrued during the 2023 year of assessment. 147 Tax Workbook (3) On 18 December 2022 Toshaba Ltd took out a forward exchange contract (FEC) on a foreign order. The FEC was taken out in dollars to cover the order. The customer ordered goods to the value of $81 301 on 18 December 2022, to be delivered immediately (FOB). The debt was paid on 18 April 2023. The rand equivalent at the appropriate exchange rate for tax purposes had already been taken into account in sales. The following exchange rate information is applicable: Spot rate FEC rate 18 December 2022 $1:R16,15 $1:R16,55 28 February 2023 $1:R16,45 31 March 2023 $1:R16,60 $1:R16,70 (remaining period) 18 April 2023 $1:R16,85 No entries have been made in respect of any exchange rate differences on the debt owed to Toshaba Ltd or the FEC. (4) The company owns the following assets: Date brought into use Cost price R Factory 1 June 2006 25 800 000 Machine A (second-hand) 31 May 2018 102 500 Machine B (new) 31 July 2019 390 800 Machine C (new) 15 December 2022 970 200 (5) The company leases its delivery vehicles in terms of finance leases (right-of-use asset). The instalments are all payable over 36 months. The relevant information is as follows: R Instalments for the year (including VAT) 430 543 Interest paid for the year 135 512 Depreciation for the year 225 000 VAT element in instalments for the year 45 000 (6) All its passenger cars were replaced on 1 May 2022 with passenger cars acquired under instalment sale agreements. R Cost price 480 000 VAT @ 15% 72 000 Less: Deposit (55 200) Finance charges 496 800 175 200 Total debt 672 000 The debt is payable over 48 months at R14 000 a month. The finance charge component, calculated according to s 24J, amounted to R65 826 for the 2023 year of assessment. (7) Toshaba Ltd did not make a taxable capital gain. Please note that binding general ruling (BGR) 7 allows a write-off period of four years for delivery vehicles and five years for passenger cars, for purposes of s 11(e). YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income of Toshaba Ltd for the year of assessment ending 31 March 2023. 148 Chapter 9 Companies Solution 9.3 1. Sales Section 24C 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. R500 000 R800 000 R 28 793 210 × R300 000 (187 500) Cost of sales Dividends – gross income but exempt (s 10(1)(k)(i)) Currency difference on debtor (s 24I) Gain: $81 301 × (R16,60 – R16,15) Currency difference FEC (s 24I) Loss: $81 301 (R16,70 – R16,55) Section 13: Factory R25 800 000 × 5% Section 12C: Machine A R102 500 × 20% Machine B R390 800 × 20% Machine C R970 200 × 40% Lease rentals (R430 543 – R45 000) (s 11(a)) Wear and tear (R480 000 + 72 000) / 5 × 11/12 (s 11(e)) Finance charges (s 24J) Other deductible expenses (16 771 872) – 36 585 (12 195) (1 290 000) (20 500) (78 160) (388 080) (385 543) (101 200) (65 826) (2 835 900) Taxable income 6 693 019 Example 9.4 (40 minutes) Morutsi (Pty) Ltd manufactures and sells wooden houses and is not a small business corporation as defined. The following is a draft statement of comprehensive income for its year of assessment ending 31 March 2023. All amounts exclude VAT, unless stated otherwise: R R Sales 6 883 212 Less: Cost of sales (note 1) (1 879 500) Gross profit Other income Dividends (note 2) Profit on sale of factory (note 3) Insurance proceeds (note 5) Less: Expenses Lease premium and payments (note 4) Depreciation (note 6) Finance charges on lease of machine (note 6) Interest paid (note 7) Other expenses (deductible for tax purposes) Net income 5 003 712 150 000 500 45 000 480 000 148 878 12 020 60 000 473 698 (1 174 596) 4 024 616 149 Tax Workbook Notes (1) Purchases amounted to R1 973 000; opening stock and closing stock were R202 500 and R296 000 respectively. The market value of the stock has never been below its cost. (2) “Local” dividends of R150 000 accrued during the 2023 year of assessment. (3) During its 2017 year of assessment, the company purchased a factory (industrial building) at a cost of R1 000 000. The seller was entitled to a 5% per annum allowance in terms of s 13. As a result of rapid development this factory became too small to meet the company’s needs, and it was sold on 31 October 2022 for R1 000 000. The company did not make any taxable capital gain for the current year of assessment. (4) After the old factory was sold, and as from 1 November 2022, Morutsi (Pty) Ltd leased a new factory for a period of 20 years. In terms of the lease agreement, a lease premium of R80 000 had to be paid, and rental of R80 000 a month was payable. The new factory was occupied from 1 November 2022. Morutsi (Pty) Ltd was obliged to make improvements to the factory at a cost of R1 500 000. The improvements were completed on 1 March 2023, but their actual cost amounted to R2 100 000. The improvements increased the production capacity of the factory. (5) In the early hours of the morning of 1 April 2022 a fire destroyed Machine A. The following amounts (net of the relevant output tax) were received from the insurer: R Loss of profits due to the fire Loss of Machine A – destroyed during the fire The cost price of Machine A was R50 000 and its tax value on 1 April 2022 was R20 000 (refer to note 6 for details on Machine B, which replaced Machine A). Morutsi (Pty) Ltd will choose the application of s 11(o) if possible. 28 000 17 000 45 000 (6) Depreciation was calculated as follows on the following assets: Cost price (excluding VAT) R Machine B (purchased new and brought into use on 2 November 2022) Leased machine C (market value R25 000, see below) Computer printer purchased and brought into use on 1 August 2022 Delivery vehicle on hand as at 1 April 2022 (tax value R42 500) Delivery vehicle purchased and brought into use on 1 November 2022 150 100 000 25 000 959 85 000 120 000 Chapter 9 Companies From 1 July 2019, Machine C was leased to Morutsi (Pty) Ltd under a finance lease for a period of 40 months. When the agreement expired on 31 October 2022, Morutsi (Pty) Ltd bought the machine from the lessor at its market value of R25 000 on that date and continued using it in its process of manufacture. The details of the lease agreement were as follows: R Cost price 50 000 VAT (15% on 1 July 2019) 7 500 Finance charges 15 000 72 500 The total amount was payable in 40 monthly instalments of R1 812,50 each. The write-off periods in terms of BGR 7 are as follows: Computer printers: 3 years Machinery and equipment: 5 years Delivery vehicle: 4 years (7) Morutsi (Pty) Ltd may claim interest incurred, calculated according to s 24J, to the amount of R116 225 – based on the information below. (You do not have to recalculate the amount and you may accept that the amount of R116 225 is deductible.) Morutsi (Pty) Ltd obtained a loan on 1 April 2022 by way of a debenture issue for a period of two years at a discount of 12%. The face value of the debentures is R1 000 000. Interest is payable at six-monthly intervals, calculated at a rate of 3% of the face value. The debenture’s expiry date is 31 March 2024, on which date R1 000 000 must be repaid. Compounded six-monthly, the yield to maturity is 6,50308% per accrual period. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the normal tax liability of Morutsi (Pty) Ltd for its year of assessment ending 31 March 2023. 151 Tax Workbook Solution 9.4 Calculation of normal tax liability of Morutsi (Pty) Ltd Per the framework (as set out in the beginning of the chapter) Sales Dividend received Recoupment on the sale of the factory (note 1) Insurance claim (note 2) Closing stock (s 22) R R 6 883 212 150 000 350 000 28 000 296 000 Gross income Less: Exempt income Dividends (s 10(1)(k)) 7 707 212 Income Less: Allowable deductions Opening stock (s 22) Purchases (s 11(a)) Lease premium: R80 000 / 20 years × 5 / 12 Rental: R80 000 × 5 months R1 500 000 1 Lease improvements: × 19 years 8 months 12 Capital allowances, wear-and-tear and s 11(o) allowance (note 3) Lease of machine (note 4) Interest paid (note 5) Other deductible expenses 7 557 212 (150 000) 202 500 1 973 000 1 667 400 000 6 355 159 792 11 375 116 225 473 698 (3 344 612) Taxable income 4 212 600 Normal tax at 27% 1 137 402 continued 152 Chapter 9 Companies Start with net income (this method is used when completing a tax return) Net income Sales – no adjustment Cost of sales (purchase, opening and closing stock) – no adjustment Dividends received – exempt Profit on sale of factory (note 1) Recoupment on factory (note 1) Lease premium and improvements Lease premium: R80 000 / 20 years × 5 / 12 Rental: R80 000 × 5 months R1 500 000 1 Lease improvements: × 19 years 8 months 12 Insurance claim – loss of profits (no adjustment) Insurance claim – machine A (note 2) Depreciation Wear-and-tear (note 3) Lease of machine – accounting – taxation (note 4) Interest paid – accounting – taxation (note 5) Other deductible expenses – no adjustment R Deduct 150 000 500 1 667 400 000 R Add back 4 024 616 – – 350 000 480 000 6 355 – 17 000 159 792 11 375 116 225 862 914 148 878 12 020 60 000 – 5 075 514 Taxable income (R5 075 514 – R862 914) 4 212 600 Normal tax at 27% 1 137 402 Notes (1) Morutsi (Pty) Ltd did not make a capital gain to be included in taxable income. Proceeds = R1 000 000 (selling price) – R350 000 (recoupment); Base cost = R1 000 000 (cost price) – R350 000 (s 13 allowances); thus no capital gain. There is, however, a s 8(4)(a) recoupment of the industrial building allowances previously claimed on the factory. For the years of assessment from 2017 until 2023 (that is for seven years), an allowance of 5% a year has been claimed. The recoupment is therefore R1 000 000 × 5% × 7 = R350 000. (See note 3 for the current year’s allowance on the factory building.) (2) Machine A was not used during the year of assessment and therefore does not qualify for a capital allowance. The proceeds from the insurance claim are less than the tax value, and therefore the machine qualifies for a s 11(o) allowance at the option of the taxpayer. If elected, then proceeds = R17 000; Base cost = R50 000 – R30 000 (s 12C allowances) – R3 000 (s 11(o) allowance); thus no capital gain or loss. Paragraph 65 of the Eighth Schedule will therefore not be applicable because no recoupment and/or capital gain arise(s). (See note 3 on the s 11(o) allowance.) The amount received in respect of the loss of profits is gross income because it is an amount received that is not of a capital nature (that is, to fill a hole in operating income). 153 Tax Workbook (3) Capital allowances, wear-and-tear and s 11(o) deductions: Old factory: 5% × R1 000 000 New factory: 5% × (R2 100 000 – R1 500 000) Machine A: (not used during the year) Machine B: 40% × R100 000 Machine C: R25 000 / 5 years × 5 / 12 (As it was not brought into use by the taxpayer for the first time, s 12C may not be claimed, but only s 11(e) wear and tear. The Commissioner may agree to a shorter writeoff period because machine C was used previously under the lease agreement.) Computer printer: (R959 is less than R7 000) Delivery vehicles: R85 000 / 4 years New delivery vehicle: R120 000 / 4 years × 5 / 12 Section 11(o) allowance on machine A: R17 000 – R20 000 R 50 000 30 000 – 40 000 2 083 959 21 250 12 500 3 000 159 792 (4) There is no recoupment at the end of the lease period, as Machine C was sold to Morutsi (Pty) Ltd at its market price. The finance lease payments that are deductible must exclude VAT, because the VAT was claimed as input tax. The deductible payment is therefore: R (R1 812,50 – VAT of R187,50 × 7 months) = 11 375 The VAT portion is calculated as (R7 500/R72 000)× R1 812,50 or R7 500/40. (5) The interest payable is deductible as follows in terms of s 24J: 01/04/2022 – 30/09/2022 R880 000 × 6,50308% 57 227 01/10/2022 – 31/03/2023 (R880 000 + R57 227 – R30 000) × 6,50308% 58 998 116 225 Example 9.5 (30 minutes) Part 1 Leruo (Pty) Ltd, a trader in financial instruments, acquired a bond from Eskom on 1 January 2022 at its face value of R1 000 000. The bond matures on 31 December 2024 at a premium of 10%. Interest on the bond is calculated at 8% a year on its face value and is receivable annually in arrears. The yield to maturity of the bond is 10,9924%. Leruo (Pty) Ltd has a 30 June financial year-end. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the interest that accrued to Leruo (Pty) Ltd in accordance with s 24J for its 2022 and 2023 years of assessment. Part 2 On 1 March 2022, InvBank Ltd lent R5 000 000 to Motheo (Pty) Ltd in terms of a three-year loan. Interest on the loan is calculated at 12,5% a year. Interest and capital are payable in arrears in six-monthly instalments, on 31 August and on the last day of February respectively. The instalment on the loan is R1 024 814. The yield to maturity is 6,25% per six-month accrual period. Motheo (Pty) Ltd has a 31 December financial year-end. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the interest that Motheo (Pty) Ltd incurred on the loan in accordance with s 24J for its year of assessment ended 31 December 2022. 154 Chapter 9 Companies Solution 9.5 Part 1 Accrual amount for first accrual period (1 January 2022 – 31 December 2022): A = B × C (B: Yield to maturity; C: Adjusted initial amount) A = 10,9924% × R1 000 000 R 109 924 Accrual amount for second accrual period (1 January 2023 – 31 December 2023): R C: Adjusted initial amount Initial amount 1 000 000 Plus: Accrual amounts during previous accrual periods (see above) 109 924 1 109 924 Less: Payments received by Leruo (Pty) Ltd during all previous accrual periods (80 000) 1 029 924 A = 10,9924% × R1 029 924 113 213 Amount accrued during its 2022 year of assessment: R109 924 (see above) × 181 / 365 (1 January 2022 – 30 June 2022) 54 510 Amounts accrued during its 2023 year of assessment: R109 924 (see above) × 184 / 365 (1 July 2022 – 31 December 2022) R113 213 (see above) × 181 / 365 (1 January 2023 – 30 June 2023) 55 414 56 141 111 555 Part 2 Incurral amount for first accrual period (1 March 2022 – 31 August 2022): A = B × C (B: Yield to maturity; C: Adjusted initial amount) A = 6,25% × R5 000 000 R 312 500 Incurral amount for second accrual period (1 September 2022 – 28 February 2023): R A = B × C (B: Yield to maturity; C: Adjusted initial amount) C: Adjusted initial amount Initial amount 5 000 000 Plus: Incurral amount during previous accrual periods 312 500 Less: Payments made by Motheo (Pty) Ltd during the previous accrual periods 5 312 500 (1 024 814) 4 287 686 A = 6,25% × R4 287 686 267 980 155 Tax Workbook Amounts accrued during its year of assessment ended 31 December 2022: R First accrual period (see above) 312 500 Second accrual period (R267 980 (see above) × 122 / 181) 180 627 493 127 Example 9.6 (20 minutes) Part 1 Limpho (Pty) Ltd (Limpho) is a South African retailer. It imports trading stock from suppliers in London. This trading stock is then sold in South Africa. Limpho has a 31 March financial year-end. On 1 January 2023, Limpho ordered trading stock from a supplier in London. The cost price of the trading stock was £16 650 (inclusive of shipping costs of £1 650). The trading stock was shipped free-on-board on 12 January 2023. It arrived in South Africa on 23 January 2023. In terms of an agreement with the supplier, the account had to be settled in full on 10 April 2023. All the trading stock was still on hand on 31 March 2023. To hedge itself against currency fluctuations, Limpho entered into a forward exchange contract (FEC) with a bank. In terms of this FEC, Limpho agreed to purchase £16 650 from the bank on 10 April 2023 at a forward rate of £1:R19,30. (On 31 March 2023, the market-related forward rate for a similar FEC for the remainder of the period was £1:R19,37.) The relevant rates of exchange are as follows: Date ɉ : R 1 January 2023 12 January 2023 23 January 2023 31 March 2023 10 April 2023 1 1 1 1 1 : : : : : 18,30 18,65 18,78 19,15 19,03 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the effect of the above transactions on Limpho’s taxable income for its year of assessment ending 31 March 2023. Round off to the nearest rand. Ignore VAT. Part 2 Seedat Fashions CC has a 31 March year-end. On 12 February 2023, Seedat Fashions CC ordered trading stock from a supplier in Japan. The cost price of the trading stock was ¥130 000, and the transaction date was 26 February 2023. Half the supplier’s account was settled on 12 March 2023 and the remaining half on 12 April 2023. All the trading stock was still on hand on 31 March 2023. To hedge itself against currency fluctuations, Seedat Fashions CC entered into a forward exchange contract (FEC) with a bank. In terms of this FEC, Seedat Fashions CC agreed to purchase ¥65 000 from the bank on 12 April 2023 at a forward rate of R1:¥9,70. (On 31 March 2023, the market-related forward rate for a similar FEC for the remainder of the period was R1:¥9,83.) 156 Chapter 9 Companies The relevant rates of exchange are as follows: Date R : ¥ 12 February 2023 14 February 2023 26 February 2023 12 March 2023 31 March 2023 12 April 2023 1 1 1 1 1 1 : : : : : : 9,39 9,45 9,67 9,89 9,56 9,86 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the effect of the above transactions on Seedat Fashions CC’s taxable income for its year of assessment ending 31 March 2023. Round off to the nearest rand. Ignore VAT. Solution 9.6 Part 1 Acquisition of trading stock from a supplier in London (s 11(a)) (£16 650 × R18,65) (note 1) Exchange difference on outstanding debt on 31 March 2023 (translation date) (£16 650 × (R18,65 – R19,15)) (s 24I) (note 2) Exchange difference on FEC on 31 March 2023 (translation date) (£16 650 × (R19,30 – R19,37)) (s 24I) (note 3) Trading stock: Closing stock value on 31 March 2023 (note 4) Effect on taxable income R (310 523) (8 325) 1 166 310 523 (7 159) Notes (1) In terms of s 25D(1), the expense incurred must be translated to the currency of the Republic by applying the spot rate on the date on which the expense was incurred. As the trading stock was shipped free-on-board, the expense was incurred on 12 January 2023. The shipping costs are included in the cost price of trading stock (s 22(3)(b)). (2) The transaction date is 12 January 2023, the date on which the trading stock was shipped free-on-board. The exchange difference on the loan is calculated using the foreign currency amount multiplied by the difference between the ruling exchange rate on transaction date (12 January 2023: spot rate) and the ruling exchange rate on translation date (31 March 2023: spot rate). (3) The exchange difference on the forward exchange contract is calculated using the foreign currency amount multiplied by the difference between the ruling exchange rate on transaction date (forward rate) and the ruling exchange rate on translation date (31 March 2023: market-related forward rate for the remaining period of the contract). 157 Tax Workbook Part 2 R Acquisition of trading stock from a supplier in Japan (s 11(a)) (¥130 000 × R1/¥9,67) (note 1) (13 444) Exchange difference on debt settled on 12 March 2023 (realisation date) (¥65 000 × (R1/¥9,67 – R1/¥9,89)) (s 24I) (note 2) 149 Exchange difference on outstanding debt on 31 March 2023 (translation date) (¥65 000 × (R1/¥9,67 – R1/¥9,56)) (s 24I) (note 2) (78) Exchange difference on FEC on 31 March 2023 (translation date) (¥65 000 × (R1/¥9,70 – R1/¥9,83)(s 24I) (note 3) (89) Trading stock: Closing stock value 13 444 Effect on taxable income (18) Notes (1) In terms of s 25D(1), the expense incurred must be translated to the currency of the Republic by applying the spot rate on the date on which the expense was incurred. (2) The exchange difference on the loan is calculated using the foreign currency amount multiplied by the difference between the ruling exchange rate on transaction date (26 February 2023: spot rate) and the ruling exchange rate on translation date (31 March 2023: spot rate) (or spot rate on realisation date, for the debt paid on 12 March 2023). (3) The exchange difference on the forward exchange contract is calculated using the foreign currency amount multiplied by the difference between the ruling exchange rate on transaction date (forward rate) and the ruling exchange rate on translation date (31 March 2023: market-related forward rate for the remaining period of the contract). Example 9.7 (20 minutes) Kgwekgwe Hardware (Pty) Ltd (Kgwekgwe Hardware) trades in building materials. The company has a last day of February financial year-end. Kgwekgwe Hardware maintains a profit percentage of 20% on the cost price of its trading stock. One of Kgwekgwe Hardware’s customers is entitled to settle its account over a period of 24 months. Interest is charged monthly in arrears at 15% a year on the outstanding capital amount. On 1 October 2022, this customer purchased goods with a cash selling price of R912 000 (the cost price of the goods was R760 000). The monthly instalment payable by this customer was R44 220. The first instalment was due on 31 October 2022. The following table sets out the outstanding capital amounts and outstanding interest amounts on the relevant dates: 1 October 2022 (R) 28 February 2023 (after payment of instalment) (R) Outstanding capital 912 000 743 747 Outstanding interest 149 280 96 433 1 061 280 840 180 Total amount outstanding 158 Chapter 9 Companies YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the effect the above transactions have on Kgwekgwe Hardware’s taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment, if: (a) VAT is ignored; and (b) it is assumed that Kgwekgwe Hardware is a registered VAT vendor and that the trading stock’s selling price of R912 000 and cost price of R760 000 are inclusive of VAT @ 15%. Assume that the Commissioner will agree to an allowance in terms of s 24. Solution 9.7 (a) Taxable income: Sales Opening stock or purchases Section 24 allowance (note) Interest accrued (R149 280 – R96 433) R 912 000 (760 000) (123 958) 52 847 80 889 Note The s 24 allowance allowed for its 2023 year of assessment is calculated as follows: R 743 747 Outstanding capital amount on 28 February 2023 Section 24 allowance (R743 747 × 20% / 120%) 123 958 (b) Taxable income: Sales (R912 000 × 100 / 115) Opening stock (R760 000 × 100 / 115) Section 24 allowance (note) Interest accrued (R149 280 – R96 433) R 793 043 (660 870) (107 790) 52 847 77 230 Note The s 24 allowance allowed for the 2023 year of assessment is calculated as follows: R 743 747 Outstanding capital amount on 28 February 2023 Less: VAT (R743 747 × 15 / 115) (97 010) 646 737 Section 24 allowance (R646 737 × 20% / 120%) 159 107 790 Tax Workbook Example 9.8 (15 minutes) Tshaba Electronics (Pty) Ltd (Tshaba Electronics) manufactures cellphone components. It has a 30 June financial year-end. On 1 June 2023, a customer entered into an agreement with Tshaba Electronics for the manufacture of certain cellphone components over the following two years. The total contract price was R10 000 000. In terms of the agreement, the customer had to pay 80% of the contract price in advance on 1 June 2023 in order to finance the expenditure Tshaba Electronics has to incur in terms of the agreement. The balance of the contract price is payable on 1 June 2024, subject to certain conditions. Tshaba Electronics commenced with the manufacturing of these cellphone components during July 2023. Tshaba Electronics maintains a gross profit percentage of 25% on the selling price of its manufactured goods. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the effect of the above transactions on Tshaba Electronics’ taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment. Assume that the Commissioner will agree to an allowance in terms of s 24C. Ignore VAT. Solution 9.8 Taxable income: Amount received (R10 000 000 × 80%) (note) Less: Section 24C allowance: Advanced payment received Less: Profit component of the advance payment (R8 000 000 × 25%) Expected future expenditure (75% x R8 000 000) R R 8 000 000 8 000 000 (2 000 000) (6 000 000) 2 000 000 Note Tshaba Electronics is not unconditionally entitled to the remaining 25% of the contract price (R2 500 000), because its payment is subject to certain conditions. The remaining part of the contract price did not therefore accrue to Tshaba Electronics during its 2023 year of assessment. Example 9.9 (15 minutes) Tyutyu (Pty) Ltd (Tyutyu) is a South African resident. It manufactures and distributes personal computers. Its financial year ends on 30 June. The company was founded by its two shareholders, Jakes and James Ngogo when 100 000 ordinary shares were issued at R1 each to Jakes and James. On 1 August 2022, Tyutyu entered into an agreement with IT4U (Pty) Ltd for the acquisition of a new and unused manufacturing machine. The market value of the machine was R2 760 000 at that time. In terms of the agreement, Tyutyu issued 30 000 of its shares to IT4U (Pty) Ltd in exchange for the manufacturing machine. The market value of a Tyutyu share was R92 after the transaction. The machine was brought into use on 4 August 2022 in a manufacturing process. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss the taxation consequences of the above transactions for Tyutyu, in its 2023 year of assessment. Ignore VAT. 160 Chapter 9 Companies Solution 9.9 In terms of s 40CA, Tyutyu is deemed to have incurred an amount of expenditure for the acquisition of the manufacturing machine equal to the market value of the shares after the transaction (R92 × 30 000 = R2 760 000). For its 2023 year of assessment, Tyutyu is entitled to a s 12C capital allowance of R1 104 000 (R2 760 000 × 40%). L Questions Question 9.1 (30 minutes) Exquisite Designs (Pty) Ltd (Exquisite Designs) manufactures and sells office furniture. It is a resident and a registered Category C VAT vendor. The company has a 31 March financial year-end. Exquisite Designs maintains a gross profit percentage of 331/3% on its selling price. The following two transactions relate to its 2023 year of assessment: Transaction 1 One of Exquisite Designs’ valued customers is entitled to settle its account over a period of 24 months. Interest is charged monthly in arrears at 5% per annum on the outstanding capital amount. On 1 July 2021 the customer purchased goods with a cash selling price of R342 000 (including VAT of 15%). The monthly instalment payable by the customer is R15 004 (the VAT was also financed). The first instalment was due on 31 July 2021. On 31 March 2022, the outstanding finance charges calculated in terms of s 24J were R7 328. The outstanding finance charges are for accrual periods 10 to 24. On 31 March 2023 the outstanding finance charges calculated in terms of s 24J were R373. The outstanding finance charges are for accrual periods 22 to 24. Transaction 2 On 1 March 2023, a customer entered into an agreement with Exquisite Designs for the manufacture of 1 200 office desks over the next two years. The total contract price is R3 036 000 (including VAT @ 15%). In terms of the agreement, the customer had to pay 60% of the contract price in advance on 1 March 2023 in order to finance expenditure that Exquisite Designs would have to incur in terms of the agreement. The balance of the contract price will only accrue to Exquisite Designs on 28 February 2024. Exquisite Designs commenced with the manufacturing only during April 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate and discuss the normal tax consequences of the above two transactions for Exquisite Designs’ 2023 year of assessment. Assume that the Commissioner will agree to allowances in terms of ss 24 and 24C. Question 9.2 (30 minutes) SportShoe (Pty) Ltd (SportShoe) trades in athletic equipment. It commenced trading on 1 June 2021 and has a 31 May financial year-end. SportShoe imports all its trading stock. It has a contract with Old Balance Ltd shoe manufacturers, in terms of which it has a 12-month credit agreement, without interest implications. 161 Tax Workbook SportShoe ordered 15 000 pairs of shoes at $50 a pair on 1 June 2021 ($750 000 in total). The shoes were sent free-on-board to South Africa on 1 July 2021. To hedge itself against currency fluctuations, SportShoe entered into a forward exchange contract (FEC) with National Bank on 1 July 2021. In terms of the FEC, SportShoe had to settle the full amount owing to Old Balance Ltd on 1 July 2022 at an exchange rate of $1:R13,30. The market-related forward rate on 31 May 2022 for the remaining period of the contract was $1:R13,49. SportShoe neglected its marketing. By 31 May 2022 it had sold only 2 500 pairs of shoes. During its 2023 year of assessment, it sold the remaining 12 500 pairs of shoes. The shoes were sold at a mark-up of 50% on cost. SportShoe did not have cash available to purchase the foreign exchange amount from National Bank on 1 July 2022. Bandit Bank helped by providing a R9 975 000 loan. In terms of the loan, SportShoe borrowed the R9 975 000 on 1 July 2022 and had to pay Bandit Bank the full amount of the loan plus interest of R1 500 000 on 30 June 2023. Interest on the loan for the period 1 July 2022 to 31 May 2023, calculated in terms of s 24J, is R641 142. The following exchange rates are provided: Date $ : 1 June 2021 1 July 2021 31 May 2022 1 July 2022 1 1 1 1 : : : : R 11,30 11,20 13,20 13,43 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the effect of the above transactions on SportShoe’s taxable income for its 2022 and 2023 years of assessment. Question 9.3 (20 minutes) Phephani (Pty) Ltd is a “small business corporation” as defined in s 12E and manufactures parts. The taxable income of the company for the year of assessment ending 31 March 2023 amounts to R850 300, before taking the following transactions into account: (1) A two-year lease on a delivery vehicle expired on 30 November 2022. The cash cost of the vehicle at the commencement of the lease was R300 000, excluding VAT. On 30 November 2022 Phephani (Pty) Ltd paid Rnil to the lessor and became the new owner when the market value of the vehicle was R180 000, excluding VAT. The lease payments were taken into account in the calculation of the taxable income of R850 300, and the deduction over the two-year lease period exceeded the market value of R180 000. The write-off period for delivery vehicles in terms of BGR 7 is four years. The Commissioner has agreed, however, to a write-off period of two years, because it was previously used by the taxpayer. (2) On 1 March 2023 the company paid its annual insurance premium for the next year. The premium amounted to R120 000. 162 Chapter 9 Companies (3) The company also has a short-term share portfolio in listed companies. The following information relates to this portfolio, which is treated as trading stock: Purchase date Quantity Total purchase price Selling date Quantity R Total selling price R Co A (5/3/2019) 800 4 000 19/10/2022 800 9 200 Co B (1/2/2021) 10 000 20 000 30/3/2023 5 000 15 000 500 2 800 Co C (9/12/2022) Only the opening stock had been taken into account in the calculation of the taxable income of R850 300. The investment income contributes only 5% to the gross income of the company and does not jeopardise its classification as a “small business corporation”. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the normal tax liability of Phephani (Pty) Ltd for the year of assessment ending 31 March 2023. Question 9.4 (40 minutes) Balasi CC operates a manufacturing concern in South Africa. Its draft statement of comprehensive income for the year ending 31 March 2023 follows (all amounts exclude VAT, unless stated otherwise): R R Sales (note 1) 21 169 593 Less: Cost of sales (note 2) (15 372 000) Gross profit Other operating income Rentals received (note 3) Proceeds from insurance policy (note 4) 5 797 593 16 770 250 000 266 770 6 064 363 Less: Operating expenses Contributions to a key-man policy (note 4) Lump sum to dependants (note 4) Depreciation (note 5) Repairs (note 6) Bad debts (note 7) Other expenses (deductible for tax purposes) Net income for the year 2 500 150 000 521 000 25 000 12 000 3 394 900 (4 105 400) 1 958 963 163 Tax Workbook Notes (1) Sales include trading stock, which was sold on a suspensive sale agreement on 30 April 2022. The suspensive sale agreement was as follows: R Selling price 75 000 11 250 Add: VAT @ 15% 86 250 (11 100) Less: Deposit (2) (3) (4) (5) Add: Finance charges 75 150 18 000 Total 93 150 The outstanding amount is repayable in arrears over 24 months in equal monthly instalments. The debtor made all the required payments on a timely basis. The accountant credited sales with the deposit and all instalments received and debited bank. No other entries were made. The cost of the sale of R50 000 was, however, treated correctly. Interest earned for the 2023 year of assessment on the suspensive sale agreement, calculated according to s 24J, amounted to R12 193. At 31 March 2023 the outstanding debtors (excluding finance charges and VAT) amounted to R38 825. Balasi CC distributed a dividend in specie to its members on 31 March 2023. The cost price of the trading stock distributed of R50 000 was deducted as purchases but was not included in closing stock. Balasi CC’s gross profit margin was 50% on cost price. Balasi CC also owns a flat situated outside the Republic. Rentals amounted to the equivalent of R25 800 after the deduction of operating costs. Non-refundable foreign tax, the equivalent of R9 030 was paid. No double tax agreement exists between South Africa and the foreign country in which the flat is situated. A key-man insurance policy awarded an amount of R250 000 on 31 December 2022 to Balasi CC. The policy was taken out on 31 March 2017 on the life of the factory manager who died on 15 August 2022. The premiums in respect of the policy were not deductible in terms of s 11(w) by the CC. Balasi CC paid R150 000 to the factory manager’s dependants in terms of his employment contract. Premiums on the policy of R500 a month were not apportioned for periods shorter than a month. All assets are already written off in full for tax purposes, except for the following: Improvements to own factory to increase industrial capacity Machinery Machine E (new) Machine F (new) Delivery vehicle (second-hand) (note 6) Purchase or erection date Brought into use on 14/11/2004 15/03/2005 2 500 000 15/09/2021 01/11/2022 15/12/2021 15/12/2022 280 000 230 000 01/12/2022 01/12/2022 195 000 164 Cost price R Chapter 9 Companies BGR 7 allows for machinery to be written off over five years and delivery vehicles over four years, for purposes of s 11(e). (6) Balasi CC established that it needed to strengthen the body of the delivery vehicle and incurred these costs (classified as repairs for accounting purposes) after it has been purchased, but before it could be used to make deliveries. (7) The following amounts are regarded as bad debts: • A loan of R10 000 to an employee on 1 April 2022 to assist him in buying a car. This employee died unexpectedly on 1 June 2022. • Trading stock sold at cost price of R2 000 to the above-mentioned employee. In terms of the policy of Balasi CC, all employees are entitled to purchase trading stock at cost (but subject to a maximum of R2 500 a year). The corporation was unsuccessful in its attempts to collect any amount from the deceased estate. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the normal tax liability of Balasi CC for its year of assessment ending 31 March 2023 (start your calculation with net income of R1 958 963). Question 9.5 (50 minutes) Vele Beads (Pty) Ltd (Vele Beads) has qualified as a “small business corporation” since its incorporation. The company manufactures and sells different kinds of beads and jewellery. The company is a registered VAT vendor which makes taxable supplies only. The company’s financial year ends on 30 April. The accounting profit before tax for the 2023 year of assessment amounted to R7 180 424. All amounts exclude VAT, unless stated otherwise. Vele Beads has obtained tax invoices or other necessary documentation for all the transactions mentioned below. Assume that Vele Beads would like to minimise its normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment, will make any available elections in order to achieve this, and will also duly notify the Commissioner in writing of its election where applicable. The following information relates to the calculation of the accounting profit before tax: 1. Depreciation of R207 950 was provided for during the 2023 financial year. The following table provides further information regarding the company’s PPE (property, plant and equipment). All assets were brought into use on date of acquisition: Note Cost price (R) Administrative building 1.1 3 990 000 1 February 2023 ‘New’ factory building 1.2 2 500 000 15 March 2023 Kiln 1.3 1 300 000 1 May 2004 Mixers 1.4 165 000 17 March 2023 Computer equipment 1.5 171 000 1 September 2021 Audi A4 1.6 320 000 1 April 2023 Description 165 Purchase date Tax Workbook SARS allows the following write-off periods for purposes of s 11(e), according to BGR 7: Kilns 6 years Mixers 6 years Computer equipment (similar to that in note 1.5) 3 years Audi A4 5 years 1.1. After renting a newly constructed administrative building for 12 months, Vele Beads made an offer to purchase the building. The offer was accepted, and Vele Beads acquired the building on 1 February 2023. The rental payments were taken into account in the accounting profit, and no adjustment is necessary for these rental payments. 1.2 The ‘old’ factory building was erected at a total cost of R1 150 000 and was written off in full during the 2022 year of assessment. It became too small and was sold during March 2023 for R1 500 000. (The profit on sale was not taken into account in calculating the accounting profit.) On 15 March 2023 Vele Beads acquired a brand-new factory building from a developer (a vendor) for R2 500 000. Based on the surface area of the ‘new’ building, Vele Beads could prove to SARS’ satisfaction that 15% of the building will be used as offices, change rooms and a staff cafeteria, 20% as storage space, and the remaining 65% for the manufacturing process. 1.3 The kiln (in which the beads are baked and which had already been written off in full for income tax purposes) was moved from the old factory to the new factory during the last week of February 2023 at a total cost of R85 000. The moving cost was not taken into account in calculating the accounting profit. 1.4 During March 2023 Vele Beads ordered five specially designed mixers (that is, machinery used to mix the raw materials in order to make clay) for R33 000 each. 1.5 The new administrative building was broken into and all the computer equipment was stolen on 22 February 2023. Vele Beads was under-insured and the insurance company deposited an amount of R28 750 as full and final settlement of the claim into the company’s bank account on 25 March 2023. The company paid output tax of R3 750 relating to this insurance payout to SARS, in terms of s 8(8) of the VAT Act. After this theft, the company entered into operating lease contracts for all its computer equipment. Apart from depreciation on the equipment (up until the date of the theft) and the lease payments for the remainder of the year, no other accounting entries were made in respect of the stolen computer equipment. 1.6 On 1 April 2023 Vele Beads purchased an Audi A4 in terms of an instalment credit agreement (ISA). The cash cost of the vehicle (including VAT) amounted to R320 000. Vele Beads paid R25 000 as a deposit. Finance charges over the four-year period of this ISA amounted to R102 680. (The yield to maturity is 15,5% per annum Vele Beads paid the first monthly instalment of R8 285 on 30 April 2023. Apart from depreciation, the accountant has not yet made any accounting entries regarding the Audi. 166 Chapter 9 Companies 2. The following information relates to trading stock (cost of sales): 2.1 The company donated beads with a cost price of R15 000 and a market value of R30 000 to the Thubelisha Children’s Home (a public benefit organisation), and a s 18A receipt was obtained. No accounting entry was made in respect of this donation. 2.2 On 25 April 2022 jewellery with a cost price of R155 000 was directly exported at a selling price of €40 666, to a foreign company that is not related to Vele Beads. The selling price was market-related, but it was agreed that the outstanding debt was only due on 30 June 2022. No interest was charged on the outstanding amount, and the company repaid the loan as agreed. The accountant recorded the transaction correctly for accounting purposes, but he did not record any foreign exchange differences. 2.3 Raw materials for the manufacturing of some of the beads are imported from Italy. An order for a total cost of €62 500 was placed on 1 December 2022, and the material was shipped on 15 December 2022 (transaction date). The material was cleared for home consumption in terms of the Customs and Excise Act on 29 January 2023. The customs duty value on entering the country was R620 000. Import duty of R18 000 as well as the applicable VAT was paid in cash on 29 January 2023. A forward exchange contract (FEC) for a four-month period (ending 30 April 2023) at a forward rate of R18,88 was entered into on 2 January 2023 in respect of the debt. The debt was settled on 30 April 2023. The accountant recorded the transaction correctly for accounting purposes, but he did not record any foreign exchange differences. The following exchange rates are applicable: Date Spot rate (€1 = R) 25 April 2022 €1 = R17,53 30 April 2022 €1 = R17,60 30 June 2022 €1 = R17,50 1 December 2022 €1 = R17,98 15 December 2022 €1 = R17,92 2 January 2023 €1 = R18,04 29 January 2023 €1 = R18,61 30 April 2023 €1 = R18,78 The average exchange rate for the 2023 year of assessment was €1 = R18,07. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income of Vele Beads for its 2023 year of assessment, starting with the accounting net profit before tax of R7 180 424. 167 Chapter 10 Company distributions L Introduction In this chapter, the principles relating to company distributions under the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as amended are illustrated and tested. These principles relate to: • Dividends: – The definition of “dividend” provides that any amount transferred or applied by a resident company for the benefit or on behalf of any person in respect of any share is a dividend. – The following transfers are excluded from this definition of a dividend: transfers that result in the reduction of the company’s contributed tax capital, transfers that constitute shares in the company, transfers of amounts by a listed company in connection with the acquisition of its own shares, transfers that constitute a redemption of a participatory interest in a foreign collective investment scheme and foreign dividends. – A separate definition of a foreign dividend has been included in the Income Tax Act. – With effect from 1 April 2012, any dividend paid by a company is subject to dividends tax. The rate has increased from 15% to 20% as from 22 February 2018. Even though the liability for dividends tax rests with the beneficial owner of the dividend, the company is obliged to withhold the dividends tax. In the case of dividends in specie, the liability for dividends tax remains with the company paying the dividend. One of the most important exemptions from dividends tax is when a dividend is paid to a resident company as the beneficial owner of the dividend, provided that the necessary declarations and undertakings have been submitted to the company paying the dividend. – Any amount received by or accrued to a person by way of a dividend or a foreign dividend is gross income (refer to paragraph (k) of the definition). The dividend could be exempt from normal tax in terms of s 10(1)(k). Foreign dividends are either fully exempt or partially exempt in terms of s 10B. • Returns of capital “Contributed tax capital” is defined in s 1. It can be summarised as the company’s “pure” share capital at 1 January 2011 plus any amounts received for the issue of the company’s shares after this date. This amount will be reduced by amounts that the directors of a company indicate are paid from contributed tax capital after 1 January 2011. The concept “contributed tax capital” means in short the benefit that the company received for the issue of the shares. It is also referred to as “pure” share capital. 169 Tax Workbook • Summary The beneficial owner of the dividend (income) has the right to the income (the dividend). The holder of the share owns the share (capital). Any reference to shareholder in this chapter means that the person is both the beneficial owner of the dividend and the holder of the share. L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that is needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sectionss (or paragraphs) that need to be known before attempting the example or question are provided and the level of the example or question is an indication of its difficulty. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Section 1 – definition of “dividend” Section 22(8) Eighth Schedule para 75 Section 64E – dividends tax Level Example 10.1 (15 minutes) • • • • Basic Example 10.2 (15 minutes) • Section 1 – definition of “dividend” (as defined before 1 January 2011) • Section 1 – definition of “dividend” (as defined with effect from 1 January 2011) • Definition of “contributed tax capital” (as defined with effect from 1 January 2011) Advanced Example 10.3 (10 minutes) • Definition of “dividend” • Section 64E – deemed dividends Basic Example 10.4 (20 minutes) • Sections 64E, 64F and 64J – dividends tax Intermediate Question 10.1 (30 minutes) • Dividends tax – ss 64E, 64F and 64G Basic Question 10.2 (30 minutes) • Definition of a dividend • Dividend in specie • Dividends tax – ss 64E, 64F and 64G Intermediate L Examples Example 10.1 (15 minutes) Ahmedi (Pty) Ltd, a resident company that was formed in 2004, has a 31 March financial year-end. The company distributed the following amounts/assets to its sole shareholder, Mr Ahmed, on 1 July 2022: • a cash distribution of R1 000 000; • an in specie distribution of trading stock with a market value of R500 000 (the trading stock was acquired on 10 April 2021 at a cost price of R300 000); and 170 Chapter 10 Company distributions • an in specie distribution of a building with a market value of R1 500 000 (the building was acquired on 12 July 2010 for R1 200 000; the building did not qualify for any capital allowances). YOU ARE REQUIRED TO: (1) Calculate the normal tax consequences arising from the above distributions for Ahmedi (Pty) Ltd’s 2023 year of assessment. (2) Calculate the amount of dividends tax that Ahmedi (Pty) Ltd is obliged to pay over to SARS. Solution 10.1 (1) Ahmedi (Pty) Ltd’s normal tax liability arising from the distributions is: Distribution of cash – no normal tax consequences Distribution of trading stock Recoupment at market value in terms of s 22(8) Less: Opening stock Distribution of the building Proceeds at market value (paragraph 75 of the Eighth Schedule) Less: Base cost Capital gain Taxable capital gain (R300 000 × 80%) Taxable income R – 500 000 (300 000) 1 500 000 (1 200 000) 300 000 240 000 440 000 (2) As Mr Ahmed is a natural person, the dividends paid to him do not qualify for the exemption provided in s 64F(1)(a). The amount of dividends tax to be paid to SARS by Ahmedi (Pty) Ltd in respect of the distributions that took place on 1 July 2022, is: R Dividends paid Cash distribution (which will result in a dividends tax liability of 1 000 000 Mr Ahmed’s to be withheld by Ahmedi (Pty) Ltd) Distribution of trading stock (note) (which will result in a dividends tax liability of Ahmedi (Pty) Ltd) 500 000 Distribution of a building (note) (which will result in a dividends 1 500 000 tax liability of Ahmedi (Pty) Ltd) Dividends paid on 1 July 2022 3 000 000 Dividends tax (R3 000 000 × 20%) 600 000 Note The definition of “dividend” provides that any amount transferred or applied by a resident company for the benefit or on behalf of any person in respect of any share is a dividend. “Amount” is not defined in the Act. Our courts have held that within the context of gross income, “amount” means not only money but the value of every form of property, whether corporeal or incorporeal, which has a money value (Lategan v CIR 1926 CPD (2 SATC 16); CIR v Butcher Bros (Pty) Ltd 1945 AD (13 SATC 21)). 171 Tax Workbook It is submitted that the amount on these in specie distributions is the market value of the respective assets. Dividends tax is payable by the end of the month following the month in which the dividend was paid. Example 10.2 (15 minutes) Protea Construction (Pty) Ltd (Protea Construction) has a last day of February financial year-end. On 28 February 2008, Protea Construction issued two capitalisation shares for every five ordinary shares (equity shares) held. The capitalisation shares were ordinary shares. Before the capitalisation issue, Protea Construction’s issued share capital consisted of 100 000 ordinary shares of R1 each. In paying up the capitalisation shares, the company applied R40 000 of its profit. The contributed tax capital on 1 January 2011 was R100 000. On 15 July 2022, Protea Construction bought back 15% of its issued share capital in terms of s 48 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. For each share bought back, Protea Construction paid its shareholder R5 cash and distributed two shares in Brick a Pave (Pty) Ltd. Protea Construction had purchased the shares in Brick a Pave (Pty) Ltd on 1 April 2005 for R1,80 a share. On 15 July 2022, the market value of a share in Brick a Pave (Pty) Ltd was R3. Protea Construction’s directors indicated that R1 per share was paid from share capital that arose when the company was incorporated (contributed tax capital) and R1 per share was paid from profits capitalised during the capitalisation issue that took place on 28 February 2008 (dividend) and R3 from retained earnings (dividend). YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the dividend, as defined, that was distributed by Protea Construction (Pty) Ltd in terms of its share buy-back. Solution 10.2 After the capitalisation issue, Protea Construction’s share capital consists of: • “pure” share capital of R100 000; and • capitalised revenue profits of R40 000 (“tainted” share capital). Remember that the company did not receive any benefit for the issue of the shares. It is therefore not contributed tax capital. The reserves/profits of the company were utilised to issue the shares. When the tainted share capital is distributed, it constitutes a dividend. On 1 January 2011, Protea Construction’s contributed tax capital is calculated as follows: R Stated share capital on 1 January 2011 (R100 000 (“pure” share capital) + R40 000 (“tainted” share capital)) 140 000 Less: Amounts included in stated share capital that would have constituted a dividend if distributed immediately prior to 1 January 2011(“tainted” share capital) (40 000) Contributed tax capital on 1 January 2011 100 000 172 Chapter 10 Company distributions The dividend distributed by Protea Construction (Pty) Ltd is calculated as follows: R R Total amount distributed to holders of shares 231 000 Cash distributed (R5 per share × 21 000 shares bought back) Non-cash amounts distributed (21 000 shares bought back × 2 Brick shares at R3 each) Less: Amounts that result in a reduction in contributed tax capital Amounts paid from “pure” share capital reduce contributed tax capital (R1 × 21 000) Amounts paid from “tainted” share capital do not reduce contributed tax capital Dividend paid by Protea Construction (Pty) Ltd Example 10.3 105 000 126 000 (21 000) (21 000) – 210 000 (10 minutes) Leoatle CC made the following loans and distributions on 1 April 2022: (a) an interest-free loan to the brother of a member. Both are residents; (b) a loan to a member (who is a resident) on which interest calculated at 8% per annum is payable; (c) an interest-free loan of R2 500 to Sediba (a resident), a full-time employee as well as a member of the CC. It is the policy of the CC to lend to all its employees, an amount to a maximum of R3 000, interest-free; and (d) a computer with a market value of R1 000 was sold to Sediba (a resident) for R1. All the CC’s computer equipment is leased. At the end of the three-year lease term, the employee has the option to buy the computer at the residual value. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO indicate whether any of the loans or distributions would have dividends tax implications. Give reasons for your answer. Assume a repurchase rate of 5% for purposes of this question. Solution 10.3 In terms of s 64E(4) a deemed dividend arises for purposes of dividends tax if an amount is owing to a company in respect of a loan or advance to: (a) a connected person in relation to the company, that is a resident but not a company; or (b) a connected person in relation to the above connected person, that is a resident but not a company if the loan or advance arises by virtue of any share in the company. This deemed dividend is based on the difference between the interest that would have been charged on the loan at the official rate and the actual interest charged on the loan. For the purposes of s 64E, the official rate is equal to the repurchase rate (5% – given) plus 100 basis points (1%) – refer definition of ‘official rate’ in paragraph 1 of the Seventh Schedule. The official rate is therefore 6%. 173 Tax Workbook It should be noted that for purposes of income tax, a close corporation is treated as a company (see par (f) of the definition of ‘company’ in s 1). (a) Deemed dividend. The member is a connected person in relation to the CC, is a resident and not a company. The member’s brother is a connected person in relation to the member, a resident and not a company. The difference between the interest charged on the loan (0%) and the interest that would have been charged at the official rate (6%) will result in a deemed dividend. (b) Deemed dividend of Rnil. The member is connected in relation to the CC, is a resident and not a company, therefore a deemed dividend may arise. The loan, however, bears interest at a higher interest rate than the official interest rate; therefore, in terms of s 64E(4)(b) the deemed dividend will be Rnil. (c) This could constitute a deemed dividend. If the loan was advanced by virtue of Sediba’s share (member in CC), the loan could result in a deemed dividend as Sediba is a resident and not a company (s 64E(4)). If, however, the loan was advanced by virtue of his employment with the CC, it will not result in a deemed dividend. As the loans are advanced to all employees, it would appear as if the loan was advanced by virtue of employment, rather than by virtue of a share in the CC. In this case, no value will be placed on the loan under paragraph 11 of the Seventh Schedule either, as it is a casual loan that does not exceed R3 000. (d) If the computer was sold to Sediba as a result of or by virtue of his employment, the value of the benefit will be taxed in terms of paragraph (i) of the definition of “gross income” and the Seventh Schedule. If this is the case, no dividend will arise as no amount was transferred to a person by virtue of a share in the CC. If the computer was, however, sold to Sediba as a result of or by virtue of the fact that he is a member of the CC, there will be a dividend. The deciding factor will therefore be the reason why he was allowed to purchase the computer at less than its market value from the CC. Example 10.4 (30 minutes) Lethabo Ltd, a company that trades solely in the Republic, has a year of assessment which ends on the last day of February each year. Its policy is to declare an interim dividend on 31 August each year and a final dividend on the last day of February each year. During the 2023 year of assessment, Lethabo Ltd made the following distributions to its holders of shares: (1) On 31 August 2022 it paid a special dividend of R200 000 to Nxesi (Pty) Ltd, a resident company that owns 71% of the issued shares of Lethabo Ltd. Nxesi (Pty) Ltd did not submit any declarations or undertakings in respect of dividends tax to Lethabo Ltd. (2) On 28 February 2023 it made the following distributions to its holders of shares: • No amount was distributed to Nxesi (Pty) Ltd, as it already received the special dividend. • R10 000 paid to Mr Xing, a 4% holder of shares, who is a resident in China. The double tax agreement between South Africa and China states that South Africa may tax dividends paid to Chinese residents at a rate of 5%. Mr Xing submitted a declaration to Lethabo Ltd stating that it qualifies for this reduced 174 Chapter 10 Company distributions withholding rate and an undertaking to inform Lethabo Ltd should it cease to be the beneficial owner of the dividends. • R30 000 paid to Max Fana Ltd, a South African resident company that holds 19% of the shares of Lethabo Ltd. Max Fana Ltd submitted the required declarations and undertakings in respect of dividends tax to Lethabo Ltd. • 1 000 capitalisation shares issued to Mr Zonke, who holds the remaining shares in Lethabo Ltd. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the amount of dividends tax in respect of each of Lethabo Ltd’s distributions during the 2023 year of assessment. You are furthermore required to indicate the date when Lethabo must pay the dividends tax to SARS. Solution 10.4 Dividends tax to be withheld/paid by Lethabo Ltd is: No. (1) (2) Description Special dividend paid to Nxesi (Pty) Ltd R Dividends tax Calculations/ reference to legislation As Nxesi (Pty) Ltd is a resident company but also a company forming part of the same group of companies as Lethabo Ltd, the dividend qualifies for the exemption in s 64F(1)(a). In terms of s 64G(2)(b) no declaration or undertaking is required in the case where the beneficial owner of the dividend is part of the same group of companies as the company paying the dividend. – Dividend paid to Mr Xing As Lethabo Ltd has received a declaration of the reduced rate that applies to the dividends paid to Mr Xing and undertaking from him to inform Lethabo if it is no longer the shareholder, dividends tax should be withheld at a rate of 5%, thus R10 000 x 5%. 500 Dividend paid to Max Fana Ltd As Max Fana Ltd is a resident company and has submitted the required declarations and undertakings, the dividend is exempt from dividends tax in terms of s 64F(1)(a). – In terms of the definition of a dividend, the issuing of shares in the company does not constitute a dividend. As this does not result in a dividend, it will not be subject to dividends tax. – Capitalisation shares issued to Mr Zonke This dividends tax must be paid over to SARS by no later than 31 March 2023. L Question Question 10.1 (30 minutes) Rorisang Ltd is a resident company that is listed on the JSE Limited. It manufactures sports equipment that is sold both locally in South Africa and exported to various 175 Tax Workbook other international countries. The company was established in 1992 and has a 31 December year end. The following holders of shares have an interest in Rorisang Ltd: • Phumlani (Pty) Ltd is a resident company that purchased a 35% share in Rorisang Ltd on 1 June 2000. • Ethembeni Foundation is a Public Benefit Organisation that is registered as such in terms of s 30 of the Income Tax Act since its inception in 2004. It holds a 10% share in Rorisang Ltd. The investment allows Ethembeni Foundation to collect dividends that are used to fund the activities of the foundation such as taking children to various sporting events. The foundation has not submitted the required declarations and undertakings to inform Rorisang Ltd that it is exempt from dividends tax in terms of s 64F(1)(c). • Sevens Pty (Ltd) is a non-resident company from Fiji that purchased 20% of the shares in Rorisang Ltd in 2008. • OlympicsSA is a portfolio of a collective investment scheme in securities in the Republic that holds 15% of the shares in Rorisang Ltd. • Individuals: 20% of the shares in Rorisang Ltd is owned by various number of unrelated individuals of which not more than 5% is owned by one individual. Of these individuals 15% are residents of the United Kingdom and the rest are residents of the Republic. Rorisang Ltd has 1 500 000 issued shares. The company declared a dividend of R1,50 per share to its holders of shares on 15 November 2022. The dividend was paid to the holders of shares on 1 December 2022. After becoming aware of the declaration of the dividend, the Ethembeni Foundation requested the board of Rorisang Ltd to consider distributing sporting equipment with a manufacturing cost equal to amount of the dividend that the foundation is entitled to, rather than a cash dividend, as equipment was urgently required for an upcoming event. The board of Rorisang Ltd decided to approve the request. You may accept that Rorisang Ltd normally sells goods to the public at a profit margin of 20% on manufacturing cost. Other relevant information • South Africa has a double tax agreement with the United Kingdom which states that dividends received by UK resident individuals from South African companies may only be taxed at a rate of 10% in South Africa. • No double tax agreement has been concluded between South Africa and Fiji. • Phumlani (Pty) Ltd submitted the declarations and undertakings to as required by s 64G to Rorisang Ltd indicating that it qualified for exemption from dividends tax as contemplated in s 64F(1)(a). • Only 40% of UK resident holders of shares have submitted the declarations and undertakings required in terms of s 64G to Rorisang Ltd indicating that the reduced dividends tax rate in terms of the double tax agreement applies to them. Rorisang Ltd, however, is aware from the entries in the share register that the other 60% of these individuals are UK citizens. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the amount of dividends tax on the dividends paid on 1 December 2022 as well as indicate which party is liable for the dividends tax. 176 Chapter 10 Company distributions Question 10.2 (30 minutes) This question should only be attempted after PART XI of the Eighth Schedule has been studied. During Mahufe Ltd’s 2023 financial year that ended on 31 March 2023, the following amounts accrued to it: From Moleketla (Pty) Ltd Moleketla (Pty) Ltd’s financial year ends on the last day of February. On 31 August 2022 it distributed R300 000 cash as a dividend to its sole holder of shares, Mahufe Ltd. On 15 January 2023 the company distributed trading stock with a market value of R50 000 to Mahufe Ltd. Moleketla (Pty) Ltd had acquired the trading stock on 15 January 2022 at a cost of R30 000. Mahufe Ltd did not submit any declaration or undertaking to Moleketla (Pty) Ltd. By 31 March 2023, Mahufe Ltd had sold 60% of this trading stock for R48 000. From Likhweti (Pty) Ltd Mahufe Ltd holds 25% of the issued share capital (equity share capital) of Likhweti (Pty) Ltd. Mahufe Ltd’s interest in Likhweti (Pty) Ltd was acquired on 10 June 2007 for R45 000. Mahufe Ltd and Likhweti (Pty) Ltd do not form part of the same group of companies. On 18 November 2022 Likhweti (Pty) Ltd reduced the value of its issued share capital by 15%. It paid its holders of shares R40 000 in total to compensate for the reduction. The directors of Likhweti (Pty) Ltd indicated that R30 000 of this amount was paid from contributed tax capital. On this date the market value of Mahufe Ltd’s interest in Likhweti (Pty) Ltd was R66 667. On 30 March 2022 Mahufe Ltd sold its 25% interest in Likhweti (Pty) Ltd for R85 000. On 1 April 2022 Mahufe Ltd submitted a declaration stating that it qualified for the exemption from dividends tax as contemplated in s 64F(1)(a) as well as an undertaking to inform Likhweti (Pty) Ltd if it ceases to be the beneficial owner of the dividend to Likhweti (Pty) Ltd. From Moloto Ltd Mahufe Ltd holds 10 000 of the issued share capital in Moloto Ltd (1% of its issued share capital). Mahufe Ltd’s interest in Moloto Ltd was acquired on 15 April 2010 for R20 000. Moloto Ltd is listed on the JSE Limited (JSE). On 30 January 2023, Moloto Ltd acquired 7% of its own equity shares by way of a general repurchase of securities. The repurchase complied with the applicable requirements prescribed by the JSE Limited Listings Requirements. Moloto Ltd paid its holders of shares R5 per share. Mahufe Ltd is not a share-dealer. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss and calculate the effect of the above transactions on Mahufe Ltd’s: (1) taxable income for its 2023 year of assessment; and (2) dividends tax that would have been withheld by the companies in which Mahufe Ltd invested in respect of the dividends paid to Mahufe Ltd. 177 Chapter 11 Partners and Partnerships L Introduction This chapter contains examples and questions covering the normal tax consequences of partners when trading in a partnership. The partnership is not a separate legal entity and the normal rules for individuals apply to the partners. Assume all amounts exclude VAT, unless stated otherwise. In order to answer the examples and questions relating to partnerships, keep the basic framework of the calculation of taxable income in mind. Framework: Calculating taxable trade income of a partnership Calculate the partner’s share: “Gross income” as defined: Less: Exempt income Gives: “Income” as defined Less: “Allowable” deductions Gives: Taxable trade income of all the partners • Calculate each partner’s personal share of taxable trade income of the partnership by multiplying the profit-sharing ratio by the taxable trade income of all the partners. • Include taxable income in gross income of the partner in order to calculate the partner’s taxable income. L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that you will need to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that you need to know before attempting the example or question are provided and the level of the example or question gives an indication of the difficulty of the question. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 11.1 (10 minutes) • Section 24H – limited partnerships Intermediate Example 11.2 (10 minutes) • Section 11(i) – irrecoverable debts • Section 8(4)(a) – irrecoverable debts recovered Basic continued 179 Tax Workbook ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 11.3 (10 minutes) • Section 1 – definition of “gross income” • Section 10(1)(i) – interest exemption • Section 10(1)(k) – dividends • Section 10B – foreign dividend exemption Intermediate Example 11.4 (45 minutes) • Section 1 – definition of “gross income” • Section 10(1)(i) – interest exemption • Section 10(1)(k) – dividends • Section 11(a) – general deduction formula • Section 11(e) – wear-and-tear • Section 11(i) – irrecoverable debts • Section 11F – retirement annuity fund contributions • Section 18A – donations Advanced Question 11.1 (40 minutes) Combined Intermediate Question 11.2 (45 minutes) Combined Advanced L Examples Example 11.1 (10 minutes) Annie, Hillary and Britney carry on business in partnership as traders. They share profits and losses equally. Britney is a limited partner and her total contribution amounted to R8 000. No income was received by/accrued to Britney from the partnership before the 2023 year of assessment. Before the wear-and-tear allowance of R45 000 for the new delivery vehicle is taken into account, the taxable income of the partnership for the year of assessment ended 28 February 2023 is R9 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate Britney’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 11.1 Calculation of the taxable business income of the partnership Taxable income before wear-and-tear allowance Less: Wear-and-tear allowance R 9 000 (45 000) Partnership loss (36 000) Britney’s share of the partnership loss (1 / 3) (12 000) 180 Chapter 11 Partners and Partnerships In terms of the provisions of s 24H, her share of the wear-and-tear allowance is limited to: 8 000 Contributions to the partnership 3 000 Share in taxable income (R9 000 / 3) 11 000 Britney’s taxable income Share of taxable income before wear-and-tear allowance (R9 000 / 3) Less: Wear-and-tear allowance (R45 000 / 3 = R15 000) But limited to R11 000 (s 24H) Assessed loss allowed for 2023 year of assessment 3 000 (11 000) (8 000) R4 000 (R15 000 – R11 000) of the wear-and-tear allowance will be carried forward to the 2023 year of assessment. Example 11.2 (10 minutes) Fhulu and Fhelo are partners that share profits in a 40:60 ratio. At the end of their previous financial year, they had debtors in their financial statements of R60 000. On 31 May 2022, Fhuwani joined the partnership, and the agreement was amended so that profits will be shared equally between the three partners. The agreement also provided that Fhuwani’s existing debtors would not form part of the partnership. On 31 August 2022, one of the debtors, whose debt amounted to R20 000, was declared insolvent. The R20 000 was included in the partnership’s R60 000 debtors at the end of the previous financial year. Irrecoverable debts of R8 000 in respect of a debtor of Fhuwani when she carried on business as a sole trader were recouped on 20 January 2023. Debt of R3 000 written off by the partnership in the previous year of assessment was recovered in February 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate how much each partner can deduct in terms of s 11(i) and recoup in terms of s 8(4)(a) for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 11.2 Irrecoverable debts Fhulu: 1 / 3 × R20 000 = R6 667 Fhelo: 1 / 3 × R20 000 = R6 667 Fhuwani: Rnil (Previously included in income = R20 000 × 40% = R8 000) (Previously included in income = R20 000 × 60% = R12 000) (the sale was never included in her income) Irrecoverable debts recovered (R8 000) Fhulu: Rnil Fhelo: Rnil Fhuwani: R8 000 (debtors not part of partnership) (debtors not part of partnership) (irrecoverable debts deduction previously allowed and full amount included, as agreement states that debtors do not form part of the partnership) 181 Tax Workbook Irrecoverable debts recovered (R3 000) Fhulu: 1 / 3 × R3 000 = R1 000 Fhelo: 1 / 3 × R3 000 = R1 000 Fhuwani: Rnil (s 8(4)(a) recoupment is limited to the amount previously claimed = R3 000 × 40% = R1 200, thus amount recouped is R1 000) (s 8(4)(a) recoupment is limited to the amount previously claimed = R3 000 × 60% = R1 800, thus amount recouped is R1 000) (Fhuwani did not claim a s 11(i) deduction; therefore no amount can be recouped) Example 11.3 (10 minutes) Dr Rex Shabile (25 years old) is a pathologist. He operates a pathology laboratory in partnership with two other doctors. Profits and losses are shared equally between the three partners; in other words, each partner has a one-third interest in the partnership. Details regarding Rex’s receipts and accruals for the 2023 year of assessment were as follows: Partnership R One-third share of partnership profits after paying salaries of partners and interest on the partners’ capital accounts Monthly salary from the partnership Interest from the partnership on his capital account 1 125 000 13 250 19 250 Other receipts and accruals Rental income 10 000 Dividends • Republic shares in companies 15 800 • United Kingdom private companies (rand equivalent) 3 900 All these shares were inherited from an uncle who was not ordinarily resident in the Republic at the time of his death. The dividends from the United Kingdom are not exempt from tax in terms of s 10B(2) and were received on 30 September 2022. Foreign interest (rand equivalent) 5 000 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate Rex’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 11.3 R Partnership profits (one third) Monthly salary (R13 250 × 12 months) Interest on capital account Less: Interest exemption s 10(1)(i) (limited to R23 800) 19 250 (19 250) R 1 125 000 159 000 – continued 182 Chapter 11 Partners and Partnerships Rental income Dividends received – Republic companies Less: Exemption s 10(1)(k) Foreign dividends Less: Dividend exemption (note) Foreign interest R 15 800 (15 800) 3 900 (2 167) Taxable income R 10 000 – 1 733 5 000 1 300 733 Note In terms of s 10B(3) a portion of the foreign dividend is exempt, calculated as follows: A=B×C A = 25/45 × R3 900 = R2 167 Example 11.4 (45 minutes) Gary Golf and Ernie Ball conduct business in partnership. Their bookkeeper has prepared the following income statement in respect of the partnership’s 2023 year of assessment: R R Income Gross profit 487 000 Bad debt recovered (note 1) 3 750 Dividends received (note 2) 4 500 Interest (from a local bank) 6 360 Settlement discount 19 390 521 000 Less: Expenditure Annuities (note 3) Bad debts (note 1) Depreciation: – Shop fittings at 10% (note 4) – Cash register at 10% (note 4) Delivery van purchased (note 4) Donations (note 5) Goodwill (note 6) Insurance (note 7) Licences: Trade and delivery van Delivery van running expenses Rental paid Retirement annuity fund contributions: – Gary – Ernie Staff salaries and wages Shares purchased (note 2) Stationery and printing 12 000 6 000 4 500 2 250 39 600 18 750 60 000 13 500 1 080 5 500 21 600 3 000 4 500 90 000 75 000 1 080 continued 183 Tax Workbook R 17 900 6 600 Sundry deductible expenses Drawings Gary (note 8) Salaries paid: – Gary – Ernie 36 000 45 000 Net profit Net profit: – Gary – Ernie R (463 860) 57 140 39 998 17 142 57 140 The profit-sharing ratio is as follows: Gary Golf 70% Ernie Ball 30% Notes (1) The bad debt of R3 750 was recovered from a former debtor of Gary when he had been trading on his own, two years before. Gary sold his debtors to the partnership. R2 000 of the bad debts relates to debts that the partners took over when they purchased the business. The balance of the bad debts is wholly in respect of present customers who have failed to pay their accounts. (2) During the 2023 year of assessment, the partners decided to invest their surplus cash funds and they purchased 25 000 shares in Clubs (Pty) Ltd, a company registered in the Republic, at R3 a share. The company paid a dividend of R4 500 to the partnership on 31 December 2022. (3) The following annuities were paid during the year to dependants of two deceased former employees: R Olivia Perch and her two children 8 400 Mavis Ndoyini 3 600 12 000 It is not the policy of the partners to make payments of this nature to dependants of former employees. Yet these particular payments were made in order to assist the recipients who were all in poor financial circumstances after their husbands or fathers passed away. (4) The depreciation claimed in the income statement has been calculated on the straight-line method in respect of the shop fittings and the cash register. These items were purchased on 1 March 2022. No depreciation has been provided for in the income statement in respect of the delivery van which was purchased on 1 May 2022 for R39 600 (excluding VAT). The approved write-off periods are: Shop fittings: Six years Cash register: Five years Delivery vehicles: Four years 184 Chapter 11 Partners and Partnerships (5) During the 2023 year of assessment, the partners made two donations: To a non-public benefit organisation To a public benefit organisation R 3 750 15 000 18 750 Official receipts were obtained. Gary also donated R20 000 in his own name to a qualifying public benefit organisation and obtained the required receipt. (6) Goodwill of R60 000 paid refers to the final instalment due in respect of the purchase consideration paid to take over the business. (7) Insurance premiums paid during the year were in respect of the following policies: R Loss of profits policy 8 625 Fire policy 4 875 13 500 (8) Other partnership information (not taken into account in arriving at the net profit of R57 140): Gary Ernie R R Interest on capital 20 000 – Drawings (including the R6 600 deducted in the income statement) 108 000 90 000 (9) Both partners are under the age of 65 years. All amounts paid to or on behalf of the partners are in accordance with the partnership agreement. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the 2023 taxable income of each partner. Solution 11.4 Calculation of taxable income from partnership Gross profit Bad debts recovered (note 1) Dividends received Dividends (exempt s 10(1)(k)) Interest received (note 2) Settlement discount received R R 487 000 – 4 500 (4 500) – 19 390 506 390 Less: Expenditure Annuities paid (note 3) Bad debts (note 4) Donations made (note 5) Delivery van purchased Wear-and-tear allowances (note 6) Goodwill (of a capital nature) Insurance 12 000 4 000 – – 20 250 – 13 500 continued 185 Tax Workbook Licences paid – trade and delivery van Delivery van running expenses Rent paid Retirement annuity fund contributions (note 7) Staff salaries and wages Shares purchased (of a capital nature) Stationery and printing Sundry deductible expenses Salaries paid (note 8) Interest paid (note 8) Drawings (capital in nature) R 1 080 5 500 21 600 7 500 90 000 – 1 080 17 900 81 000 20 000 – Preliminary taxable income R (295 410) 210 980 Calculation starting with net profit (alternative method) Net profit Gross profit (no adjustment) Bad debts recovered (note 1) Dividends (exempt s 10(1)(k)) Interest (note 2) Settlement discount (no adjustment) Annuities paid (no adjustment) (note 3) Bad debts (note 4) Delivery van (of a capital nature) Donations made (note 5) Depreciation (R4 500 + R2 250) Wear-and-tear allowance (note 6) Goodwill (of a capital nature) Insurance (deductible, no adjustment) Licences: Trade and delivery van (deductible, no adjustment) Delivery van expenses (deductible, no adjustment) Rentals (deductible, no adjustment) Retirement annuity fund contributions (note 7) Salaries and wages (deductible, no adjustment) Shares purchased (of a capital nature) Stationery and printing (deductible, no adjustment) Sundry deductible expenses (deductible, no adjustment) Drawings Gary (capital in nature) Salaries – partners (note 8) Interest paid not deducted from net profit (note 8) Deduct R (3 750) (4 500) (6 360) (20 250) (20 000) (54 860) Add back R 57 140 – – – 2 000 39 600 18 750 6 750 60 000 – – – – – – 75 000 – – 6 600 – 265 840 Preliminary taxable income 210 980 Gary 70% × R210 980 Ernie 30% × R210 980 147 686 63 294 continued 186 Chapter 11 Partners and Partnerships Calculation of partners’ taxable income Deduct R Gary 70% R 147 686 36 000 4 452 20 000 2 625 3 000 Add back R Ernie 30% R 63 294 45 000 1 908 – – 4 500 Gross profit Less: Interest exemption s 10(1)(i); maximum of R23 800 for the 2023 year of assessment (Gary: R4 452 + R20 000 = R24 452 limited to R23 800) 213 763 114 702 (23 800) (1 908) Income Less: Retirement annuity fund contributions (note 7) 189 963 (3 000) 112 794 (4 500) Less: Donations (note 5) 186 963 (18 696) 108 294 (4 500) Taxable income 168 270 103 794 Preliminary taxable income Salary (note 8) Interest (note 2) Interest from partnership Bad debts recovered (note 1) Retirement annuity fund contributions (note 7) Notes (1) The maximum amount recovered that a taxpayer may be taxed on is the amount previously deducted. Gary claimed a bad debt deduction of R3 750 two years ago. He is now entitled to 70% of the bad debt recovered, namely R2 625. He sold his debtors to the partnership and will therefore not be entitled to 100%. Ernie is entitled to the difference, namely R1 125. Ernie’s receipt of R1 125 is of a capital nature as it was not deducted in the past; whereas Gary’s receipt of R2 625 is a recoupment (he previously deducted R3 750 (see above)). (2) Gary is entitled to R4 452 (70% × R6 360) and Ernie to R1 908 (30% × R6 360) of the interest earned. (3) Annuities payable to former employees are deductible in terms of s 11(m). (4) Bad debts in terms of s 11(i) can only be written off if the amount was included in the taxpayer’s income. The amount of R2 000 was never included in either of the partners’ income, and therefore no deduction will be allowed. (5) Section 18A allows individuals to deduct donations to public benefit organisations, but this is limited to 10% of their taxable income. The donation of R3 750 will thus not be allowed. The donation of R15 000 is deemed to be made by the partners in the profit and loss ratio. Gary is deemed to make a donation of R10 500 and Ernie a donation of R4 500. Gary also made a donation of R20 000 in his own name. His qualifying donations amount to R30 500 but are limited to R18 696 (10% × R186 963). Any amount of a qualifying donation not allowed can be rolled over and will be allowed as a 187 Tax Workbook deduction in the following year of assessment but subject to the 10% limitation. Gary will be able to roll over R11 804 (R30 500 – R18 696). The limitation on the deduction of the s 18A for Ernie amounts to R10 829 (10% × R108 294) (but limited to the actual donation of R4 500). (6) The wear-and-tear allowance according to s 11(e) is calculated as follows: Shop fittings : R4 500 / 10% = R45 000 cost price R R45 000 / 6 years = 7 500 Cash register : R2 250 / 10% = R22 500 cost price R22 500 / 5 years = 4 500 = 8 250 Delivery van : R39 600 / 4 years × 10/12 VAT – input claimed on delivery van 20 250 (7) Retirement annuity fund contributions paid by the partnership are a fringe benefit for the partners. These amounts must be included in the individual partners’ income, and then the s 11F deduction can be claimed. The deduction is limited to the lesser of R350 000 or 27,5% of the taxable income after the inclusion of a taxable capital gain but before the s 18A deduction or The taxable income of Gary before allowing any deduction under s 11F and before the inclusion of any taxable capital gain. Deduction for Gary: The lesser of • R350 000 or • 27,5% of R189 963 = R52 240 • R189 963 Limited to actual contributions of R3 000. Deduction for Ernie: The deduction is limited to the lesser of R350 000 or 27,5% of the taxable income after the inclusion of a taxable capital gain but before the s 18A deduction or The taxable income of Ernie before allowing any deduction under s 11F and before the inclusion of any taxable capital gain. Deduction for Ernie: The lesser of • R350 000 or • 27,5% of R112 796 = R31 019 • R112 794 Limited to actual contributions of R3 000. 188 Chapter 11 Partners and Partnerships (8) Salaries paid to partners are expenses for the partnership and income for the partners. The interest paid to Gary is also an expense for the partnership and income for Gary. (9) Whatever amounts the partners may have drawn during the year of assessment in anticipation of their salaries and share of the profits, have no effect on the calculation of the taxable income of the partnership or of the individual partners, as drawings are not expenses incurred in the production of income, but are drawn out of income that has already been earned. L Questions Question 11.1 (40 minutes) Michael Rgoke and Carl Abrahams were partners in a business. The profit-sharing ratio was established at 50% each at the beginning of the partnership. Michael and Carl decided to change the profit-sharing ratio with effect from the beginning of the current year of assessment, and to allow a new partner Vera Jacobs to enter the partnership. The new profit-sharing ratio will be as follows: Michael Rgoke 10% Carl Abrahams 60% Vera Jacobs 30% Vera paid Michael R100 000 for the 30% share, which was largely ascribed to goodwill. The bookkeeper prepared the following income statement for the year of assessment ended 28 February 2023: Income Note R R Gross income 1 105 100 Bad debts written off in the previous year recovered from debtors 4 900 Interest received (from a local bank) 10 000 Total income Less: Expenses Annuities paid Irrecoverable debts written off Donation to a non-public benefit organisation Rental paid Salaries and wages Pension fund contributions Depreciation Legal costs – for setting up the new partnership agreement Trading stock written off Drawings Michael (10%) Carl (60%) Vera (30%) Net profit 1 120 000 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 18 000 22 900 10 000 230 000 442 000 36 600 13 851 10 470 19 200 30 000 180 000 90 000 (1 103 021) 16 979 189 Tax Workbook Notes (1) The following annuities were paid: To Mr Lloyd, a retired employee To Mrs Moodley and her daughter. The amount of R300 a month was paid to each of them. Mrs Moodley’s husband was killed the previous year of assessment in an accident. R 10 800 7 200 18 000 (2) During the year the following amounts were written off: 2022 – trade debtors 2023 – trade debtors Sundry loans to employees who were paid off during the prior year R 4 100 12 800 6 000 22 900 (3) On 1 March 2022, the partnership occupied new business premises. The rental agreement makes provision for a lease period of five years, with the option of renewing the lease for a further five years. The Commissioner considers the renewal period to be its probable duration. Rent is payable at R15 000 per month and the lease agreement makes provision for a lease premium of R50 000 which is payable immediately. (4) Salaries and wages included a salary of R90 000 which was paid to Vera. (5) The partnership writes depreciation off on furniture and fittings at 10%, using the reducing balance method. The furniture was purchased for R162 000 and taken into use on 31 August 2019. A write-off period of six years on furniture and fittings is allowed in terms of Binding General Ruling No. 7. (6) Included in trading stock written off is the recoupment of stock with a cost price of R5 000 and a market value of R6 200, which Vera took for private use. (7) The partners had no other income or expenses. All three partners are younger than 65 years. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income of the respective partners for the 2023 year of assessment. Ignore capital gains tax. Question 11.2 (45 minutes) Tshembo Kona, aged 65 years, and his wife, Rhandza, aged 60 years, are equal partners in a business called Discount Liquors. They are married out of community of property. Their business consists of three bottle-stores, situated in Johannesburg. They have provided the following information for Discount Liquors for its year ending 28 February 2023: Its taxable income before making any adjustments for the items listed below was R106 800. • Cash shortages of R1 200 resulting from the theft of certain cash sales by a cashier. The cashier disappeared from employment the day that the cash shortages were discovered. • Three new cash registers were purchased on 30 June 2022 for R14 400 (in total) under a cash transaction. The Commissioner allows wear-and-tear over a fiveyear period on the straight-line basis. 190 Chapter 11 Partners and Partnerships • On 1 September 2021, Discount Liquors entered into a ten-year lease agreement with Checker Properties (Pty) Limited for the lease of shop premises to be used as one of the Discount Liquors retail outlets. In terms of this agreement, Discount Liquors was obliged to spend R190 000 to convert the premises into a bottle store. These improvements were completed on 1 March 2022 at a cost of R240 000. The extra cost of R50 000 was incurred in making certain structural improvements that were not required in the lease agreement. • A debt of R1 380 due from Troy Shiraz, a former manager of one of the bottle stores, is considered to be bad. This debt of R1 380 comprises R580 for liquor purchased from the bottle store in May 2021, R700 for moneys borrowed on 1 August 2022 and R100 interest on the R700 loan (to 28 February 2023). Troy Shiraz has disappeared and left no forwarding address. • The provision for doubtful debts (calculated correctly and accepted by the Commissioner) at 28 February 2022 was R1 000 and at 28 February 2023 it was R1 200. • During March 2022, Discount Liquors purchased a new house for R200 000. The house was sold to the manager of its three stores on 1 April 2022 on an interest-free loan account for R200 000. The loan account is repayable monthly in arrears over ten years. All the monthly payments were paid promptly. • The partnership donated liquor costing R1 000 (with a selling price of R1 500) for a local wine festival. Acknowledgement was given to Discount Liquors in the programme that was distributed at the wine festival. • As Rhandza Kona has to do a lot of travelling in the course of running Discount Liquors, the partnership has insured her life. Premiums paid during the year were R1 200 and are regarded as part of Rhandza’s “salary package”. Additional information provided by Tshembo and Rhandza Kona is as follows: The taxable income of R106 800 was determined after deducting salaries for Tshembo and Rhandza Kona of R90 000 each. If they had employed two “outsiders” to run the business, a salary of R90 000 each would have been reasonable in relation to the work required to be done. Interest of R126 650 on City of Johannesburg Municipal Stock (“Jozi Bonds”) accrued to Tshembo during the 2023 year of assessment. Local dividends of R24 000 and interest of R16 500 accrued to Rhandza Kona during the 2023 year of assessment. Rhandza Kona suffered a tax-deductible loss of R12 550 for the 2023 year of assessment, being her share of the loss from an unsuccessful joint venture that she had entered into with her younger sister. Section 20A is not applicable. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the normal tax liabilities of Tshembo and Rhandza Kona for the 2023 year of assessment. Ignore capital gains tax. 191 Chapter 12 Trusts L Introduction In this chapter, the principles relating to the taxation of resident trusts will be illustrated and tested. The specific sections of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as amended (the Act) that apply to the taxation of trusts are: • section 25B, dealing with the income of trust funds and the beneficiaries of trust funds; and • section 7(2) to (10), dealing with donations, settlements and other similar dispositions by taxpayers. If it weren’t for these provisions, taxpayers would divide income between two or more taxpayers, or move it to a person who pays tax at a lower tax rate. The donations dealt with in these subsections are frequently associated with trusts set up by donors. The paragraphs of the Eighth Schedule to the Act which may also apply to the taxation of trusts are: • paragraph 80, dealing with the capital gains tax consequences of trust funds and the beneficiaries of trust funds; • paragraphs 68 to 73, dealing with the capital gains tax consequences when donations, settlements and other similar dispositions are made to trusts. The normal tax consequences of trusts can be summarised as follows (s 25B): Is there a donation, settlement or similar disposition? Yes No Is s 7(2) (spouse), s 7(3) or (4) (parent to minor child), s 7(5) (no vesting due to condition), s 7(6) (donor retains revoking right), s 7(7) (donor may regain ownership), or s 7(8) (resident donor to non-resident beneficiary) applicable? No 1. Tax beneficiary on amounts distributed to him/her. 2. Does any beneficiary have a vested right on retained income? Yes Yes Tax the beneficiary on the amount entitled to. Tax the donor. Tax the trust on the undistributed income of the trust. 193 No Tax Workbook With regard to capital gains tax, the gain derived by a trust may only be disregarded for purposes of calculating the aggregate capital gain or aggregate capital loss of the trust, if paragraphs 68 to 72 are applicable, or if the beneficiary, who is a resident of the Republic, obtains a vested right. For purposes of the application of s 7(3) and (4) and paragraph 69 of the Eighth Schedule, a minor is an unmarried person who has not attained the age of 18 years. L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that you will need to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that you need to know before attempting the example or question are provided, and the level of the example or question gives an indication of the difficulty of the question. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 12.1 (30 minutes) • Section 25B(1) • Section 7(1) – vested rights (without application of s 7(2) to (8)) • Section 7(3) discussion if interest-free loan • Section 10(1)(i) – interest exemption Intermediary Example 12.2 (30 minutes) • Section 7(1), (3) and (5) • Section 10(1)(i), (k) and(2)(b) • Section 25B(1) Advanced Example 12.3 (20 minutes) • Paragraphs 68, 69, 72 and 80 (relate to capital gains tax, do example after studying/attempting chapter 19) Intermediary Example 12.4 (30 minutes) • Section 7(1), (3), (5), (7) and (8) • Section 10(1)(h), (i) and (k) • Section 25B(1) Advanced Example 12.5 (40 minutes) • Section 7(1), (3) and (5) • Section 10(1)(i), (k) and (2)(b) • Low interest rate loan Advanced Question 12.1 (15 minutes) • Section 7(1), (3) and (5) • Section 10(1)(i) • Section 25B(1) Basic Question 12.2 (15 minutes) • Paragraphs 69, 72 and 80 Intermediary Question 12.3 (30 minutes) • • • • Section 7(1), (3), (5) and (6) Section 10(1)(i) and (k) Section 18 Section 25B(1) Intermediary Question 12.4 (20 minutes) • • • • Section 7(2A), (3), (5) and (7) Section 10(1)(i), (k) and (2)(b) Section 25B(1) Interest-free loan Advanced continued 194 Chapter 12 ) Example/Question and time allocation Question 12.5 (60 minutes) Trusts Topic and/or relevant sections • • • • • • Definition of “special trust” Section 7(5) and(8) Section 10(1)(i) and (k) Section 10B Section 25B(1) Eighth Schedule paragraphs 72 and 80(1) • Interest-free loan Level Advanced L Examples Example 12.1 (40 minutes) Julie Mahlangu created a trust on 1 March 2020 in favour of her three grandchildren Penny, Fezile, and Ntombi (aged 15, 21 and 24 years respectively on that date). Their father is Mfaniseni, Julie’s 50-year-old son. Penny celebrated her 18th birthday on 14 September 2022. Penny, Fezile and Ntombi each have a vested right to one third of the retained income of the trust. Julie donated a farm with a market value of R2 000 000 to the trust. The annual rentals derived from the farm were R160 000. The trust will be wound up two years after Julie’s death. The farm will be sold and its proceeds will be distributed equally among the beneficiaries who are alive at that stage. Mfaniseni sold a flat at its market value of R900 000 to the trust on 1 May 2020. The selling price was left owing as a loan account bearing market-related interest at 8% a year, repayable on the dissolution of the trust. The trustees have a discretion regarding the amounts to be distributed to the beneficiaries, provided that each beneficiary receives the same amount. The following information relates to the 2023 year of assessment: Receipts and accruals 1 March– 1 September– 31 August 28 February R R Net rentals – farm (after deduction of allowable expenditure) 77 000 77 000 Net rentals – flat (after deduction of interest and repairs) 8 900 12 600 Net income – current year 85 900 89 600 An amount of R25 000 was distributed to each of the three beneficiaries on 31 August 2022, consisting of R22 410 from the farm rentals and R2 590 from the flat rentals. A further R30 000 was distributed to each beneficiary on 28 February 2023, pro rata from the income that accrued to the trust. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO (1) calculate the taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment of each of the parties referred to in the question; and 195 Tax Workbook (2) discuss how your answer in (1) would differ if Mfaniseni did not charge any interest on the loan granted to the trust. Consider in detail if there would be a “donation, settlement or other disposition” for purposes of s 7. Solution 12.1 Part 1 Trust Trust’s net income for the year, before distribution (R85 900 + R89 600) Less: Amounts distributed (R25 000 + R30 000) × 3 Retained in trust Less: Vested rights of beneficiaries Penny (R10 500 × 1 / 3) Fezile (R10 500 × 1 / 3) Ntombi (R10 500 × 1 / 3) R 175 500 (165 000) 10 500 (3 500) (3 500) (3 500) Taxable income – Penny (Section 7(3) is not applicable because Julie is Penny’s grandparent and Mfaniseni (Julie’s father) charged market-related interest on the loan to the trust) Distribution – 31 August 2022 Distribution – 28 February 2023 1 / 3 × retained rentals – s 7(1) vested right 25 000 30 000 3 500 Taxable income 58 500 Fezile Distribution – 31 August 2022 Distribution – 28 February 2023 1 / 3 × retained rentals – s 7(1) vested right 25 000 30 000 3 500 Taxable income 58 500 Ntombi (same as Fezile above) 58 500 Mfaniseni Interest (8% × R900 000 × 12 / 12) Less: Interest exemption (s 10(1)(i)) 72 000 (23 800) Taxable income 48 200 Julie Mahlangu Taxable income – Part 2 If Mfaniseni had not charged interest on the outstanding loan account, then it would have resulted in a “donation, settlement or other disposition” for purposes of the application of s 7. Even though this phrase is not defined in the Act, the court has laid down the following principles: • The term “any donation, settlement or other disposition” excludes any disposal of property made for due consideration. • The word “disposition” means any disposal of property made wholly or to an appreciable extent gratuitously out of the liberality or generosity of the disposer. 196 Chapter 12 Trusts • Where there is a settlement or other disposition for some consideration but there is also an appreciable element of gratuity, the resulting income may be apportioned between these two elements. If no apportionment is possible or if the taxpayer fails to produce evidence to justify an apportionment, the whole of the income must be regarded as having been derived by the donor • In addition, the court has held that the word “disposition” did not include a transaction made for full value. Therefore, the purchase consideration that was left owing as an interest-free loan is a “continuing donation” and s 7 could apply (CIR v Berold 1962 (3) SA 748 (A)), which principle was confirmed in C:SARS v Woulidge 2002 (2) SA 199 (A)). The R2 590 from the rentals of the flat distributed to Penny on 31 August 2022 would have been subject to s 7(3) and taxed in Mfaniseni’s hands. The amount is less than the market-related interest of 8% on the loan account and no limitation would have been applicable. The distribution on 28 February 2023 and the retained portion to which Penny has a vested right would still not be subject to s 7(3) because Penny turned 18 years old on 14 September 2022 and is not a minor after that date. Note: Apart from the normal tax consequences discussed above, Mfaniseni may also have donations tax consequences due to the application of s 7C. In terms of s 7C, Mfaniseni (a connected person in relation to the trust) is deemed to have made a donation on 28 February 2023 to the trust for purposes of donation tax equal to the difference between the interest charged and the official rate of interest on the loan that was outstanding during the year. Mfaniseni may, however, utilise his annual R100 000 donation tax exemption against this deemed donation. Example 12.2 (30 minutes) During January 2022, Jonathan Durham (51 years old) created a trust in favour of his three children, Hein, Chris and Carl. Hein is a 29-year-old medical doctor in Johannesburg, Chris turned 18 on 1 December 2022, and Carl is 15 years old and still attending school. The trust assets consist of a flat with a market value of R2 000 000, and a local share portfolio with a market value of R1 500 000. Both these assets were donated to the trust by Jonathan. Jonathan’s brother, Will (54 years old), who is a bachelor, donated R1 000 000 invested in 5% bonds issued by a local bank, to the trust. The trust deed includes the following provisions, amongst others: (1) An annuity of R30 000 (R2 500 per month) shall be paid to Hein. (2) The trustees may make payments to the children for education and/or maintenance. All payments should be funded pro rata from the current year’s income and, apart from those mentioned in (4), no payments should be made out of the accumulated funds. (3) The trustees, who are independent, must be remunerated at 5% of the trust’s net income, before any distributions to the beneficiaries. (4) The trust will be wound up when Carl reaches the age of 25 years. The accumulated funds as well as the capital in respect of the shares and the flat will be shared equally between the three children subject to the following conditions: 197 Tax Workbook • If Hein decides to leave the Republic in search of greener pastures, his share will go to the other two brothers in equal shares. • If Hein or Carl should die before Carl attains the age of 25 years, that child’s portion will go to the other two brothers in equal shares. • If Chris should die before Carl attains the age of 25 years, his share of any accumulated funds as well as the capital in respect of the bonds will be paid to his estate. (5) On the winding up of the trust, the accumulated funds as well as the capital in respect of the bonds will be paid to Chris. Note: Chris therefore has a vested right in all the accumulated interest as well as in one-third of the accumulated dividends and rentals. Neither Hein nor Carl has any vested rights in any accumulated income. The receipts and accruals accrued evenly throughout the year. The distribution to Chris took place on 1 September 2022 (while Chris was still a minor), and the education fees of Chris and Carl were paid on 15 January 2023 (after Chris became a major). The following is the statement of receipts and accruals and payments of the trust for the 2023 year of assessment: R 350 000 (50 000) Donor: Jonathan Rentals R 200 000 (50 000) Donor: Jonathan Dividends R 100 000 Donor: Will Interest R 50 000 300 000 100% 150 000 50% 100 000 33,33% 50 000 16,67% (15 000) (30 000) (7 500) (15 000) (5 000) (10 000) (2 500) (5 000) (25 000) (75 000) (65 000) (12 500) (37 500) (32 500) (8 333) (25 000) (21 667) (4 167) (12 500) (10 833) 90 000 45 000 30 000 15 000 Total Receipts and accruals Less: Rates, taxes and repairs Net income Ratio as a percentage Less: Trustee’s remuneration Annuity to Hein (29 years old) Distribution to Chris (17 years old) on 1 September 2022 Education fees of Chris (18) Education fees of Carl (15) Retained in trust YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income of each of the taxpayers as a result of the income/accruals of the trust during the 2023 year of assessment. You may assume that no taxpayer earned any other investment income. 198 Chapter 12 Trusts Solution 12.2 Jonathan Durham (the father) Retained in trust (s 7(5)) – rentals 2/3 of R45 000 – dividends 2/3 of R30 000 (exempt s 10(1)(k)) Chris – distribution (s 7(3)) – rentals – dividends of R8 333 (exempt s 10(1)(k)) Carl – education (s 7(3)) – rentals – dividends of R21 667 (exempt s 10(1)(k)) R 30 000 – 32 500 – Taxable income from trust 75 000 12 500 – Hein (a major child) Annuity – rentals – interest – dividends (no s 10(1)(k) exemption by reason of the provisions of s 10(2)(b)) Section 10(1)(i) exemption of R23 800, limited to actual interest R 15 000 5 000 Taxable income from trust 25 000 10 000 (5 000) Chris (a major child since his 18th birthday on 1 December 2022) Retained in trust – interest on bonds – vested right – rentals 1/3 of R45 000 – dividends 1/3 of R30 000 (exempt s 10(1)(k)) Distribution – interest (Section 7(3) applies only to amounts by reason of donation by parent (thus only to rentals and dividends)) Education fees – rentals – dividends of R25 000 (exempt s 10(1)(k)) – interest R 15 000 15 000 – 4 167 37 500 – 12 500 84 167 (23 800) Less: Interest exemption – s 10(1)(i) Taxable income from trust 60 367 continued 199 Tax Workbook Carl (a minor child) Education fees – interest (Section 7(3) applies only to amounts by reason of donation by parent (thus only to rental and dividends)) R 10 833 10 833 Less: Interest exemption – s 10(1)(i), R23 800 limited to actual interest (10 833) Taxable income from trust – Will Taxable income from trust – Trust There is no taxable income in respect of the R90 000 retained in the trust. Two thirds of the retained rentals of R45 000 and the retained dividends of R30 000 are subject to the provisions of s 7(5), and one third is subject to s 7(1) as Chris has a vested right to it. The retained interest of R15 000 has accrued to Chris in terms of s 25B(1), because he has a vested right to it. The trustee The trustee will be taxed on the remuneration of R15 000. Example 12.3 (20 minutes) Below are seven unrelated scenarios applicable to discretionary trusts. All donors, beneficiaries and trusts are residents as defined, unless stated otherwise. All transactions occurred after 1 October 2001 and have led to capital gains or losses being realised. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO explain in whose hands the following capital gains or losses will be taken into account when calculating the aggregate capital gain or loss: (1) Bheki (40 years old) is one of three beneficiaries of Trust A. The trustees decided to dispose of an office block, which was held to earn rental income. A capital gain of R520 000 was realised. The total profit was distributed to Bheki. (2) Ntswaki (15 years old) is one of two beneficiaries of Trust B created by her father. The trustees decided to sell the share portfolio, which was originally donated to the trust by her father, Thato (who is still alive). A capital gain of R30 000 was realised on the sale of the share portfolio, and the total profit was distributed to Ntswaki. The trustees also decided to distribute a beach cottage to Ntswaki. The cottage had been donated by Ntswaki’s aunt to the trust. A gain of R150 000 arose in respect of the vesting of this asset in Ntswaki. (3) Mzumbe donated a farming operation to Trust C before 1 October 2001. The beneficiaries are nieces and nephews of Mzumbe. The farming operation was sold by the trust on 1 March of the current year and a capital gain of R250 000 was realised. The proceeds have been retained in the trust and no part of it has been distributed at year-end. (4) Maria sold a business property to trust D. The trust paid the full purchase price in cash. Norma, a non-resident, is one of the beneficiaries. This business property 200 Chapter 12 Trusts was sold by the trust and a capital gain of R50 000 was realised. The full capital gain was distributed to Norma during the same year of assessment. (5) Use the same information as in point 4, but assume that the business property was donated rather than sold to the trust. (6) Use the same information as in point 4, but assume that a capital loss of R50 000 was realised when the business property was sold by the trust. Solution 12.3 The capital gains and losses are attributed as follows (all paragraph references are to the Eighth Schedule): (1) In terms of paragraph 80(2), Bheki (a resident) must take the R520 000 into account in his calculation of his aggregate capital gain or aggregate capital loss for the year of assessment. Bheki receives a vested interest in the capital gain, but not in the asset of the trust. (2) Thato must take the capital gain of R30 000 into account in the calculation of his aggregate capital gain or aggregate capital loss for the year of assessment, since Ntswaki is a minor child and Thato, the parent, donated the share portfolio (paragraph 69). In terms of paragraph 80(1), Ntswaki will be taxed on the R150 000 capital gain in respect of the vesting of the beach cottage. Paragraph 69 is not applicable because Ntswaki’s aunt made the donation, and not her parent. (3) The capital gain will be allocated to Mzumbe in accordance with paragraph 70. Due to the fact that Trust C is a discretionary trust, no beneficiary will obtain a vested right until the trustees exercise their discretion. The retained gain is thus subject to the condition that the trustees must exercise their discretion, and at year-end, no part of the gain vested in any beneficiary. (4) In terms of paragraph 80, the capital gain will be included in the calculation of the aggregate capital gain or aggregate capital loss of the trust, as a gain may only be disregarded in the trust, if it is distributed or vested in a resident beneficiary – and Norma is a non-resident. No attribution rule is applicable because no donation, settlement or other disposition occurred. (5) In terms of paragraph 72, Maria will have to include the R50 000 in the calculation of her aggregate capital gain or aggregate capital loss for the year of assessment. Maria is a resident and also the donor. The beneficiary who has a vested right to the asset is not a resident. (6) The capital loss will only be available to the trust. Paragraph 80 only deals with the attribution of gains to donors or beneficiaries, and no capital loss may thus be utilised by a donor or beneficiary. Example 12.4 (30 minutes) On 1 February 2022 Vujo Sithole (58 years old) created a trust for the benefit of his three children (Joyce, Thava and Rico): • Joyce is 16 years old and unmarried; • Thava is 20 years old and married; and • Rico is 23 years old and not a resident of the Republic since January 2020. He only visits the Republic once a year for a few weeks. 201 Tax Workbook Vujo donated an office block to the trust on 28 February 2022. The trust earns rentals from this building. Sam (66 years old), Vujo’s older brother, ceded the income from his block of flats to the trust until the trust dissolves. Sam also donated the following assets to the trust on 28 February 2022: • an investment portfolio consisting of shares in listed companies earning “local” dividends; and • a fixed deposit at a local bank earning interest. The trust deed stipulates the following: (1) Thava has a vested right to all the retained office rentals. (2) The trust is to remain in existence until Joyce attains the age of 25 years. When this occurs, the income from the block of flats will revert back to Sam, all other assets will be sold, and the proceeds split equally among the beneficiaries who are still alive. (3) Any distributions by the trustees are to be made pro rata from all sources of income. Income and expenditure of the trust for its 2023 year of assessment: Donor: Donor: Donor: Vujo Sam Total Sam Rent Rent Interest (offices) (flats) R R R R Receipts and accruals 600 000 336 000 186 000 42 000 Ratio as percentage 100% 56% 31% 7% Less: Distributions – Joyce (minor) (60 000) (33 600) (18 600) (4 200) – Thava (30 000) (16 800) (9 300) (2 100) – Rico (non-resident) (15 000) (8 400) (4 650) (1 600) Retained receipt and accruals 495 000 277 200 153 450 34 650 Donor: Sam Dividends R 36 000 6% (3 600) (1 800) (900) 29 700 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income of Thava, Rico, Vujo and Sam as a result of the income/accruals of the trust during the 2023 year of assessment. You may assume that no taxpayer earned any other investment income. Solution 12.4 Thava (20 years old, thus not a minor) Distribution – Rent (offices) – Rent (flats) (s 7(7) – taxed in Sam’s hands) – Interest – Dividends of R1 800 – exempt (s 10(1)(k)) Retained income – rentals Less: Interest exemption (s 10(1)(i)), R23 800 limited to actual interest R 16 800 – 2 100 – 277 200 (2 100) Taxable income 294 000 continued 202 Chapter 12 Trusts Rico (non-resident) R Distribution – Rent (offices (s 7(8) – taxed in Vujo’s hands – – Rent (flats) (s 7(7) – taxed in Sam’s hands) – – Interest 1 600 – Dividends 900 (Neither the interest nor the dividends would have constituted income had Rico been a resident, therefore s 7(8) is not applicable) Less: Interest exemption (s 10(1)(h)) (1 600) Less: Dividend exemption (s 10(1)(k)) (900) Taxable income – Vujo Distributions – Rent (offices) – Joyce (s 7(3)) – Rent (offices) – Rico (s 7(8)) 33 600 8 400 Taxable income 42 000 Sam Distributions – Rent (flats) (s 7(7)) (R18 600 + R9 300 + R4 650) – Dividends – Rico (s 7(8) not applicable) Retained amounts – Rent (flats) – (s 7(5) or (7)) – Interest (s 7(5)) – Dividends (s 7(5)) – R29 700 exempt – (s 10(1)(k)) Less: Interest exemption (s 10(1)(i)) over 65 years R34 500 Taxable income 32 550 – 153 450 34 650 – (34 500) 186 150 Example 12.5 (40 minutes) On 1 March 2022, Hugh Ibis (47 years old) sold his two main business assets to the Ibis Trust. These assets are his shareholding in his business company and a large factory building. The purpose of this sale was to ensure that any growth in the value of these assets would take place in the trust and not in his name. The shares were sold at a value determined by the auditor of the company and the factory was sold at its market value. The total value of the sale was R900 000. The purchase consideration was left owing on loan account. As Hugh was going to need a regular inflow of income, it was agreed that the trust would pay interest on this loan account at a rate of 3% per year. The interest would be payable on a monthly basis. If the trust borrowed funds from an “outside” moneylender the rate of interest would have been 12% per year. Assume that SARS accepted an apportionment of the resulting income on the basis of 25% (3%/12%) not being as a result of a “donation, settlement or other [similar] disposition”, and 75% as being a as a result of a “donation” (9%/12%) as indicated in the table. The two beneficiaries of the trust are Hugh’s 22-year-old married daughter, Jill, and Hugh’s 15-year-old son, Jack, who is still a scholar. 203 Tax Workbook Details of the receipts and accruals, payments and distributions of the trust during the 2023 year of assessment are as follows: Receipts and accruals Ratio as percentage Less: Interest payment (note) Less: Distributions Annuity – Jill – Jack Less: Distributions as lump sums – Jill – Jack Retained amounts Donation: No Donation: No donation: donation: Total 25% 25% 75% 75% dividend dividend net rentals net rentals R R R R R 153 000 12 750 38 250 25 500 76 500 100% 8.33% 25% 16.67% 50% (27 000) (2 250) (6 750) (4 500) (13 500) (30 000) (18 000) (2 500) (1 500) (7 500) (4 500) (5 000) (3 000) (15 000) (9 000) (15 000) (6 000) (1 250) (500) (3 750) (1 500) (2 500) (1 000) (7 500) (3 000) 57 000 4 750 14 250 9 500 28 500 Note It could also be argued that the interest deduction should only be made pro rata from the portion of dividends and rental that is not a donation (25%). For purposes of this example, use the amounts as provided in the table. The annuity (distributed monthly) from the trust to the beneficiaries are made in terms of an instruction contained in the trust deed, and will continue for a period of ten years. The lump sum distributions are made at the discretion of the trustees, who are independent persons. The beneficiaries do not have a vested right to the current income, capital or any accumulated receipts and accruals of the trust. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO: discuss the inclusions and exemptions of each taxpayer in calculating his or her taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 12.5 Normal tax implications Hugh He will include R27 000 interest in his gross income as interest. If he has not used his interest exemption he can claim the first R23 800 as exempt interest. He will include R13 500 (R4 500 (dividends) + R9 000 (rentals)) of the R18 000 annuity to Jack in terms of s 7(3), that is the extent that there is a “donation” (75%). The components of the annuity will retain its identity until it reaches the hands of the parties in whose hands it is taxable (Armstrong v CIR 1938 AD 343 (10 SATC 1)). The dividend exemption in terms of s 10(1)(k) is, however, prohibited for any portion of an annuity as a result of s 10(2)(b). The full amount is therefore taxable. 204 Chapter 12 Trusts He will include R4 500 (R1 500 (dividends) + R3 000 (rentals)) of the R6 000 distribution to Jack in terms of s 7(3), that is to the extent that there is a “donation” (75%). The dividend portion of R1 500 is exempt in terms of s 10(1)(k). Section 7(5) applies to that portion of the income retained in the trust which originated from the “donation” by Hugh. He needs therefore to include in his gross income R14 250 as dividends and R28 500 as rentals. The dividends are exempt from tax, in terms of s 10(1)(k). The total amount included in the gross income of Hugh in terms of s 7 is currently: R Section 7(3) – R18 000 × 75% 13 500 Section 7(3) – R6 000 × 75% 4 500 Section 7(5) – R57 000 × 75% 42 750 60 750 This amount is limited to the interest forfeited by Hugh of R900 000 × (12% – 3%) = R81 000. The amount of R60 750 included in Hugh’s gross income is less than R81 000 as calculated, and no limitation is applicable. Jill Jill’s gross income includes the annuity of R30 000, consisting of dividends of R10 000 (R2 500 + R7 500) and rentals of R20 000 (R5 000 + R15 000). The dividend exemption in terms of s 10(1)(k) does not apply as a result of s 10(2)(b), because the R30 000 is an annuity and therefore the R10 000 dividends are fully taxable. Jill’s gross income includes the distribution of R15 000, consisting of dividends of R5 000 (R1 250 + R3 750) and rentals of R10 000 (R2 500 + R7 500). Jill’s dividends of R5 000 will be exempt from tax in terms of s 10(1)(k). Jack Included in Jack’s gross income is R4 500 (R1 500 + R3 000) of the annuity of R18 000; in other words, the extent that there was no “donation” (25%). The annuity will retain its identity as the amounts are deemed to accrue to him in terms of s 25B(1) read with s 25B(2). The dividend exemption in terms of s 10(1)(k) is, however, prohibited as a result of s 10(2)(b), because the payment is an annuity. He will include R1 500 (R500 (dividends) + R1 000 (rentals)) of the R6 000 distribution to him, in other words to the extent that there was no “donation” (25%). The dividend portion of R500 is exempt in terms of s 10(1)(k). Trust The trust will include in its gross income, dividends of R4 750 and rentals of R9 500; in other words, the retained income to which s 7(5) is not applicable and to which no beneficiary has a vested right. The dividends are exempt from tax in terms of s 10(1)(k). 205 Tax Workbook L Questions Question 12.1 (15 minutes) In terms of the will of the late Mr Modiba, a discretionary trust was created on 15 November 2020 for the sole benefit of his two grandchildren, Tsholo (currently 16 years old) and Tshepo (currently 22 years old). Mr Modiba bequeathed a substantial amount of cash to the trust. The trustees of the trust deposited the cash at a local bank. During the current year of assessment, Tswarelo (Tsholo and Tshepo’s father) donated a fixed property to the trust. During the trust’s 2023 year of assessment (ended on 28 February 2023), interest of R50 000 was received from the fixed deposit at the local bank and net rental of R150 000 was earned from the fixed property. The trustees exercised their discretion and distributed R20 000 to Tsholo and R120 000 to Tshepo (see table below for more detail). Interest Total accruals Rental Total 50 000 150 000 200 000 Tsholo (16 years old) (5 000) (15 000) (20 000) Tshepo (22 years old) (30 000) (90 000) (120 000) 15 000 45 000 Distributed to beneficiaries: Amount retained in the trust: 60 000 The R60 000 retained in the trust was subject to the condition that no beneficiary has a vested right in it until the trustees exercise their discretion. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO: (1) Calculate (supported with reasons and reference to legislation) the taxable income of Tsholo, Tshepo and Tswarelo for the 2023 year of assessment, assuming that no other income accrued to them during that year. (2) Calculate the tax liability of the trust for the 2023 year of assessment. Question 12.2 (15 minutes) All persons mentioned are residents of the Republic unless specifically stated otherwise. Mickey created the Orlando Trust, a discretionary trust, a few years ago. No beneficiary has a vested right to the income or capital of the trust until the trustees exercise their discretion. One of the assets owned by the trust is a property situated in South Africa. During the 2022 year of assessment the trust sold the property for R1 200 000 and realised a capital gain of R400 000 as indicated below. Proceeds = R1 200 000 Base cost = (R 800 000) (refer to two scenarios below on how the trust acquired the property) Capital gain = R 400 000 206 Chapter 12 Trusts The trustees dealt with the proceeds as follows: Minnie (Mickey’s 16-year-old daughter) received R50 000 of the capital gain, Donald (Mickey’s 22-year-old son) received R100 000 of the capital gain, The remaining capital gain of R250 000 and the balance of the selling price remained in the trust with no beneficiary obtaining a vested right to it. None of the persons mentioned in the case study have any other disposals for capital gains tax (CGT) purposes. Scenario 1: Mickey donated the property to the trust when the market value was R800 000. OR Scenario 2: The trust bought the property for R800 000 and paid for it in full (no donation). YOU ARE REQUIRED TO: (1) If scenario 1 were applicable, (i.e. the trust obtained the property by way of a donation from Mickey), briefly discuss who will be taxed on the capital gain (or portion thereof). Support your discussion with reference to the provisions in the Eighth Schedule to the Income Tax Act. (2) If scenario 2 were applicable, (i.e. the trust did not obtain the property by way of a donation), calculate Minnie’s and the trust’s taxable capital gain. Question 12.3 (30 minutes) On 1 May 2021 Menzi Dube (66 years old), created a trust for the benefit of his three children (Bafana, Velile and Thando). • Bafana is 15 years old and still at school. He earned R24 000 during the current year of assessment from the sale of magazines and newspapers. • Thando is 22 years old and a full-time student who is fully dependent on his father, Menzi. • Velile is 25 years old and got married on 1 June 2021. Menzi was unhappy with the marriage and forced Velile to return to university in order to complete her studies. Menzi donated a flat to the trust. Menzi’s father-in-law, Paul Serame, 88 years old and a widower, donated cash to the trust, which was invested in a savings account at a local bank. The trust deed contained the following provisions: (1) The trustees, who are independent, must be remunerated at 5% of the net trust income, before any distributions to the beneficiaries. (2) The trust must continue in existence until Bafana attains the age of 25 years. The trust assets and accumulated income must then be shared equally between the three children. If any of the children should die before Bafana attains the age of 25 years, that child’s portion will go to the remaining children in equal shares. This means that none of the beneficiaries have vested rights as to the retained income. (3) An annuity of R4 000, funded by the rentals, would be awarded to Velile. The ratio of any subsequent distribution must be recalculated after taking this annuity into account. 207 Tax Workbook (4) The trustee may make payments to the children for training and education at his discretion. (5) Menzi retains the right to name another beneficiary in Velile’s place at any time he sees fit, because Menzi dislikes Velile’s husband and does not want him to obtain a share in the family’s assets. Menzi received a pension of R25 500 a month and his contributions to a medical scheme were R69 950 for the 2023 year of assessment. Only Bafana and Thando are dependants on Menzi’s medical scheme. All medical expenses were covered by the medical scheme. Paul received a pension of R24 000 a month as well as dividends amounting to R15 000 from listed Republic companies. The following is the statement of receipts, accruals and payments of the trust for the 2023 year of assessment: Trust account Donor: Donor: Menzi Paul Total Rentals Interest R R R Receipts and accruals 157 333 117 333 40 000 Less: Rates and taxes and repairs (24 000) (24 000) – 133 333 Ratios Less: Trustees’ remuneration at 5% Annuity to Velile New ratios Education fees paid: 93 333 70% (4 667) (4 000) 40 000 30% (2 000) – (12 000) (18 000) (14 400) 84 666 69.02% (8 283) (12 424) (9 939) 38 000 30.98% (3 717) (5 576) (4 461) 78 266 54 020 24 246 (6 667) (4 000) 122 666 Bafana (minor) Velile Thando Surplus retained in trust The education fees were in each case paid in two equal payments, the first on 1 August 2022 and the second on 1 February 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO: (1) calculate the normal tax liabilities for the 2023 year of assessment of Menzi, Paul, Velile, Bafana, Thando and the trust; and (2) state how your answer would change, if the trust deed contained the following provision: The income retained in the trust must be credited to Bafana’s account annually. Whenever the trust comes to an end, this accumulated trust balance must be paid out to Bafana, or to his estate if he is deceased. 208 Chapter 12 Trusts Question 12.4 (20 minutes) Tuku is married in community of property to Nonkwe, and no asset is specifically excluded from their joint estate. They are both residents of the Republic. Tuku created an inter vivos South African trust during 2013, when he donated the usufruct of ten years on a large office building to the trust. At the end of the ten-year period, Tuku will again regain the full right to ownership of the property. During 2017, Tuku’s father passed away and he bequeathed shares in South African companies to the trust. The beneficiaries of the trust, who are all residents of the Republic, are Tuku’s children (Malaika and Vusi) and Tuku’s mother, Zinzi. On 1 March 2022 Malaika was 16 years old, Vusi 20 and Zinzi 65. On 28 February 2022 Zinzi sold a block of flats to the trust at its market value of R2 000 000, but on an interest-free loan. The Commissioner has accepted that a market-related interest rate is 10%. The trust has not repaid any capital during the 2023 year of assessment. Zinzi inherited this block of flats, situated in Pretoria, from her late husband. The following clauses, amongst others, appear in the trust deed: (i) An annuity of R8 000 per month is payable to Zinzi until the trust dissolves in ten years’ time. (ii) The trustees may exercise their discretion as to how much of the income should be distributed each year to the beneficiaries. The retained income must be paid in equal shares to Malaika and Vusi on the date that Malaika turns 30. If one of the beneficiaries should die before then, his or her share will go to the surviving beneficiary. (iii) The trustees’ remuneration amounts to 5% of the net income of the trust. The trustees are all independent persons. The trustees compiled the following table of the income, expenditure and payments of the trust for the year ended 28 February 2023: Not related Interest-free Bequeathed Donor: loan: to a Dividends Tuku donation Zinzi Total Rentals Interest Rentals (Office) (Flats) R R R R R Income 600 000 18 000 180 000 62 000 340 000 Ratios 100% 3,0% 30,0% 10,3% 56,7% Trustees' remuneration (5%) (30 000) (900) (9 000) (3 100) (17 000) Annuity to Zinzi Distribution to Vusi Distribution to Malaika 570 000 (96 000) (72 000) (36 000) 17 100 (2 880) (2 160) (1 080) 171 000 (28 800) (21 600) (10 800) 58 900 (9 920) (7 440) (3 720) 323 000 (54 400) (40 800) (20 400) Retained Income 366 000 10 980 109 800 37 820 207 400 209 Tax Workbook YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income of Tuku, Zinzi, Malaika and the trust for the 2023 year of assessment. Assume that no beneficiary has any other investment income. Support your answer with references to legislation. Question 12.5 (60 minutes) Amos Diggory, a South African resident, was a keen businessman and the proud parent of Roxie and Velma. Amos passed away on 1 April 2022 at the age of 55. In terms of his will, the Chicago Trust was created in South Africa and a block of flats (market value of R3 100 000) situated in Hatfield, Pretoria, as well as a cash amount of R1 750 000, were bequeathed to it. During the 2023 year of assessment, the Chicago Trust earned rentals from letting the flats, and interest from investing the cash by way of a fixed deposit at a South African bank. Further disposals to the Chicago Trust: • On 1 May 2022 Amos’s brother, Billy (a resident of South Africa), sold foreign listed shares to the Chicago Trust at their market value of R560 000. The purchase price was financed by Billy, by means of an interest-free loan (denominated in rand) granted to the trust. The capital portion is repayable in full on 1 January 2023. None of these dividends were exempt in terms of s 10B(2). (Assume that SARS considers a rate of 10% to be a market-related rate for the 2023 year of assessment.) • On 1 November 2022, Capone, an old friend of the late Amos, donated 400 of his shares in Burgundy Limited (a resident company) to the Chicago Trust. The market value of each share was R18 on that date. Because the value of this donation was less than R100 000, it was not subject to donations tax. Assume that the donation resulted in a capital gain of R1 500. On 28 February 2023, the value of these Burgundy shares increased to R30 per share, and the trustees exercised their discretion and awarded and transferred 100 shares to each beneficiary. Stipulations in the trust deed (as determined in terms of Amos’ will): The beneficiaries of this trust are as follows. No beneficiary has a vested right to any income or capital of the Chicago Trust and the trustees have full discretionary powers to make distributions: • Roxie, aged 19 years (on 1 April 2022), a full-time student and a resident of South Africa. • Velma, aged 25 and a resident of the United States of America. She emigrated four years ago to pursue a career in performing on Broadway, and has lived in New York City ever since. • Mary Sunshine, Amos’ favourite aunt, aged 72, whom he felt very sorry for because she never married and is now all alone in her old age, living in Durban. • Kelly, Amos’ 30-year-old cousin (related to him in the fourth degree of consanguinity) who suffers from a mental illness as defined in s 1 of the Mental Health Care Act that incapacitates her from earning sufficient income for her maintenance. Kelly is a resident of the Republic. Distributions made during February 2023 from the income of the trust: • R10 000 to Roxie to pay for her studies for the year; 210 Chapter 12 Trusts • R35 000 to Velma to pay for acting classes in New York, which were too expensive for her to afford on her own; • R22 000 to Mary Sunshine to help her refurnish her unit in the retirement village where she lives; • R38 000 to Kelly for payment of medical costs. Summary of the Chicago Trust’s income and distributions: Gross income Less: tax-deductible expenses Distributions to: Roxie Velma Mary Kelly Rents from Flats R Interest R Foreign Dividends R 272 412 139 500 48 438 (5 858) (20 504) (12 888) (22 262) (3 000) (10 500) (6 600) (11 400) (1 042) (3 646) (2 292) (3 958) 210 900 108 000 37 500 Local Dividends R 4 650 (100) (350) (220) (380) 3 600 Total R 465 000 (10 000) (35 000) (22 000) (38 000) 360 000 Assume that: • No natural person mentioned above has yet utilised any portion of the exemption available in terms of s 10(1)(i), in respect of the 2023 year of assessment. • No person has any other disposals during the 2023 year of assessment. • No person has any assessed capital loss brought forward from a previous year of assessment. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO: (1) discuss whether or not the Chicago Trust is a “special trust” for income tax and/or capital gains tax purposes; (2) discuss the normal tax consequences for Billy in respect of the income generated by the Chicago Trust from the foreign shares sold to it; (3) calculate the taxable capital gain of Capone in respect of his 2023 year of assessment; and (4) calculate Roxie’s taxable income for her 2023 year of assessment. She did not receive any other income from any other source during the year. 211 Chapter 13 Non-residents L Introduction Non-residents are taxed on amounts which are received by or that accrue from a source within or deemed to be within the Republic. Double Tax Agreements (DTAs) between South Africa and a foreign country may override some of the provision of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as amended (the Act), for example limit the amount of withholding tax or grant sole taxing rights to a foreign country. However, for purposes of this chapter, the possible application of any DTA is ignored. The following sections of the Act are only applicable to non-residents, namely: • The definition of gross income determines that amounts received by or that accrue to non-residents from a source within the Republic may be subject to income tax in South Africa (s 1). • The definition of a resident. For the purposes of this chapter, a non-resident is any person who does not meet the definition of a resident (s 1). • Source rules are contained in s 9 for certain types of income. If s 9 does not contain a source rule for the particular type of income, the source of income must be determined with reference to case law. (Refer to chapter 2.) • Withholding tax on interest at 15% if interest is paid to a non-resident from a source in the Republic (s 50A–50H). Exemptions from withholding tax are contained in s 50D. • Normal tax exemptions relating to interest earned by non-residents (s 10(1)(h)). Interest that is not exempt in terms of s 10(1)(h) will not be subject to the withholding tax on interest. • Withholding tax on royalties at 15% if the royalty is paid to a non-resident from a source in the Republic (s 49A–49H). • Royalties that are subject to the final withholding tax will be exempt from normal tax in terms of s 10(1)(l). • Dividends paid to non-residents are generally subject to a final dividends tax (s 64D–64N). (Refer to chapter 10.) • The withholding tax relating to the purchase price paid to a non-resident in respect of a disposal of immovable property situated in the Republic (s 35A). This withholding tax is not a final tax but a prepayment of normal tax. • The final withholding tax relating to amounts paid to foreign entertainers and sportspersons (s 47A–47K). Amounts paid to foreign entertainers and sportspersons that are subject to the withholding tax, are exempt from normal tax in terms of s 10(1)(lA). 213 Tax Workbook Framework: The taxable income of a non-resident is calculated using the normal tax framework: Gross income Less: Exempt income Gives: Income Less: Deductible expenditure Gives: Taxable income L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that you will need to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that you need to know before attempting the example or question are provided, and the level of the example or question gives an indication of the difficulty of the question. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 13.1 (10 minutes) • Framework for calculating taxable income • Withholding tax on royalties and interest Basic Example 13.2 (18 minutes) • Section 1 – definition of “gross income” Intermediary Example 13.3 (10 minutes) • Business income of foreign branch • Dividends tax Basic Example 13.4 (15 minutes) • Investment income • Withholding tax on foreign entertainers and sportspersons, interest and royalties Basic Example 13.5 (24 minutes) • Gross income • Investment income • Withholding tax on royalties and interest Basic Question 13.1 (20 minutes) • Business income • Investment income • Withholding tax on dividends, royalties, interest Advanced Question 13.2 (40 minutes) • Business in the Republic versus business not in the Republic • Withholding tax on sale of fixed property situated in the Republic (Prepaid withholding tax) Advanced Question 13.3 (20 minutes) • Resident of the Republic versus nonresident of the Republic • Withholding tax on royalties Advanced 214 Chapter 13 Non-residents L Examples Example 13.1 (10 minutes) Sewela Mashilo, an unmarried woman, 63 years old, was formerly resident in the Republic but emigrated from South Africa to Australia six years ago. She is a partner in a business in South Africa that her brother-in-law started ten years ago. She visits the Republic regularly to participate in the business activities of the partnership (which is regarded as a permanent establishment in South Africa). In the current year of assessment, she spent 28 days in the Republic. The taxable income of the partnership for the 2023 year of assessment amounted to R500 000, and Sewela and her brother-in-law shared in this profit equally. In 2019, she used partnership profits to purchase 2 000 debentures issued by an unlisted South African company of R100 each. These debentures pay interest at 20% per annum. The interest is payable quarterly on 31 March, 30 June, 30 September and 31 December. Sewela earns a royalty from a company that is a resident in Botswana for tax purposes for a patent she developed while she was still ordinarily resident in the Republic. The gross royalty on this patent for the 2023 year of assessment amounted to R34 000. In addition, a gross royalty of R150 000 accrued to her on 31 January 2023 as a result of the use of another patent by a company in the Republic. She developed this patent during 2010 in Australia. She paid tax amounting to R7 200 (rand equivalent) in Australia on the gross royalties. During the current year of assessment, Sewela made a donation of R10 000 to UNISA, for which an official s 18A receipt was obtained. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate Sewela’s Republic tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment in respect of these receipts and accruals. Solution 13.1 Sewela is not a resident of the Republic as she was not ordinarily resident in South Africa during the current year of assessment and did not meet the requirements of the physical presence test. She will therefore be subject to income tax on income from a source within the Republic. Sewela’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment Taxable income from the partnership – 50% of R500 000 R 250 000 Interest on debentures (note 1) (R100 × 20% × 2 000) Royalties for the use of her patent developed in the Republic (note 2) Royalties for use of patent developed in Australia (note 2) 40 000 – 150 000 440 000 (23 800) (150 000) Less: Basic interest exemption s 10(1)(i) Royalty exemption s 10(1)(l) 266 200 continued 215 Tax Workbook R Less: Donation (s 18A) – R10 000 Limited to R266 200 × 10% = R26 620, thus actual amount (10 000) Taxable income 256 200 Normal tax (R40 680 + (26% x (R256 200 – R226 000)) Less: Primary rebate Section 6quat rebate (note 3) 48 532 (16 425) – Normal tax liability 32 107 Withholding tax on royalties (note 4) 22 500 Notes (1) Sewela is conducting a partnership business in the Republic (s 24H(2)). Therefore, s 10(1)(h) does not apply. She will only qualify for the basic interest exemption in terms of s 10(1)(i). This interest is exempt from the withholding tax on interest in terms of s 50D(3)(b) because the debt is effectively connected to Sewela’s permanent establishment in the Republic. (2) The royalties earned by Sewela will be from a source within the Republic if: • it is paid or incurred by a resident, unless the royalties are attributable to that resident’s permanent establishment outside South Africa (s 9(2)(c)); or • the royalty is received or accrues in respect of the use of the patent in South Africa (s 9(2)(d)). The royalties from a South African source will be subject to the 15% withholding tax in terms of s 49A–49H and exempt from normal tax in terms of s 10(1)(l). Any other royalties received by non-residents will be from a source outside the Republic (s 9(4)(c)). Royalties earned from use of patent by Botswana resident company The royalties are not paid by a South African resident or in respect of the use of the patent in South Africa. The income is therefore not from a South African source, even though the patent was developed in South Africa. The royalties would therefore not be included in Sewela’s gross income and also not be subject to the withholding tax. Royalties earned from use of patent in South Africa As a result of the fact that the royalty is paid to a non-resident for use in the Republic, the royalties would be from a source within the Republic. The royalties would therefore be subject to the withholding tax at a rate of 15% and be exempt from normal tax in terms of s 10(1)(l). (3) Sewela is not a resident of the Republic. Therefore no rebate can be claimed in terms of s 6quat on the foreign tax which she had paid. (4) The withholding of tax on royalties is not a pre-payment of normal tax, but the payment of a separate final tax. No withholding tax is levied on the royalties on the patent developed in the Republic (see note 2). The royalties on the patent developed in Australia but used in the Republic by a company that is resident will be taxed as follows: R150 000 at 15% = R22 500. 216 Chapter 13 Non-residents Example 13.2 (18 minutes) The following retired taxpayers are all non-residents. They earned the following amounts from sources within the Republic during the 2023 year of assessment. Abe Abrahams Abe receives a monthly pension of R25 000 from a South African pension fund. He worked at the Botswana branch of a resident company for 18 years. Before his retirement he worked at its head office in Johannesburg for two years. After retirement he moved back to Botswana. In total he worked 20 years for the resident company. He was a member of the South African pension fund for the entire period of 20 years. Andile Dlamini Andile emigrated from the Republic six years ago. Before she emigrated, she purchased a ten-year annuity from an insurance company in the Republic. She paid R50 000 and receives R700 a month. Claire Cleveland Claire Cleveland is a retired professor. Two years ago, the University of Cape Town signed a service contract with her to supervise doctoral students, via e-mail. This supervision is regarded by SARS as a service rendered (and not the imparting of scientific, technical, industrial or commercial knowledge) by an independent contractor (she is not under the supervision and control of the University of Cape Town). She will not visit the Republic. She earns R80 000 per completed doctoral thesis. She is the supervisor of ten doctoral students. Three of these students completed their theses during January 2023. She invoiced the University of Cape Town for R240 000 on 15 January 2023 payable by the end of January 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss whether the amounts earned by the above nonresidents constitute “income” (as defined) in South Africa for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 13.2 A non-resident is only required to include in his “gross income” in relation to any year or period of assessment, the total amount, in cash or otherwise, received by or accrued to or in favour of such person from a source within the Republic, excluding receipts or accruals of a capital nature. The special inclusions to the gross income definition include certain amounts in gross income, whether of a capital nature or not. Abe Abrahams Paragraph (a) of the definition of “gross income” includes annuities. The special inclusion is subject to the source rules contained in s 9(2)(i). Section 9(2)(i) states that any pension earned by a person who performed services partly within the Republic and partly outside the Republic is from a source in the Republic to the extent that the services were rendered in Republic. The pension amounts received by Abe will therefore be from a source within the Republic in the same ratio as the period during which he rendered services in the Republic bears to the total period of services rendered by Abe. 217 Tax Workbook Abe has to include R13 091 in his gross income, which is calculated as follows: 2 / 20 years × R300 000 (12 months × R25 000) = R30 000. There is no exemption and R30 000 will thus be his “income”. Andile Dlamini The originating cause of the annuity is the formal act that gives rise to it. For a purchased annuity, the source will be located at the place at which the contract was entered into (Boyd v CIR 1951 (3) SA 525 (A)). An annuity is regarded as gross income, regardless of whether it is of a capital nature or not, according to para (a) of the definition of gross income. Andile has to include R8 400 (R700 × 12 months) in her gross income. Section 10A allows for an exemption in respect of the capital portion of the purchased annuity. The exempt portion is calculated as follows: R50 000 / (R700 × 12 × 10) × R8 400 = R5 000. Andile will thus have “income” of R3 400 (R8 400 less R5 000). Claire Cleveland The originating cause of the income is located where the services are rendered, which is outside the Republic. The special inclusion in para (gA) to the “gross income” definition and source rule in s 9(2)(e) are not applicable (given in the question). The R240 000 is thus not included in Claire’s gross income (and is therefore also not “income”). Example 13.3 (15 minutes) International Plc (an unlisted company) is incorporated in the United Kingdom and is managed and controlled in the United Kingdom. It has substantive business operations in the Republic, which it operates through branches (permanent establishment in South Africa). The following information relates to International Plc’s trading in the Republic for its year of assessment ended 31 March 2023. R Sales – local (in the Republic) 684 000 Sales – export to United Kingdom 1 800 000 Interest earned (note 1) 476 000 Foreign exchange gain (note 2) 120 000 Rentals earned (note 3) 58 750 Total income Less: Deductible expenditure 3 138 750 (1 304 835) Net income (note 4) 1 833 915 Notes (1) Interest earned is as follows: • Interest on current accounts at South African resident banks • Interest on an investment made by International Plc, namely £200 000 invested in listed South African debt instruments. The £200 000 invested did not originate from profits made in its Republic branches. R 56 000 420 000 476 000 218 Chapter 13 Non-residents (2) The foreign exchange gain was made on an export transaction. (3) International Plc subleases some of the offices it leases in the Republic. (4) International Plc distributed the equivalent of R500 000 of its Republic profits to its foreign shareholders. (5) International Plc made provisional tax payments of R250 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the Republic normal tax due by International Plc. Solution 13.3 International Plc is not a resident of the Republic as it is neither incorporated in the Republic nor effectively managed in South Africa. International Plc will therefore be taxed on its income from sources within the Republic. Calculation of normal tax liability for its year of assessment ending 31 March 2023 R Sales – local (note 1) 684 000 Sales – export (note 1) 1 800 000 Interest (note 2) 476 000 Foreign exchange gain (note 3) 120 000 Rentals (note 4) 58 750 Gross income Less: Exempt income Section 10(1)(h) (note 5) 3 138 750 Income Less: Deductible expenditure 2 718 750 (1 304 835) (420 000) Taxable income 1 413 915 Normal tax liability at 27% (note 6) Less: Provisional tax payments made 381 757 (250 000) Normal tax due 131 757 Notes (1) The source of the profits made from the Republic branches is the branch activities, which is the originating cause of the profit. These activities are carried on in the Republic. (2) In terms of s 9(2)(b) interest income (as defined in s 24J) is from a source within the Republic if: (a) the amount is incurred by a resident, (b) the interest is received or accrues in respect of the use or application of funds or credit in the Republic. In this case, both interest accruals are therefore from a source within the Republic. However, both interest accruals are exempt from the withholding tax on interest since the interest of R56 000 is paid by a bank and the interest of R420 000 is in respect of a listed debt (see s 50D(1). 219 Tax Workbook (3) The foreign exchange gain is taxable under the provisions of s 24I as it is attributable to the business operations in South Africa (s 9(2)(l)). (4) The source of the rentals is the location of the property, which is in the Republic (COT v British United Shoe Machinery (SA) (Pty) Ltd 1964 FC). (5) The exemption under s 10(1)(h) does not apply if the debt from which the interest arises is effectively connected to a permanent establishment of that non-resident in the Republic. Only the interest on the company’s current accounts is thus excluded from this exemption. In addition, International Plc does not qualify for the interest exemption in s 10(1)(i) as it is not a natural person. (6) Branches of external companies also pay normal tax at the new rate of 27%. The dividends that International Plc distributed from the Republic branch profits are not subject to dividends tax. The reason is that it is not a dividend as defined in s 64D. Example 13.4 (15 minutes) The following four taxpayers are not residents of the Republic for tax purposes. They received the following amounts during the 2023 year of assessment from sources within the Republic. Tsidi Pule (26 years old) R Tsidi has never been a resident of the Republic. He visited the Republic for four months to play in the Sunshine Golf season. The events took place in various country clubs throughout the country. Winnings received 420 000 Vuyani Mali (40 years old) Vuyani has never been a resident of the Republic. He visited the Republic for eight months and toured the country. Interest earned on 31 January 2023 from fixed deposit at a South African bank (not effectively connected to a permanent establishment in the Republic) Rental income received on fixed property situated in Durban (not deemed to be a business carried on through a permanent establishment in the Republic) Dividend on 15 February 2023 from collective investment scheme in securities (70% was paid out of local exempt dividends and 30% out of taxable interest) Deneo Modise (66 years old) Deneo emigrated from the Republic on 1 January 2000. She visited the Republic for five months during the 2023 year of assessment to look after her business interests. Income from businesses carried on in South Africa Royalties (gross) from a patent she developed abroad which is used by one of her businesses in South Africa Rental income from a flat situated in Pretoria 29 000 36 000 6 000 190 000 59 000 24 000 continued 220 Chapter 13 Non-residents Mulalo Mukhuwevho (52 years old) Mulalo has never been ordinarily resident in the Republic and did not visit the Republic during the current year of assessment. Dividends from listed RSA companies Distribution from Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) Annuity from a trust (80% was financed out of dividends and 20% out of interest earned on Government bonds) Royalties (gross) on a patent used in South Africa (10 January 2023) R 12 900 15 800 40 000 90 000 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income from Republic sources of all the above-mentioned taxpayers for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 13.4 Taxable income of Tsidi Pule for the 2023 year of assessment Winnings received (note 1) Less: Foreign sportsperson exemption (s 10(1)(lA)) (note 2) Taxable income R 420 000 (420 000) – Taxable income of Vuyani Mali for the 2023 year of assessment Interest earned (note 3) Rental from fixed property Collective investment scheme in securities Dividends Interest (note 3) Gross Income Less: Interest exemption (s 10(1)(i) (note 3) Less: Dividend exemption (s 10(1)(k)(i)) (note 3) Taxable income 29 000 36 000 4 200 1 800 71 000 (23 800) (4 200) 43 000 Taxable income of Deneo Modise for the 2023 year of assessment Business income Royalties (note 4) Rentals earned on fixed property 190 000 59 000 24 000 Taxable income 273 000 Taxable income of Mulalo Mukhuwevho for the 2023 year of assessment Dividends (par (k) of “gross income” definition in s 1) Distribution from Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) (note 5) Royalties (note 4) Annuity Dividends (note 6) Government bonds interest (note 7) Income Less: Interest exemption (note 7) (s 10(1)(i)) Less: Dividend exemption (s 10(1)(k)) (R12 900 + R15 800) (note 5) Less: Section 10(1)(l) exemption Taxable income 12 900 15 800 90 000 32 000 8 000 158 700 (8 000) (28 700) (90 000) 32 000 221 Tax Workbook Notes (1) The services are rendered in South Africa; therefore the source of the income is in the Republic. (2) Tsidi is a non-resident sportsperson; therefore the income is subject to 15% taxation on foreign sportsmen, and exempt in terms of s 10(1)(lA). The withholding tax payable is R420 000 × 15% = R63 000. (3) Section 10(1)(h) exempts interest received or accrued to a person ordinarily resident outside the Republic. This exemption does not apply if a person is physically present in the Republic for at least 183 days during the 12 month period preceding the date on which the interest is accrued or received. The s 10(1)(h) exemption will therefore not be available to Vuyani. If a person fails to qualify for the exemption in s 10(1)(h), the person can still claim the interest exemption under s 10(1)(i), which is, however, limited to R23 800 for individuals younger than 65 years and to R34 500 for individuals older than 65 years. The interest is exempt from withholding tax on interest in terms of s 50D because it is paid by a bank. (4) The royalties are from a source within the Republic if: • it is paid or incurred by a resident, unless the royalties are attributable to that resident’s permanent establishment outside South Africa (s 9(2)(c)); or • the royalty is received or accrues in respect of the use of the patents in South Africa (s 9(2)(d)). Section 9(4)(c) states that all other royalties received by non-residents will be from a source outside the Republic. Deneo’s royalties are included in gross income because it is from a South African source. It is not exempt in terms of s 10(1)(l) because it was not subject to the final withholding tax in terms of s 49A–49H. Section 49D determines that a royalty is exempt from withholding tax if the royalty is effectively connected to a business carried on in the Republic. Mulalo’s royalties are also included in gross income because it is from a South African source. It is exempt in terms of s 10(1)(l) because it was subject to the final withholding tax in terms of s 49A–49H of R13 500 (R90 000 × 15%). (5) Section 10(1)(k)(i)(aa) exempts dividends from REITs accruing to persons not ordinarily resident in the Republic. (6) Section 10(2)(b) disallows the application of the dividend exemption (s 10(1)(k)), if the dividends are paid by way of an annuity. (7) Section 10(2)(b) provides that the exemptions under s 10(1)(h) and (k) do not apply to an amount derived in the form of an annuity. The exemption in terms of s 10(1)(i) can still be claimed against interest, as s 10(2)(b) only refers to s 10(1)(h) and (k). The R23 800 exemption can be claimed but is limited to the actual amount received. 222 Chapter 13 Non-residents Example 13.5 (12 minutes) Katlego Marumo (49 years of age) is not ordinarily resident in the Republic. He has business interests in the Republic and spent about two months in the Republic looking after his business affairs. The following information is applicable to the 2023 year of assessment: R Gross royalties earned for the use of his patent by a South African resident. The resident uses it in his permanent establishment in Botswana 100 000 Taxable profits out of Republic business activities 475 200 Net rentals – house in England 31 800 – house in Cape Town 13 500 Income from a Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) 9 210 Income from a collective investment scheme in securities (R5 213 was financed out of local exempt dividends, and R2 070 out of interest). This investment was effectively connected with Katlego’s permanent establishment in the Republic. 7 283 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the normal tax liabilities of the above-mentioned taxpayers for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 13.5 Katlego Marumo is not a resident of the Republic for tax purposes as he was not ordinarily resident in South Africa during the year and does not meet the requirements of the physical presence test. He will therefore only be taxed on income from a source within the Republic. Calculation of the normal tax liability of Katlego Marumo for the year of assessment ended 28 February 2023 R Royalties (note 1) Taxable income from business activities Rental income (note 2) Residence in England Residence in Cape Town Return from a Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) Income from a collective investment scheme in securities Financed by dividends Financed by interest – 475 200 – 13 500 9 210 5 213 2 070 Less: Interest exemption (note 3) (s 10(1)(i)) Dividend exemption (note 4) (R5 213 + R9 120) 505 193 (2 070) (14 333) Taxable income 488 790 Schedule tax payable (R115 762 + (36% x (R488 790 – R488 700) Less: Primary rebate 115 794 (16 425) Normal tax liability 99 369 223 Tax Workbook Notes (1) The royalties are not from a source within the Republic because the royalties are attributable to a resident’s permanent establishment outside South Africa (s 9(2)(c)). The royalties are therefore not included in Katlego’s gross income and will also not be subject to the withholding tax in terms of s 49A–49H. (2) The source of the rental income is the place where the fixed property is situated. Only the rental from the South African property is therefore from a source in the Republic. (3) A person not ordinarily resident in the Republic and who has been physically absent from the country for at least 183 days during the 12-month period preceding the interest accrual is entitled to the s 10(1)(h) exemption on interest earned from a South African source. But, if the debt is effectively connected to a permanent establishment of the non-resident in the Republic, then the exemption is not available. Therefore, Katlego is not entitled to the exemption. The s 10(1)(i) exemption can be used up to a maximum of R23 800. The interest is exempt from withholding tax on interest in terms of s 50D because it is effectively connected with the non-resident’s permanent establishment in the Republic. (4) The dividend from the REIT will also be exempt in terms of s 10(1)(k) because the proviso does not apply to non-residents (s 10(1)(k)(i)(aa)). L Questions Question 13.1 (20 minutes) Siso Nkomo is not a resident of the Republic. He has never been ordinarily resident in the Republic. He is 50 years old and unmarried. Siso has visited the Republic of South Africa for eight weeks each year during his vacation for the past four years. During the year of assessment ended 28 February 2023, he had the following receipts, accruals and expenses: R Salary from his Canadian employer for work done in Canada Dividends from companies in the Republic Royalties during February 2023 for the use of a design in the Republic (the design was developed in Canada) Rentals from a property situated in the Republic Director’s fees from a company in the Republic Consultation fees during February 2023 from an independent company in the Republic (the consultation relates to scientific work done in Canada) 500 000 15 000 100 000 36 000 60 000 200 000 Siso also conducts a business operation in Johannesburg as a sole proprietor. He appoints a person to manage the business while he is not in South Africa. 224 Chapter 13 Non-residents The following income statement for the year ending 28 February 2023 is available to the business: R Consultation fees Interest received on South African bank account Total income Less: Business expenses 2 370 200 14 000 2 384 200 (1 688 700) Rentals – Office space Telephone, faxes and Internet Salaries Other deductible expenses 36 000 65 000 1 000 500 587 200 Net profit 695 500 Notes (1) All amounts are stated in their rand equivalent amount, excluding VAT (where applicable), but before taking into account any prepaid taxes or withholding taxes. (2) The business operation in Johannesburg is registered as a VAT vendor and is an employer for employees’ tax purposes. This business has its own bank account. (3) Siso is a registered taxpayer in South Africa and pays his tax on time. He has already paid provisional tax of R200 000 for the 2023 year of assessment. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO (1) calculate Siso’s net tax debit or credit for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023; and (2) calculate any other taxes payable. Question 13.2 (40 minutes) Kabelo Mahlanga is a 40-year-old unmarried taxpayer. He is not ordinarily resident in the Republic and has never (except for the current year of assessment) been to the Republic. He visited the Republic for 90 days during the current year of assessment. He earned the following from a South African source during the 2023 year of assessment: R Investment income: Dividend on shares in a South African company 12 000 Interest from a South African bank 37 000 Royalty income: Royalties for the use of his patent in South Africa (net amount on 15 December 2022 after deduction of the withholding tax) 88 000 continued 225 Tax Workbook Consulting income: Fee for assisting the company with advice in relation to the patented process (thus “royalty” as defined in s 49A) when the company started manufacturing the product using this process (net amount on 10 January 2023 after deduction of the withholding tax) Rental income: Net rental income from fixed property situated in the Republic (not deemed to be business carried on through a permanent establishment in the Republic) R 21 250 145 500 On 25 February 2023, Kabelo sold the fixed property he owned for R2 785 000 to a South African resident. Kabelo purchased the property in 2004 for R1 320 000. He had to pay agent’s commission of R175 000 on the sale of the house. He made a taxable capital gain of R500 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO (1) calculate Kabelo’s liability for Republic taxes in respect of amounts he earned from the Republic; and (2) re-calculate Kabelo’s liability for Republic taxes assuming that Kabelo conducts a business partnership in South Africa and earned a taxable income of R105 000 from this partnership during the 2023 year of assessment. Assume further that the interest from the bank is effectively connected to his permanent establishment in the Republic. He also incurred travelling expenses of R10 000 while attending to his South African business interests. Question 13.3 (20 minutes) You are a registered tax practitioner in Nelspruit. Tebogo Mashilo (currently 62 years old) came to consult you whilst he was visiting his daughter who works in the Kruger National Park. Tebogo and his wife are retired and ordinarily resident in Eswatini (Swaziland), but are considering permanently moving to Nelspruit and becoming tax residents of South Africa. Tebogo’s biggest concern about the move is the possible tax implication of the move because they are currently not paying any tax in Eswatini. To be able to advise Tebogo, you requested him to provide you with certain documents. A week later you received the following documents: Royalty income (rand equivalent) A royalty of R75 000 a year is paid to Tebogo by a Republic manufacturer for the use of a patented manufacturing process that was devised by Tebogo in 2002 when he had been resident in Eswatini. The accrual will be on the last day of the year of assessment. 226 Chapter 13 Non-residents Pension income (rand equivalent) An annuity of R300 000 payable in monthly instalments of R25 000 each from Game Viewers Ltd, a company of Eswatini. During the 30 years he was employed by Game Viewers Ltd, Tebogo rendered services both in the Republic and in Eswatini. Details of his employment history is: • 1 January 1992 to 31 December 2001 in Eswatini (10 years); • 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2011 in the Republic (10 years); • 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2018 in Eswatini (seven years); • 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020 in the Republic (two years); and • 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2021 in Eswatini (one year). Investment income (rand equivalent) Interest on investment with a bank in Eswatini. Interest of R30 500 a year accrues from this investment. Medical cost (rand equivalent) Tebogo and his wife do not belong to a medical scheme. Tebogo paid qualifying medical expenses of R18 100 during the 2023 year of assessment; all the expenses were incurred in the Republic. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO advise Tebogo on his tax liability if he moves to the Republic, compared to staying in Eswatini. (Assume his earnings and expenses are the same for future years of assessment. Assume the 2023 tax legislation and rates of tax will be the same in future years of assessment.) 227 Chapter 14 Trading stock L Introduction If a taxpayer disposes of an asset in a scheme of profit making, then the amount received or accrued will be gross income. The taxpayer speculates with the asset and treats the asset as trading stock. The cost of trading stock will be deductible under s 11(a) of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as amended as expenditure actually incurred in the production of income, not of a capital nature. Section 22 contains the normal income tax rules relating to trading stock resulting in an extension of the application of s 11(a) by, for example, determining that trading stock that was deducted but not yet sold at the end of the year of assessment does not qualify for a deduction. The cost price of this stock must be added back as closing stock (s 22(1)). The closing stock that is added back at the end of the year can be deducted as opening stock in the following year of assessment (s 22(2)). Framework: Section 22 of the Income Tax Act contains the legislation that applies to trading stock. It contains, amongst others, the following provisions: • Section 22(1): Closing stock valuation • Section 22(2): Opening stock valuation • Section 22(3): Cost price of trading stock • Section 22(4): Trading stock acquired for no consideration • Section 22(5): LIFO basis is not allowed • Section 22(8): Recoupments of trading stock L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that is needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that need to be known before attempting the example or question are provided. The level of the example or question gives an indication of the difficulty of the question. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 14.1 (15 minutes) • Section 22(1), (2) and (8) • Section 11(a) • Paragraph (jA) of “gross income” definition • Section 23F Intermediate Example 14.2 (10 minutes) • Section 22(1) • Section 11(a) Basic continued 229 Tax Workbook ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 14.3 (10 minutes) • Section 11(a) and (e) • Section 22(3) Basic Example 14.4 (10 minutes) • Section 22(1) and (4) Basic Example 14.5 (25 minutes) • Section 11(a) – positive test of the general deduction formula • Definition of “trading stock” • Section 18A • Section 22(8) Intermediate Question 14.1 (30 minutes) • Section 22(1) and (2) • Section 1 – definition of “gross income” • Eighth Schedule paras 5, 6, 7, 20, 35 and 40 • Section 25 Advanced Question 14.2 (20 minutes) • Section 11(a) • Section 22(1), (2), (3), (4) and (8) Basic Question 14.3 (25 minutes) • • • • • Intermediate Section 11(a) Section 22(1), (2), (3) and (4) Section 23(e) Section 8(4)(a) Section 19 L Examples Example 14.1 (15 minutes) Part A Mandlethu Dladla purchased trading stock for R20 000 on 27 February 2023 and commenced trading on the same date. The trading stock was offered for sale at R30 000, but no items were sold on 27 or 28 February 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate Mandlethu Dladla’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment from the trade that he commenced on 27 February 2023. Part B Lenong Golf Cart (Pty) Ltd manufactures golf carts. During the year of assessment, a golf cart was transferred to the advertising department to be used for demonstration purposes. The cost of the golf cart is R20 000 and its market value R35 000. The expected lifetime of a golf cart is 10 years. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO briefly discuss the normal tax consequences of the transfer of the golf cart from trading stock to be used as a capital asset for demonstration purposes. Part C Ntsu Ltd’s year-end is 31 March. Ntsu Ltd ordered and paid for trading stock on 31 March 2023, to be delivered to its premises on 1 April 2023. Ownership will pass to Ntsu Ltd on 1 April. The goods were not included in closing stock. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss briefly whether Ntsu Ltd is entitled to deduct the acquisition cost of the trading stock during its 2023 year of assessment. 230 Chapter 14 Trading stock Solution 14.1 Part A Gross income Closing stock (valued at the lower of cost or market value, in terms of s 22(1)(a)) Less: Allowances and deductions Purchases (s 11(a) deduction) Taxable income R 20 000 (20 000) – Part B Section 22(8) is not applicable if trading stock consists of assets in respect of which any amount received or accrued from the disposal thereof is or will be included in gross income in terms of para (jA). Paragraph (jA) of the gross income definition refers to assets manufactured, produced, constructed or assembled. Lenong Golf Cart (Pty) Ltd manufactures golf carts and para (jA) is therefore applicable. The golf cart is regarded as trading stock regardless the fact that it is used as a capital asset. If the golf cart had been bought as trading stock, s 22(8) would have applied. This would have resulted in a recoupment at market value of trading stock and the acquisition of the same asset at market value for capital gains tax purposes. The company would be able to claim a wear-and-tear allowance on the market value of the asset. Part C Section 23F is applicable as the trading stock was neither disposed of nor held at the end of the 2023 year of assessment. The acquisition cost actually incurred, and allowed as a deduction under s 11(a), is therefore prohibited by s 23F(1). The deduction will be allowed in Ntsu Ltd’s 2024 year of assessment. Example 14.2 (10 minutes) On 1 February 2023 Bakgaga (Pty) Ltd commenced dealing in both shares and in property. On 2 February 2023, it bought 20 000 shares in Bakone Ltd for R180 000. On 3 February 2023, it bought a plot of land for R600 000. It did not sell any shares or property during February 2023. On 28 February 2023, the market value of the trading stock of the • 20 000 shares in Bakone Ltd was R166 000; and • the plot of land was R595 000. Bakgaga (Pty) Ltd’s financial year ends on the last day of February. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate Bakgaga (Pty) Ltd’s taxable income from its share- and property-dealing businesses for its 2023 year of assessment. 231 Tax Workbook Solution 14.2 Gross income Closing stock of shares (valued at cost in terms of s 22(1)(a)) (note) Closing stock of property (valued at the lower of cost or market value, in terms of s 22(1)(a)) R R 180 000 595 000 775 000 Less: Allowances and deductions Purchase of shares (s 11(a)) Purchase of property (s 11(a)) 180 000 600 000 Taxable income (780 000) (5 000) Note Section 22(1)(a) allows the cost of closing stock to be reduced to its market value when its market value is less than its cost. There is an exception to this provision, namely that it does not apply to financial instruments, for example shares, held as trading stock by a taxpayer. This exception applies to all taxpayers. Example 14.3 (10 minutes) Duvha (Pty) Ltd is a resident of the Republic. It retails toys, chocolates and sweets. During its financial year that ended on 28 February 2023, it moved to new premises. The total cost of this move was R12 500, made up as follows: • moving of its shop equipment – R4 500; • moving of all its trading stock – R8 000. The directors of Duvha (Pty) Ltd would like to know the normal tax consequences of the R12 500 expenditure it has incurred. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO write a report for Duvha (Pty) Ltd, setting out the tax implications of the R12 500 cost of its move. Solution 14.3 For normal tax purposes, in certain circumstances, the cost of relocating fixed assets on which certain capital allowances are granted may be added to their cost. Shop-equipment Shop equipment does not qualify for the s 12C capital allowance. The R4 500 incurred on the removal of the shop equipment would therefore qualify for the wear-and-tear or depreciation allowance at the rates normally allowed on shop equipment (s 11(e) proviso (v)). The tax value of the shop equipment will therefore be increased by R4 500 and must be written of over the remaining write-off period. Trading stock The cost of removal of the trading stock of R8 000 is expenditure of a non-capital nature. This cost is sufficiently closely related to the income-producing activities of Duvha (Pty) Ltd, thus permitting the R8 000 to be tax deductible under the provisions of s 11(a). 232 Chapter 14 Trading stock Section 22(3), in defining the method of arriving at the cost price of trading stock, states that the cost of trading stock includes “any further costs incurred . . . in getting such trading stock into its then existing condition or location”. Therefore, it follows that the R8 000 incurred on moving the trading stock should be apportioned over those items that were moved and added to their cost. Example 14.4 (10 minutes) Redvers Burgundy, the managing director and sole holder of shares in Natal Wines (Pty) Ltd, carried on a business in his own name as an importer and distributor of French wines. On 1 November 2022 he ceased this business. He donated his stock of French wines on hand at 1 November 2022 to Natal Wines (Pty) Ltd. Natal Wines (Pty) Ltd sells, as part of its business, wines that are bottled in KwaZuluNatal. The original cost of the French wines donated by Redvers Burgundy was R75 000. Their market value on 1 November 2022 was R125 000. At 28 February 2023, 75% of these French wines had been sold. No entries were put through the accounting records to record either the acquisition of the French wines for no cost or the balance on hand at 28 February 2023. Natal Wines (Pty) Ltd’s financial year ends on the last day of February. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO write a memorandum to Redvers Burgundy, setting out the effect of the above transactions on the normal tax calculation of Natal Wines (Pty) Ltd for its 2023 year of assessment. Solution 14.4 Your details and address To: Redvers Burgundy Public Officer From: You Date Subject: Natal Wines (Pty) Ltd – Trading Stock Valuation As requested, I have detailed below an issue relating to trading stock that should be taken into account in the preparation of Natal Wines (Pty) Ltd’s normal tax calculation for its 2023 year of assessment. The issue to be taken into account is as follows: French wines Section 22(4) deemed deduction (“donated” stock is deemed to have been acquired at a cost equal to its market value) Closing stock inclusion in taxable income, in terms of s 22(4): 25% of R125 000 (cost deemed to be market value) 233 R (125 000) 31 250 Tax Workbook Example 14.5 (25 minutes) Hashi Hlophe is a resident of the Republic. He is a sole trader. He retails in books, newspapers and magazines. Hashi Hlophe has queried the normal tax implications of the following four transactions: • Each Thursday morning is “pensioners’ day” at his shop. Hashi Hlophe supplies, free of charge, a magazine to his older customers. Hashi does this to encourage pensioners to visit his shop and purchase his trading stock. Hashi Hlophe has determined that each magazine costs him R6. He sells this particular magazine for R16,50. • At the request of the local old-age home, he donated ten books to it. The old-age home provided Hashi Hlophe with a s 18A certificate for this donation. A book normally sells in his shop for R240, representing a 50% mark-up on its cost. • Hashi Hlophe recently attended the 70th birthday of a friend. As a birthday present for this friend, Hashi took a book of jokes from his shop. The book of jokes normally sells in his shop for R300, representing a 150% mark-up on its cost. • Because of the nature of his trading stock, Hashi Hlophe does a physical stock take every three months. At the most recent stock take Hashi performed, he established that four imported books were missing from the shop (due to theft). The imported books normally sell in his shop for R240 each, representing a 100% mark-up on its cost. Hashi Hlophe is not a registered VAT vendor. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss the normal tax implications that arise as a result of the four transactions as detailed above. Solution 14.5 “Pensioners day” The magazines are part of Hashi Hlophe’s trading stock. Because he has disposed of trading stock, other than in the ordinary course of his trade, for a consideration less than its market value, a deemed recoupment arises in terms of s 22(8)(b)(ii)(B). The deemed recoupment is calculated at market value, being R16,50 for each magazine. If the donated magazines have been used by Hashi Hlophe in the carrying on of his trade (as a marketing exercise) then a deemed deduction is available to him for each magazine supplied. The deemed deduction is calculated at the same value as set out above, that is R16,50 for each magazine. The deduction available for normal tax purposes is the amount recouped, namely R16,50 per magazine. Refer to proviso (a) of s 22(8). Donation of books The books are trading stock. By donating the books to the local old-age home, a deemed recoupment arises calculated at the amount which was taken into account for that year of assessment in respect of the value of that trading stock. This amount would be the cost (or opening stock value) of the books. Hashi Hlophe must include in his income R1 600 (10 × R240 × 100 / 150). 234 Chapter 14 Trading stock Because a s 18A certificate has been issued to Hashi for this donation, he may claim a deduction based on the recoupment of R1 600. The deduction is, however, limited to 10% of Hashi Hlophe’s taxable income (before this s 18A deduction). Birthday gift The book of jokes is trading stock. Hashi Hlophe has applied trading stock to his personal use or consumption. In terms of s 22(8)(a), a deemed recoupment arises, calculated at cost. Hashi Hlophe must include in his income R120 (R300 × 100 / 250), being the cost of the book of jokes. Section 22(8)(a) is only applicable to natural persons because only natural persons can apply trading stock for private use or domestic use or consumption. Stolen imported books On purchasing the four imported books, Hashi Hlophe is entitled to a s 11(a) deduction of R480 (R240 × 100 / 200 × 4). No subsequent adjustment is required as a result of this trading stock being stolen from his shop, because he did not include it in closing stock or use it for a purpose other than selling it in the ordinary course of his trade. L Questions Question 14.1 (25 minutes) Philani Zondi, aged 61 years, a resident of the Republic, died on 3 March 2022. He traded in his own name as a souvenir dealer. He was shot dead as he opened his trade premises in a shopping centre early in the morning. He died immediately. The robber (his killer) fled empty-handed when a neighbouring shopkeeper sounded the alarm. On 28 February 2022, with the assistance of a trainee accountant from his auditor, he had counted his trading stock. It had a market value of R880 000 and had cost him R400 000. Market Trading stock Cost value R R On hand on 28 February 2022 880 000 400 000 Less: Sales on 1 and 2 March 2022 (66 000) (30 000) On hand on 3 March 2022 814 000 370 000 Philani Zondi’s executor closed the shop with immediate effect. The executor then arranged for the trading stock on hand to be sold by an auctioneer. It was sold by the auctioneer for R405 000. This amount was then received by the executor from the auctioneer. Philani Zondi was a widower. His will provided for the executor to liquidate his assets, settle his liabilities and to bequeath the residue of his estate to his niece. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss, supported by calculations, the normal tax, including capital gains tax, consequences for Philani Zondi and the Estate Late Philani Zondi that arise out of all the above transactions for the 2023 year of assessment. 235 Tax Workbook Question 14.2 (20 minutes) Teboho Mohorosi is a resident of the Republic. He is a dealer in shares. It should be noted that in determining his closing stock value, he uses the FIFO basis of valuation. • On 1 April 2022 Teboho Mohorosi’s older brother died and Teboho inherited 5 000 shares in Beaks Ltd from his brother’s estate. Teboho Mohorosi and his late brother had each purchased (as trading stock) 5 000 shares in Botho-Ubuntu Ltd, for R15 000 on 1 March 2022. On 1 April 2022 the market value of a Botho-Ubuntu Ltd share was R3,50. On 1 December 2022 Teboho Mohorosi sold 3 000 shares in Beaks Ltd for R12 750. On 28 February 2023 Teboho Mohorosi still held 7 000 shares in Botho-Ubuntu Ltd, and the market value of a Botho-Ubuntu Ltd share was R4,40. • On 2 January 2022 Teboho Mohorosi purchased 250 shares (trading stock) in Lesiba Ltd for R15 000. On 28 February 2022 the market value of a Lesiba Ltd share was R66. On 31 March 2022 Teboho Mohorosi was pleasantly surprised when he received an unexpected dividend from Lesiba Ltd of R1 485. Another unexpected dividend from Lesiba Ltd of R1 050 accrued to Teboho Mohorosi on 30 September 2022. As a result of these generous dividend yields, Teboho Mohorosi “transferred” the 250 shares out of his share-dealing business on 1 October 2022. He now holds these shares in Lesiba Ltd as a long-term investment. The market value of a Lesiba Ltd share on 1 October 2022 was R70, and on 28 February 2023 it was R75. Teboho Mohorosi still held 250 shares in Lesiba Ltd on 28 February 2023. • On 1 February 2022, Teboho Mohorosi purchased 100 shares in Manzimtoti Ltd (trading stock) for R6 000. On 28 February 2022, he still held all 100 shares in Manzimtoti Ltd, at a market value of R50 per share. For most of the 2023 year of assessment, the market value of a Manzimtoti Ltd share remained about R50 a share. But as from 1 January 2023, the market value increased. On 28 February 2023, Teboho Mohorosi still held 100 shares in Manzimtoti Ltd, but the market value of a Manzimtoti Ltd share was now R55. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the effect that each of the above transactions will have on Teboho Mohorosi’s taxable income. The value of those shares that form part of his trading stock and form part of his taxable income must be given. Question 14.3 Part A Optimistic Stoke, a South African resident, opened a boutique in a shopping mall on 15 February 2022. He studied fashion design and believed that he had adequate knowledge of the fashion world to make a success of this venture. He started his business with his own capital. His plan was only to stock his own label, namely, Black and White. This was a great success. He could not keep up with the demand for his stock and decided to expand the fashion line, by buying designer clothes from Pessimistic, on credit. One day, the shop attendant put a notice on the door, stating “Back within 10 minutes”, and went to the storeroom at the back of the shop where the stock was stored, where she lit a cigarette. The telephone rang and she left the cigarette in an ashtray. When she came back, the stock was on fire. She ran away, leaving the fire to spread. The stock loss amounted to R1 600 000. Fortunately, Optimistic was insured. However, because Optimistic was under-insured, the insurance company only paid out the amount he was insured for. 236 Chapter 14 Trading stock After this incident, he needed stock on short notice. Pessimistic had not been paid for the first delivery of trading stock and did not want to sell stock on credit any longer. Optimistic misjudged the effect of the fire loss. He soon realised that he was in financial trouble and could not pay the operational expenses. He hoped for the best, but the debt only escalated. He could not obtain a loan from the bank as he was not regarded as credit-worthy and also could not provide security for the loan. He could not pay Pessimistic. A group of loyal friends decided to donate stock to Optimistic to at least cover some of his operating costs. However, he was forced to close shop and sell all the remaining stock on sale in March 2023. The following information relates to the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023: R Opening stock: Cost of own designed stock (label Black and White) (its market value at the beginning of the year of assessment was R4 000 000) 3 000 000 Acquisition of trading stock during the year of assessment: Purchases from Pessimistic 1 800 000 Cost of own designed stock (label Black and White) 1 500 000 Stock donated by his friends to help him to cover some of the operational costs. The market value of the stock was R450 000 and it cost his friends R290 000 when they originally bought it – Indemnity payment under a contract of insurance Damaged stock for which a payment was received Cost of damaged stock not paid out by the insurance company 1 180 000 420 000 Closing stock: Purchases from Pessimistic (Market value R300 000) Own designed stock (label Black and White) (market value at year end was R650 000) Donated stock sold during the year of assessment 250 000 1 000 000 – YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate and discuss, with reference to legislation, the effect of the information as detailed above on Optimistic’s normal tax for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023. Part B Pessimistic knew that Optimistic was in financial trouble. After consultation with his attorney, he was advised to reach a compromise (a debt reduction agreement) with Optimistic rather than pursuing the matter further. He would at least recover some of the cost from the income from the sale which would start on 15 March 2023. 237 Tax Workbook YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the effect of the information as detailed above on Optimistic’s normal tax for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023 if you assume that: (1) Pessimistic waived 20% of the R1 800 000 debt owed by Optimistic. The cost price of the waived stock on hand that had not been disposed of on that date was R500 000. (2) Pessimistic waived his profit of R800 000 on the R1 800 000 debt owed by Optimistic in order to recover his cost. The cost price of the waived stock on hand that had not been disposed of on that date was R500 000. 238 Chapter 15 Farmers L Introduction This chapter deals with a taxpayer who carries on bona fide farming operations. Farming receipts, accruals and expenditure are dealt with in the same way as those of other taxpayers, with the exception of the matters specifically provided for in the First Schedule to the Income Tax Act read with s 26. These specific principles are illustrated and tested in this chapter. Special provisions provide what amounts a farmer may deduct in the determination of his taxable income from farming operations for livestock purchased (limited to his farming income, plus his closing stock, less his opening stock) and his capital development expenditure. The First Schedule also contains provisions to be used in the determination of the opening and closing stock values of livestock and produce. A farmer also qualifies for special tax relief through the rating formula. And special drought-relief provisions are also available to certain farmers. Framework: The following structure is used to determine a farmer’s taxable income: Gross income Add: Closing stock of livestock (at standard values) and produce (at a fair and reasonable value) Gives: Farming gross income Less: Farming receipts and accruals exempt from normal tax Gives: Farming income Less: Opening stock of livestock (at standard values) and produce (at a fair and reasonable value) Livestock purchases (a limited deduction) Other farming expenses deductible in the determination of farming taxable income Less: Capital development expenditure (a limited deduction) Gives: Taxable farming income Add: Other non-farming receipts and accruals Less: Non-farming receipts and accruals exempt from normal tax Less: Other amounts deductible in the determination of taxable income Gives: Taxable income – preliminary Add: Taxable capital gain Gives: Taxable income 239 Chapter 15 Farmers L Contents The following table gives an indication of the time that is needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that must be referred to before attempting the example or question are provided. The level of the example or question gives an indication of its difficulty. ) Example or Question and time allocation Topic and relevant sections Level Example 15.1 (15 minutes) • Framework for the determination of farming income. Basic Example 15.2 (20 minutes) • Paragraphs 2 to 7 and para 9 – livestock and produce. Basic Example 15.3 (30 minutes) • Paragraph 12 – capital development expenditure. • Section 12B – capital assets. Intermediary Example 15.4 (30 minutes) • Taxable income from general farming activities. Intermediary Example 15.5 (30 minutes) • Taxable income from general farming activities. • Paragraphs 14 to 16 and para 20 – taxable income of plantation farming. Basic Example 15.6 (20 minutes) • Paragraph 19 – average formula. • Paragraph 15 – average formula. Intermediary Example 15.7 (50 minutes) • First Schedule – farming income. Advanced Question 15.1 (45 minutes) • First Schedule – farming income. • Paragraph 19 – average formula. • Eighth Schedule – capital gains. Advanced Question 15.2 (40 minutes) • First Schedule – farming income. • First Schedule – plantation farming. • First Schedule – sugar cane farming. Advanced Question 15.3 (50 minutes) • First Schedule – farming income. • First Schedule – plantation farming. • First Schedule – sugar cane farming. Advanced L Examples Example 15.1 (15 minutes) Prakash Moodley is 40 years old. He is a full-time farmer in Mpumalanga. The following information is relevant to him for the 2023 year of assessment: R Sale of livestock 137 600 Sale of produce 395 300 Bonus from a co-operative society (based on turnover of produce supplied by him to it) 3 000 Opening stock of livestock (standard values) 9 200 continued 240 Chapter 15 Farmers R Closing stock of livestock (standard values) 8 100 223 000 Expenses deductible in the determination of farming taxable income Livestock purchases (deductible in the determination of taxable income) 138 700 Purchase of a new irrigation pump (deductible in the determination of farming taxable income as capital development expenditure) 20 000 Net rentals from a holiday home 35 000 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Prakash Moodley’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 15.1 Sale of livestock Sale of produce Bonus from a co-operative society (based on turnover of produce supplied by him to it, therefore it is a receipt or an accrual from farming operations) Closing stock of livestock at standard values R R 137 600 395 300 3 000 8 100 Farming income Less: Opening stock of livestock at standard values 544 000 9 200 Less: Expenditure Livestock purchased – limited to farming income, (see above)therefore deductible in full in the determination of his farming taxable income Other expenses deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income 534 800 Less: Capital development expenditure (deduction in the determination of his farming taxable income limited to R173 100 (see above)) Purchase of a new irrigation pump 138 700 223 000 361 700 173 100 20 000 Taxable farming income Add: Other non-farming receipts and accruals Net rentals 153 100 Taxable income 188 100 Example 15.2 35 000 (20 minutes) Altus Millet is 50 years old. He is a farmer in the North-West Province. Nine years ago, he planted fruit trees. This year they have yielded their second crop of fruit. 241 Chapter 15 Farmers Altus Millet’s receipts, accruals and expenditure for the 2023 year of assessment follows: R Sheep sold 1 197 600 Fruit sold 244 000 Local interest earned on a deposit in the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa 47 800 Sheep purchased 2 710 000 Non-capital expenses incurred – deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income (including interest incurred on the loan – the borrowed funds were used for farming purposes) 292 500 Capital development expenditure 104 554 Additional information (1) Altus Millet had 12 000 sheep on hand at 28 February 2022. He inherited 200 sheep from a late uncle during the 2023 year of assessment. Five sheep were slaughtered as rations, three were slaughtered for private consumption and two were donated to a school for a fund-raising activity. On 28 February 2023, 11 400 sheep were on hand. (2) The sheep on hand had a cost price of R540 each, a market value of R1 040 each and a standard value of R6 each. (2) Fruit on hand at cost price is as follows: Harvested Growing crop R R On 28 February 2022 30 400 – On 28 February 2023 31 200 9 800 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Altus Millet’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 15.2 R Sheep sold Fruit sold Private consumption: three sheep at R540 each (cost price) Rations: five sheep at R1 040 each (market value) – but see the deduction in the determination of his farming taxable income below) Donations: two sheep at R1 040 each (market value) Add: Closing stock – 11 400 sheep at R6 each (standard value) Closing stock – fruit – harvested (produce) Closing stock – growing crop (not produce) R 1 197 600 244 000 1 620 5 200 2 080 1 450 000 68 400 31 200 – 99 600 1 550 100 continued 242 Chapter 15 Farmers Less: Opening stock – fruit – harvested (produce) Opening stock – 12 000 sheep at R6 each (standard value) Opening stock – donation received: 200 sheep at R1 040 each (market value) Less: Purchases of livestock (see the note below) Rations: five sheep at R1 040 each (market value) Deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income (non-capital expenses) Loss from farming operations Less: Capital development expenditure Expenditure for the year of R104 554 (carried forward to the 2024 year of assessment since it cannot create or increase a loss) Loss from farming operations Other non-farming receipts and accruals Local interest on a deposit in the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa Less: Basic local interest exemption from normal tax (s 10(1)(i)) R R 30 400 72 000 208 000 1 238 900 5 200 292 500 310 400 1 239 700 1 536 600 296 900 – 296 900 47 800 23 800 Trade loss to become an assessed loss 24 000 272 900 Note Altus Millet’s purchase of livestock of R2 710 000. But the deduction in the determination of his 2023 taxable income from farming operations is limited to the following amount: R Farming income (see above) 1 450 500 Add: Closing stock of livestock at standard values 68 400 1 518 900 Less: Opening and deemed opening stock of livestock at standard values (R72 000 + R208 000) 280 000 Limit for the deduction in the determination of taxable income of livestock purchases – limited to Purchases of livestock for the 2023 year of assessment plus purchases brought forward from the 2022 year of assessment 2 710 000 Amount deductible for livestock purchases is limited to (see above) 1 238 900 1 238 900 continued 243 Chapter 15 Farmers R R The amount of purchases that is not yet deductible in the determination of his 2023 farming taxable income and possibly carried forward to the 2024 year of assessment is as follows (but see below): R2 710 000 – R1 238 900 = R1 471 100 The market value of the closing stock of livestock is (R1 040 × 11 400) 11 856 000 Amount qualifying for additional deduction: Disallowed (see above) 1 471 100 10 385 000 Add: Opening stock (standard value) 176 000 10 561 000 Less: Closing stock (at market value) 11 856 000 Additional deduction in the determination of his 2023 taxable income (amount limited to nil since it cannot be negative) – The amount of purchases that is not yet deductible in the determination of his 2023 farming taxable income and that is carried forward for possible deduction in the determination of his farming taxable income in the 2024 year of assessment is R1 471 100 (see above). Example 15.3 (30 minutes) Letsema Polokwe is 40 years old. He is a livestock farmer in the Free State. He is a vendor. During the 2023 year of assessment, he established a cherry tree orchard on his farm. Letsema Polokwe’s receipts and accruals for the 2023 year of assessment follow: R 2 026 900 Sale of livestock Rental earned (note 6) 96 000 Irrigation equipment sold (note 1) 9 800 Letsema Polokwe incurred the following expenses during the 2023 year of assessment: Lucerne and fodder purchased Dipping tanks constructed Planting of cherry trees – expenses incurred Clearing of land to plant cherry trees – expenses incurred Interest incurred on a loan – the borrowed funds were used for farming purposes Salaries of farm employees Livestock purchased Erection of a barn (a farm building) Eradication of noxious plants Non-capital expenses deductible in the determination of taxable income 24 500 55 000 32 500 15 000 12 600 696 800 900 000 25 000 12 000 290 500 Additional information (1) Moveable irrigation equipment was purchased by Letsema Polokwe eight years ago for R8 000 (excluding value-added tax). It was sold on 1 June 2022 for R9 800 (excluding value-added tax). Its base cost is Rnil. (2) Letsema Polokwe’s capital development expenditure brought forward from the 2022 year of assessment was R15 000. 244 Chapter 15 Farmers (3) Letsema Polokwe had purchased a tractor on 1 May 2021 for R130 000 (excluding value-added tax). (4) Letsema Polokwe had 2 000 cattle on hand at 28 February 2022. On 28 February 2023, 1 400 cattle were on hand. The cattle on hand had a cost price of R6 800 each and a standard value of R40 each. (5) Letsema Polokwe erected a cottage (a small house) for his farm manager. It was completed on 31 May 2022. His manager occupied it as from 1 June 2022. It cost R345 000 to erect. In the 2007 year of assessment he had erected six houses for his employees. (6) Letsema Polokwe lets a portion of his farm that is unsuitable for farming. The lessee uses this land for a dog-kennel boarding business. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Letsema Polokwe’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment, assuming he did not exercise the option to be subject to normal tax under para 19 of the First Schedule. Solution 15.3 Sale of livestock Add: Closing stock – 1 400 cattle × R40 each R 2 082 900 80 000 2 002 900 Less: Opening stock – 2 000 cattle × R40 each Less the following amounts: Livestock purchases (limited to his gross farming income, therefore deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income in full) Salaries of farm employees Lucerne and fodder purchased Interest incurred on a loan – the borrowed funds were used for farming purposes Eradication of noxious plants (unlimited deduction in the determination of his farming taxable income) Non-capital expenses deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income Capital allowance on tractor – 30% × R130 000 (note 1) Capital allowance on residential unit – 5% × R345 000 (s 13sex(1)) Capital development expenditure brought forward Less: Irrigation equipment – recoupment (note 2) R 2 026 900 56 000 900 000 696 800 24 500 12 600 12 000 290 500 39 000 17 250 15 000 (8 000) 1 992 650 10 250 7 000 continued 245 Tax Workbook – Dipping tanks constructed – Erection of a barn (a farm building) – Planting of cherry trees – expenditure incurred – Clearing of land – expenditure incurred Less: Deduction in the determination of his farming taxable income limited to farming taxable income Capital development expenditure carried forward to the 2024 year of assessment R 55 000 25 000 32 500 15 000 R 134 500 10 250 10 250 124 250 Taxable income from farming Other receipts and accruals – Rentals earned (not farming income) Taxable capital gain (note 2) – 96 000 – Taxable income 96 000 Normal tax payable on R96 000 (at 18%) Less: Rebate (primary only) 17 280 16 425 Normal tax liability 855 Notes (1) Letsema Polokwe’s tractor is written off over three years under s 12B: 50% was deductible in the determination of his taxable income in the 2022 year of assessment, 30% is deductible in the determination of his taxable income in the 2023 year of assessment and 20% will be deductible in the determination of his taxable income in the 2024 year of assessment. (2) Letsema Polokwe’s moveable irrigation equipment was written off in full (under para 12(1) of the First Schedule) eight years ago. Under para 12(3B) of the First Schedule, its recoupment must first be set off against the balance of capital development expenses brought forward from the 2022 year of assessment. Since it was sold for more than its original cost, a capital gain also arises. It is determined as follows: R Proceeds R9 800 – R8 000 (recoupment) 1 800 Less: Base cost (R8 000 – R8 000) – Net capital gain Less: Annual exclusion (R40 000 but limited to) Aggregate capital gain 1 800 (1 800) – (3) Since Letsema Polokwe owns at least five residential units within South Africa that are used by him for the purposes of a trade carried on by him (farming), he enjoys the s 13sex(1) capital allowance on the R345 000 he incurred on the cost of his manager’s cottage (a residential unit). It is determined at a rate of 5%. His other six residential units were erected in the 2007 year of assessment. Since they were erected before 21 October 2008, the s 13sex capital allowance is unavailable on their cost of erection. 246 Chapter 15 Example 15.4 Farmers (30 minutes) Tshidi Sebola is 50 years old, a widow, and a person with a “disability” (as defined in s 6B(1)). She farms livestock and maize. Tshidi Sebola’s receipts, accruals and expenditure for the 2023 year of assessment were as follows: R 852 000 Sales – livestock Sales – maize 1 966 000 Subsidy received from the Government to build a dam for maize farming 20 000 Rentals for letting a portion of her farm land to a neighbour 120 000 Bonus from a co-operative society for maize supplied to it 40 000 Grazing fees earned 50 000 60 000 Closing stock – livestock – standard value – market value 22 500 000 36 000 Opening stock – livestock – standard value – market value 13 500 000 Livestock purchased 540 000 Salaries – farm employees 1 450 000 Eradication of noxious plants in her maize fields 40 000 Purchase of irrigation pipes – maize farming 30 000 Purchase of new tractor on 1 May 2022 – maize farming 180 000 Cost of the erection of eight houses for farm employees at R72 000 each (note 1) 576 000 Cost to build a dam 216 000 Notes (1) One of Tshidi Sebola’s houses is occupied by the manager of her maize farm and his wife, who is also a farm employee. The other seven houses are occupied by other farm employees. (2) Tshidi Sebola slaughtered three cows for her domestic consumption and four cows as rations for her employees. She donated two cows to the local church for its fête. The standard value of a cow is R40, its cost price is R9 000 and its market value is R15 000. Tshidi Sebola inherited livestock from a late uncle during May 2022. The market value of this inherited livestock was R600 000. Its standard value is R1 600. (3) Tshidi Sebola’s capital development expenditure brought forward from the 2022 year of assessment is R86 000. (4) Tshidi Sebola is not a member of a medical scheme. "Qualifying medical expenses" paid by her in the 2023 year of assessment amounted to R12 500. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Tshidi Sebola’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. 247 Tax Workbook Solution 15.4 Farming income Sales: Livestock Sales: Maize Subsidy received for building a dam Bonus from a co-operative society (for maize supplied) Grazing fees Livestock slaughtered – three cows for private use at cost (R9 000 each × 3) – four cows as rations (R15 000 each × 4 – but see the deduction below) Livestock donated – two cows at market value (R15 000 each × 2) Closing stock livestock (standard value) Less: Opening stock livestock (standard value) Livestock inherited at market value Less: Livestock purchased (less than the limited amount) Eradication of noxious plants (capital development expenditure that is deducted in the determination of her taxable income in full) Purchase of new tractor – s 12B capital allowance: 50% × R180 000 Rations – livestock slaughtered (see above) Salaries Capital allowance on low-cost residential units – s 13sex(2): 10% × R576 000 Farming income Less: Capital development expenditure – balance brought forward – 1 March 2022 Irrigation pipes purchased Dam R R 852 000 1 966 000 20 000 40 000 50 000 27 000 60 000 30 000 60 000 36 000 600 000 3 105 000 636 000 2 469 000 540 000 40 000 90 000 60 000 1 450 000 57 600 2 237 600 231 400 86 000 30 000 216 000 332 000 Less: Deduction in the determination of her farming taxable income limited to farming income (see above) (Carried forward to the 2024 year of assessment: R100 600 (R332 000 – R231 400)) Farming taxable income Other income – rentals from her neighbour Less: “Qualifying medical expense paid” (not deductible in the determination of taxable income being domestic or private expenses. But the R12 500 paid qualifies for her additional medical expenses tax credit rebate) Taxable income 231 400 – 120 000 120 000 – 120 000 248 Chapter 15 Example 15.5 Farmers (30 minutes) Thuso Apane is 66 years old. He is a livestock and maize farmer. He inherited his farm from his late grandfather 25 years ago. He is a vendor. In October 2020, Thuso Apane purchased a plantation farm for R980 000 (R380 000 of the R980 000 was allocated to the cost of the land). Thuso Apane’s gross income from the sale of timber for the 2021 and 2022 years of assessment was as follows: R 2021 year of assessment: sale of timber 150 000 2022 year of assessment: sale of timber 340 000 Thuso Apane’s receipts, accruals and expenditure relating to his maize and livestock farming for the 2023 year of assessment follows: Sales – maize to a co-operative society 1 066 000 Sale of a second-hand tractor purchased on 1 December 2021 for R30 000. (It was sold on 1 March 2022 (he did not use it on 1 March 2022) 76 500 Local interest earned from a co-operative society on an investment (see note 5 below) 35 625 Rentals earned for letting surplus farm land to a neighbour. The neighbour used this land to graze his livestock 72 000 Salaries – livestock and maize employees 575 000 120 000 Purchase of a new planter – 1 July 2022 (excluding value-added tax) Prevention of soil erosion 55 000 Eradication of noxious plants 20 000 Purchase of irrigation pipes 15 000 Cost of the erection of two houses for his farm employees at R90 000 each (see note 2 below) 180 000 Cost to build a dam 40 000 Thuso Apane’s receipts, accruals and expenditure relating to his plantation farming for the 2023 year of assessment follow: R Sales – timber 623 000 Subsidy received from Government for interest on a loan, the borrowed funds were used to build roads in the plantations (see below) 15 000 Interest incurred on the above loan 27 000 Salaries – plantation employees 260 000 Maintenance of the plantation 32 000 Establishment of new plantations 42 000 Stumping and preparing of ground for the replanting of trees 33 000 Construction of roads in the plantation 29 000 Notes (1) Thuso Apane inherited farming equipment from his late father. This equipment was purchased by his father on 1 April 2022 for R100 000. Its tax value to his father on 31 July 2022 (the date of his father’s death) was R50 000. Its market value on 31 July 2022 was R60 000. 249 Tax Workbook (2) Thuso Apane has now erected a total of six houses for his employees. His four previous houses were erected before 21 October 2008. (3) On 1 December 2020, Thuso Apane purchased a new tractor for R300 000 (excluding value-added tax) solely for use in his plantation. On 1 May 2022, he purchased a second-hand truck for R90 000 (excluding value-added tax). It is used solely for transporting employees for his maize and livestock farming purposes. The Commissioner has agreed to a five-year write-off period for his trucks. (4) Thuso Apane’s capital development expenditure in relation to his maize and livestock farming carried forward from the 2022 year of assessment is R25 000. (5) Thuso Apane’s investment in the co-operative is not a “tax free investment” as defined in s 12T(1). YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Thuso Apane’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 15.5 R Maize and livestock farming Sales – maize R 1 066 000 Add: Recoupment for the tractor: R30 000 – R15 000 (note 1) 15 000 1 081 000 Less: Amounts deductible in the determination of his farmingtaxable income Purchase of new planter on 1 July 2022 – s 12B capital allowance at 50% of R120 000 Truck (R90 000 / 5 × 10 / 12) (s 11(e) capital allowance) Section 12B capital allowance on inherited equipment at 50% of R60 000 (determined on its market value) Salaries Eradication of noxious plants (capital development expenditure that is deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income in full) Prevention of soil erosion (capital development expenditure that is deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income in full) Capital allowance on low-cost residential units – 10% × R180 000 (under s 13sex(2)) Less: Capital development expenditure brought forward Irrigation pipes purchased Dam Farming taxable income 60 000 15 000 30 000 575 000 20 000 55 000 18 000 25 000 15 000 40 000 773 000 308 000 80 000 228 000 continued 250 Chapter 15 Farmers R Plantation farming Sale of timber Subsidy on interest incurred on loan used for farming purposes Less: Tractor – s 12B capital allowance: R300 000 × 20% Purchase of land (note 2) Interest incurred on loan Salaries Establishment of new plantations Maintenance Stumping and preparing of ground for the replanting of trees R 623 000 15 000 60 000 110 000 27 000 260 000 42 000 32 000 33 000 Less: Capital development expenditure Roads in the plantation 638 000 564 000 74 000 29 000 45 000 Plantation farming taxable income Maize and livestock farming taxable income (see above) Plantation farming taxable income (see above) Farming taxable income Other non-farming receipts and accruals – Rentals – Local interest Less: Local interest exemption from normal tax: s 10(1)(i) – over 65 years 228 000 45 000 273 000 35 625 34 500 72 000 1 125 Add: Taxable capital gain (note 1) 346 125 2 600 Taxable income 348 725 Notes (1) Thuso Apane’s tractor qualifies for a capital allowance under s 12B. During the 2022 year of assessment, R15 000 (50% of R30 000) was written off. Its tax value on 1 March 2022 is then R15 000 (R30 000 – R15 000). He does not enjoy the s 12B capital allowance for it for the 2023 year of assessment, since he did not use it during that year of assessment. The difference between its selling price of R76 500 and its cost price of R30 000 is a capital profit. A capital gain also arises (see below). The normal tax recoupment is limited to the capital allowances deducted in the determination of his taxable income. R Proceeds: R76 500 – R15 000 (recoupment) 61 500 Less: Base cost: R30 000 – R15 000 (amounts deductible in the determination of his taxable income) (s 12B capital allowance) 15 000 Capital gain Less: Annual exclusion 46 500 40 000 Aggregate capital gain 6 500 Taxable capital gain (R6 500 × 40%) 2 600 251 Tax Workbook (2) Thuso Apane’s purchase price of his plantation is R600 000 (R980 000 – R380 000 (cost of land)). In the 2021 and 2022 years of assessment, R490 000 (R150 000 + R340 000) of its purchase price of R600 000 was deducted in the determination of his plantation farming taxable income. The balance of R110 000 (R600 000 – R490 000) is therefore deductible in the determination of his plantation farming taxable income in the 2023 year of assessment. Example 15.6 (20 minutes) Franco Mtobi is 52 years old. He is a livestock farmer. Three years ago, Franco Mtobi purchased a plantation farm for R5 800 000 (R1 800 000 was allocated to the cost of the land). He is now a plantation farmer, in addition to being a livestock farmer. Franco Mtobi provides the following determination of his taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment (it is correct): R R Livestock farming Sales – livestock 987 000 Add closing stock of livestock (at standard values) 18 000 1 005 000 124 000 Less: Opening stock of livestock (at standard values) Less: Livestock purchased (less than the relevant limit, therefore, deductible in the determination of his taxable income in full) Eradication of noxious plants (fully deductible in the determination of his taxable income) Expenses deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income 881 000 250 000 25 000 300 000 575 000 Less: Capital development expenditure 306 000 95 000 Livestock farming taxable income 211 000 Plantation farming Sale of timber Less: Deductible expenses in the determination of his plantation farming taxable income Less: Capital development expenditure deductible in the determination of his taxable income Plantation farming taxable income 340 000 268 000 72 000 42 000 30 000 Livestock farming taxable income (see above) Plantation farming taxable income (see above) Farming taxable income 211 000 30 000 241 000 continued 252 Chapter 15 Farmers R Farming taxable income Other non-farming receipts and accruals – Rentals from letting of farm land – Local interest Less: Exempt from normal tax local interest (s 10(1)(i)) 26 550 23 800 R 241 000 42 500 2 750 Add: Taxable capital gain (R3 125 at 40%) 286 250 1 250 Taxable income 287 500 Notes (1) Franco Mtobi’s farming taxable income or deductible loss (livestock farming and plantation farming) for the previous five years of assessment was as follows: R 2018 25 000 2019 80 000 2020 – loss (55 000) 2021 50 000 2022 – loss (12 000) (2) Franco Mtobi’s plantation farming taxable income or deductible loss for the previous three years of assessment was as follows: R 2020 – 2021 – 2022 21 000 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine (1) Franco Mtobi’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment, assuming that he has not yet exercised the option to be subjected to normal tax under para 19 of the First Schedule, and (2) his normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment, assuming that he has exercised the option to be subjected to normal tax under para 19 of the First Schedule. Solution 15.6 Part 1 Since Franco Mtobi had not yet elected to be subjected to normal tax under para 19 of the First Schedule, para 15 applies to his plantation farming taxable income. Section 5(10) – rating formula: Y = A / (B + D – C) × B B = R287 500 C = R30 000 – ((Rnil + Rnil + R21 000) ÷ 3) (being the average from his previous three years of assessment from his plantation farming activities) = R30 000 – R7 000 = R23 000 D = Rnil B + D – C = R287 500 – R23 000 = R264 500 A is the normal tax payable on B + D – C = normal tax payable on R264 500 253 Tax Workbook R – – On R226 000 On R38 500 at 26% 40 680 10 010 50 690 Y = R50 690 ÷ R264 500 × R287 500 = Less: Primary rebate 55 097,83 16 425,00 Normal tax liability 38 672,83 Part 2 If Franco Mtobi had elected to be subject to normal tax under para 19 of the First Schedule, his plantation farming taxable income then forms part of his total farming taxable income. Section 5(10) rating formula: Y = A / (B + D – C) × B B = R287 500 C = R241 000 – R60 8000(average farming income, see below) = R180 200 Average farming income (being the average of his current and the four previous years of assessment from all his farming activities): (R80 000 – R55 000 + R50 000 – R12 000 + R241 000) / 5 = R60 800 D = Rnil B + D – C = R287 500 – R180 200 = R107 300 A is the normal tax payable on B + D – C = normal tax payable on R107 300 On R107 300 at 18% = R19 314 R Y = R19 314 ÷ R107 300 × R287 500 = Less: Primary rebate 51 750 16 425 Normal tax liability 35 325 Example 15.7 (50 minutes) On 28 February 2022, Koos Koekemoer resigned from his employment and became a full-time dairy and wheat farmer. He had been a part-time farmer for 10 years. A lump sum of R944 000 accrued to Koos Koekemoer on 31 March 2022 from the pension fund that he had been a member of. During his membership of it, all his contributions to it were deductible in the determination of his taxable income. This is the first occasion that a lump-sum benefit from a recognised retirement fund has accrued to him. He used the entire R944 000 lump sum to help finance his farming activities. 254 Chapter 15 Farmers The following information relates to Koos Koekemoer for the 2023 year of assessment: R Receipts and accruals Sales of • livestock 128 800 • milk 2 028 600 • wheat 581 800 • forest produce (note 5) 11 000 Subsidy received from the Government towards interest incurred on funds borrowed by him from the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa (note 4) 15 000 Bonus from local co-operative society based on his purchases from it 130 000 Rentals (note 6) 95 000 Expenses Livestock purchased (note 2) Salaries – farm employees Veterinary expenses (note 9) Interest incurred (note 4) Rentals of tractor (note 1) Prevention of soil erosion Livestock feed purchased Dipping tank constructed Plantation maintenance costs Planting of trees in the plantation Donation to a “qualifying” university (receipt obtained from it) "Qualify medical expenses" paid (not recovered from the medical scheme) Medical scheme contributions (note 7) 9 900 000 476 500 22 000 17 708 6 000 4 800 44 842 48 300 9 800 31 200 60 000 41 438 56 976 Notes (1) On 1 May 2020, Koos Koekemoer had purchased a second-hand tractor for R120 000 (excluding value-added tax). In October 2022, he ordered a new tractor. While awaiting delivery of his new tractor, he hired his neighbour’s tractor for the three-month period from 1 December 2022 to 28 February 2023 at a market-related rental of R2 000 a month. (2) Details of Koos Koekemoer’s livestock are as follows: Bulls Cows Calves R R R Standard value 50 40 4 Market value 15 000 12 000 5 000 Cost price 12 000 9 000 4 000 Opening stock (number) 50 505 100 Closing stock (number) 40 1 600 835 The above numbers were determined after the following events, amongst others, were taken into account: • 1 100 cows were purchased for R9 900 000 (R9 000 each). Of these 1 100 cows purchased, 900 cows were purchased to replace cows he had sold three 255 Tax Workbook years earlier because of a prevailing drought. He elected that the provisions of para 13(1)(a) of the First Schedule be applied to him. The remaining 200 cows were purchased in the ordinary course of his farming operations, and • two cows were slaughtered for his family and himself. (3) Koos Koekemoer’s opening and closing stock values of wheat (at cost) were as follows: Harvested Standing crops R R On 28 February 2022 15 630 21 000 On 28 February 2023 11 340 17 000 (4) On 1 October 2022, Koos Koekemoer borrowed R500 000 from the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa at an interest rate of 8,5% a year to help finance his purchase of the cows. (5) On 1 May 2022, Koos Koekemoer inherited a plantation from a late uncle. It had been purchased two years earlier by his late uncle for R5 640 000 (R900 000 was for the land). His late uncle had already enjoyed R4 500 000 of its cost as a deduction in the determination of his plantation farming taxable income. (6) Fourteen years ago, Koos Koekemoer erected a house for an employee at a cost of R180 000. This resulted in him being granted an allowance of R6 000 under the provisions of para 12(1)( f ) of the First Schedule in the 2008 year of assessment. The employee resigned on 1 April 2022. He then let this house as from 1 May 2022 at a market-related rental of R9 500 a month. The employee had occupied the house for 12 years and eight months. (7) Koos Koekemoer is 45 years old, married and has two children, both of whom are at primary school. His wife, their two children and himself are members of his medical scheme. (8) Koos Koekemoer’s balance of capital development expenditure brought forward from the 2022 year of assessment is R2 000. (9) Koos Koekemoer’s veterinary expenses include R2 000 for an operation on his pet dog. The balance of the veterinary expenditure he incurred was for his cows. (10) Koos Koekemoer’s taxable income from farming for the past five years of assessment (after the adjustment was made for the 900 cows purchased) was as follows: R 2022 – loss (52 990) 2021 382 140 2020 176 200 2019 124 650 2018 93 200 (11) During the 2018 year of assessment, Koos Koekemoer exercised his option to be subject to normal tax under para 19 of the First Schedule. (12) Koos Koekemoer is a vendor. All amounts exclude value-added tax (when applicable), unless stated otherwise. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Koos Koekemoer’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment. 256 Chapter 15 Farmers Solution 15.7 R Sales – livestock – milk – wheat Subsidy from the Government towards interest incurred Bonus from co-operative society Recoupment – house for employee (note 2) Domestic consumption of livestock (note 3) Add: Closing stock – livestock (note 9) – wheat R 2 902 200 69 340 11 340 Less: Amounts deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income Opening stock – livestock (note 9) 23 100 – wheat 15 630 Livestock purchased (note 4) Salaries – farm labourers Veterinary expenses (R22 000 – R2 000 (non-deductible in the determination of his taxable income since it is a domestic expense)) Interest incurred Rentals of tractor (hiring of farm equipment) Livestock feed purchased Tractor purchased in the 2021 year of assessment – s 12B capital allowance: 20% × R120 000 (note 1) R 128 800 2 028 600 581 800 15 000 130 000 – 18 000 80 680 2 982 880 38 730 1 800 000 476 500 20 000 17 708 6 000 44 842 24 000 2 427 780 555 100 4 800 Less: Prevention of soil erosion 550 300 Less: Capital development expenditure – Brought forward – Dipping tanks constructed 2 000 48 300 Taxable income from livestock and produce farming Plantation farming (note 6) Sales of forest produce Less: Purchase of plantation (note 6) Maintenance costs Planting of trees 500 000 – 9 800 31 200 Loss from plantation farming Other non-farming receipts and accruals – Rentals – Lump sum from pension fund (note 5) 50 300 11 000 41 000 30 000 95 000 944 000 1 039 000 continued 257 Tax Workbook R – Livestock and produce profit – Less plantation loss R 500 000 30 000 Farming taxable income Add: Other non-farming taxable income 470 000 1 039 000 1 509 000 Less: Retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefit (subject to normal tax on its own tax table (see below)) 944 000 Less: Donation to qualifying university (note 7) 565 000 56 500 Less: "Qualifying medical expenses” paid (note 8) 508 500 – Taxable income 508 500 Normal tax liability The option Koos Koekemoer’s exercised in the 2020 year of assessment is binding for all future years of assessment: Rating formula in s 5(10): Y= A ×B B+D–C R Average farming income for the current and previous four years = (R470 000 – R52 990 + R382 140 + R176 200 + R124 650) / 5 B C = (R470 000 – R220 000) D = Rnil B + D – C = R508 500 – R250 000 A = Schedule tax on R258 500 On R226 000 On R32 500 at 26% = = = 220 000 508 500 250 000 = 258 500 40 680 8 450 49 130 Y = R49 130 R258 500 × R508 500 96 644,51 Less: Primary rebate Medical scheme fees tax credit rebate (12 × (R694 + ( R234 × 2))) Additional medical expenses tax credit rebate (note 8) 16 425 13 944 1 125 30 894,00 65 750,51 continued 258 Chapter 15 Farmers Add the normal tax payable on his retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefit taxable income of R944 000 – On R660 000 – On R284 000 at 26% R R 114 300 73 840 188 140,00 253 890,51 Notes (1) Tractor Koos Koekemoer’s tractor qualifies for the s 12B capital allowance (the so-called 50 / 30 / 20 capital allowance). Therefore, in the third year of assessment of its use the relevant capital allowance is 20% of its cost. (2) Recoupment of housing allowance R Allowance granted in the 2008 year of assessment 6 000 Less: 1 / 10 × R6 000 × 13 years (but limited to 10 years) 6 000 Recoupment under para 12(6) (3) (4) (5) (6) – Since the house was built by Koos Koekemoer before 1 March 2009, he qualified for a R6 000 deduction for it. The recoupment must then be based on this R6 000. Paragraph 12(3B) of the First Schedule is inapplicable, since the house is not a movable asset. Domestic consumption The cost price of livestock used for Koos Koekemoer’s domestic consumption is included in gross income, therefore R18 000 (2 × R9 000 each) is included in his farming gross income. Deduction in the determination of taxable income for livestock purchased Since Koos Koekemoer elected to have para 13(1)(a) of the First Schedule apply, the purchase price for 900 cows was deductible in the determination of his taxable income in the year of assessment when he sold them. Only the purchase price of the remaining 200 cows (200 cows at R9 000 each = R1 800 000) is deductible in the determination of his 2023 farming taxable income. Lump sum from pension fund The R944 000 lump sum that was awarded to Koos Koekemoer on his resignation from the pension fund that he was a member of is subject to normal tax as a retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefit. Since all his contributions had been deductible in the determination of his taxable income and because no portion of it was re-invested in another qualifying retirement fund, the entire R944 000 is subject to normal tax. Plantation farming Since Koos Koekemoer inherited the plantation from his late uncle, neither the part of the cost price incurred by his late uncle nor that portion that had not yet been deducted in the determination of his late uncle’s taxable income is deductible in the determination of Koos Koekemoer’s farming taxable income. This is since Koos Koekemoer did not incur an expense in purchasing the plantation. 259 Tax Workbook (7) Donation to the qualifying university of R60 000 R60 000 was donated by Koos Koekemoer. But the amount deductible in the determination of his taxable income is limited to R56 500 (10% of R565 000). (8) Additional medical expenses tax credit rebate R Medical scheme contributions 56 976 Less: Four times the medical scheme fees tax credit (12 × (R694 + ( R234 × 2))) 55 776 Add: Actual medical expenses paid 1 200 41 438 Less: 7,5% × R508 500 42 638 38 138 4 500 × 25% Additional medical expenses tax credit rebate (s 6B) 1 125 (9) Livestock Koos Koekemoer’s opening livestock standard value – 50 bulls at R50 each – 505 cows at R40 each – 100 calves at R4 each 2 500 20 200 400 23 100 Koos Koekemoer’s closing livestock standard value – 40 bulls at R50 each – 1 600 cows at R40 each – 835 calves at R4 each 2 000 64 000 3 340 69 340 L Questions Question 15.1 (45 minutes) Matsilele Marima, 62 years of age, has been farming livestock for the past 30 years. He also has vineyards. The following information relates to Matsilele Marima’s receipts, accruals and expenses for the 2023 year of assessment: R Grapes sold at his farm stall 80 000 Grapes sold to a wine co-operative society 972 000 Sale of wine that had been bottled on his farm 370 000 Livestock sold – 50 cows 600 000 – 60 sheep 90 000 Bonus from the wine co-operative society based on his grapes sold to it 15 800 Subsidy received from Government for the prevention of soil erosion 8 700 continued 260 Chapter 15 Farmers Subsidy received from Government for interest on a loan – the borrowed funds were used by him for the planting of new vineyards Local interest earned from the wine co-operative society on his credit account (note 1) Grazing fees earned Rentals earned from letting his adjoining farm to a neighbour for six months (note 2) Sale of his adjoining farm to a neighbour (note 2) Purchases of livestock Salaries paid to his farm employees Clearing of land for the planting of new vineyards Vines purchased to be planted in the new vineyards Interest incurred on a loan – the borrowed funds were used for the planting of new vineyards Erection cost of a small house for his farm manager (note 4) Purchase of tractor (on 1 May 2022) Costs of producing and bottling wine New dipping tanks Fodder purchased Prevention of soil erosion Amount received from the sale of a tractor purchased for R130 000 on 1 March 2021. It was sold on 31 January 2023. Veterinary expenses Repairs to fences R 9 500 25 800 35 000 48 000 500 000 549 200 605 000 75 000 189 200 12 500 180 000 140 000 150 000 68 800 15 000 22 000 50 000 5 600 25 000 Notes (1) Matsilele Marima’s investment in the wine co-operative society is not a “tax free investment” as defined in s 12T. (2) On 30 September 2022, Matsilele Marima sold his adjoining farm (solely land and a dam), that he had let to his neighbour in the past, for R500 000. There are no buildings on this farm. Of this amount, R100 000 was paid for the dam. The base cost of the dam was R62 700, and the base cost of the land was R217 300. (3) Matsilele Marima’s livestock and produce Market Standard Cost price value value R R R Livestock on hand: 28 February 2022 580 000 1 780 000 280 000 28 February 2023 660 000 2 450 000 392 400 Grapes: 28 February 2022 – Harvested 170 000 310 000 – Unharvested – – 28 February 2023 – Harvested 180 000 360 000 – Unharvested 220 000 444 500 Matsilele Marima donated two cows and one sheep to the local school for a fund-raising event. 261 Tax Workbook Matsilele Marima slaughtered three cows and five sheep as rations for his farm employees. Matsilele Marima slaughtered one cow and six sheep for his domestic consumption: • Each cow had a cost price of R12 000, a market value of R15 000 and a standard value of R40. • Each sheep had a cost price of R1 000, a market value of R1 500 and a standard value of R6. Matsilele Marima inherited 220 sheep during the 2023 year of assessment. Each sheep had a market value of R1 500 and a standard value of R6. The value of these sheep is included in the value of livestock on hand at 28 February 2023. (4) Matsilele Marima’s farm manager moved into the small house on 1 January 2023. He has now erected six houses for his employees. The other five houses were erected before 21 October 2008. (5) Matsilele Marima’s balance of capital development expenditure brought forward from the 2022 year of assessment is R24 600. (6) Matsilele Marima elected to be subject to normal tax under para 19 of the First Schedule. During the previous five years of assessment, his taxable income (or deductible loss in the determination of his taxable income) from farming was as follows: Year of assessment Taxable farming income or (loss) R 2022 (20 000) 2021 45 000 2020 (40 500) 2019 (34 500) 2018 7 000 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Matsilele Marima’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment. Question 15.2 (40 minutes) Mthunzi Mkulu Sondeza is a 50-year-old farmer with two farms, • a plantation farm that he purchased on 1 September 2019 for R2 500 000 (R1 500 000 was allocated to the cost of the land), and • a farm that he inherited on which he carries on mixed farming activities. The following information relates to Mthunzi Mkulu Sondeza for the 2023 year of assessment: Plantation farming R Sale of timber 490 000 Maintenance of the plantation 17 000 Fencing the new plantation area 15 000 Construction of roads in the plantation 49 000 On 1 September 2021 he purchased a second-hand tractor for R80 000 to be used solely for his plantation farming. continued 262 Chapter 15 Farmers Mixed farming R Sale of livestock (as detailed below) Sale of produce On 1 October 2022 an irrigation pump that originally cost R30 000 on 1 October 2017 and that had now become unsuitable was sold for R40 000. (Prior to it being sold, it was detached from the irrigation system. It had therefore become a moveable asset.) Salaries Expenses deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income Purchases of livestock (as detailed below) Purchase of a new irrigation pump Prevention of soil erosion expenditure Erection of five cottages (small houses) to be occupied by five of his employees and their families. (All five employees work in his mixedfarming activities.) 307 600 682 300 390 000 23 000 320 000 80 000 12 086 250 000 Livestock Opening stock Purchases 4 bulls 27 cows 30 heifers 10 calves Sales 1 bull 20 cows 2 bulls (out of his 2021 stock) 2 cows (out of his 2021 stock) 8 calves 25 heifers (out of his 2021 stock) 20 calves Births Deaths 3 cows (out of the 20 cows he purchased) 3 calves (that were born during the year) Other information • Four heifers were slaughtered by Mthunzi Mkulu Sondeza for his domestic purposes (cost R7 500 each). • One heifer was donated by Mthunzi Mkulu Sondeza to a local church. • Two of his calves (out of his 2022 livestock) have now matured into heifers. Values Bulls Cows Heifers Calves Produce 28 February 2022 28 February 2023 263 Standard R 50 40 14 4 Market R 20 000 15 000 9 000 3 000 Harvested R 20 000 26 000 Growing crops R 37 000 33 000 Chapter 15 Farmers During the previous five years of assessment, Mthunzi Mkulu Sondeza had the following results from his farming operations: Plantation farming 2020: 2021: 2022: Sale of timber Sale of timber Sale of timber Establishment of further plantation areas Stumping and preparing the ground for the replanting of trees Maintenance of the plantation Purchase of a tractor solely for his plantation Mixed farming 2018: Taxable income 2019: Taxable income 2020: Taxable income 2021: Taxable income 2022: Trade loss R 210 000 380 000 750 000 15 000 22 000 12 000 80 000 53 000 74 000 79 000 37 000 (41 000) YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Mthunzi Mkulu Sondeza’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment on the assumption that he has (1) not exercised the option of being subject to normal tax under para 19 of the First Schedule, and (2) exercised the option of being subject to normal tax under para 19. Question 15.3 (50 minutes) Mthunzi Jele is 60 years old. He farms in Mpumalanga. He owns the following three farms: • Intaba Encane: He lives on this farm and farms livestock on it. • Intaba Ephakathi: He farms sugar cane on it. • Intaba Enkulu: He has an established pine plantation on it. The following information relates to Mthunzi Jele’s farming operations for the 2023 year of assessment: Intaba Encane Sale of livestock (see below) Purchase of livestock Fodder purchased Expenditure deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income Salaries Market value of livestock used as rations Cost of livestock used for domestic purposes (market value is R15 000) Market value of natural increases in livestock New fences erected R 743 000 845 000 65 838 1 900 000 310 000 125 000 12 500 58 000 8 000 continued 264 Chapter 15 Farmers R Purchase on 1 September 2022 of a second-hand truck used solely for the transport of his livestock 195 000 Sale of old truck on 30 September 2022 (purchased on 1 October 1998 for R45 000). The full amount was deducted as capital development expenditure in the year it was purchased, under legislation applicable at that stage. Its market value on 1 October 2001 was R35 000. It was sold for 132 500 Balance of capital development expenditure brought forward from the 2022 year of assessment (relates to livestock farming only, all incurred after 1 October 2001) 1 517 000 Local interest earned from an investment in the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa (see below) 31 000 Further information Mthunzi Jele earned R200 000 from the forced sale of livestock as a result of a prevailing drought. This amount is not included in the R743 000 sale of livestock amount (see above). He invested the R200 000 in the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa on 1 June 2022 (the day he received it). He withdrew R60 000 on 31 August 2022 to pay his first provisional tax payment for the 2023 year of assessment. The investment in the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa is not a “tax free investment” as defined in s 12T. Livestock The following information relates to Mthunzi Jele’s livestock: Sold on Closing 28 February stock 2023 Bulls 4 56 – Cows 154 187 – Tollies and heifers (two to three years) 23 36 – Tollies and heifers (one to two years) 32 18 – Calves 41 68 – See under “Personal Information” below as to why Mthunzi Jele had no closing stock of livestock on 28 February 2023. The standard values applicable to livestock are as follows: R Bulls 50 Cows 40 Tollies and heifers – two to three years 30 Tollies and heifers – one to three years 14 Calves 4 Opening stock Description 265 Tax Workbook Intaba Ephakathi Sale of sugar cane (see below) Fertiliser Salaries Irrigation pipes installed Transport expenses Cost to erect five cottages (small houses) for five employees, who work solely on his sugar cane farm. (Each cottage was erected at a cost of R38 000.) Interest incurred on a mortgage bond registered over his sugar cane farm. The borrowed funds from this loan were used to finance his sugar farming activities. R 375 000 38 000 154 000 23 000 67 000 190 000 31 000 Further information Mthunzi Jele’s sales of sugar cane of R375 000 include R124 000 of sugar cane that was damaged by fire. This sugar cane would not have been sold in the 2024 year of assessment had it not been burnt. The net profit derived from this “forced” sale of sugar cane is R118 000. Intaba Enkulu Sale of timber and bark (see below) Further establishment costs of his existing plantation Fertiliser Salaries Prevention of soil erosion Other expenses deductible in the determination of his farming taxable income Insurance Purchase of additional plantation farm (see below) R 3 050 000 430 000 243 000 420 000 60 000 180 000 29 000 4 800 000 Further information The purchase and sale agreement between the seller and Mthunzi Jele for his purchase of his additional plantation farm stipulates a purchase price of • R2 700 000 for the plantation, and • R2 100 000 for the land. Mthunzi Jele’s gross income derived from this additional plantation is R150 000 and is included in the sale of the timber and bark amount of R3 050 000 (see above). Its net income after the deduction of the running expenses is R15 000. (These running expenses are included in the details of his plantation farming operations.) Mthunzi Jele commenced plantation farming in the 2023 year of assessment. Personal information Mthunzi Jele’s taxable income for the 2022 year of assessment was Rnil. On 20 February 2023, Mthunzi Jele was involved in a car accident and, as a result, he sold Intaba Encane to a neighbour and then moved into town. The farm was 266 Chapter 15 Farmers sold by him on 28 February 2023. Details of the purchase and sale agreement included the following: R Description Residential home (base cost of R975 000) Truck (that was purchased on 1 September 2022 (see above)) Farming equipment (below its cost price) Farm (valuation date value of R875 000) Livestock 3 087 000 97 500 50 000 3 150 000 3 615 500 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Mthunzi Jele’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment. He has not elected to be subjected to normal tax under para 19(5). 267 Chapter 16 Retirement benefits L Introduction This chapter deals with the various financial benefits which an employee may receive on retirement or resignation, or which may accrue to his estate in consequence of his death while in employment, and the tax concessions relating to these benefits. The sections of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as amended (the Act) that will be illustrated and tested include: • retirement fund lump-sum benefits from pension, pension preservation, provident, provident preservation and retirement annuity funds –para (e) of the definition of “gross income”, s 9(1)(i) and the Second Schedule; • Severance benefits from employer – the Second Schedule; • purchased annuities – s 10A; • the taxation of a retirement fund lump-sum benefit, or retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefit; • the pensions and annuities received or accrued – para (a) of “gross income”. Framework: The following structure can be used to calculate the taxable income of a person who received a lump sum amount: Gross income • Taxable portion of lump-sum benefits (from retirement funds and from employer) • Taxable portion of retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefit • Pension and annuities received/accrued • Purchased annuities Less: Exempt income Less: Allowable deductions (excluding s 11F deduction) Gives: Taxable income – sub-total Add: Taxable capital gain Less: Contributions to retirement benefits (s 11F deduction) Gives: Taxable income Separate calculation for calculating the: Tax payable on taxable lump-sum benefits Tax payable on taxable retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefit Tax payable on other taxable income (rebates may only be deducted in this calculation) The tax liability of the taxpayer can be calculated in different ways. For a taxpayer who retires from a retirement fund or who dies whilst being a member of a retirement fund, the tax on the retirement fund lump-sum benefit (including 269 Tax Workbook severance benefits received from employer) is calculated separately from other income, using the retirement fund lump-sum benefit table and severance benefit table. Lump sum benefits from funds due to retrenchments are dealt with in a similar way as retirement or death. The tax liability for taxpayers who resign from a retirement fund is calculated separately from other income, using the retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefit table. From 1 March 2016 the contributions to all retirement funds are treated the same, and subject to limitations provided for in s 11F. L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that you will need to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that you need to know before attempting the example or question are provided, and the level of the example or question gives an indication of the difficulty of the question. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 16.1 (12 minutes) • Calculating tax payable when retiring from a fund Basic Example 16.2 (15 minutes) • Calculating tax payable on a retirement fund benefit with a previous fund benefit Basic Example 16.3 (15 minutes) • Calculating tax payable when withdrawing from a fund with a previous fund benefit Basic Example 16.4 (14 minutes) • Paragraph (d) – lump sum employer (gross income definition) • Section 10A – purchased annuity • Second Schedule – resignation lump sum provident fund Basic Example 16.5 (15 minutes) • Second Schedule – lump sum state pension fund Intermediary Example 16.6 (30 minutes) • Combined question Advanced Question 16.1 (30 minutes) • Lump sum payment in case of retirement and death Advanced Question 16.2 (45 minutes) • Combined question Advanced Question 16.3 (45 minutes) • Combined question Advanced 270 Chapter 16 Retirement benefits L Examples Example 16.1 (12 minutes) Bongani Ndamase retired on 31 December 2022 at the age of 65. He received the following information regarding the lump sum that his pension fund will pay him on date of retirement: • A lump sum amount of R1 845 000 (before tax) will be payable to him. • During the 30 years that he was a member of the fund, R45 000 of his own contributions were not allowed as deductions in terms of s 11F of the Act. • Bongani’s taxable income excluding the lump sum amount for the current year of assessment is R750 000. He did not previously receive any lump sum payments. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the tax that Bongani will pay on the lump sum received from the pension fund. Solution 16.1 Taxable portion of the pension fund lump sum: The taxable portion of the pension fund lump sum will be calculated in terms of para 2(1)(a), which allows for deductions in terms of para 5 of the Second Schedule to the Act. R Amount received from the fund 1 845 000 Less: deductions in terms of para 5 (45 000) – contributions not previously allowed Taxable retirement fund lump-sum benefit 1 800 000 Bongani’s tax liability on the lump-sum benefits must be calculated on the tax scale for retirement fund lump-sum benefits. As the taxable amount exceeds R1 050 000, the tax must be calculated on the following scale: = R130 500 plus 36% of the taxable amount exceeding R1 050 000 = R130 500 + (36% × (R1 800 000 – R1 050 000)) = R130 500 + R270 000 = R400 500 Bongani will therefore have to pay R400 500 tax on the lump sum of R1 845 000 that he receives from the fund. He will therefore receive R1 444 500 in cash. Example 16.2 (15 minutes) Sibosiso Zuma retired on 31 December 2022 the age of 66. On that day, his employer paid him a lump sum amount of R50 000. On 31 December 2022, he also received a lump sum amount of R920 000 from his provident fund. During the period that he was a member of the provident fund, contributions of R304 000 were not deductible for income tax purposes. On 31 December 2016, when he received a lump sum amount of R600 000 from a retirement annuity fund that he was a member of, he reached retirement age. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the tax payable on the lump sums received on 31 December 2022. 271 Tax Workbook Solution 16.2 The taxable portion of the provident fund lump sum: As Sibosiso is retired, para 2(1)(a)(i), which allows for deductions in terms of para 5 of the Second Schedule is applicable. R Amount received from the fund 920 000 Less: Deductions in terms of para 5 – The taxpayer’s contributions to the fund, not allowed as a deduction (in the case of a provident fund, contributions have only become deductible from 1 March 2016 under s 11F and subject to the same limitations as for other fund contributions) (304 000) Taxable retirement fund lump-sum benefit R616 000 Firstly the tax liability must be calculated on all the retirement fund lump-sum benefits, retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefits received and severance benefits in the current and previous years of assessment. Retirement fund lump-sum benefit received this year (provident fund) R616 000 Severance benefit received this year (employer) R50 000 Add: Retirement fund lump-sum benefit previously received R600 000 Total retirement fund lump-sum benefits R1 266 000 As the total retirement fund lump-sum benefits and severance benefits received exceeds R1 050 000, the tax must be calculated on the following scale: = R130 500 plus 36% of the taxable amount exceeding R1 050 000 = R130 500 + 36% × (R1 266 000 – R1 050 000) = R130 500 + R77 760 = R208 260 Next the tax liability must be calculated on all the retirement fund lump-sum benefits and retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefits received previously. Retirement fund lump-sum benefit previously received R600 000 Total retirement fund lump-sum benefits R600 000 As the total retirement fund lump-sum benefits previously received exceeds R500 000, the tax must be calculated on the following scale: = R0 plus 18% of the taxable amount exceeding R500 000 = R0 + 18% × (R600 000 – R500 000) = R0 + R18 000 = R18 000 The tax payable on the current lump sums (provident fund and severance benefit) is the difference between tax calculated on the cumulative balance of lump sums (including these amounts) and the tax calculated on the cumulative balance of lump sums (excluding these amounts). The tax payable = R208 260 – R18 000 = R190 260. 272 Chapter 16 Retirement benefits Example 16.3 (15 minutes) Neren Ramavu, together with all the other employees, was transferred by his employer when a manufacturing plant in Polokwane was closed down, due to adverse economic circumstances. Employees could either accept a position in Cape Town or had to resign. As Neren’s family is in Polokwane he elected to resign. Neren attained the age of 40 on 30 November 2022. On 31 December 2022 a lump sum amount of R652 000 accrued to him from the provident fund that he belonged to while employed. R50 000 of this amount was transferred for his benefit to an approved provident preservation fund. During the period that he was a member of the provident fund, contributions of R124 000 were not previously deductible. On 31 March 2013 he also received a taxable withdrawal lump sum amount of R400 000 from a retirement annuity fund. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the tax payable on the lump sum accrued from the provident fund. Solution 16.3 Taxable portion of the provident fund lump sum: As Neren had resigned from the fund due to loss of employment, the lump sum he received will be taxed in terms of para 2(1)(a)(ii), which allows for deductions in terms of para 6 of the Second Schedule. This means that the amount is treated similar to retirement lump-sum benefits received at retirement as opposed to retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefits. R Amount accrued from the fund 652 000 Less: Deductions in terms of para 6 – The taxpayer’s contributions to the fund, not allowed as a deduction (in the case of a provident fund, contributions have only become deductible from 1 March 2016 under s 11F) (124 000) – The amount transferred to an approved fund, including a provident preservation (50 000) Taxable retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefit 478 000 Firstly the tax liability must be calculated on all the retirement fund lump-sum benefits and retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefits received in the current and previous years of assessment. Retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefit received this year R478 000 Add: Retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefit previously received R400 000 Total retirement fund lump-sum benefits R878 000 As the total retirement fund lump-sum benefits received exceeds R660 000, the tax must be calculated on the following scale: = R114 300 plus 27% of the taxable amount exceeding R660 000 = R114 300 + 27% × (R878 000 – R660 000) = R114 300 + R58 860 = R173 160 273 Tax Workbook Next the tax liability must be calculated on all the retirement fund lump-sum benefits and retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefits received previously. Retirement fund lump-sum withdrawal benefit previously received R400 000 Total retirement fund lump-sum benefits R400 000 As the total retirement fund lump-sum benefits received exceeds R25 000, the tax must be calculated on the following scale: = R0 plus 18% of the taxable amount exceeding R25 000 = R0 + 18% × (R400 000 – R25 000) = R0 + R67 500 = R67 500 The tax payable on the current provident fund lump-sum benefit is the difference between the tax calculated on the cumulative balance of lump sums (including the relevant amounts) and the tax calculated on the cumulative balance of lump sums (excluding the relevant amounts). The tax payable is = R173 160 – R67 500 = R105 660. Example 16.4 (14 minutes) Lungisa Majeke resigned on 31 August 2022 at the age of 50 years, in order to go and farm on a full-time basis. He had the following receipts and accruals during the 2023 year of assessment: Lump sum amount from his employer consisting of: R Gratuity 20 000 Accumulated leave pay (paid out in cash) 40 000 Lump sum amount from provident fund: R552 000 accrued to Lungisa from the provident fund. The retirement date in terms of the fund is 55 years of age. During the period that he was a member of the provident fund, contributions of R200 000 were not deductible for income tax. He did not receive any lump sum amounts during previous years of assessment. His monthly salary for the six months to the date he resigned amounted to R54 000. Using R50 000 of the amounts he received, Lungisa purchased an annuity of R6 000 (payable at a rate of R500 a month) for life, payable from 1 September 2022. His life expectancy at that stage was 21,47 years. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO (1) Calculate the taxable portion of the lump sum amounts received from his employer. (2) Calculate the taxable portion of the purchased annuity. (3) Calculate the taxable portion of the lump sum received from the provident fund. 274 Chapter 16 Retirement benefits Solution 16.4 (1) Taxable portion of the lump sums from his employer. R Gross income (para (d)): Gratuity Accumulated leave pay (paid out in cash) 20 000 40 000 Less: Section 10 exemptions 60 000 (nil) Taxable portion 60 000 The lump sums that Lungisa received from his employer do not qualify as severance benefits as Lungisa is not 55 years of age and has not retired due to ill health, superannuation or an infirmity, nor did his employer cease to carry on trading or have a personnel retrenchment. (2) Calculate the taxable portion of the purchased annuity. The capital element of a purchased annuity is exempt from income tax in terms of s 10A. The capital element of a purchased annuity in terms of s 10A is determined as follows: Y = Y = A = B = C = = Y A × C, where B The capital element to be determined The total cash consideration given – that is, R50 000 The total expected returns of all the annuities provided for in the annuity contract, which is R500 a month for the rest of his life. This expected return is the annuity multiplied by his life expectancy, based on his age on his preceding birthday, that is, 50 years. R500 × 12 × 21,47 = R128 820 The annuity amount, which is R500 per month. R50 000 × R500 = R194 R128 820 The taxable portion of each payment will be R500 – R194 = R306 For the period 1 September 2022 to 28 February 2023 Lungisa will receive six monthly payments which will be included in his taxable income as follows: R306 × 6 months = 275 R1 836 Tax Workbook (3) Taxable portion of the lump sums received from the provident fund. As Lungisa resigned, the amount received from the fund is seen as a withdrawal benefit and will be taxed in terms of para 2(1)(b), which allows for deductions in terms of para 6 of the Second Schedule to the Act. R Amount received from the fund 552 000 Less: Deductions in terms of para 6 The taxpayer’s contributions to the fund, not allowed as a deduction (in the case of a provident fund, contributions have only become deductible from 1 March 2016 under s 11F and subject to the same limitations as for the (200 000) other fund contributions). Taxable portion of retirement fund lump-sum benefit 352 000 Example 16.5 (15 minutes) Thomson Gumbi retired on 31 January 2023, when he was 66 years old. He provides you with the following information regarding his retirement from the State pension fund: • Member of fund: 30 years and 2 months • Average salary during membership: R159 250 per annum • Average salary during last five years: R300 000 per annum • Contribution rate: 7,5% of salary The fund informed him that he would receive a lump sum of R2 596 500. Thomson did not previously receive any lump sum amounts. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the tax payable on the lump sum received. Solution 16.5 In terms of para 2A the amount received from the State pension fund lump sum will be calculated by applying the following formula: B A= ×D C B = 24 (completed years from 1 March 1998) D = R2 596 500 (lump sum received) C = 30 (total completed service years) A = (24 / 30 × R2 596 500) = R2 077 200 Taxable portion of the pension fund lump sum: The taxable portion of the pension fund lump sum will be calculated in terms of para 2(1)(a), which allows for deductions in terms of para 5 of the Second Schedule to the Act. R Amount received/accrued from the fund 2 077 200 Less: Deductions in terms of para 5 (nil) Taxable retirement fund lump-sum benefit 276 2 077 200 Chapter 16 Retirement benefits The tax liability on the lump sum amount must be calculated on the tax scale for retirement fund lump-sum benefits. As the taxable amount exceeds R1 050 000, the tax must be calculated on the following scale: = R130 500 plus 36% of the taxable amount exceeding R1 050 000 = R130 500 + (36% × (R2 077 200 – R1 050 000)) = R130 500 + R369 792 = R500 292 Example 16.6 (30 minutes) Jack and Jill Rhyme are both 65 years of age and are married in community of property. No property or income is excluded from the joint estate, unless specifically stated otherwise. Jill retired in April 2017 and is currently earning a monthly pension of R10 000 from the pension fund that she had been a member of. During her 2023 year of assessment she also earned interest of R96 200 on a bank savings account, dividends of R26 000 from a public company in the Republic and rental of R32 000 on a farm that she inherited from her late father. Jack retired on 30 October 2022 (on his 65th birthday), after having been employed for 40 years and two months by the same employer. Jack did not receive any lump sum amounts during previous years of assessment. The following information relates to Jack for the 2023 year of assessment: Income and accruals: R Pension 112 000 Salary 280 000 Pension fund contributions (by company for Jack’s benefit) 14 000 Gratuity from employer 65 000 Farewell gift from colleagues 14 500 Taxable portion of lump sum from pension fund (note) 1 966 000 Taxable portion of lump sum from retirement annuity fund (RAF) (note) 550 000 Interest on a savings account at a local bank – Jack inherited the investment from his uncle in terms of a will, which specified that the income should not form part of their joint estate 4 125 Distribution from a close corporation (CC) – Jack is a member of the CC 30 000 Expenditure: Pension fund contributions (own) 28 000 RAF contributions – R1 000 a month (until 31 October) and a lump sum contribution of R60 000 during October 2022 68 000 Qualifying medical expenses paid by Jack (Jack is not member of a medical scheme) 44 000 Note During Jack’s previous years of assessment, all his contributions to the pension and RAF had been allowed as deductions. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the normal tax liability of Jack for the 2023 year of assessment. 277 Tax Workbook Solution 16.6 Jack Normal tax on taxable income (without lump sum benefits) R 112 000 280 000 14 000 Pension Salary Pension fund contributions by employer – fringe benefit Farewell gift (from his colleagues and not from employer) Interest excluded from joint estate Interest – Jill 50% × R96 200 Less: Interest exemption (s 10(1)(i)) – over 65 4 125 48 100 52 225 (34 500) Dividends and distribution from CC (50% × (R26 000 + R30 000)) – exempt in terms of s 10(1)(k) Rental – Jill 50% × R32 000 406 000 – 17 725 – 16 000 Income Less: Pension fund and RAF contributions – R110 000 (R14 000 (deemed contribution by employee + R28 000 + R68 000) Limited to the lesser of R350 000 or 27,5% of the higher of his “remuneration” (without lump sums) of R406 000 or “taxable income” (without lump sums) of R439 725, being 27,5% of R439 725 = R120 924 or the taxable income before the 11F deduction and before any taxable capital gain being R 439 725 439 725 (110 000) Taxable income (without lump sums) 329 725 Taxed in terms of normal tax table Tax on R226 000 40 680 Tax on R103 725 × 26% 26 969 67 649 Less: Normal tax rebates – primary – over 65 16 425 9 000 Additional medical expenses tax credit: s 6B (33,3% × R44 000) 14 652 (40 077) Normal tax liability on normal taxable income Tax liability on taxable lump-sum benefits (note) (R130 500 + ((R2 581 000 – R1 050 000) × 36%)) 681 660 Total normal tax liability 709 232 278 27 572 Chapter 16 Retirement benefits Note: Taxable lump sum benefits Gratuity (severance benefit) Taxable portion of lump sum from pension fund (given) Taxable portion of lump sum from RAF (given) 65 000 1 966 000 550 000 2 581 000 L Questions Question 16.1 (30 minutes) On 31 March 2022, Abraham Fuzile (57 years of age) resigned from Alfa Ltd. The next day, he started working at Beta Ltd. On 31 December 2022, Abraham died in a mountaineering accident. Abraham's income for the 2023 year of assessment was as follows: From Alfa Ltd R Salary 40 000 Lump sum from pension fund (note 1) 1 850 000 From Beta Ltd Salary Pension fund contributions (note 2) Gratuity from employer due to death Lump sum from pension fund (note 2) 650 000 65 000 55 000 2 075 000 Notes (1) All contributions made by Abraham in the past were allowed as an income tax deduction. He did not previously receive any lump sum amounts. Abraham transferred the full amount received from the pension fund to his new employer’s pension fund. (2) Beta Ltd was the sole contributor to the pension fund and Abraham did not pay for any contributions. Abraham's accident happened five years before he was due to retire. He was a member of a pension fund for a total of 32 years. After his death the lump sum award was paid to Abraham’s estate. The number of years that he would have been employed had he reached retirement age was taken into account in arriving at the lump sum award. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate Abraham’s normal tax liability for the 2023 year of assessment. Question 16.2 (45 minutes) Alexander Smit is a South African resident who retired on 31 January 2023 at the age of 61. Alexander worked for Green House Ltd for 40 years of which 24 years were in South Africa and 16 years were in the Scottish Highlands. He was a member of the company’s pension fund from the day that he started working. Whilst he was working in Scotland, he contributed R300 000 to the fund which was not deductible for South African income tax purposes but will be accounted for under para 5(1)(a) of the Second Schedule when calculating the taxable lump sum. 279 Tax Workbook During the 2023 year of assessment, Alexander earned the following: • A monthly salary of R36 000 (up to the date of his retirement). • In December 2022, he received an annual bonus, equivalent to twice his monthly salary. • On 31 January 2023, Alexander received a golden handshake gratuity of R245 000 (assume that no portion is regarded as consideration for past employment outside South Africa). • The company’s pension fund paid him a lump sum payment of R1 870 000 on 31 January 2023. Alexander did not previously receive any lump sum amounts. • His monthly pension of R22 000 was paid to him from the end of February 2023. Green House Ltd has always matched Alexander’s pension fund contributions of 5% of his monthly salary. The following returns from investments accrued to Alexander for the 2023 year of assessment: • R48 850 interest on a fixed deposit with a South African bank; • Dividends from a South African listed company: R24 000; • Net rental from a summer house on a Greek island (rand equivalent): R86 700. For the 2023 year of assessment, employees’ tax of R101 163 was withheld on Alexander’s salary and bonus to the date of his retirement but no tax was withheld on the golden handshake. The pension fund withheld R101 340 employees’ tax on the lump sum and R1 067 employees’ tax on the pension paid. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the amount due to or from the Commissioner in respect of the normal tax liability of Alexander for the 2023 year of assessment. Ignore, for the purposes of your answer, the provisions of any Double Tax Agreement. Question 16.3 (45 minutes) Assume today is 15 June 2022. Sizwe Dyanti will turn 55 years of age on 15 December 2022. He is a member of his employer’s pension fund. In terms of the rules of the pension fund, he can only retire after he reaches the age of 55. After his retirement, Sizwe wants to go and live at the coast. During a visit to the coast in May 2022, he saw the dream house he wanted. On 14 June 2022 the seller accepted his offer of R2,4 million. Sizwe has to pay the purchase price on 1 July 2022. Sizwe is unsure what to do and requires your advice. Sizwe made an appointment with you to discuss his situation. You made the following notes during the meeting with Sizwe: • Sizwe is currently earning R40 000 per month; the only deductions against his salary are his pension fund contributions. In terms of the pension fund rules, he and his employer each contribute 7% of his salary to the pension fund. • If Sizwe retires with effect from 31 December 2022, in terms of the fund’s rules, a lump sum of R3,2 million from the pension fund and a monthly pension of R38 000 will accrue to him. • If he resigns effective 30 June 2022, he will receive a lump sum of R3 million from the pension fund and a monthly pension of R37 800. 280 Chapter 16 Retirement benefits • When Sizwe moves to the coast, he will have to sell his house in Johannesburg. He should be able to sell his house within the next month for R3 270 000. Sizwe bought the house two years ago for R3 350 000. The monthly running cost of the house amounts to R7 500. • If Sizwe does some repairs and paints the house before it is sold, he should be able to sell the house in December 2022 for R3 500 000. He will do the repairs and painting himself at negligible cost. • Sizwe indicated that he is not willing to sell his house and rent another house until the end of the year, should he decide to only move at the end of the year. • If Sizwe only moves at the end of the year, he will be able to let the new house at R11 000 per month. The monthly running cost of the house is R8 500. • Sizwe will earn R39 800 interest during the year of assessment if he does not retire immediately. If Sizwe retires immediately he will earn interest of R52 800 for the year of assessment. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO advise Sizwe purely from an after-tax cash-flow perspective if he should resign in June or retire in December. 281 Chapter 17 Fringe benefits L Introduction The examples and questions in this chapter illustrate the taxation of persons whose receipts and accruals are in the form of remuneration from employment. All the persons are residents. The aspects covered include: • salaries, wages, commissions and bonuses; • cash allowances and fringe benefits; • exemptions to which employees are often entitled; • deductions which employees customarily claim, such as pension and retirement annuity fund contributions, donations to public benefit organisations and other allowable expenses, but do not include benefits which an employee may receive on retirement, death or redundancy, which are dealt with in chapter 16. The sections of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as amended (the Act) which are tested and which have not been dealt with specifically in earlier chapters, include: • paragraphs (c) and (i) of the “gross income” definition, dealing with special inclusions in gross income; • section 8(1), dealing with cash allowances; • sections 8B and 8C dealing with the right to acquire shares; • certain subsections of section 10, containing certain relevant exemptions; • the Seventh Schedule, dealing with the so-called fringe benefits. Assume an official interest rate of 8% from 1 March 2022 to 28 February 2023. The official rate is calculated at the repurchase rate plus 1%. Assume that all references to a medical aid fund or medical scheme or medical fund refers to a medical scheme registered under the Medical Schemes Act 131 of 1998. Assume that all persons referred to are residents in the Republic. To answer the examples and questions, keep the framework for the calculation of taxable income and the framework to calculate normal tax due or payable in mind. 283 Tax Workbook Framework Calculating taxable income: “Gross income” as defined (including paras (c) and (i ) of the gross income definition): Less: Gives: Less: Add: Add: Less: Less: Gives: Exempt income “Income” as defined “Allowable” deductions (except for s 11F) Unutilised portion of allowances not used for business purposes Taxable capital gain (Eighth Schedule) Retirement contributions (deductible under s 11F) Donations to certain public benefit organisations (all taxpayers) “Taxable income” as defined Calculation of normal tax payable/(refundable): Tax tables (natural persons) on taxable income: Normal tax payable Less: Rebates (s 6 (only natural persons), s 6quat and s 6quin (all resident taxpayers)) Less: Medical tax credits (s 6A and 6B) Gives: Normal tax liability Less: Prepaid tax Gives: Amount due to SARS or refundable by SARS L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that you will need to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that you need to know before attempting the example or question are provided, and the level of the example or question gives an indication of the difficulty of the question. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 17.1 (20 minutes) • Section 10(1)(q) • Seventh Schedule paras 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 13 Basic Example 17.2 (15 minutes) • “Gross income” paras (cA) and (i ) • Section 8B • Seventh Schedule paras 5, 6 and 7 Basic Example 17.3 (20 minutes) • Section 8(1)(a)(i)(aa) – travelling allowance using two motor vehicles Intermediate Example 17.4 (30 minutes) • • • • Intermediate Example 17.5 (30 minutes) • After tax benefit of various options regarding salary structuring • Section 8(1)(a)(i)(aa) • Seventh Schedule paras 7 and 9 Section 8(1)(a)(i)(aa) and (bb) Section 8B Section 10(1)(q) Seventh Schedule paras 6, 8, 9, 10, 10A, 11, and 16 Advanced continued 284 Chapter 17 ) Example/Question and time allocation Fringe benefits Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 17.6 (20 minutes) • Section 8(1)(a)(i)(aa) • Seventh Schedule paras 5, 6, 7, 10 and 16 Intermediate Question 17.1 (40 minutes) • Section 8(1)(a)(i)(aa) and (bb) • Section 10(1)(i), (k) and (q) • Seventh Schedule paras 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 12A, 13 and 16 Advanced Question 17.2 (20 minutes) • Sections 7B, 7(2A)(b) and 8(1)(a)(ii) • Seventh Schedule paras 7, 10, 16 Intermediate L Examples Example 17.1 (20 minutes) This question consists of five unrelated case studies. The information relates to the 2023 year of assessment. All taxpayers are under the age of 65 years except where otherwise stated. Case study 1 Part (a) Abel received the use of a company car for the first time from 1 July 2022. The actual retail market value (in this case the cost) of the car (including VAT) was R400 000. The employer purchased this car on 1 January 2021. Abel does not contribute to the use of the company car. The car was not subject to a maintenance plan. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CALCULATE the taxable benefit accruing to Abel. Part (b) Use the same information as in part (a) except that the company car is subject to a maintenance plan. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CALCULATE the taxable benefit accruing to Abel. Part (c) Use the same information as in part (a) except that Abel contributes R250 a month toward the fuel account for the private use of the car. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CALCULATE the taxable benefit accruing to Abel. Part (d) Use the same information as in part (a) except that Abel contributes R1 000 a month for the private use of the car. The contribution does not relate to the cost of the licence, insurance, maintenance or fuel. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CALCULATE the taxable benefit accruing to Abel. Case study 2 Thembani was allowed to use his employer’s camera free of charge during a two-week (fourteen-day) December vacation in Europe. He signed an agreement 285 Tax Workbook to the effect that he would return the camera in good condition. If not, he would be liable to replace it. His son broke the camera at the OR Tambo International Airport, on Thembani’s return from the vacation. The camera was bought by Thembani’s employer on a suspensive sale agreement. The monthly payment was R300 (excluding VAT). The last payment was due at the end of December 2022. The cost price of the camera was R5 000 (excluding VAT and finance charges). The market value of the camera was R3 000 (excluding VAT) when his employer gave him the use thereof. Thembani’s employer deducted R1 000 from his salary in January 2023 as the sole payment of his obligation. Thembani’s employer agreed to release him from his obligation to replace the camera after he had paid the R1 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CALCULATE the taxable benefit accruing to Thembani. Case study 3 Pulane earned R30 000 remuneration a month for the period 1 March 2022 to 28 February 2023. Her employer granted a bursary of R22 000 on 1 March 2022 to her daughter to complete grade two at a primary school. She borrowed R500 on 1 March 2022 from her employer to pay for her daughter’s textbooks. She repaid it, in full, on 30 June 2022. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CALCULATE the taxable benefit accruing to Pulane. Case study 4 John Mills is a nuclear scientist and an American resident. He accepted a contract of 18 months (from 1 January 2022 to 30 June 2022) to supervise the maintenance programme of a nuclear plant in Cape Town. His employer rented a house (including furniture, water and electricity) for his use for R30 000 a month. His remuneration proxy is R1 500 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CALCULATE the taxable benefit accruing to John. Case study 5 Jacob Piyose is the senior geologist of a mining company. On 1 April 2022 he was stationed at Nelspruit for a period of seven months to do exploration work. He lives with his wife (Florence) and his two daughters (Beauty aged 13 and Patience aged 19) in Johannesburg. During the year of assessment, the employer bought five return aeroplane tickets for his wife and daughters to visit him in Nelspruit, at a cost of R1 500 a return ticket to travel the distance of 680 km to Nelspruit and back. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO CALCULATE the taxable benefit accruing to Jacob. Solution 17.1 Case study 1 Actual retail market value (including VAT) Less: Wear-and-tear allowance (at 15% reducing balance method) R 400 000 (60 000) Determined value 340 000 286 Chapter 17 Fringe benefits (a) Taxable benefit: R340 000 × 3,5% × 8 months = R95 200 (b) Taxable benefit: R340 000 × 3,25% × 8 months = R88 400 (c) Taxable benefit: R340 000 × 3,5% × 8 months = R95 200. The contribution to the fuel costs will be taken into account only on assessment (refer to paras 7(2) and 7(8)). (d) Taxable benefit amounts to R87 200 calculated as follows: R340 000 × 3,5% × 8 months = R95 200 less consideration of R8 000 paid by employee. This consideration is not in respect of the cost of licence, insurance, maintenance or fuel and therefore the employer is allowed to reduce the value of the taxable benefit. Case study 2 R Use of asset: R3 000 × 15% × 14 / 365 days Release of obligation: R3 000 less R1 000 paid 17 2 000 Taxable benefit 2 017 Case study 3 Pulane’s remuneration of R360 000 (R30 000 × 12) derived during the year of assessment does not exceed R600 000. The bursary is taxable to the extent that it exceeds R20 000. The benefit is therefore R2 000. The benefit in respect of interest, on debts not exceeding R3 000, is deemed to have a nil value in terms of para 11(4)(a). The debt granted to Pulane is R500 and does not exceed the R3 000 threshold. Case study 4 In terms of para 9(7A) and 9(7B), John will be taxed on the value of the benefit exceeding R25 000, multiplied by the number of months. Thus, R60 000 (being (R30 000 – R25 000) × 12 months). Case study 5 Paragraph 10(2)(d) places no value on the benefit and applies to a travel facility granted to the spouse or any minor children of the employee if he is stationed further than 250 km away from his home for a period exceeding 183 days during the year of assessment. Patience is no longer a minor, and the taxable benefit amounts to R7 500 (R1 500 × 5). Example 17.2 (15 minutes) The following particulars relate to Lwethu Magwaza for the 2023 year of assessment. He retired from his position as managing director of Piyose Ltd on 28 February 2022, the day after his 65th birthday. He has been semi-retired since this date. He still acts as a consultant for his former employer. His receipts and accruals for the 2023 year of assessment were as follows: R Pension 240 000 Consultancy fee from Piyose Ltd 29 000 A company car with a maintenance plan (from Piyose Ltd) with a determined value of R300 000 was put at Lwethu’s disposal for the entire year. Lwethu was responsible for all fuel costs for private use. He did not keep any record of distances travelled or costs incurred. 287 Tax Workbook A television which was rented by Piyose Ltd at a cost of R1 250 (excluding VAT) a month was also put at his disposal from 1 June 2022 to 31 December 2022. The lease agreement expired on 31 December 2022, at which date Piyose Ltd obtained ownership of the television at no cost. It was donated to Lwethu on the same date. The market value of the television was R1 700 (excluding VAT) on 31 December 2022. Before his retirement, he had acquired the option on 2 000 shares to be purchased by himself at any time for R1 a share, in terms of a broad-based employee share plan (in terms of s 8B). He had to pay ten cents a share for the option. He had exercised the option on 2 000 shares when the shares were R4 each on 30 June 2022. An amount of R4 500 a month was paid to him by Piyose Ltd, since his retirement, as a restraint of trade agreement for each month Lwethu adheres to the agreement. The agreement is applicable to a five-year period. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Lwethu’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 17.2 R Pension Consultancy fee Fringe benefits (note 1) Value of shares when option exercised: 2 000 × R4 Less: Cost of option: 2 000 × 10c Cost of shares: 2 000 × R1 200 2 000 R 8 000 (2 200) 5 800 (5 800) Less: Exempt s 10(1)(nC) (note 2) Restraint of trade receipt (note 3) R 240 000 29 000 127 450 – 54 000 Taxable income 450 450 Notes (1) Retired employees and fringe benefits Employees who retired are still deemed to be employees for the Seventh Schedule calculation of fringe benefits. Company car R R300 000 × 3,25% × 12 months 117 000 (No reduction of taxable benefit in terms of para 7(8) of the Seventh Schedule as no accurate records kept) Use of employer’s asset (para 6(2)) R1 250 × 7 months 8 750 Acquisition of asset less than market value The cash equivalent of the television is the market value thereof. The employer had the use of the asset before purchasing it for the employee (para 5(2) Seventh Schedule) 1 700 Total fringe benefits 127 450 288 Chapter 17 Fringe benefits (2) Lwethu did not dispose of the shares. If the shares are disposed of within five years after they were acquired then the gain will be income in his hands and fully taxable as determined in s 8B. If he disposes of the shares after five years then the gain will be treated as a capital gain and subject to the capital gains tax rules. (3) Restraint of trade The amount received by or accrued to Lwethu as a restraint of trade agreement is of a capital nature. All amounts accruing to or received by a natural person is fully taxable according to para (cB)(ii) of the gross income definition if it relates to past or future employment or the holding of an office. Only R4 500 for 12 months accrued to him. He will be taxed on R54 000 (R4 500 × 12 months). Example 17.3 (20 minutes) Brandon received a travelling allowance of R72 000 (R6 000 a month) from his employer. He used two vehicles during the year of assessment. Vehicle 1 was purchased second-hand (actual retail market value) for R215 000 (including VAT) and was traded in for vehicle 2. Vehicle 2 (new) cost (actual retail market value) R310 000 (including VAT). During the year of assessment, he used vehicle 1 for 106 days and vehicle 2 for 259 days. He did not keep accurate records of costs incurred. He travelled 10 231 km in vehicle 1 during the 2023 year of assessment and 20 880 km in vehicle 2. His logbooks showed that he travelled 4 027 business km in vehicle 1 and 8 085 business km in vehicle 2 during the 2023 year of assessment. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable amount of the travel allowance. Solution 17.3 Vehicle 1 10 231 km Total kilometres Fixed costs: On R215 000 Fixed costs: On R310 000 R76 033 × 10 231 km R96 197 × 20 880 km 106 days 365 days 259 days 365 days Fuel costs: Maintenance costs: Business km 4 027 × Total costs 431,8c Business km 8 085 × Total costs 560,1c Total costs (Vehicle 1 + 2) Vehicle 2 20 880 km 215,8c 326,8c 159,7c 56,3c 171,8c 61,5c 431,8c 560,1c 17 389 45 284 62 673 R 72 000 (62 673) Travelling allowance Less: Business costs Taxable portion of travelling allowance 9 327 289 Tax Workbook Example 17.4 (30 minutes) Simon Monyuku has approached you for assistance with the completion of his tax return for the 2023 year of assessment. Simon worked for the entire year, he earned a basic salary of R610 000 and received the following fringe benefits: • share options (note 1); • housing (note 2); • computer (note 3); • bursary (note 4); • subsistence allowance (note 5); • meals (note 6). Notes (1) On 1 January 2022, Simon was granted the option to take up 1 000 shares in the company at R1 each, in terms of a broad-based employee share plan (in terms of s 8B). He exercised the option on 3 October 2022. The market value of the shares was as follows: 1 January 2022 R8,50 a share 3 October 2022 R5,55 a share (2) Simon had the option to purchase the two-roomed flat owned by his employer for R600 000 (its market value). He paid rental of R1 000 a month for the period 1 March 2022 up to 31 October 2022, and he paid R1 500 for November. The flat was unfurnished and no power or fuel was supplied by the employer. He purchased the flat on 30 November 2022. The employer financed the purchase price. Simon must repay R5 000 a month on the capital amount owing, together with interest. The interest is calculated at an interest rate which is 3% lower than the official interest rate. His remuneration proxy is R450 000. (He does not qualify for the nil value placed on the interest on the debt regarding the housing because his remuneration proxy is more than R250 000, the loan is more than R450 000 and the market value of the immovable property exceeds R450 000.) (3) The private use of a computer that was purchased by his employer for R10 000 (net of VAT) was granted to Simon’s daughter from 1 March 2022 until 31 December 2022, to assist with her master’s degree (note 4). The computer was returned on the first working day in January 2023. (4) A bursary of R50 000 was granted to his daughter on 1 March 2022 by his employer, to study for a master’s degree in international tax through a recognised educational institution (NQF level 9). If she fails, then the bursary must be repaid. She completed the degree successfully. (5) Simon was sent to Durban for business purposes for a period of seven days during the year of assessment. A daily allowance of R500 was paid to him to cover his costs in respect of meals and incidental costs. Simon did not keep a record of his business expenses. (6) Each employee is provided on a monthly basis with a booklet containing 20 meal vouchers. The vouchers are redeemable at the local supermarket and entitle the employee to the meal of the day. The supermarket bills the employer on a monthly basis for the vouchers, discounted at R30 a voucher. The employee has to hand in the booklet together with vouchers not used, at the end of the month in order to qualify for a new booklet. Simon discounted 153 vouchers for the 2023 year of assessment. 290 Chapter 17 Fringe benefits YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the cash equivalent of the fringe benefits and the taxable portion of any allowances for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 17.4 The cash equivalent of each fringe benefit and the taxable portion of the subsistence allowance are as follows: R R Share option (1 000 × (R5,55 – R1,00)) = R4 550 but exempt in terms of s 10(1)(nC) – Housing (R400 000 – 0) × 17 / 100 × 9 / 12 (note 1) 51 000 Less: Paid (R1 000 × 8) + R1 500 (9 500) 41 500 Low interest debt (note 2) Computer (R10 000 × 15% × 10 / 12) Bursary (note 3) Meals (R30 × 153) (note 4) Taxable portion of subsistence allowance Allowance (R500 × 7) Less: Deemed expended for business purposes (R493 × 7) 4 463 1 250 50 000 4 590 3 500 (3 451) 49 Notes (1) B in the formula is nil because he has the right to buy the property. (2) Low interest debt R 1 500 1 488 1 475 R600 000 × (3%) × 1 / 12 R595 000 × (3%) × 1 / 12 R590 000 × (3%) × 1 / 12 4 463 (3) A benefit was given to a family member and para 16 of the Seventh Schedule is applicable. Simon must include the amount in his gross income. He does not qualify for the s 10(1)(q) exemption, because his remuneration exceeds R600 000. (4) The meals were not supplied by the employer in a canteen, cafeteria or dining room operated by the employer and patronised mainly by his employees. The meals are also not supplied on the business premises of the employer. It also seems that the meals are not supplied by the employer to the employee during working or extended working hours. The employee can for all practical purposes redeem these vouchers at any time (also after working hours) and can also redeem the voucher for a meal for somebody else. The benefit does not come into consideration for the no-value valuation. Example 17.5 (30 minutes) Veli Ndlovu, who is 45 years old, commenced working at Jikeleza (Pty) Ltd on 1 December 2021. On 1 February 2022, Veli was promoted. His promotion allows him to restructure his remuneration package. The increased remuneration package will be implemented on 1 March 2022. 291 Tax Workbook Veli Ndlovu is entitled to a gross annual salary of R250 000 or to a remuneration package, which is structured as follows: • A salary of R10 000 a month. • Free accommodation in a house consisting of six rooms, which is owned by Jikeleza (Pty) Ltd. Electricity, water and furniture will not be supplied. Veli is at present paying R3 000 rent a month for the flat in which he lives. (His remuneration proxy is R153 950.) • A travelling allowance of R6 000 a month. Veli will lease a vehicle at a monthly instalment of R3 300. The cash value (retail market value) of the vehicle is R123 120 (including VAT of 15%). This vehicle will be acquired on 1 March 2022. Veli has confirmed that he will keep records of all his business trips but not of the costs in respect of the vehicle. He estimates that the operating costs of the vehicle will amount to R1,20 a kilometre, excluding the lease payments. Veli has estimated the following for the 2023 year of assessment: Business kilometres Private kilometres 14 000 11 000 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the most favourable after-tax benefit of the two options for the year of assessment ended 28 February 2023. Solution 17.5 Option 1 Cash salary R R Salary 250 000 Taxable income 250 000 Schedule tax on R250 000 On R226 000 On R24 000 at 26% Less: Rebate 40 680 6 240 Normal tax liability Net cash Salary (Cash) Less: Taxation Housing (R3 000 × 12) Vehicle (note 1) 46 920 (16 425) 30 495 30 495 36 000 69 600 Net cash 250 000 (136 095) 113 905 292 Chapter 17 Fringe benefits Option 2 Travelling allowance and housing benefit R Salary (R10 000 × 12) Housing benefit (note 2) Travelling allowance (R6 000 × 12) Less: Deemed business cost (note 3) 72 000 (57 358) R 120 000 10 659 130 659 14 642 Taxable income 145 301 Schedule tax on R145 301 at 18% Less: Rebate 26 154 (16 425) Normal tax liability 9 729 Net cash Salary (cash) Travelling allowance (cash) 120 000 72 000 Less: Taxation Vehicle costs (note 1) 9 729 69 600 Net cash 192 000 (79 329) 112 671 Option 1 provides the most favourable after-tax benefit, but the difference between the two options is minimal and other factors should also be taken into account. Notes R (1) Vehicle costs Lease payments (R3 300 × 12) Add: Running costs (R1,20 × 25 000 km) 39 600 30 000 69 600 (2) Housing benefit (A – B) × C / 100 × D / 12 (R153 950 – R91 250) × 17 / 100 × 12 / 12 = 10 659 (3) Deemed business cost spent on business trips Value of vehicle: R123 120 Fixed component: R52 889 / 25 000 km Fuel Maintenance 211,6c 147,0c 51,1c Total costs Business kilometres: 14 000 km Business costs: 14 000 km × 409,7c = 409,7c 57 358 293 Tax Workbook Example 17.6 (20 minutes) Mr Star Fish is the marketing manager of Fish (Pty) Ltd. Mr Star Fish is 50 years old and a widower. The following information relates to Mr Star Fish’s income and expenditure for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023: (1) Salary He received a monthly basic cash salary of R50 000 a month for the period 1 March2022 to 28 February 2023. (2) Company car and travelling allowances The right of use of a company car was granted to him for the period 1 March 2022 until 30 June 2022 (four months). The determined value of the car was R450 000, and the car was subject to a maintenance plan. He had to bear the cost of all fuel used for private purposes, and the cost of insuring the vehicle. He travelled 20 200 kilometres in total of which 9 400 kilometres related to business travel. The fuel cost amounted to R18 000 and the insurance amounted to R6 000. The company provided Mr Star Fish with the option to buy the car at its retail market value less 10% discount on 1 July 2022. The retail value of the car was R380 000 on 1 July 2022. Mr Star Fish exercised this right and paid the company the agreed purchase price of R342 000. This is currently the only car that he owns. From 1 July 2022, he received a travelling allowance of R17 000 a month for the remaining eight months (243 days) of the year of assessment. Mr Star Fish does not keep accurate records of actual costs incurred. He kept a logbook and travelled 16 540 business kilometres during the period. The odometer reading of the car was 32 317 km on 1 July 2022, and 54 122 km on 28 February 2023. (3) His employer provided him with a laptop of R16 000 to be used mainly for business purposes. He was also provided with an internet facility at a cost of R350 a month to assist him in his duties as marketing manager. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income of Mr Star Fish for the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 17.6 Salary (R50 000 × 12) Company car (note 1) Acquisition of company car (note 2) Use of laptop (note 3) Internet service (note 3) Add: Taxable travelling allowance not utilised for business purposes (note 4) Taxable income R 600 000 8 219 38 000 – – 48 834 695 053 294 Chapter 17 Fringe benefits Notes (1) Taxable benefit Reduced on assessment Business travel Private use Less: incurred for private use Insurance Fuel (must use the rate per kilometre for fuel as fixed by the Minister in the Gazette) 3,25% × R450 000 × 4 months R 58 500 Business km / Total km × taxable benefit) (9 400 / 20 200) × R58 500 (27 223) 31 277 Private km / Total km × insurance cost 10 800 / 20 200 × R6 000 10 800 ×183,8c (3 208) (19 850) Recalculated taxable benefit 8 219 (2) Paragraph 5 of the Seventh Schedule deals with the acquisition of an asset at less than actual value. The taxable benefit is the retail market value less the consideration given by Mr Star Fish which is equal to R38 000 (R380 000 – R342 000). (3) In terms of para 6(4)(bA), no value is placed on using the employer’s computer equipment if it is used mainly for business purposes. No value is placed on any communication service provided to an employee if the service is used for the employer’s business (para 10(2)(bA)). (4) He travelled 21 805 (54 122 – 32 317) kilometres during the eight months. The calculation of the taxable portion of the travelling allowance follows: Mr Star Fish was taxed on the market value of the company car less the consideration paid. The value of the base cost of the asset (company car) is R380 000 (refer to para 20(1)(h)(ii)(bb) of the Eighth Schedule. The base cost of the asset is calculated by adding the benefit of R38 000 and the considerations paid of R342 000 together. R Travelling allowance: R17 000 × 8 months 136 000 Fixed cost based on market value of R380 000 R96 197 × 243 / 365 = 64 043 R64 043 / 21 805 km Fuel Maintenance 293,7c 171,8c 61,5c Total deemed cost 527,0c Less: 527,0 c × 16 540 km (87 166) Taxable portion of travelling allowance 295 48 834 Tax Workbook L Questions Question 17.1 (40 minutes) Kwame Zondo is 50 years old and divorced. He is the chief creative director of Advertisements Agency RSA (Pty) Ltd. He spends more or less four months of every year in Cape Town at the branch office, and more or less eight months at the Gauteng head office during a year. Kwame was in the employment of Advertisements Agency RSA (Pty) Ltd for the entire year, and his remuneration package and benefits for the 2023 year of assessment were as follows: R Basic salary (note 1) 1 800 000 Performance bonus (note 2) 400 000 Medical scheme contributions (note 1 and 3) 57 000 Subsidies (note 4) 92 000 Travelling allowances and company car (note 5) 270 000 Housing benefits including meals (note 6) 44 000 Subsistence allowance and entertainment advance (note 7) 120 000 Holiday accommodation (note 8) 80 500 Payment of membership fees (note 9) 5 400 Kwame earned the following additional income during the 2023 year of assessment: • local interest of R201 800 (not from a tax-free investment); • local dividends of R80 000. Notes (1) His salary of R1 800 000 excludes any fringe benefits. (2) The performance bonus is awarded on an annual basis. (3) All the employees are members of the same medical scheme and the company makes a 100% contribution to the scheme. The contribution for Kwame and his 20-year-old daughter amounts to R4 750 a month. (4) The company subsidises the interest on the purchase of a vehicle for the amount of R800 000 (note 5). The interest benefit was correctly calculated according to s 24J. (5) Kwame purchased a vehicle in a prior year of assessment for R800 000. The vehicle is financed through a bank and the company subsidised the interest liability. The bank’s lending rate is higher than the official interest rate for fringe benefits. Kwame received a travelling allowance of R20 000 a month. Kwame does not keep accurate records of expenses, but he keeps accurate records of actual business distances travelled. He travelled 33 800 km in total during the year with his own vehicle, of which 23 100 km was for business purposes. A company vehicle is at his disposal when he works in Cape Town. The company pays all costs relating to the vehicle. The total costs of the vehicle amounted to R65 000 for the year of assessment. The determined value of the vehicle is R200 000 and Kwame, when working in Cape Town, mainly uses it. There is no maintenance plan on the vehicle. If he does not need to use the vehicle, it is used as a fleet vehicle. The private use of the motor vehicle is incidental and infrequent. (6) When Kwame is working in Cape Town, he occupies one of the company’s fully furnished flats. The flat is serviced, and the company pays the electricity, water 296 Chapter 17 Fringe benefits and levies. The total cost of the housing amounts to R10 000 a month. Kwame usually has lunch at the branch. An external caterer provides the meals. Kwame had 80 meals during office hours, and the cost of a meal is R80 a meal. Kwame’s remuneration proxy is R2 000 000. (7) Kwame received a subsistence allowance of R300 (for meals and incidental costs) a day or part of a day for the period that he was away from his home in Gauteng and worked in Cape Town. He received R36 000 for the 2022 year of assessment. Kwame also received an entertainment advance of R10 000. If he entertains clients, he claims it back from the company, supported by the necessary documentation. He spent R80 000 on entertainment on the instruction of his employer. (8) The company paid R80 500 (all inclusive) for a breakaway vacation for 14 days at a luxury game lodge. (9) The company paid all the employees’ membership fees to a gym group. The membership gives the employee entrance to exercise at any one of the nationwide gyms in the group. Kwame is very lazy and visited the gym only 36 times during the year. The cost of the membership amounts to R5 400 a year. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate Kwame’s taxable income for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023. Question 17.2 (20 minutes) Mtutuzeli Mbete is married in community of property. He retired at the age of 60 in the previous year from his employer (Mechanics Play Blocks (Pty) Ltd). Mechanics Play Blocks (Pty) Ltd is the sole importer and distributor of play blocks and its biggest customers are schools and crèches. It distributes from its Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban and Bloemfontein branches. Since Mtutuzeli left his previous employer, sales went down. The customers were not happy with the new representatives. Mechanics Play Blocks (Pty) Ltd requested a meeting and asked Mtutuzeli to consider working for the company for another 10 months as an employee. After discussions with his wife, the two of them decided, depending on the package deal and his work conditions, that it will be a good idea to go back to work for another 10 months. The following package deal and work conditions were negotiated and will only be valid for the 10 months ending 28 February 2023. • basic salary of R80 000 a month; • 10% commission on all sales exceeding targets set (note 1); • entertainment (it is expected from him to entertain clients although he hates it) (note 2); and • use of a fleet motor car for traveling in the Johannesburg area (note 3). The company must pay the following if he needs to visit other branches: • he hates to fly and therefore he and his wife will only fly business class – she will accompany him on every visit (note 4); • accommodation of his choice including breakfast and lunch (note 4); and • car rental (note 5). There will be a penalisation clause in the agreement, namely if he does not deliver as promised in the contract, a certain amount must be paid back to the company. The amount is based on a ratio used in the industry. 297 Tax Workbook Notes: (1) The company calculates the commission at the end of the year of assessment and it will be paid in the following year of assessment. He accepted this condition. He earned commission of R350 000 for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023. (2) Mtutuzeli entertained clients and staff of different branches on the instruction of his employer. He spent R55 300 on entertainment during the 2023 year of assessment. He kept evidence to support these expenses. The employer refunded the amount of R55 300. (3) The car is not available for private use including the distance travelled between his home and the office. (4) He was sent to Cape Town to restructure the office. Building Blocks (Pty) Ltd estimated that it will take two months to sort out all the trouble at this branch. The airfare tickets were bought, the company paying R24 000 for the two return tickets (R12 000 each). Economy class would have cost the company only R10 000. The accommodation cost R1 000 per person per day and R1 500 a day for two persons sharing. The company paid R1 500 a day for the accommodation for 60 days. (5) The cost of the rental amounted to R18 000 (R300 a day for 60 days). If Mtutuzeli did not have to use the vehicle then his wife used the vehicle. Fortunately the accountant also warned Mtutuzeli to keep record of all travel for business purposes and for private purposes as well as for fuel. They travelled a total of 3 700 km during this period which was 1 500 km for private purposes and 2 200 km for business. He paid for all the fuel and he will be reimbursed by the company for business cost. The total fuel cost was R6 500. (6) He earns a monthly pension of R55 000 and R9 000 local interest (not from a taxfree investment) a month from a fixed deposit. His wife is wealthy and earns rentals from various properties. The properties were bequeathed to her by her father. The condition of the bequest is that the property and any income thereon are excluded from the joint estate. She earned rentals of R100 000 a month. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable income of Mtutuzeli for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023. 298 Chapter 18 Employees’ tax and provisional tax L Introduction The Fourth Schedule of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as amended (the Act) contains the provisions relating to • amounts to be deducted or withheld by employers; and • provisional tax payments in respect of normal tax. Assume the following prescribed interest rates for Fourth Schedule late payments (and overpayments): 1 March 2022 and thereafter – 7% (3%). In order to answer the examples and questions, please bear the following critical issues in mind, namely: Employees’ tax • There must be an employer-employee relationship. • “Remuneration” as defined must be paid or must be payable by an employer to an employee. • The employer must deduct employees’ tax and pay it over to SARS. • This is a pre-payment of the employee’s normal tax liability and is only final in limited situations. • The calculation of employees’ tax is based on the balance of remuneration after deducting certain expenditure listed in para 2(4)(a)–(f). • Paragraph 9(6) provides that the employer, under certain conditions, must deduct from employees’ tax withheld the amount of the medical scheme fees tax credit that applies to that employee in terms of s 6A and where the employee is entitled to a rebate under s 6(2)(b), also s 6B(3)(a)(i). • The deduction of contributions to retirement funds (pension, provident and retirement annuity funds) for purposes of calculating the balance of remuneration is limited to the lesser of R350 000/12 or 27,5% of the remuneration (as defined). 299 Tax Workbook Provisional tax • Provisional tax is also a pre-payment of the normal tax liability of a taxpayer. • The first two payments are based on estimated taxable income and the third payment on actual taxable income. • The first payment is due six months before the end of the year of assessment, the second payment is due on or before the end of the year of assessment and the third payment is due six months after the year of assessment, except in the case of February year-end, in which case it will be seven months after year-end. L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that you will need to complete the example or question, as well as an indication of the difficulty of the question. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant legislation Level Example 18.1 (7 minutes) • Fourth Schedule – employees’ tax Basic Example 18.2 (15 minutes) • Fourth Schedule – employees’ tax Intermediate Example 18.3 (20 minutes) • Fourth Schedule – provisional tax Intermediate Example 18.4 (30 minutes) • Fourth Schedule – provisional tax Intermediate Example 18.5 (30 minutes) • Fourth Schedule – employees’ tax and provisional tax Advanced Question 18.1 (15 minutes) • Fourth Schedule – provisional tax Basic Question 18.2 (30 minutes) • Fourth Schedule – employees’ tax and provisional tax Advanced Question 18.3 (30 minutes) • Fourth Schedule – employees’ tax Advanced Question 18.4 (25 minutes) • Fourth Schedule – employees’ tax Advanced L Example Example 18.1 (7 minutes) Thapelo Karinge (35 years old) accepted employment on 1 January 2023. His package was as follows: • Monthly salary of R19 000. • A 12-month interest-free loan of R100 000 since 1 February 2023. (Assume an official interest rate of 4,5%.) 300 Chapter 18 Employees’ tax and provisional tax • Pension fund contributions of R1 520 a month were deducted from his salary. The contributions were calculated at 8% of his salary. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate Thapelo’s employee’s tax liability for February 2023. Solution 18.1 Thapelo Karinge Balance of remuneration for the period 1 February 2023 to 28 February 2023 is: R 19 000 345 Salary Low-interest loan: R100 000 × 4,5% × 28 / 365 days Remuneration Less: Pension fund contributions of R1 520 Actual limited to the lesser of R350 000 / 12 or R5 320 (27,5% × R19 345 (remuneration)) Thus actual contributions of 19 345 (1 520) Balance of remuneration 17 825 Annual equivalent: (R17 825 × 12) 213 900 Tax per table (18% × R213 900) Less: Primary rebate 38 502 (16 425) Annual tax on annual equivalent 22 077 Employees’ tax for period (per month): R22 077 / 12 Example 18.2 1 839,75 (15 minutes) Danny Davis (unmarried with no dependents) is 42 years old and has been a fulltime employee of SS Security (SS) since 2010. He earns a basic monthly salary of R30 000 and a monthly travel allowance of R3 000. Danny contributes R2 100 a month to a pension fund. He also pays R1 200 a month to his medical aid and has provided the proof of this payment to SS. SS pays R300 a month in respect of a policy of insurance against the loss of income for the benefit of Danny. This insurance policy relates to an event arising solely out of and in the course of employment of Danny. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the employee’s tax liability for the month of January 2023 that SS Security (Pty) Ltd needs to withhold from Danny’s salary. Solution 18.2 Danny Davis Balance of remuneration for the period 1 January 2023 to 31 January 2023 is: Salary Travel allowance (R3 000 × 80%) Fringe benefit (para 2(k) of the Seventh Schedule) Remuneration R 30 000 2 400 300 32 700 continued 301 Tax Workbook Less: Pension fund contributions of R2 100 Actual limited to the lesser of: R350 000 / 12 or R8 992,50 (27,5% × R32 700 (remuneration)) Thus actual contributions of Less: Premiums in respect of policy of insurance (not allowed) Balance of remuneration Annual equivalent: (R30 600 × 12) R (2 100) – 30 600 367 200 Tax per table On R353 100 On R14 100 (R367 200 less R353 100) at 31% Less: Primary rebate Less: Medical scheme fees tax credit (s 6A) (R347 × 12) Annual tax on annual equivalent 73 726 4 371 78 097 (16 425) (4 164) 57 508 Employees’ tax for January 2023: R57 508 / 12 Example 18.3 4 792,33 (20 minutes) Sizwe Matlala is 45 years old and a provisional taxpayer. He is in permanent employment and also earns income from consulting services conducted after his normal business hours. He presents you with the following information: R Adjusted taxable income reflected on the first provisional tax return for 2023 (i.e. basic amount) 552 000 Taxable income for 2022 as assessed on 27 August 2022 1 300 000 Sizwe’s estimated taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment 855 000 Sizwe Matlala did not make a first provisional tax payment for the 2023 year of assessment. Sizwe based his second provisional return for his 2023 year of assessment on an estimated taxable income of R855 000. R15 000 per month was deducted from his salary for employees’ tax purposes. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO (1) confirm whether or not it was correct not to have made a payment for the first provisional tax return; and (2) calculate any further provisional tax payments (second and third payments) payable by Sizwe for the 2023 year of assessment, if you assume that he used his estimate of R855 000 for his second payment and his actual taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment was established on 31 March 2023 as R940 000. 302 Chapter 18 Employees’ tax and provisional tax Solution 18.3 (1) First provisional tax paymentPayable on or before 31 August 2022 Calculated using the basic amount of R552 000 Tax per table payable on R552 000 On R488 700 On R63 300 at 36% Less:Primary rebate R 115 762 22 788 R 138 550 (16 425) 122 125 One half thereof Less: Employees’ tax (6 × R15 000) 61 062,50 (90 000,00) First provisional tax payment (note 1) – Sizwe did not have to make a first provisional payment. (2) Second provisional tax payment: Payable on or before 28 February 2023 Calculated by using his own estimate of R855 000 Tax per table payable on R855 000 On R817 600 On R37 400 at 41% Less: Primary rebate Normal tax liability Less: Employees’ tax (actual) (12 × R15 000) First provisional payment (see above) R 239 452 15 334 R 254 786 (16 425) 238 361 180 000 – (180 000) Second provisional tax payment (note 2) 58 361 (3) Third provisional tax payment: Payable on or before 30 September 2023 The actual taxable income of R940 000 must be used Tax per table payable on R940 000 R On R817 600 239 452 On R122 400 at 41% 50 184 Less: Primary rebate Normal tax liability Less:Credit amount Employees’ tax First provisional tax payment Second provisional tax payment R 289 636 (16 425) 273 211 180 000 – 58 361 Third provisional tax payment(note 3) (238 361) 34 850 Notes (1) Sizwe has to render a return, although no amount is payable. (2) Sizwe is required to estimate his taxable income for the second payment. Sizwe’s actual taxable income does not exceed R1 million. If his estimate is lower than the lesser of R846 000 (90% of R940 000 the actual taxable income for 2023) or the basic amount (of R1 300 000), he is liable for 20% additional tax on the difference 303 Tax Workbook between the tax payable on his estimate and the tax payable on the lesser of 90% of actual taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment, or the basic amount. He is not liable for any additional tax, since his estimate of R855 000 was not less than R846 000 (calculated above). (3) If he does not pay the R34 850 by 30 September 2023, interest at the prescribed rate will be calculated on the amount owing from 1 October 2023 until the due date reflected on the assessment. Example 18.4 (30 minutes) Tweba (Pty) Ltd is one of your clients. The financial year of Tweba (Pty) Ltd ends on 31 March. The company is neither a “small business corporation” nor a “personal service provider” as defined. Tweba (Pty) Ltd received its 2022 tax assessment on 2 August 2022, which reflected a taxable income of R200 000 and a credit balance of R20 000. This credit balance relates to overpayments of provisional tax made in the 2022 year of assessment. The credit balance was repaid to Tweba (Pty) Ltd on 10 August 2022. Its financial statements for the 2023 year of assessment were only completed during October 2023. On 31 October 2023, the group accountant determined that the company’s taxable income for the year was R300 000, and he immediately instructed a further provisional tax payment to be made. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate all the provisional tax payments payable by Tweba (Pty) Ltd during the period from 30 September 2022 to 31 October 2023, and to calculate the interest payable by Tweba (Pty) Ltd on the late payment of its third provisional payment. Assume that Tweba (Pty) Ltd used the basic amount for its first and second provisional payments. Solution 18.4 The basic amount should only be increased by 8% a year if the estimate must be made more than 18 months after the end of the latest preceding year of assessment in relation to such estimate. No adjustment is to be made to the basic amount for the first and second provisional tax payment for the 2023 year of assessment as the 2022 assessment is available. (If the 2022 assessment is used as the basic amount for the second provisional tax payment for 2024, then it needs to be increased by 16%.) Tweba (Pty) Ltd 2023 first provisional tax payment R Due date: Not later than 30 September 2022 “Basic” taxable income 2022 used = R200 000 Normal tax payable on R200 000 × 27% For six months 54 000 × 50% Provisional tax payment (first) 27 000 continued 304 Chapter 18 Employees’ tax and provisional tax 2023 second provisional tax payment Due date: Not later than 31 March 2023 “Basic” taxable income 2022 used = R200 000 Normal tax payable on R200 000 × 27% Less:First provisional payment Provisional payment (second) R 54 000 (27 000) 27 000 2023 third provisional tax payment Due date: Not later than 30 September 2023 Interest in terms of ss 187–189 of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 as amended is levied from 1 October 2023 At 31 October 2023 Normal tax liability on R300 000 × 27% Provisional tax paid Provisional payment (third) Interest thereon at 7% (assumed prescribed interest rate given at the beginning of chapter 18) For 31 days (from 1 October 2023 to 31 October 2023) R27 000 × 7% × 31 / 365 81 000 (54 000) 27 000 160,52 2024 first provisional payment Due date: Not later than 30 September 2023 “Basic amount” still taxable income of R200 000 Normal tax on R200 000 × 27% For six months 54 000 × 50% First provisional tax payment 27 000 Example 18.5 (45 minutes) Monde Mavuso retired at the age of 55 during the 2020 year of assessment. After two years of fishing he became bored and started his own consulting business. He conducts this consultancy through a close corporation, Mavukani CC, of which he is the sole member. Mavukani CC is a VAT vendor, and its year-end is 31 March. Furthermore, from 1 March 2022, Monde served on the board of directors of Hlumisa (Pty) Ltd, one of his former clients. The following information relates to the 2023 year of assessment: Private pension fund A pension of R12 000 a month accrues to him. Old Mutual retirement annuity fund An annuity of R8 500 a month accrues to him. Hlumisa (Pty) Ltd Monde’s director’s emoluments (“remuneration” as defined) from Hlumisa (Pty) Ltd for the period 1 March 2022 to 28 February 2023 amounted to R2 000 a month. 305 Tax Workbook Mavukani CC Mavukani CC secured a major contract with a telecommunication company. Due to the work involved, the CC could only service this client. Monde had to refer all the other existing clients of Mavukani CC to one of his friends. The telecommunication company was billed as follows: R May 2022 August 2022 November 2022 February 2023 115 000 115 000 115 000 115 000 Mavukani CC did not incur any salaries or make any distributions during its 2023 year of assessment. Other information relating to Monde was as follows: • He earned net rentals of R133 000. • Medical expenditure paid was R53 090 for the 2023 year of assessment. The amount comprises contributions of R3 600 a month to a medical scheme, and R9 890 medical expenses paid and not reimbursed by the medical scheme. He and his wife are members of the scheme. • He made the first and second provisional tax payments for 2023 based on his basic amount (relating to his 2022 year of assessment). The amounts paid for the first and second periods were R22 000 each. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO (1) calculate the total employees’ tax that the employers had to deduct from the above remuneration in the 2023 year of assessment; and (2) calculate the third provisional tax payment that Monde has to make for the 2023 year of assessment to avoid any liability for interest. Solution 18.5 Part 1 Private pension fund The pension fund is deemed to be an employer. The annual equivalent of the remuneration is R144 000 (R12 000 × 12). R Normal tax payable (R144 000 × 18%) 25 920 Less: Primary rebate (16 425) Total employees’ tax 9 495 306 Chapter 18 Employees’ tax and provisional tax Old Mutual retirement annuity fund The retirement annuity fund is deemed to be an employer. The annual equivalent is R102 000 (R8 500 × 12). R On R102 000 at 18% 18 360 Less: Primary rebate (16 425) Total employees’ tax 1 935 Hlumisa (Pty) Ltd Directors of private companies are also subject to employees’ tax if they earn remuneration as defined. The annual equivalent of his remuneration amounted to R24 000. Tax per table is R4 320 (calculated as 18% of R24 000). The rebate of R16 425 exceeds the tax per table and no employees’ tax will therefore be deductible. Telecommunication company Mavukani CC is a personal service provider. 27% employees’ tax must be deducted from each invoice of R100 000 (100 / 115 × R115 000), which is deemed to be remuneration. R27 000 must be deducted from each payment. The total employees’ tax will amount to R108 000 (R27 000 × 4). Part 2 Calculation of third provisional payment R Pension (R12 000 × 12) Annuity (R7 500 × 12) Director’s emoluments (R2 000 × 12) Fees from Mavukani CC Rentals 144 000 90 000 24 000 – 133 000 Taxable income 391 000 Tax per table on R391 000 Normal tax payable (R73 726 + (R391 000 – 353 100) x 31%) Less: Primary rebate Less: Medical scheme fees tax credit (s 6A) (R694 × 12 months) R 85 475 (16 425) (8 328) continued 307 Tax Workbook Less: R Medical expenses tax credit (s 6B) Medical scheme contributions: (R3 600 × 12 months) Less: 4 × medical scheme fees tax credit (s 6A) (R694 × 12 months × 4) R 43 200 (33 312) Excess Add: Other qualifying medical expenditure 9 888 9 890 19 778 (29 325) Less: 7,5% × R391 000 Thus 25% × Rnil since there is no excess – Normal tax liability Less: Taxes prepaid Employees’ tax (R9 495 + R1 935) Provisional tax (R22 000 + R22 000) 60 722 11 430 44 000 (55 430) Amount due on 30 September 2023 5 292 L Questions Question 18.1 (15 minutes) You bought a tax practice from a retired chartered accountant on 15 August 2023. Fortunately, all the clients’ files are computerised. You realise that the third provisional tax payments have to be made by the end of September 2023 and you have to call all your clients. You can ignore any provisional payments which relate to the 2024 year of assessment. According to the computer printout, you have to deal with the following clients’ tax matters as a matter of urgency: Client Year-end Latest assessment Taxable income per latest assessment R Provisional tax payments 2023 1st 2nd Note 3rd (1) Sonke CC 28 Feb 2022 (170 000) – – ? (2) Cala (Pty) Ltd 28 Feb 2022 3 571 429 500 000 500 000 ? (3) Lihle Qiqa 28 Feb 2023 295 000 13 000 19 000 ? (4) Fika CC 28 Feb 2022 89 200 – 25 000 ? (5) Notes (1) All provisional tax payments made were according to the basic amount and all payments were made on time for the full amount due. All your clients want to pay the minimum provisional tax within the limits of legislation. None of the companies are a “small business corporation” or a “personal service provider” as defined. All the individuals are younger than 65 years and did not earn any remuneration. (2) Sonke CC’s taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment, after taking into account the assessed loss of R170 000, amounts to R45 000. 308 Chapter 18 Employees’ tax and provisional tax (3) The actual taxable income of Cala (Pty) Ltd for the 2023 year of assessment amounts to R3 273 000. (4) Lihle Qiqa was assessed by the SARS on 1 July 2023. He paid the amount due on 30 July 2023. (5) Fika CC has cash flow problems and will be unable to make a third payment. They will, however, borrow money for the first payment for 2024. You have to estimate the interest that will be due as a result of not making a third payment. The actual taxable income for the 2023 year of assessment amounts to R290 000. The member estimates that the cash flow problems will be solved by 28 February 2024. YOU ARE REQUIRED to calculate the third provisional tax liabilities of your clients for the 2023 year of assessment, as well as any interest on late payments. Question 18.2 (40 minutes) Ahlulani Bila is 50 years old. Her husband died during the current year of assessment. She earned the following amounts during the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023: (1) Amounts received from pension fund She received a pension of R18 500 a month for 10 months from her late husband’s pension fund. (2) Amounts and benefits received from her employer She was employed for the entire year and received a monthly salary of R35 000 and a travelling allowance of R7 500 a month. Her monthly pension fund contribution is R3 000. (3) Amounts received from Abila CC She is a member of Abila CC (a “small business corporation”, as defined). She has a 40% interest and her daughter a 60% interest in Abila CC. The CC operates a florist’s shop in a large shopping mall. Ahlulani is actively involved in all operational and management decisions affecting the shop. She also does the books of the shop over weekends. Her daughter works full-time in the shop. Ahlulani’s salary is R12 000 a month and her daughter’s salary has been R15 000 a month for the past three years. Annual bonuses (calculated at 50% of taxable income in excess of R100 000 before provision for normal tax) are paid to the members after the financial statements are finalised. The following information related to the taxable income of Abila CC: Financial year end Taxable Financial statements Available Daughter’s finalised and bonuses income before for bonuses share bonus paid (if any) R R R Ahlulani’s share R 28 February 2021 30 April 2021 70 000 None None None 28 February 2022 31 May 2022 510 000 205 000 123 000 82 000 28 February 2023 30 June 2024 320 000 110 000 66 000 44 000 309 Tax Workbook (4) Provisional tax information relating to Abila CC year of assessment ending 28 February 2023 Basic amount Date last assessed Taxable income used as an estimate First provisional tax payment due on 31 August 2022 R70 000 2021 tax assessment received on 15 December 2021 R70 000 Second provisional tax payment due on 28 February 2023 R305 000 2022 tax assessment received on 1 December 2022 R105 000 N/A 2023 year of assessment not yet assessed ? Third provisional tax payment due on 30 September 2023 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO (1) Calculate the employees’ tax for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023 that the employers mentioned above had to withhold from Ahlulani Bila’s remuneration (notes 1–3). (2) Calculate the first and second provisional tax payments that Abila CC made for the 2023 year of assessment based on the given estimates as well as the third provisional tax payment to be made to avoid any interest. Question 18.3 (30 minutes) Anti-Smoking Ltd is a pharmaceutical company and a public company for tax purposes. All the full-time employees are members of the company’s pension fund. The employees must make a 10% contribution and the company a 5% contribution of basic salary, according to the rules of the fund. The company does not have a medical scheme but is willing to deduct the contributions from the employees’ salaries and to pay the fund on behalf of its employees. The company is also willing to withhold any retirement annuity fund (RAF) contributions and to pay the fund on behalf of the employees. The company is also willing to take the above-named contributions into account when calculating the employees’ tax liability. You are busy with an audit on employees’ tax for SARS. The following two employees were selected for verification purposes. Vogue Slim Vogue Slim is 30 years old and married. She is a full-time employee and a representative of the company. She spends most of her working time on the road and visits medical doctors in the Gauteng area. Vogue was in employment of her employer for the full year, and her remuneration package and benefits for the 2023 year of were as follows: (1) Her pension fund contributions are calculated on her basic salary of R30 000 a month. (2) Commission is awarded on a monthly basis. She earned R100 000 commission in total for the year. (3) The company deducted her retirement annuity fund contributions of R1 000 a month from her salary and paid it over on her behalf. 310 Chapter 18 Employees’ tax and provisional tax (4) Vogue had the use of the employer’s vehicle for the entire year of assessment. The determined value of the vehicle is R250 000 (including VAT), and the employer carries all costs relating to the vehicle. The vehicle is not subject to a maintenance plan. (5) The employer awarded a bursary of R20 000 to her to enrol for a diploma in marketing at UNISA. If she does not complete the course, she has to repay the amount. Camel Filter Camel Filter is 76 years old. He was the chief executive officer of Anti-Smoking Ltd. He retired on 30 November 2022. Camel’s remuneration package and benefits for the 2023 year of assessment were as follows: (1) His pension fund contributions were calculated on his basic salary of R120 000 a month. (2) The company deducted R8 500 from his salary and paid it over to the medical scheme on behalf of Camel. He and his spouse are members of the medical scheme. (3) Camel received a travel allowance of R22 050 a month until retirement. (4) He contributed R2 000 a month to a public benefit organisation registered in terms of s 30 and received a s 18A receipt. The company deducted the contributions from his salary and paid it over on his behalf. The company agreed to take the contributions into account when calculating the employees’ tax liability. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the employees’ tax for each of the two employees that the employer had to withhold in total for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023. Question 18.4 (25 minutes) One of your friends, Thula Phindi (28), is of the opinion that her employer, Fashion House Limited, has deducted too much employees’ tax from her December 2022 remuneration. Sarah obtained a detailed calculation and asked you to point out any errors in the calculation of the employees’ tax. Employees’ tax calculation for the month ended 31 December 2022: Note Calculation R Salary 1 45 000 Travel allowance 2 R15 000 × 50% 7 500 Bonus 3 45 000 Entertainment allowance 4 2 500 Pension fund contribution 5 Retirement annuity fund contribution 6 R45 000 × 8% 100 000 (3 600) 96 400 (3 500) Taxable income 92 900 Annualised R92 900 × 12 1 114 800 continued 311 Tax Workbook Note Tax according to table Primary rebate Calculation (R1 114 800 – R817 600) × 41% + 239 452 R 361 304 (15 714) 345 590 Annual tax Employees’ tax R345 590 / 12 28 799 Notes: (1) Thula’s basic monthly salary is R45 000 per month. (2) Fashion House Limited pays Thula a monthly travel allowance of R15 000 per month. On average, 50% of Thula’s vehicle usage is for business purposes. (3) Thula is entitled to an annual bonus equal to one month’s salary in December of each year. (4) On 15 December 2022, Thula took some of the clients of Fashion House Limited for lunch on the instruction of the company. Thula kept the slip and claimed an amount of R2 500 back from the company. This amount was paid to her with her December salary. (5) Thula and Fashion House Limited each contribute R3 600 per month to the pension fund. The pension fund contributions are based on her basic salary. (6) Fashion House Limited makes a monthly contribution of R3 500 for the benefit of Thula to a retirement annuity fund. Thula does not contribute to the fund. (7) Thula and Fashion House each contribute R3 500 per month to a medical scheme of which Thula and her husband are dependents. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss, with reasons, all the errors contained in the December 2022 employees’ tax calculation of Thula Phindi. For each error you should discuss the correct treatment. A recalculation of the total employees’ tax liability for December 2022 is not required, but you should reflect the amounts that you have calculated in your discussion in respect of each of the errors identified. Ignore rounding differences. 312 Chapter 19 Capital gains tax L Introduction The first step when calculating a person’s total taxable capital gain or assessed capital loss, is determining the capital gain or capital loss per asset disposed of during such year of assessment. In doing this, the Eighth Schedule of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as amended (the Act)) provides four key definitions which form the basic building blocks in determining a capital gain or a capital loss on each asset disposed of. These four definitions are the definitions of an “asset”, a “disposal”, the “proceeds” and the “base cost”. The occurrence that triggers any capital gains tax (CGT) event is the disposal or deemed disposal of an asset. If no disposal occurs, no gain or loss arises. • An asset is defined as widely as possible, and CGT applies to all assets disposed of on or after valuation date, whether or not the asset was acquired by the person before, on, or after that date. • The concept of disposal covers any event, act, forbearance or operation of law which results in a creation, variation, transfer or extinction of an asset. It also includes certain events treated as disposals, for example, emigration, immigration and the change in the use of an asset. • When an asset is disposed of it gives rise to proceeds. The amount which is received by or which accrues to the seller of the asset, constitutes the proceeds from the disposal, excluding amounts already taxed as part of normal income tax calculation. • The fourth important building block in the calculation of a capital gain or a capital loss is the base cost of an asset. The base cost of an asset, in essence, consists of three broad components, namely, costs directly incurred in respect of the: – acquisition of an asset; – improvement of an asset; and – direct costs in respect of the acquisition and disposal of an asset. If the amount was already claimed as a deduction for income tax purposes, it cannot be claimed again. The base cost of an asset is calculated as the sum of the valuation date value (base cost value on 1 October 2001) and the cost incurred after 1 October 2001. The valuation date value on 1 October 2001 is calculated in terms of para 26 or 27 of the Eighth Schedule. If the proceeds exceed the cost, then para 26 is applicable, and the highest of either the market value on 1 October 2001 or “proceeds” minus costs incurred after 1 October 2001, multiplied by 20% or the time-apportionment 313 Tax Workbook base cost may normally be used as the valuation date value. The exception arises when the market value on 1 October exceeds the proceeds. The base cost of assets purchased after 1 October 2001 is considered as being the cost incurred on that asset. These four definitions are illustrated as follows: An investor buys 100 shares as an investment (not as trading stock) on 1 October 2004, at a base cost of R100 000. He sells them on 1 October 2022 for R300 000. The asset is the 100 shares. The disposal event is the sale of the shares. The proceeds are the R300 000 (sale price). The base cost is the R100 000 (purchase price). The capital gain that results is therefore R200 000 (R300 000 – R100 000). The same principles apply in calculating a capital loss, in which instance the base cost exceeds the proceeds. Various capital gains or capital losses must be disregarded or are limited for purposes of determining a capital gain or a capital loss, and certain capital gains resulting from a donation, settlement or other similar disposition can be attributed to the “donor”. The Eighth Schedule also provides for the roll-over of certain capital gains. In these circumstances, the recognition of these gains is delayed for CGT purposes and deferred until the happening of a future event. Steps: The Eighth Schedule provides the following steps for calculating taxable capital gain: Calculate the capital gain or capital loss on each disposal or deemed disposal, by deducting the base cost from the proceeds. Add all the capital gains and losses together after taking exclusions, limitations and roll-overs into account. Reduce the above calculated total with the annual exclusion (only available for natural persons and special trusts). The result is the total capital gain or total capital loss for the year of assessment. From this amount, any assessed capital loss brought forward from the previous year can be deducted. The result gives the net capital gain or capital loss. If there is a net capital gain it must be included in taxable income after applying the inclusion rate. If there is an assessed capital loss it must be carried over to the following year of assessment. L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that you will need to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that you need to know before attempting the example or question are provided, and the grading of the example or question gives an indication of the difficulty of the question. 314 Chapter 19 ) Example/Question and time allocation Capital gains tax Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 19.1 (10 minutes) • Framework (paragraphs 3 to 10) Basic Example 19.2 (20 minutes) • Paragraph 15 – limitation of losses • Paragraph 22 – donation’s tax and base cost • Paragraphs 25 and 26 – Pre-valuation date asset • Paragraph 30 – time-apportionment base cost • Paragraph 38 – disposal by way of donation • Paragraph 45 – basic primary residence exclusion • Paragraph 53 – personal-use assets exclusion Intermediate Example 19.3 (12 minutes) • Section 19 – reduction of debt (debtor) • Paragraphs 38 and 39 – connected persons • Paragraph 56 – write-off of debt (creditor) Intermediate Example 19.4 (12 minutes) • Paragraph 13 – time of disposal Intermediate Example 19.5 (20 minutes) • Sale of office building and delivery vehicle • Paragraphs 9, 20(2) and 20(3) • Section 11(e) and (o) Advanced Example 19.6 (20 minutes) • Depreciable assets – pre-valuation date Advanced Question 19.1 (20 minutes) • Company selling assets Intermediate Question 19.2 (20 minutes) • Sale of assets versus shares Intermediate Question 19.3 (20 minutes) • Primary residence exclusion and marriage in community of property Advanced Question 19.4 (20 minutes) • Write-off of debt Advanced • Paragraph 20 – calculation of base cost • Paragraphs 45, 48 and 49– primary residence exclusion L Examples Example 19.1 (10 minutes) John Roller retired on 28 February 2022 at the age of 62 years. A monthly pension of R35 000 accrued to him from the pension fund he was a member of. Employees’ tax of R78 040 was deducted from this pension during the 2023 year of assessment. On 31 July 2022 he sold his shares in Birding Ltd (an unlisted company). 315 Tax Workbook John provides the following information regarding his shareholding in Birding Ltd: • He bought 10 000 shares in Birding Ltd on 2 January 2012 at R15 each for investment purposes (not for speculation). • He sold his shares to Sarah Sunbird on 31 July 2022 for R400 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the normal tax owing by John Roller for his 2023 year of assessment. Solution 19.1 Calculation of taxable capital gain: 31 July 2022: Asset: 10 000 shares in Birding Ltd Disposal event: Sale of the shares Proceeds: R400 000 (sale price) Base cost = R150 000 (acquisition price) Capital gain R 400 000 (150 000) Proceeds Less: Base cost Gives: Gain Less: Specific exclusions 250 000 – Less: Annual exclusion 250 000 (40 000) Total capital gain Multiply: Inclusion rate 210 000 40% Taxable capital gain (note) 84 000 Calculating taxable income for the year of assessment ended 28 February 2023: Pension (35 000 × 12) 420 000 Taxable income before capital gain Taxable capital gain 420 000 84 000 Taxable income 504 000 Normal tax payable (R115 762 + 36% × (R504 000 – R488 700)) Less: Rebate 121 270 (16 425) Normal tax liability Less: Employees’ tax paid 104 845 (78 040) Normal tax owing 26 805 316 Chapter 19 Capital gains tax Note Taxable capital gain In terms of para 5, the aggregate capital gain must be reduced by the annual exclusion of R40 000 for a natural person. Only a portion of the aggregate capital gain is subject to tax, and the taxable capital gain is calculated with reference to the inclusion rate. The inclusion rate for a natural person is 40% (para 10(a)). Example 19.2 (20 minutes) James Mabena, 59 years old, has lived in Cape Town for the past 20 years. After accepting a promotion, he was transferred to Pretoria. He took up his new position on 1 October 2022. James sold or donated the following assets on 29 September 2022, before moving to Pretoria: Primary residence in Cape Town James bought a house in Cape Town on 1 October 1980 for R80 000. He and his wife (to whom he is married out of community of property) lived in the house from the day that they bought it until the day of sale. In 1996 they made certain improvements to the house at a cost of R375 000. The house was valued at R2 500 000 on 1 October 2001 and was sold for R3 600 000. The time-apportionment base cost of the asset amounts to R1 989 146. House in Plettenberg Bay James bought a house in Plettenberg Bay on 1 March 2005 for R1 550 000. He and his family used this house as a holiday house and let it out to holidaymakers from time to time. It was sold for R1 927 700. Yachts James owned two yachts, which he bought during 2008. Both yachts were used mainly for recreational purposes, but 25% of the time the yachts were used for trade purposes. The 8-metre yacht was sold at a capital loss of R24 000, and the 12-metre yacht was sold at a capital loss of R74 800. Listed shares in company A James donated shares in listed company A to his nephew. James bought the shares on 15 October 2005 for R90 000. The market value of the shares on the date of the donation was R150 000. This was the first donation that James made during the year of assessment, and he paid the donations tax within the prescribed period. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate James’s taxable capital gain or loss for the 2023 year of assessment. James is not registered for VAT and all the amounts are inclusive of Value-Added Tax (where applicable). 317 Tax Workbook Solution 19.2 Taxable capital gain/loss for the year of assessment Asset House (primary residence) in Cape Town (note 1) House (holiday home) in Plettenberg Bay (note 2) Yachts (note 3) Shares (note 4) – 377 700 (18 700) 56 000 Aggregate capital gain (para 6) Less: Annual exclusion (para 5) 415 000 (40 000) Capital gain Multiply: Inclusion rate (para 10) 375 000 × 40% Taxable capital gain 150 000 R Notes (1) House in Cape Town The original cost price and cost incurred on effecting improvements must be included in the base cost of this asset, in terms of para 20. If an asset was owned for a period before and after the valuation date and then sold after the valuation date, para 30 provides a formula to be used in determining the time-apportionment base cost of an asset. The formula is as follows: Y = B + (P – B) × (N / (T + N)) The meaning of all these symbols must then be given. B = R80 000 + R375 000 = R455 000 P = R3 600 000 N = 20 years (21 years, but limited to 20 years because expenditure was incurred in more than one year prior to 1 October 2001) T = 21 years Y = R455 000 + ((R3 600 000 – R455 000) × (20 / (21 + 20))) Y = R1 989 146 The valuation date value is the highest of • market value of R2 500 000; • 20% rule = 20% × R3 600 000 = R720 000; or • time-apportionment base cost = R1 989 146, therefore the valuation date value is R2 500 000. The base cost is the valuation date value plus the cost incurred after 1 October 2001, thus R2 500 000 + Rnil = R2 500 000. Capital gain Proceeds Less: Base cost (see above) R 3 600 000 (2 500 000) Capital gain Less: Primary residence exclusion (R2 000 000, limited to) 1 100 000 (1 100 000) Capital gain – 318 Chapter 19 Capital gains tax Paragraph 45(1)(a) disregards the first R2 000 000 of a capital gain (or capital loss) made on the disposal of a primary residence. The amount is limited to the actual gain. (2) House in Plettenberg Bay Capital gain R 1 927 700 (1 550 000) Proceeds Less: Base cost Capital gain 377 700 The home will not qualify as a primary residence, as the house in Cape Town was James Mabena’s primary residence. (3) Yachts The eight-metre yacht is a personal-use asset as contemplated in para 53, because it is less than ten metres in length and is mainly used for purposes other than the carrying on of a trade. A gain or a loss must therefore be disregarded in respect of this yacht. The 12-metre yacht is specifically excluded from being a personal use asset for purposes of the application of para 53 (because it exceeds ten metres in length). Paragraph 15 disregards the loss on this yacht to the extent that it is used for purposes other than the carrying on of a trade. 75% of the loss of R74 800 must therefore be disregarded, while 25% of the loss, being R18 700, may be taken into account in the calculation of the sum of his capital gains and losses. (4) Shares in listed Company A Paragraph 38 determines that, where an asset is donated, it is deemed to have been disposed of at market value. A portion of the donation’s tax of R10 000 (that is 20% × (R150 000 – R100 000 exemption) may, however, be added to James’s base cost in terms of para 22. The portion is R4 000 in this scenario, calculated as R10 000 × (M – A) / M, where M represents the market value of the asset donated of R150 000, and A represents the para 20 expenditure incurred of R90 000. Capital gain Proceeds Less: Base cost (R90 000 + R4 000; see above) Capital gain R 150 000 (94 000) 56 000 Example 19.3 (12 minutes) Ndaba Ltd is a resident of the Republic. It owns shares in a number of subsidiary and associate companies. It also owns several immovable properties. 319 Tax Workbook On 1 February 2023 it entered into the following transactions with some subsidiaries: Ntsele (Pty) Ltd (a wholly-owned subsidiary) An immovable property with a base cost of R1 000 000 was sold by Ndaba Ltd to Ntsele (Pty) Ltd for R2 500 000. Ntsele (Pty) Ltd used the property as a storeroom where it kept goods for the local market. Ntsele (Pty) Ltd could have sold the asset for R3 000 000 to an independent third party. Mawa (Pty) Ltd (a wholly-owned subsidiary) Ndaba Ltd sold an undeveloped immovable property with a base cost of R500 000 to Mawa (Pty) Ltd for R400 000. The property was valued at R400 000 on date of sale. Khuzwayo (Pty) Ltd (a 60% subsidiary – not part of “group of companies”) Ndaba Ltd lent R50 000 interest-free to Khuzwayo (Pty) Ltd during December 2020. Khuzwayo (Pty) Ltd used the full R50 000 loan to purchase trading stock from one of its suppliers. Due to financial difficulties, Khuzwayo (Pty) Ltd was relieved of its obligation to repay the loan during January 2023. None of the trading stock purchased with the loan was, however, still on hand when the loan was written off. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO discuss the implications of the above three transactions on the taxable income of Ndaba Ltd for its year of assessment, which ended on 30 June 2023. Solution 19.3 Sale to Ntsele (Pty) Ltd The price agreed to between Ndaba Ltd and Ntsele (Pty) Ltd was lower than the price an independent person dealing at arm’s length would have been willing to pay for the property. Paragraph 38 results in the market value (that is R3 000 000) of the property being deemed to be the consideration for purposes of this disposal. This will also be the base cost to Ntsele (Pty) Ltd. The capital gain/(loss) is calculated as follows: R Proceeds 3 000 000 Less: Base cost (1 000 000) Capital gain 2 000 000 The gain will be added to Ndaba Ltd’s sum of capital gains and losses for the year of assessment. Sale to Mawa (Pty) Ltd The price agreed to between Ndaba Ltd and Mawa (Pty) Ltd is the market value, and no adjustment need therefore be made in terms of para 38. The capital gain/(loss) is calculated as follows: R Proceeds 400 000 Less: Base cost (500 000) Capital loss (100 000) 320 Chapter 19 Capital gains tax Paragraph 39 determines that a taxpayer’s capital loss determined in respect of the disposal of an asset to a connected person be treated as a “clogged” loss. The loss will in effect be ring-fenced so that it can only be deducted from capital gains determined in respect of other disposals during that or any subsequent year to the same connected person. The person to whom the subsequent disposals are made would, moreover, still have to qualify as a connected person at the time of those disposals. A “ring-fenced” loss may thus not be brought into account in determining that person’s aggregate capital gain or aggregate capital loss for the tax year in which that disposal takes place. The loss of R100 000 is therefore carried over to the next year of assessment, and no loss is brought into the calculation for the current year of assessment. Write-off of loan owed by Khuzwayo (Pty) Ltd The application of s 19(5) will result in Khuzwayo (Pty) Ltd having to account for a recoupment of R50 000. Ndaba Ltd disposes of a claim owed by a connected person at a loss of R50 000. The loss is calculated as proceeds of Rnil less base cost of R50 000. This loss is not disregarded or ring-fenced, due to the fact that the R50 000 must be included in Khuzwayo (Pty) Ltd’s gross income as a recoupment (para 56(2)(c)). Taxable capital gain Assuming that these were Ndaba Ltd’s only disposals during its 2023 year of assessment, its aggregate capital gain is R1 950 000 (R2 000 000 (gain) – Rnil (ring-fenced loss) – R50 000 (loss)). The inclusion in its taxable income is thus R1 560 000 (80% of R1 950 000). No annual exclusion is available to a company. Example 19.4 (12 minutes) Mr and Mrs Musho are married out of community of property. They are both residents of the Republic. Mr Musho is an insurance consultant. On 1 November 2004, he purchased a piece of land for R200 000. Their intention was to erect their primary residence on this piece of land. He commenced building the house on the property on 1 April 2005. The house was, however, only completed on 1 September 2006, at a cost of R880 000, on which date they moved into the house. An additional living room was added to the house at a cost of R260 000. Work on the addition commenced on 3 January 2009 and was completed on 18 February 2009. While the builders were busy on the premises, they fixed the leaking roof at an additional cost of R25 000. From 1 April 2007 Mr Musho used some of the rooms in the house as an office from where he operated his insurance consulting business. Throughout the period, he used approximately 10% of the floor space of the house for business purposes. Every year Mr Musho claimed 10% of the costs of the house as an income tax deduction. On 10 January 2023 the residence was sold for R2 500 000. The registration of the transfer of ownership took place on 10 March 2023. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable capital gain for the 2023 year of assessment. Round your calculations to the nearest rand. 321 Tax Workbook Solution 19.4 Paragraph 13 determines the date of the disposal of an asset. As there is a contract of sale between the parties that is not subject to any condition (for example the obtaining of a mortgage bond or the purchasers being able to sell their house), the date of the sale is the date on which the contract is concluded, in this instance 10 January 2023. The base cost of the house is R1 340 000 (R200 000 + R880 000 + R260 000) since the repair may not be included in the base cost. As the house was used as a primary residence, the taxpayer qualifies for a primary residence exclusion of R2 000 000 in terms of para 45. Where a residence was not used as a primary residence for the whole period on or after 1 October 2001, an apportionment must be made to determine the capital gain (or loss) that qualifies for the exclusion. The second proviso to para 48 provides that, where land has been purchased with the intention of erecting a primary residence thereon, and there is no structure, there is no primary residence. The taxpayer is then allowed two years to complete the erection of a residence to be used as a primary residence, before the apportionment clause will come into operation. This paragraph is not applicable in this example, however, since the residence was completed (and occupied) in less than 2 years (namely 22 months) after the acquisition of the land. The purpose of para 49 is to reduce the capital gain to be disregarded in terms of the primary residence exclusion, where a part of the primary residence was used for the purposes of carrying on a trade. The primary residence exclusion cannot be claimed on the 10% of the house that was used for business purposes. The capital gain or loss is calculated as follows: R Proceeds 2 500 000 Less: Base cost (see above) (1 340 000) Capital gain Less: Gain attributable to primary residence (note) Capital gain on asset Less: Annual exclusion 1 160 000 (1 044 000) 116 000 (40 000) Capital gain for the year of assessment Multiply: Inclusion rate 76 000 × 40% Taxable capital gain 30 400 Note Residential exclusion The capital gain on the disposal of a residential property qualifies for an exclusion of up to R2 000 000, limited to the gain. The gain attributable to the primary residence is R1 044 000 (R1 160 000× 90%), because 10% of the house was used for trade purposes. The gain attributable to the primary residence is thus fully exempt as it is less than the primary residence exclusion of R2 000 000. If the proceeds from the sale of a primary residence do not exceed R2 000 000, then the full gain may be 322 Chapter 19 Capital gains tax excluded on the condition that no portion of the residence was used for trade purposes, which is not applicable in this scenario. Example 19.5 (20 minutes) Musina Ltd, a registered vendor that only makes taxable supplies, entered into the following transactions during the year of assessment ended 31 March 2023. The company brought forward an assessed capital loss of R150 000 from the previous year of assessment. All transactions were concluded between unconnected persons who are VAT vendors. Existing office building An office building was purchased on 10 December 2007 for R3 200 000 (excluding VAT). Transfer cost paid to the lawyer was R72 000. The building did not qualify for s 13quin since it was not new and unused. The office building was sold on 20 January 2023 for R4 500 000 (excluding VAT). The following costs were incurred while the company owned the asset (all costs exclude VAT): R Improvements 740 000 Interest paid on mortgage bond (deducted for normal tax purposes) 890 000 Property tax (deducted for normal tax purposes) 350 000 1 980 000 Delivery vehicle A delivery vehicle, purchased on 1 July 2021 for R414 000 (including VAT), was sold on 30 November 2022 for R230 000 (including VAT). The company qualified for the s 11(e) wear-and-tear allowance (over four years) and will elect the application of s 11(o) if possible. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the company’s taxable capital gain for the year of assessment ended 31 March 2023. Solution 19.5 Calculation of Musina Ltd’s taxable capital gain for the year of assessment ended 31 March 2023: Existing office building Calculation of base cost Cost 10 December 2007 Plus: Improvements Plus: Transfer cost Interest and property tax may not be added to base cost (para 20(2)(a) and (b)). Base cost R 3 200 000 740 000 72 000 4 012 000 continued 323 Tax Workbook Calculation of capital gain R 4 500 000 (4 012 000) Proceeds (selling price) Less: Base cost Capital gain 488 000 Delivery vehicle Income tax calculation Tax value of delivery vehicle on 30 November 2022 Cost 1 July 2021 (R414 000 × 100/115) Less: Wear-and-tear (s 11(e)) 31 March 2022 R360 000 / 4 × 9/12 30 November 2022 R360 000 / 4 × 8/12 R 360 000 (67 500) (60 000) Tax value on 30 November 2022 232 500 Calculation of s 11(o) allowance on delivery vehicle Selling price 30 November 2022 (R230 000 × Less: Tax value on 30 November 2022 100/ 115) Section 11(o) allowance R 200 000 (232 500) (32 500) Capital gains tax calculation R Calculation of proceeds Selling price (R230 000 × 100/115) Less: Adjustments (no adjustments, as there is no recoupment) Proceeds Calculation of base cost Cost (R414 000 × 100/115) Less: Wear-and-tear (as above) Less: Section 11(o) allowance 200 000 – 200 000 360 000 (127 500) (32 500) Base cost 200 000 Calculation of capital gain Proceeds Less: Base cost 200 000 (200 000) Capital gain – Taxable capital gain Capital gain on office building 488 000 Capital gain on delivery vehicle Total capital gain Less: Assessed capital loss (brought forward) – 488 000 (150 000) Net capital gain 338 000 Taxable capital gain (R338 000 × 80%) 270 400 324 Chapter 19 Capital gains tax Example 19.6 (20 minutes) Buang Ltd, a resident of the Republic, purchased a plot of land on 1 April 2000 for R500 000. It erected a factory on the land at a cost of R2 000 000 (evenly incurred over the period 1 May 2000 until 31 August 2001. The erection of the factory was completed on 1 September 2001 and the factory was immediately brought into use. It extended its factory which increased the manufacturing capacity of the factory by 25%. The extension to the factory was completed at a cost of R1 250 000 and brought into use on 1 December 2013. On 25 September 2022 Buang Ltd received an offer for the purchase of the factory from an independent third party and agreed to sell the factory for R6 000 000. Buang Ltd has a taxable income from trading activities of R10 000 000 for the current year of assessment. This amount includes all allowances and recoupments. Where applicable, all amounts exclude Value-Added Tax correctly accounted for. Buang Ltd elected the time-apportionment valuation date value of R630 435 to determine the capital gain. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the normal tax liability of Buang Ltd for its year of assessment ended 31 December 2022. Round amounts to the nearest rand. Solution 19.6 Normal tax liability of Buang Ltd Income from trade activities (including recoupments) Taxable capital gain (note 3) R 10 000 000 1 690 909 Total taxable income for the year of assessment 11 690 909 Tax at 28% 3 273 455 Notes 1. Income tax recoupment Tax value of asset on date of disposal Land Acquisition cost equals tax value 500 000 Factory Erection costs incurred Less: Capital allowance (s 13) (5% × R2 000 000 × 20 years) Tax value on date of disposal 2 000 000 (2 000 000) nil Improvements Extension costs incurred Less: Capital allowance (s 13) (5% × R1 250 000 × 10 years) Tax value on date of disposal 1 250 000 (625 000) 625 000 325 Tax Workbook R Recoupment on disposal Selling price (R6 000 000, limited to cost price: R500 000 + R2 000 000 + R1 250 000) Less: Tax value (R500 000 + Rnil + R625 000) 3 750 000 (1 125 000) Section 8(4)(a) recoupment 2 625 000 Alternative calculation of recoupment on disposal: Selling price Less: Tax value (R500 000 + Rnil + R625 000) 6 000 000 (1 125 000) 4 875 000 But a s 8(4)(a) recoupment is limited to allowances previously claimed of R2 000 000 + R625 000 2 625 000 2. Time-apportioned base cost As it was stated that Buang elected the time-apportionment base cost, it will not be compared to the other options available in terms of para 26. As the total amount of expenditure allowable in terms of para 20 was incurred before and after valuation date, and the asset is a depreciable asset, the proceeds to be used in determining the TAB cost must be determined in accordance with the formula contained in para 30(4). This formula is as follows: R1 × B1 P1 = (A1 + B1) R1 = R6 000 000 B1 = R500 000 + R2 000 000 = R2 500 000 A1 = R1 250 000 R6 000 000 × R2 500 000 (R1 250 000 + R2 500 000) = R4 000 000 Y = B + [(P1 – B1) × (N / (T + N))] B = R500 000 + Rnil = R500 000 P1 = R4 000 000 B1 = R2 500 000 N = 2 years (1 April 2000 to 1 October 2001) T = 21 years Y = R500 000 + [(R4 000 000 – R2 500 000) × (2 / (20 + 2)] = R630 435 The base cost is calculated as follows: P1 = R Time-apportionment valuation date value (see above) Add: Paragraph 20 expenditure incurred after valuation date Extension costs incurred Less: Capital allowance Base cost 1 250 000 (625 000) R 630 435 625 000 1 261 364 326 Chapter 19 Capital gains tax 3. Taxable capital gain Proceeds from disposal (R6 000 000 – R2 625 000) Less: Time-apportioned base cost (note 2) R 3 375 000 (1 261 364) Capital gain on disposal of asset Less: Annual exclusion (not a natural person) 2 113 636 – Capital gain for the year of assessment Multiply: Inclusion rate 2 113 636 80% Taxable capital gain 1 690 909 L Questions Question 19.1 (20 minutes) Sejtaba CC, resident of the Republic, manufactures radios for the local and export markets. Sejtaba CC is a registered vendor that only makes taxable supplies. The close corporation wants to pay as little tax as possible. On 31 March 2023 burglars broke into its premises, causing extensive damage. The following assets (all used in the process of manufacture) were damaged beyond repair: Machine A Machine A (a second-hand machine) was purchased on 1 July 2022 for R400 000 (excluding VAT) and was immediately brought into use. The machine was insured, and Sejtaba CC received R450 000 (excluding VAT) on 10 April 2023 from its insurer. The tax value of Machine A on 31 March 2023 was R320 000. The award from the insurer was used in full to purchase a brand-new machine to replace the damaged one. The new machine was delivered on 15 June 2023 and brought into use on that date. Machine B Machine B (a second-hand machine) was purchased on 1 November 2022 for R100 000 (excluding VAT) and was immediately brought into use. Sejtaba CC had to construct a special foundation for it at a cost of R12 400. Machine B was insured. Sejtaba CC received R160 000 (excluding VAT) from its insurer. The remains of Machine B were sold to a scrap-metal dealer for R12 000 (excluding VAT). The award from the insurer was used by Sejtaba CC to repay its bank overdraft. Sejtaba CC did not dispose of any other assets during the current year of assessment. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable capital gain or assessed capital loss for the year of assessment ended 30 June 2023. Question 19.2 (20 minutes) On 1 December 2005, Joseph Baloi (then 46 years of age) inherited R599 000 from his uncle. He used this money to buy all the shares in Beach House 136 (Pty) Ltd. Beach House 136 (Pty) Ltd is a dormant company and its only property is House 136, Beach Road, Margate. The company has a 30 April year end. Joseph and his family have been using this property as a holiday home since acquiring the shares. 327 Tax Workbook The company was formed in June 1997 and bought the house in December 1997. The company paid R260 000 cash for the property. The company does not have any other assets or liabilities. The company will elect the time-apportionment valuation date value of R506 400 to determine the capital gain. The market value of the property on 1 October 2001 was not obtained. Joseph recently moved to Cape Town for work purposes. He wants to sell the house in Margate and use the money to buy another holiday home closer to Cape Town. On 1 September 2022 he received the following two offers to buy the house: Offer 1: Jimmy Patterson will buy all the shares in the company for R1 800 000. Offer 2: Fatima Naidoo wants to buy the house from the company for R1 800 000. Joseph will not buy or sell any other assets during the current year of assessment. Joseph pays tax at the maximum marginal tax rate. Neither the property nor the shares were valued on 1 October 2001. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate which offer will provide Joseph with the most aftertax cash to buy the new house, assuming that Joseph is already paying normal tax at the maximum marginal rate. Question 19.3 (20 minutes) Fakaza is married in community of property to Mbali. They sold their primary residence, situated on a 10-hectare property on 31 August 2022. The residence was sold fully furnished for R5 000 000 of which R1 000 000 was attributable to the 10-hectare piece of land, R3 200 000 to the actual buildings on the property, and R800 000 to furniture, paintings and other personal use items of Fakaza and Mbali that were sold with the house. These personal items were sold at a loss of R200 000. The property was acquired on 31 August 2016 at a cost of R1 400 000 (of which R350 000 was attributable to the land and R1 050 000 to the buildings on the property). The property was, however, let until 31 August 2017, whereafter Fakaza and Mbali moved into it to use it as their primary residence. From that date until the date of disposal, they used 15% of the house for business purposes. The land was used mainly for private purposes during this period. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the taxable capital gain or assessed capital loss for Fakaza for the 2023 year of assessment. Provide detailed calculations and support each inclusion, exclusion or limitation with reasons. 328 Chapter 19 Capital gains tax Question 19.4 (20 minutes) Tulum (Pty) Ltd (‘Tulum’), not a VAT vendor, experienced serious financial difficulties during its 2023 year of assessment (ended 31 March 2023) that resulted in debt totalling R335 000 being written off by some of its creditors, namely: Debt Further information 1 Land acquired for R3 000 000 The land was acquired as a capital asset but due to financial constraints already disposed of for R2 800 000 during the 2022 year of assessment. 2 Second-hand machine (used in a process of manufacture) The machinery was bought at a cost of R500 000. Capital allowances were claimed for 2 years (being 2022 and 2023 years of assessment). Furniture Original cost was R100 000. It was fully written off in terms of s 11(e) prior to the debt reduction. 3 Amount written off (incl. VAT) R250 000 R60 000 R25 000 R335 000 Tulum has an assessed capital loss of R270 000 brought forward from the 2022 year of assessment and did not have disposals during its 2023 year of assessment. Subsequent to the debt reduction, the machine (refer point 2 in above table) will be used for one more year and then sold to an independent person at its market value of R520 000. (The reason this machine’s market value would be so high is due to its scarcity.) Tulum will elect any available option to minimize its tax liability. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO (1) Briefly state the normal tax consequences for Tulum (Pty) Ltd of each amount being written off. (2) Calculate the inclusion in or deductions from the taxable income of Tulum (Pty) Ltd that will arise in the year of assessment in which the machine is disposed of. This would be the only disposal in that year, and you may assume that current legislation remains the same. 329 Chapter 20 Donations tax L Introduction The examples and questions in this chapter deal with donations tax. Donations tax is levied in terms of ss 54–64 of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as amended. Donations tax is a tax paid on the value of property that is donated by a donor to a donee. The donations tax is in the first instance payable by the donor. The donations that are subject to this tax are those donations that are made during the donor’s lifetime. Each natural person is entitled to make donations of up to R100 000 in value each year of assessment, free from donations tax. Other specified donations are also exempt from donations tax. Donations tax is levied at a rate of 20% if the aggregate of the value does not exceed R30 million. A rate of 25% applies to donations exceeding R30 million with effect from 1 March 2018. It has been described as an advance death duty. For purposes of the examples, assume that the aggregate of donations does not exceed R30 million unless specifically stated otherwise. L Contents The table gives an indication of the time needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that need to be known before attempting the example or question are provided. The level of the example or question gives an indication of its difficulty. ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 20.1 (10 minutes) • Section 56(1)(a) and (b) • Section 56(2)(b) and (c) Basic Example 20.2 (10 minutes) • Section 56(1)(a) and (b) • Section 56(2)(b) and (c) Basic Example 20.3 (45 minutes) • • • • Intermediate Example 20.4 (20 minutes) • Section 56(1)(b) and (k) • Section 56 (2)(c) Definition of “gross income” Section 10(1)(cE) and (e) Section 54 Section 56(1)(h), (k) and (q) Intermediate continued 331 Tax Workbook ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 20.5 (15 minutes) • Section 56(1)(b) • Section 62 Intermediate Example 20.6 (30 minutes) • Section 56(1)(b), (h) and (k) • Section 62 Intermediate Question 20.1 (20 minutes) Combined question Intermediate Question 20.2 (30 minutes) Combined question Intermediate Question 20.3 (25 minutes) Combined question Intermediate L Examples Example 20.1 (10 minutes) Dominique Abrahams is the sole breadwinner of his family. His wife, Ramasela, is a housewife. They have two children, a son and a daughter. Dominique and Ramasela are married out of community of property (with an ante nuptial contract). On the first of each month Ramasela receives R30 000 for housekeeping expenses. Dominique has calculated that it cost him, excluding donations and gifts, R126 000 during the year of assessment to maintain Ramasela, R72 000 to maintain his son, and R58 500 to maintain his daughter. On 20 January 2023 Dominique gave his son a second-hand car for his 19th birthday. Dominique bought the car for R140 000 four years ago. His son sold the car for R95 000 the following day. During February 2023, Dominique made gifts and donations to various members of his family amounting to R120 000 in total, including gifts and donations to his wife of R30 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the amount of donations tax payable by Dominique during the 2023 year of assessment. Solution 20.1 Donations made by Dominique “Housekeeping” money (exempt – s 56(1)(b) or s 56(2)(c)) Maintenance of wife (exempt – s 56(2)(c)) Maintenance of son (exempt – s 56(2)(c)) Maintenance of daughter (exempt – s 56(2)(c)) Donations to wife (exempt s 56(1)(a) and (b)) 19th birthday gift (value on date of donation; because it was sold the day after the donation, it is considered to be the value of the donation) Less: Annual exemption (s 56(2)(b) maximum R100 000) Amount subject to donations tax R – – – – – 95 000 95 000 (95 000) – 332 Chapter 20 Donations tax Donations made by Dominique in February Less: Donations to his wife (exempt – s 56(2)(c)) 120 000 (30 000) Less: Annual exemption (s 56(2)(b): Limited to R100 000 – R95 000) 90 000 (5 000) Amount subject to donations tax Rate of donations tax 85 000 × 20% Donations tax payable by Dominique 17 000 Example 20.2 (10 minutes) Peter and Petru Baardman are married in community of property. From March 2022 until December 2022 Peter made gifts and donations to various members of his family of R12 000 in total, including gifts and donations to his wife, Petru, of R3 000. During this period Petru also made gifts and donations to various members of her family of R20 000 in total, including gifts and donations to her husband of R200. Their only daughter turned 18 years of age on 15 January 2023. Peter gave her a coin collection as a birthday gift. The collection was valued at R170 000. Petru gave her an apartment as a birthday gift. Petru inherited this apartment from her mother's estate. In accordance with the provisions of the will the apartment was to be excluded from their joint estate. The apartment's value was R430 000, when Petru inherited it and R750 000 when she donated it to her daughter. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the amount of donations tax payable by Peter and Petru during the 2023 year of assessment. 333 Tax Workbook Solution 20.2 Donations between husband and wife are exempt from donations tax (s 56(1)(a) and (b)). As they are married in community of property, they each own an equal share of all the assets unless this was specifically excluded from their joint estate. Peter Petru R R R March–December: Donations made by Peter 12 000 Less: Donations to spouse (exempt) (3 000) Each spouse owns 50% of the assets being donated Donations made by Petru Less: Donations to spouse (exempt) 9 000 4 500 4 500 9 900 9 900 14 400 (14 400) 14 400 (14 400) 20 000 (200) Each spouse owns 50% of the assets being donated Less: Annual exemption (s 56(2)(b)) Amount subject to donations tax 15 January: Coin collection (each spouse 50%) Apartment (the apartment is excluded from the joint estate, therefore only Petru made the donation) Less: Annual exemption (s 56(2)(b): R100 000 – R14 400, limited to actual donation) 19 800 – – 85 000 85 000 750 000 85 000 835 000 (85 000) (85 600) Amount subject to donations tax Rate of donations tax – 749 400 × 20% Donations tax payable by Petru – 149 880 Example 20.3 (45 minutes) Warona Seete recently retired as Chief Financial Officer of a medium-sized mining company and received a substantial lump sum. He also owns and manages two businesses that manufacture goods for the mining industry. Warona wants your advice on the donation tax implications of the following donations. Warona has always been a resident of the Republic. Donation 1: Warona’s aunt (not a resident of the Republic) owns the property in Rustenburg on which one of the factories is situated. She wants to donate the property to one of Warona’s companies (a resident of the Republic). Donation 2: Warona owns a cottage in Scotland which he wants to donate to his cousin living in the United Kingdom (not a resident of the Republic). 334 Chapter 20 Donations tax Donation 3: Warona wants to give some money to his former university but is not sure if he should give it as (a) a library of books to the Department of Taxation at a “qualifying” university, or (b) a cash donation made to a “qualifying” university’s “Charity Rag Fund”. Donation 4: After attending a motivational speech by a former President, he wants to give a cash donation to a political party. He is considering either making the donation to the political party who is registered under the provisions of s 36 of the Electoral Act or in the alternative he can make it to the Friends of the Political Youth Organisation. Although the Friends of the Political Youth Organisation is “active” in politics, it is not a political party registered under the provisions of s 36 of the Electoral Act. It is also not a public benefit organisation. Donation 5: Warona is the Chairperson of the local soccer club. The club is a recreational club and approved by the SARS Commissioner in terms of s 30A. Warona donated R200 000 to the club to host a soccer tournament for local schools. Donation 6: Warona gives his housekeeper a bonus (voluntary award) of R25 000. The bonus was not paid to the employee in accordance with her service contract. It was paid on 25 December. Donation 7: Warona’s business donated 50% of the prize money for an inter-mine dart tournament. In exchange for this donation, the business’s name will appear in the official programme and will be frequently referred to by the media. Donation 8: Warona gives his secretary a birthday present (new motor vehicle) valued at R475 000. It should be noted that the secretary is also Warona’s “friend”. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO state with reasons whether the above donations may be exempt from, or not liable for, donations tax. Solution 20.3 Donation 1: Donations tax is levied on all donations made by a resident of the Republic. Donations tax is therefore not levied according to where the property is situated, or the place where the donation is made, but is levied on a donor who is a resident of the Republic. As the donor is not a resident of the Republic, no South African donations tax is payable. Donation 2: Donations tax is payable by a resident who makes a donation (unless a specific exemption applies) even if the donation is made to a non-resident. Donations tax is 335 Tax Workbook levied on all donations made by a person if he is a resident of the Republic. (In other words, donations tax is not levied according to where the property is situated, or the place where the donation is made, but is levied on a donor who is a resident of the Republic.) But then s 56(1)(g) grants an exemption if the donated property “consists of a right in property situated outside the Republic and was acquired by the donor”: • before he became a resident of the Republic; or • by inheritance from a person who at the date of his death was not ordinarily resident in the Republic, or by donation if at the time of the donation he was a person (other than a company) not ordinarily resident in the Republic; or • out of funds derived by him from the disposal of a property referred to above, or if he disposed of the property referred to above and replaced it successively with other “foreign” properties financed by the sale of the first properties, or out of funds derived from the revenues from these “foreign” properties. Not enough information is provided to come to a final conclusion. Donation 3: (a) The donation of library books to the Department of Taxation at a “qualifying” university will be exempt from donations tax in terms of s 56(1)(h). This provision provides an exemption from donations tax if the donation is made to an approved public benefit organisation (PBO). A “qualifying” university is an approved PBO, with the result that this donation is exempt from donations tax. (b) Both donations to universities and donations to charities may be exempt from donations tax. Yet before the exemption can apply, the institution must be an approved PBO. It would seem that the “qualifying” university’s “Charity Rag Fund” will be recognised as an approved PBO (s 56(1)(h)). Donation 4: As the political party is registered under the provisions of s 36 of the Electoral Act, its receipts and accruals are exempt from normal tax in terms of s 10(1)(cE). A direct result of this exemption from normal tax is that donations made to it (or by it) are also exempt from donations tax (s 56(1)(h)). Although Friends of the Political Youth Organisation is “active” in politics, it is not a political party registered under the provisions of s 36 of the Electoral Act. Therefore, neither the provisions of s 10(1)(cE) nor 56(1)(h) will apply to it, with the result that donations tax is payable. Donation 5: The donation is exempt in terms of s 56(1)(h) as the recipient body is a recreational club (approved by the SARS Commissioner in terms of s 30A and exempt under s 10(1)(cO)). Donation 6: The employee who receives the R25 000 voluntary award from his employer will be required to include it in his gross income. This is in terms of para (c) of the definition of “gross income” because of the causal relationship between the award and his services rendered or to be rendered. When a donee is required to include the value of a donation in his gross income “in terms of para (c), (d) or (i) of the definition of 336 Chapter 20 Donations tax ‘gross income’ in s 1”, then the value of the donation is exempt from donations tax in terms of s 56(1)(k). Donation 7: Based on the information provided, it would seem that the donation of 50% of the prize money by the business to the tournament is in substance trade advertising, as there is a direct relationship between the donor’s gift of the prize money and the business of the donor. The amount “donated” would therefore not be a “gratuitous disposal of property”, with the result that no donation has taken place and therefore no liability for donations tax arises. Donation 8: The cause of this donation by Warona to his secretary is her birthday, coupled with their friendship. The donation was not caused by services rendered or to be rendered by the secretary, with the result that the secretary will not be required to include the value of this gift, R475 000, in her gross income. A gift is a donation, and it would seem that none of the exemptions from donations tax apply, apart from the donor’s basic annual exemption. Donations tax is thus payable on this R475 000 but only after taking his R100 000 basic annual exemption (or remaining portion for the year of assessment) into account. Example 20.4 (20 minutes) During the 2023 year of assessment Neville Owl, a resident of the Republic who is married with ante nuptial contract, carried out the following transactions: Date Donee and property donated 1 March He gave his wife (Paula) the lifelong use of the family residence, which had cost him (Neville) R110 000 in 1981 and which was now valued at R1 320 000. (The value of this lifelong use determined under the provisions of s 62 is R1 162 870.) 10 March He gave his son, Ross, the family residence, subject to its lifelong use to Paula. 15 March He gave his housekeeper, Nesta, who was then aged 60 years, an annuity of R14 400 for the duration of her life, in recognition of many years of loyal and efficient service. (Under the provisions of s 62, the value of this annuity is R90 262.) 23 March He gave his daughter, Shirley, an annuity of R12 000 for ten years. (Under the provisions of s 62, the value of this annuity is R67 802.) 1 April He gave his son, Timothy, half the profits of his (Neville’s) manufacturing business for the remainder of Timothy’s life, and to Timothy’s son, Walter (his grandson), he gave a half share in his business, subject to Timothy’s entitlement to its profits. The average annual net income of the business, before tax, over the past three years was R160 000. The business was recently valued by a competent authority at R480 000. (Under the provisions of s 62, the value of this gift to Timothy is R176 771, and the value of this gift to Walter is R3 398.) 337 Tax Workbook 1 May He gave R40 000 to a clay pigeon shooting club, a recreational club (approved by the Commissioner in terms of s 30A). He is a member of the club. 1 June He gave R50 000 to a university (approved public benefit organisation). 1 July He waived a debt owed to him by his son, Timothy, to whom he had lent R16 000 on 1 July 2021, at an interest rate of 9% a year. The capital and interest payable to him were waived on 1 July 2022. All members of the Owl family are residents of the Republic. Dates of birth of the Owl family are as follows: • Neville: 24 March 1958 • Paula: 21 April 1962 • Ross: 1 October 1988 • Shirley: 7 December 1989 • Timothy: 11 February 1992 • Walter: 7 July 2016 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the donations tax payable on each of the above transactions. Solution 20.4 Date Donee Amount Exempt portion R 1 March Paula 10 March Taxable portion R Donations tax at 20% R Person liable R 1 162 870 (note 1) 1 162 870 (note 2) – – – Ross 157 130 (note 3) 100 000 (note 4) 57 130 11 426 Donor 15 March Nesta 90 262 (note 5) 90 262 (note 6) – – – 23 March Shirley 67 802 (note 7) – (note 8) 67 802 13 560,40 Donor 1 April Timothy 176 771 (note 9) – 176 771 35 354,20 Donor 1 April Walter 3 398 (note 10) – 3 398 679,60 Donor 1 May An amateur sporting club 40 000 40 000 (note 11) – – – 1 June A “qualifying” university 50 000 50 000 (note 12) – – – 1 July Timothy – 17 440 3 488,00 Donor 17 440 (note 13) Notes (1) The R1 162 870 value was determined as follows: R1 320 000 × 12% × 7,34135 (female aged 60 years next birthday) = R1 162 870. 338 Chapter 20 Donations tax (2) Donations “to or for the benefit of the spouse of the donor who is not separated from him” are exempt from donations tax under the provisions of s 56(1)(b). R (3) Market value of the family residence 1 320 000 Less: The market value of its lifelong use to Paula: R1 320 000 × 12% × 7,34135 (female aged 60 years next birthday) (1 162 870) 157 130 (4) Annual exemption of R100 000 (s 56(2)(b)). (5) The R90 262 value was determined as follows: Life expectancy of the donor is 12,31 years (64 years old on his next birthday). Life expectancy of the donee is 18,04 years (61 years old on next birthday). The lesser period is the life expectancy of the donor. And the factor is 6,26822. Value of the donation is therefore R90 262 (R14 400 × 6,26822). (6) The donation to Nesta is exempt in terms of s 56(1)(k). It provides an exception from donations tax for donations that are included in the donee’s gross income, in terms of para (c), (d) or (i) of the definition of “gross income”. (7) The R67 802 value was determined as follows: The life expectancy of donor is 12,31 years (64 years old on next birthday). The period of the donation is ten years. The lesser period is the ten-year period. And the factor is 5,6502. Value of the donation is therefore R67 802 (R12 000 × 5,6502). (8) The R100 000 exemption has already been fully enjoyed (see note 4). (9) The R176 771 value has been determined as follows: The life expectancy of the donor is 11,77 years (now 65 years old on his next birthday), and the factor is 6,13789. Value of donation to Timothy is R176 771 (R480 000 × 50% × 12% × 6,13789). (10) The R3 398 value has been determined as follows: The life expectancy of Timothy is 37,57 years (31 years old on his next birthday), and the factor is 8,21538. R Value of donation to Walter is as follows: Half share of business: 50% of R480 000 = 240 000 Less: Value of profits to Timothy: R480 000 × 50% × 12% × 8,21538 236 602 3 398 (11) The donation to the amateur sporting club is exempt in terms of s 56(1)(h). It provides an exception from donations tax for donations made to certain “qualifying” exempt entities. (12) The donation to the “qualifying” university is exempt in terms of s 56(1)(h). It provides an exception from donations tax for donations made to certain “qualifying” exempt entities. R (13) Capital sum owing 16 000 Add: Interest due: R16 000 × 9% × 12 months 1 440 Value of donation to Timothy 17 440 339 Tax Workbook Example 20.5 (15 minutes) Three separate case studies follow: • Mr Stimela (70 years old) donated a property valued at R1 000 000 to his 40-year-old son. • Mr Mvelo (70 years old) donated a property valued at R1 000 000 to his 10-year-old grandson. • Mr Loliwe (70 years old) donated the usufruct in a property valued at R1 000 000 to his 40-year-old son and donated the bare dominium in the same property to his 10-year-old grandson. In terms of s 62, the value of the usufruct is R636 930, and the value of the bare dominium is R38 720. The above donors and donees are residents of the Republic. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the donations tax payable on the above donations. Solution 20.5 The ages of the donors and donees are: • 70 years old, • 40 years old, and • 10 years old. The life expectancy and present value tables based on their next birthdays are as follows: • 71 years: 8,94 years and present value of 5,30775, • 41 years: 28,69 years and present value of 8,01067, and • 11 years: 55,86 years and present value of 8,31849. Stimela family R 1 000 000 (100 000) Property – value Less: Exemption in terms of s 56(2)(b) Taxable value 900 000 Donations tax payable at 20% 180 000 Mvelo family R 1 000 000 (100 000) Property – value Less: Exemption in terms of s 56(2)(b) Taxable value 900 000 Donations tax payable at 20% 180 000 340 Chapter 20 Donations tax Loliwe family Value of usufruct donation The R636 930 value of the usufruct has been determined as follows: Full value of property 1 000 000 Annual value at 12% Age next birthday of the donor results in a present value factor of R120 000 × 5,30775 Value of donation of the usufruct R 636 930 Value of bare dominium donation The R38 720 value of the bare dominium has been determined as follows: Full value of property 1 000 000 Less: Value of usufruct calculated in terms of s 62(c)(i) Annual value at (R1 000 000 × 12%) Age next birthday of the usufruct holder results in a present value factor of Value of donation of bare dominium (R1 000 000 – R961 280) Donations tax payable Donation of usufruct – value (see above) Donation of bare dominium – value (see above) R120 000 × 8,01067 (961 280) 38 720 636 930 38 720 675 650 (100 000) Less: Exemption in terms of s 56(2)(b) Taxable value 575 650 Donations tax payable at 20% 115 130 Note A simultaneous donation of a bare dominium interest and a life usufructuary interest in the same property results in less donations tax being payable, if the donor is older than the donee for the usufruct interest, than if the donation was made of the full property. Example 20.6 (30 minutes) Richard Kone, a resident of the Republic, died on 31 January 2023. He would have attained the age of 40 years on 1 February 2023. His wife died in 2007, two years after they were married. They did not have any children. His parents, brothers and sisters are alive. He has a number of nephews and nieces. He remembered all their birthdays and spoilt them each year with birthday and Christmas gifts. During the period 2 March 2022 to 31 January 2023 (the date of his death), Richard spent R500 every month except December on gifts for his family and friends. In December 2022, Richard spent R2 500 on gifts. 341 Tax Workbook In addition to the above gifts, Richard made the following donations during his 2023 period of assessment: (1) On 1 March 2022, he donated a car to his father. On this date the car had a book value of R38 400, a tax value of R78 640 (since it was used partly for business purposes), and a market value of R82 000. It had originally cost Richard R192 000 four years ago. (2) On 1 May 2022, he waived a debt owed to him by his nephew, a full-time university student, to whom he had on 1 February 2021 lent R15 000 at an interest rate of 6% a year. The capital together with the interest due on it was repayable to Richard on 1 May 2022. (3) On 1 July 2022, he gave his cook, Noxolo (who had attained the age of 60 years on 30 June 2022), an annuity (a pension) of R12 000 a year for the rest of her life. This donation was made to Noxolo in recognition of 15 years of loyal and efficient service to him. Noxolo had retired from the position of his cook on her 60th birthday, being the day before the donation was made. In terms of s 62, the value of this annuity is R87 054. (4) On 1 October 2022, he gave to Papi, a younger brother, (who was then 25 years old) one-third of the profits of his (Richard’s) business for the remainder of Papi’s life. On the same day he donated to Natalie, a niece (who was then 15 years old), the one-third share in the business, subject to Papi’s entitlement to the profits from it. The average annual profits of the business, before tax, over the past three years were R150 000. The business was valued by an independent third party on 1 October 2022 at R500 000. In terms of s 62, the value of the gift to Papi is R160 806, and the value of the gift to Natalie is R1 412. (5) On 1 November 2022, he donated R150 000 to a university (approved public benefit organisation). It used the proceeds of this donation to subsidise the salary it was paying to one of its professors in its School of Ornithology. (6) On 1 January 2023, he donated R40 000 to a bowling club that he was a member of. The proceeds of this donation were used by it to help finance the cost of building a new green. This bowling club is an “approved” recreational club. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the donations tax payable by Richard on each of the donations he made during the period 1 March 2022 to 31 January 2023. Solution 20.6 Value 1 March 2022: Car to his father March: Gifts (Exemption s 56(2)(b)) April: Gifts (Exemption s 56(2)(b)) 1 May 2022: Loan capital Interest due: R15 000 × (6% p.a. / 12 months) × 15 months Exempt Taxable R 82 000 500 R 82 000 500 R 500 82 500 500 15 000 1 125 (Exemption s 56(2)(b)) Donations Tax at 20% R – – – – – – – – 83 000 16 125 99 125 continued 342 Chapter 20 Donations tax Value Exempt R R May: Gifts Section 56(2)(b) exemption June: Gifts R Donations Tax at 20% R 500 500 – – 500 99 625 375 125 25 Section 56(2)(b)) exemption 100 000 1 July 2022: Annuity to Noxolo R12 000 × 7,25457 (61 years) (s 56(1)(k) included in her gross income in terms of para (c) of the definition of “gross income” for services rendered) July: Gifts August: Gifts September month: Gifts 1 October 2022: Profits of business to Papi 1 October 2022: Business to Natalie October: Gifts 1 November 2022: Donation to a “qualifying” university (exempt in terms of s 56(1)(h)) November: Gifts Taxable 87 054 500 500 87 054 – – – 500 500 – 100 100 500 160 806 1 412 500 – – – – 500 160 806 1 412 500 100 32 161,20 282,40 100 150 000 500 150 000 – – 500 – 100 2 500 – 2 500 500 40 000 500 40 000 – – 500 – 100 December: Gifts 1 January 2023: Donations to bowls club (s 56(1)(h)) January: Gifts L Questions Question 20.1 (20 minutes) Patrick Gamede and his family are residents of the Republic. Patrick will be 50 years old on his next birthday. He made the following donations during the 2023 year of assessment: Date 5 April 8 April 13 May 16 July 19 July Donee and property donated R10 000 to a local school (a public benefit organisation). R6 000 a year for six years to a nephew. In terms of s 62, the value of this donation is R24 668. A lifetime usufructuary interest in a flat valued at R1 200 000 to his sister, who will be 55 years old next birthday. In terms of s 62, the value of this donation is R1 094 690. R50 000 to each of his three sons. They will be between 10 and 15 years old on their next birthdays. R16 000 to his son’s au pair who is leaving to work in the United Kingdom. 343 Tax Workbook 22 July 25 August R30 000 to a registered political party. He sold a farm (used for bona fide farming purposes) to a niece for R1 180 000. He also received an offer of R1 800 000 from a third party. Sept to Feb Sundry casual gifts of small amounts totalling R61 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the donations tax payable for each of the above donations, or transactions, and indicate by whom the tax is payable. Question 20.2 (30 minutes) Kitwe Mashaba, a resident of the Republic, owns two farms having market values (being the arm’s-length price between a willing buyer and a willing seller) of R2 400 000 and R1 800 000 respectively. Both farms are used for bona fide farming purposes. • Kitwe donated the usufruct of the farm with a market value of R2 400 000 to his wife, while the bare dominium in this farm was donated to his eldest son. In terms of s 62, the value of the usufruct donation is R1 359 199, and the value of the bare dominium donation is R168 147. • The right of occupation of the farm with a market value of R1 800 000 was donated to his youngest son. Kitwe’s age on his next birthday is 60 years, his wife’s is 58 years old, his eldest son attained the age of 35 years one month after the donation was made, and the youngest son was 28 years old when he received his donation. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the donations tax payable by Kitwe Mashaba. Question 20.3 (25 minutes) Xiporo Thidiela, a widow, attained the age of 66 years on 1 August 2022. She has one child, namely Gama, and two grandchildren. Xiporo, Gama and the two grandchildren are all residents of the Republic. On 1 May 2022, Xiporo inherited R250 000 cash from an aunt. Xiporo then made the following donations: • R8 000 to the university she had graduated from (an approved public benefit organisation (PBO)). • R6 000 to the church that she is a member of (an approved PBO). • R10 000 to her only sister, who is not a resident of the Republic. • R120 000 to her son, Gama. On 1 July 2022, she gave her sister a house situated outside South Africa that she had inherited from her father in 2007. The house was valued at the equivalent of R1 800 000. Her father was ordinarily resident outside South Africa at the date of his death. On 2 July 2022, she gave her sister 1 000 shares in Petrel Plc (a foreign company). The shares were acquired by Xiporo in 2001, with funds transferred from South Africa, for the equivalent of R1,50 each, and were valued at the equivalent of R4,00 each on 2 July 2022. On 1 October 2022, she donated R3 000 to each of her two grandchildren. 344 Chapter 20 Donations tax On 1 November 2022, she retired from farming and gave Gama a lifetime usufructuary interest in her farm (used for bona fide farming purposes). Xiporo had owned and run the “North Coast Bird Farm” for over 30 years. Gama had attained the age of 45 years on 19 December 2021. On 1 November 2022 the farm had a market value of R3 500 000 (being the arm’s-length price between a willing buyer and a willing seller). In terms of s 62, the value of the donation of the usufruct is R1 940 085. Together with the farm, she gave Gama the stock of birds with a market value of R59 915 and a standard value, for normal tax purposes, of R600. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO show, for the above donations, the amount subject to donations tax, indicating the reason for an exempt portion, and to calculate the donations tax payable on each of the above donations. 345 Chapter 21 Estate duty L Introduction The examples and questions in this chapter illustrate the implications of estate duty. It is levied in terms of the Estate Duty Act 45 of 1955. Estate duty is levied on the transfer of wealth from one person to another in the event of the death of a person. Liabilities due by the estate are usually deductible in the calculation of the dutiable amount of the estate. The final normal tax liability (including capital gains tax consequences) needs to be calculated and then deducted in the estate duty calculation. Framework When answering the examples and questions, use the following framework for the calculation of the estate duty liability: Property of the estate (s 3(2)) Property deemed to be property of the estate (s 3(3)) R xxx xxx Gross value of the estate (s 3(1)) Less: Allowable deductions (s 4) xxx (xxx) Net value of the estate (s 4) Less: Abatement (s 4A) xxx (xxx) Dutiable amount (s 4A) xxx Estate duty calculated at 20% of the dutiable amount up to R30 million (and 25% of the amount that exceeds R30 million) Less: Applicable tax rebates, for example, quick succession rebate (s 16 and First Schedule) Less: Amount of estate duty to be recovered from beneficiaries (if applicable) (s 13) xxx Estate duty payable by the estate (xxx) (xxx) xxx In order to calculate the value of limited rights (for example fiduciary, usufructuary and other rights in property including the right to certain annuities) that the deceased enjoyed during either his/her lifetime or over a fixed period refer to Annexure D (expectation of life and present value table). L Contents The table gives an indication of the time that is needed to complete the example or question. The relevant provisions of the Estate Duty Act that must be known before attempting the example or question are provided. The level of the example or question gives an indication of its difficulty. 347 Tax Workbook ) Example/Question and time allocation Topic and/or relevant sections Level Example 21.1 (10 minutes) • Section 3(3)(a) – domestic insurance policies on the life of the deceased (deemed property) Basic Example 21.2 (15 minutes) • Section 3(2) – limited interest in property included as property • Section 4(h) – bequest to a PBO • Section 4(q) – property accruing to a surviving spouse • Section 4A – abatement • Section 5(1)(b) – valuation of limited interest (usufruct) Intermediate Example 21.3 (15 minutes) • Section 3(3)(a) – domestic insurance policies on the life of the deceased (deemed property) • Section 4 – deductible expenses • Section 4(q) – property accruing to a surviving spouse • Section 4A – abatement • Section 5(1) – valuation of property • Section 5(1)(b) – valuation of limited interest (usufruct) • Section 5(1)(c) – valuation of annuity (that ceases) charged against property Intermediate Example 21.4 (20 minutes) • Section 5(1) – valuation of property • Section 5(1)(c) – valuation of an annuity (that is transferred) charged against property • Section 5(1)( f )bis – valuation of shares in unlisted companies • Section 4(q) – property accruing to a surviving spouse • Section 4A – abatement Intermediate Example 21.5 (45 minutes) • • • • • Section 3(3), (3)(a) and (a)bis Section 4(h) and (q) Section 4A Section 5(1)(b) and (d) First Schedule Advanced Question 21.1 (25 minutes) • • • • Section 3(3)(a) Sections 4, 4(i), (h), (q) and 4A Section 5(1)(b) and (f)bis First Schedule Advanced Question 21.2 (45 minutes) • • • • • Section 3(3)(a), (a)bis and (cA) Section 4(q) Section 4A Section 5(1)(b), (c) and (f)bis First Schedule Advanced Question 21.3 (40 minutes) • • • • • Section 3(3)(a)bis and (a) Section 4(e), (i), (lA) and (q) Section 4A Section 5(1)(b), (d) and (f)bis First Schedule Advanced 348 Chapter 21 Estate duty L Examples Example 21.1 (10 minutes) Thabo Masilela, a resident of the Republic, died on 10 November 2022. The following information relates to insurance policies that existed or were paid out at the time of his death: (1) A policy on his life taken out by his wife, Lindiwe, to whom he was married out of community of property. Their pre-nuptial contract did not include this policy. Lindiwe was the sole beneficiary in the policy and had paid all the premiums. The policy paid out R2 million. The premiums paid by Lindiwe (plus interest at 6%) were R720 000. (2) A homeowner’s insurance policy on his house. In the event of the house being destroyed, the policy would pay out its replacement cost, estimated to be R2 million. (3) A policy on his life taken out by his partners in a business venture. His partners, excluding Thabo, paid all the premiums. The premiums plus interest were R550 000. The sole beneficiaries are Thabo’s partners. The proceeds are to be used at their discretion. The policy paid out R1 500 000. His partners are not related to him. (4) A policy on his life to cover the outstanding balance of the mortgage bond over his house. The premiums paid by him (plus interest at 6%) amounted to R100 000. The policy paid out R420 000. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the value of deemed property that should be included in the net value of Thabo Masilela’s estate. Show your calculations for each item and give reasons for items to be excluded. Solution 21.1 Insurance policy taken out by Lindiwe (note 1) Insurance policy on house (note 2) Insurance policy taken out by his partners (note 3) Insurance policy to cover his mortgage bond (note 4) R 1 280 000 − − 420 000 Deemed property to be included in the net value of Thabo’s estate 1 700 000 Notes (1) Amount due and recoverable under “domestic policy” Less: Premiums (plus interest) paid by Lindiwe R 2 000 000 (720 000) 1 280 000 The policy is not excluded, as it was not in terms of an ante- or post-nuptial contract. The s 4(q) deduction is, however, available. (2) This policy is not included in property, as it is not an insurance policy on his life (see the definition of a “domestic policy”). There is also no indication that the house was destroyed. This means that the policy did not actually pay out anything. When the policy pays an amount, it will increase the cash in the estate, and this cash will constitute property. 349 Tax Workbook (3) As it was not stipulated that the proceeds from the policy would be used by the partners to purchase his share of the business, the proceeds are not excluded in terms of s 3(3)(a)(iA). It may, however, qualify for the s 3(3)(a)(ii) exclusion. (4) No relief for premiums paid as they were not paid by the beneficiary. Example 21.2 (15 minutes) Bertha Kitt, a resident of the Republic, died on 3 December 2022 at the age of 49 years. She is survived by her son, Matthew, aged 23 years. Her husband, Manley, died two years ago and left his entire estate to Bertha. At the time of her death, she had the following assets: (1) The use of a holiday home awarded to her 11 years earlier upon the death of her brother, Jack, then aged 45 years. The bare dominium at the date of Jack’s death was given to Bertha’s son Matthew, now aged 23 years. The value of the property has since deteriorated. Eleven years ago, it was valued at R900 000, but on 3 December 2022 it was valued at only R750 000. (2) Cash in a bank account of R8 400 000. In terms of Bertha’s will, the following bequests were made: • R990 000 to her nephew, Manley. • R110 000 to an approved public benefit organisation (PBO). • The balance of the cash to her son, Matthew. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the estate duty payable by the estate of the late Bertha Kitt. Solution 21.2 Usufruct (note 1) Cash in bank account R 735 455 8 400 000 Less: Bequest to the PBO (s 4(h)) 9 135 455 (110 000) Net value of the estate Less: Section 4A abatement (note 2) 9 025 455 (7 000 000) Dutiable amount of the estate 2 025 455 Estate duty payable at 20% 405 091 Notes (1) The market value of the property is R750 000. Its annual value is: 12% × R750 000 = R90 000. On Matthew’s next birthday he will be 24 years old, thus the value of the usufruct before the second proviso is applied, is determined as follows: R90 000 × 8,27564 = R744 808 (A). 350 Chapter 21 Estate duty Apply the second proviso: R Current market value Less: Value of bare dominium 11 years ago Original market value Less: Usufruct R900 000 × 12% × 8,19866 (Factor for Bertha at age 39 years. This represents her age next birthday on the date the usufruct was awarded to her 11 years ago.) R 750 000 900 000 (885 455) (14 545) (B) 735 455 Limit in terms of the second proviso is the lesser of • R744 808 (A), and • R735 455 (B). (2) Because Manley's entire estate was bequeathed to his wife, the gross value of the estate qualified for s 4(q) deduction. Therefore, there was no s 4A rebate use. Bertha's estate qualifies for the following rebate: (2 × R3 500 000) – R0 = R7 000 000. Example 21.3 (15 minutes) Andile Dludlu, a resident of the Republic, died unexpectedly on 3 March 2022. His estate consisted of the following assets: (1) A residence in Johannesburg valued at R1 250 000. (2) Furniture and household items valued at R500 000. (3) A motor car valued at R280 000. (4) 300 000 shares in Cavile Ltd. The listed market value at the date of his death of a Cavile Ltd share was R15,32 per share. His executor sold the shares on 15 April 2022 for R4 490 000. (5) A life insurance policy awarded R1 450 000. It was paid to his wife, Gege, in terms of their ante-nuptial contract. (6) During his life, Andile enjoyed an annuity of R15 000 from his sister, Mabona. It was payable out of the net rentals from their deceased father’s block of flats that was bequeathed to her in 1980. This annuity ceased upon his death. Liabilities and expenses (including executor’s remuneration, Master’s fees and his final normal tax liability) amounted to R167 500. Gege also instituted an accrual claim of R200 000 against the estate. Andile’s will provided for the following: (1) His furniture and household items and the usufruct over his residence were bequeathed to Gege. (2) His motor car and the bare dominium of his residence were awarded to his sister, Mabona. (3) The remainder of his estate was bequeathed to his son, Merlin. 351 Tax Workbook At the date of Andile’s death, the ages of the relevant persons were as follows: Andile: 63 years 1 month. Gege: 58 years 7 months. Merlin: 25 years 2 months. Mabona: 55 years 10 months. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the estate duty payable by the estate of Andile Dludlu. Solution 21.3 R Residence Furniture and household items Motor car Shares − selling price Life insurance policy − not property or deemed property Annuity (note 1) Gross value of estate Less: Liabilities and expenses Accrual claim Bequests to his wife (s 4(q)) – Usufruct (note 2) – Furniture and household items Net value of estate Less: Section 4A abatement R 1 250 000 500 000 280 000 4 490 000 − 114 504 6 634 504 167 500 200 000 1 113 482 500 000 (1 980 982) 4 653 522 (3 500 000) Dutiable amount of estate 1 153 522 Estate duty payable at 20% of R1 153 522 230 704 Notes (1) Annual value is R15 000 (it is an annuity). On Mabona’s next birthday she will be 56 years old, thus R15 000 × 7,63363 = R114 504. The value of the annuity is included in his estate as his sister will in future receive the full benefit of the rental income. This income is no longer subject to the limitation of having to pay an annuity. (2) Market value is R1 250 000. Annual value is R150 000 (R1 250 000 × 12%). On Gege’s next birthday she will be 59 years old, thus R150 000 × 7,42321 = R1 113 482. Example 21.4 (20 minutes) Boland Scheepers, a resident of the Republic, died on 31 October 2022 at the age of 87 years. On the date of his death, Boland Scheepers owned the following assets. (1) A farm in the Free State Province, on which bona fide farming activities were conducted. At the time of his death, the farm was valued at R4 400 000. The farm was bequeathed to his wife (Kate, to whom he was married out of community of property). 352 Chapter 21 Estate duty (2) Farming property in Limpopo with a market value of R6 200 000. The executor sold it for R6 304 026. (3) A flat in America with a market value the rand equivalent of R850 000. This house was bequeathed to his daughter, Laetitia (57 years old), who is at present working in America. (4) Shares in: • Bango Ltd, a South African company. These shares had a market value of R300 000. Half of these shares were bequeathed to Kate. The remaining shares were bequeathed to his son, Jacques (55 years old). • Wernoc (Pty) Ltd, a South African company. Its directors valued his shares at R250 000. Their fair market value was R280 000. His executor sold them for R310 000. • Goldeam Ltd, an American company. They had a market value the rand equivalent of R450 000. They were bequeathed to Jacques. (5) The usufruct of a farm in the Karoo. Its bare dominium had been sold to his son, Jacques, on 31 October 2019 for R950 000. Its “fair market value” at the date of his death was R1 600 000. (Assume the second proviso of the valuation rules for estate duty purposes does not apply.) (6) Boland Scheepers enjoyed an annuity of R42 000 (being paid to him at a rate of R3 500 a month). It was derived from the net rentals of a property that was held in a trust. After his death the annuity was awarded to his grandson, Anton, for the rest of his life. Anton is 27 years old. (7) Before Boland met Kate, he was married to Karin. Karin passed away in 1997. Except for R50 000 she bequeathed to her sister the remainder of her estate was left to Boland. Boland and Karin were married out of community of property. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the estate duty payable by Boland Scheepers’ estate. Solution 21.4 Farm – bequeathed to his wife (R4 400 000 less 30%) Less: Section 4(q) deduction Farming property in Limpopo sold – selling price Flat in America Bango Ltd – half bequeathed to his wife (R300 000 / 2) Less: Section 4(q) deduction Bango Ltd – half bequeathed to Jacques (R300 000 / 2) Wernoc (Pty) Ltd Goldeam Ltd Usufruct of farm in Karoo (note 1) Annuity out of trust (note 2) Net value of estate Less: Section 4A abatement (note 3) R 3 080 000 (3 080 000) 150 000 (150 000) R – 6 304 026 850 000 – 150 000 280 000 450 000 240 210 346 364 8 620 600 (6 950 000) Dutiable value of estate 1 670 600 Estate duty payable at 20% 334 120 353 Tax Workbook Notes (1) The “fair market value” in relation to immovable property on which a bona fide farming undertaking is being carried on, is the arm’s-length price less 30%. The fair market value of the farm in the Karoo was given as R1 600 000. Its annual value is R1 600 000 × 12% = R192 000. On Jacques’ next birthday he will be 56 years old, thus R192 000 × 7,14414 = R1 371 675. Apply the first proviso: R Amount calculated before applying the first proviso 1 371 675 Less: Amount paid plus interest at 6% for three years – R950 000 × 1,06ñ (1 131 465) 240 210 (2) The annuity is R42 000. Anton’s next birthday will be his 28th, thus R42 000 × 8,24677 = R346 364. (3) Because Boland and Kate were married, and he inherited the entire estate except the R50 000, the gross value of the estate (except the R50 000) qualified for a s 4(q) deduction. Therefore, the s 4A rebate used in Karin’s estate was only R50 000. Boland's estate qualifies for the following rebate: (2 × R3 500 000) – R50 000 = R6 950 000. Example 21.5 (45 minutes) You are a clerk at a firm of lawyers. Your partner has recently been appointed as the executor of an estate. In terms of s 7(1) of the Estate Duty Act, each executor must submit an estate duty return to the Commissioner. Your partner has requested your assistance with the calculation of the estate duty. He has supplied you with the following information: • Name of deceased: Hein Preller. • Date of death: 23 August 2022 (at the age of 57). • Date of birth: 15 September 1964. • Usual place of residence: Roodepoort, South Africa. • Marital status: married out of community of property to Isabel Preller. Assets, rights and liabilities • A residence in Roodepoort valued at R1 200 000. This residence is bequeathed to Hein’s son, John. During 2012, with the written approval of Hein, John effected improvements to the residence at a cost of R40 000. These improvements increased the value of the residence by R100 000 on the death of Hein. • Furniture and private property valued at R850 000. • A motor vehicle valued at R235 000. • Twenty-five years ago, Hein obtained the usufruct of a holiday flat from his father. When his father died six years ago, he bequeathed the bare dominium of this holiday flat to Hein’s son, John, on the condition that John had to pay R15 000 in total to his sister. John was 24 years old on the date of Hein’s death. The value of the holiday flat on Hein’s death was R570 000. 354 Chapter 21 Estate duty • The farm “Witklip” in the district of Brits with a market value of R1 514 286 (on which bona fide farming operations are carried on). • A R100 000 fixed deposit in a bank. Accumulated interest on this fixed deposit to his date of death was R5 000. After his death, a further R3 000 accrued. • The return on policy A was R525 000. It was paid to his estate. Premiums and interest at 6% on policy A (paid by Hein) amounted to R25 000. • The return on policy B was R750 000. It was paid to his surviving spouse. Premiums and interest at 6% on policy B (paid by Isabel) amounted to R25 000. • The return on policy C was R175 000. It was paid to John Dann, a joint shareholder with the deceased in JD (Pty) Ltd. Premiums and interest at 6% on policy C (paid by John Dann) amounted to R75 000. John Dann took out the policy on Hein’s life, so as to make cash available to obtain Hein’s shares in JD (Pty) Ltd. Half the share capital of JD (Pty) Ltd was owned by Hein. No premiums on this policy were paid by Hein. • The return on policy D on the life of Hein was R200 000. It was paid to JD (Pty) Ltd. Premiums and interest at 6% on policy D (paid by JD (Pty) Ltd) amounted to R50 000. • An auditor’s valuation of the 50% interest in JD (Pty) Ltd was R150 000 (excluding the policy referred to above). The Hein’s shares in JD (Pty) Ltd were, however, sold for R120 000 to John Dann in terms of an agreement between the deceased and John. • A lump-sum benefit of R90 000 was paid to Isabel by the ABC Pension Fund. • A monthly pension of R1 500 was payable by the ABC Pension Fund to Isabel for the rest of her life. She was 59 years old at the time of his death. • Shares in a foreign company were sold for the rand equivalent of R250 000. This foreign company is listed on a stock exchange in New York. Six years ago, Hein inherited these shares from the estate of his father, who was ordinarily resident in South Africa. In his father’s estate, the estate duty payable on these shares was R25 000. The shares were valued at R100 000 on the date of his father’s death. Hein paid the R25 000 estate duty. No part of the liabilities or expenses of the estate relates to these shares. • A house (immovable property) in London, United Kingdom, was sold for the rand equivalent of R5 050 000. It was donated to Hein in 2003 by his grandmother, who was ordinarily resident in London. • The mortgage loan on the property in London (see above) at the rand equivalent of R850 000 was repaid by the executor. • An accrual claim of R343 682 in favour of Isabel. • His bank overdraft balance was R45 000. • Hein enjoyed an annuity of R180 000 that was charged against property. When he died, this annuity ceased. When Hein died, the owner of the property, Albert Stander, was 56 years old. Albert Stander did not donate the annuity to Hein. The only other bequest to Isabel was R250 000 in cash. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the estate duty liability of the estate of the late Hein Preller. 355 Tax Workbook Solution 21.5 R Residence in Roodepoort (note 1) Furniture and private property − market value Motor vehicle − market value Usufruct (note 2) Farm “Witklip” − market value reduced by 30% (thus R1 514 286 less 30%) Fixed deposit in bank − capital − accumulated interest to date of death − after date of death Return on policy A – no deduction Return on policy B – R750 000 less premiums and interest of R25 000 Return on policy C − paid to the other shareholder in JD (Pty) Ltd Return on policy D – R200 000 less premiums and interest of R50 000 Shares in JD (Pty) Ltd − auditor’s valuation Lump-sum benefit (not property nor deemed property) Monthly pension Shares in a foreign company – value House in London (R5 050 000 – R850 000) Annuity (note 3) 1 100 000 850 000 235 000 544 362 1 060 000 100 000 5 000 − 525 000 725 000 − 150 000 150 000 − − 250 000 4 200 000 1 269 320 Gross value of estate Less: Deduction and bequests Accrual claim Bank overdraft Fixed property in London – donated by non-resident (s 4(e)(ii)(aa) deduction) Bequests to spouse – s 4(q) deduction – Policy B – Cash to spouse 11 163 682 Net value of estate Less: Section 4A abatement 5 600 000 (3 500 000) Dutiable amount of estate (343 682) (45 000) (4 200 000) (725 000) (250 000) 2 100 000 Estate duty payable at 20% Less: Quick succession rebate (note 4) 420 000 (3 000) Estate duty liability 417 000 Notes (1) The market value of R1 200 000 should be reduced by the value of the improvements of R100 000. (2) The market value is R570 000. The annual value is R68 400 (R570 000 × 12%). The age next birthday of John was 25 years, thus R68 400 × 8,26959 = R565 640. Apply the first proviso. R Amount calculated before applying the first proviso 565 640 (21 278) Less: Amount paid plus interest at 6% for six years – R15 000 × 1,066 Limit of the first proviso 544 362 356 Chapter 21 Estate duty The second proviso is inapplicable because the current bare dominium holder did not acquire the bare dominium when the usufruct was originally created. (3) Annual value is R180 000 (R15 000 × 12). Age next birthday of Albert Stander is 57 years, thus R180 000 × 7,05178 = R1 269 320. R (4) Amount of estate duty calculated was 420 000 Lesser of: Net value in previous estate 100 000 Net value in Hein’s estate 250 000 Thus R100 000. Proportional amount estate duty – R100 000 / R5 600 000 × R420 000 7 500 Reduction from tables: R7 500 × 40% 3 000 Limited to amount of duty in previous estate of 25 000 Lesser of R3 000 and R25 000. L Questions Question 21.1 (30 minutes) On 30 September 2022, Bulelwa Boqwana (a resident of the Republic) died at the age of 61. She was survived by her husband Vusi (56 years of age on date of her death), and their two children James and Andrea. Vusi and Bulelwa were married out of community of property. In terms of the accrual system Vusi has an accrual claim of R750 000 against Bulelwa’s estate. The executor of the estate identified the following assets and liabilities in the estate: (1) A luxury car with a market value of R1 183 000. It was bequeathed to her daughter Andrea (28 years old). (2) Shares in “local” companies: • Boqwana (Pty) Ltd (a private company): The Commissioner approved the directors’ valuation of R24 200 000. They were sold by the executor for R24 000 000. • V&B Boqwana Ltd (a listed company): The executor sold the shares for R6 000 000 in the course of winding up the estate. There had been a decline in the market since the date of his death when the market value was R9 000 000. (3) A private residence in Cape Town valued at R6 500 000. It was bequeathed to James (aged 35 at date of Bulelwa’s death), subject to a usufruct in favour of Vusi until his death. In 2016, James extended the house by building an additional room (with the approval of Bulelwa), in anticipating that they would live together in the house. The improvements cost R600 000 and represent 5% of the total value of the house of R6 500 000. (4) Bulelwa had a business, valued at R9 000 000 at the time of her death. This business was bequeathed to her son, James, on the condition that the net profit from this business for the next five years would accrue to Vusi, after which it will accrue to James. The average annual net profit for the previous three years was R1 140 000. (5) Cash in her bank account on the date of death was R700. 357 Tax Workbook (6) An insurance policy yielded R891 000, which was received by the executor but was payable to Vusi in accordance with a duly registered antenuptial contract. Bulelwa paid all the premiums, which amounted to R20 000. Up to the date of her death, interest on these premiums amounted to R4 000. (7) The estate had the following liabilities: R • Liabilities including the Master’s fees 276 890 • Debt to financial institutions 1 220 500 • Administration expenses 95 000 • Funeral and deathbed expenses 43 500 (8) Bulelwa bequeathed R500 000 to an old-age home (an approved public benefit organisation). The surplus in the estate must be divided equally between her two children. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the estate duty payable by Bulelwa Boqwana’s estate. Question 21.2 (45 minutes) On 30 June 2022, Ben Masters died in a motor-car accident. Ben was always a resident of the Republic. At the time of his death, he was 55 years old and married to Wilma (43 years old). They had two children, Susan (22 years old), and Jason (24 years old). At the time of his death, Ben Masters had the following assets: (1) A life insurance policy of R500 000. Ben Masters took out this policy on 30 June 2015. He paid annual premiums of R5 000. The R500 000 from this policy was paid to his wife, Wilma. (2) Shares in a listed company valued at R800 000. He obtained these shares five years ago from his mother’s estate. At the time of his mother’s death, the net value of these shares was R700 000, constituting one-third of her net estate. The total estate duty paid on his mother’s estate was R75 000. Ben paid the estate duty that related to these shares. (3) Bank deposits of R16 000. (4) His damaged motor car valued at R20 000. (5) A flat that he purchased on 1 March 2019 for R750 000. Its market value at the time of his death was R880 000. A lifetime usufruct of the flat is bequeathed to his wife, Wilma, and its bare dominium to his daughter, Susan. (6) As a result of his death, the pension fund, of which he had been a member of for 30 years, awarded Wilma a lump sum of R2 000 000 and an annuity of R150 000 (payable to her at the rate of R12 500 a month). (7) For the past seven years, Ben Masters was also a partner in a farming enterprise. There were three partners in this partnership, namely, Ben, his son Jason, and a non-related third partner. The non-related third partner had taken out a life insurance policy on Ben Masters’ life and had paid all the premiums. The policy yielded R400 000. It was awarded to the non-related third partner. He used it to partly pay for the acquisition of Ben’s interest in the partnership. Ben’s capital and loan accounts in the partnership were valued at R450 000 at the time of his death. 358 Chapter 21 Estate duty (8) Three years ago, Ben donated the bare dominium of a farm to his son, Jason. He had kept the usufruct for himself. Bona fide farming activities were conducted on the farm. The fair market value of the farm (that is after reducing the market value by 30%) was then R560 000. Jason lived on the farm and, one year ago, with Ben’s permission, he effected improvements to the value of R175 000 to it. The improvements increased the farm’s fair market value by R210 000. At the time of Ben’s death, the fair market value of the farm was R840 000. (9) Ben Masters had an accrual claim against Wilma’s estate of R95 000. (10) A house in Switzerland. Ben bought this house 17 years ago for the equivalent of R1 050 000. Its current value is the equivalent of R12 040 000. (11) Unlisted company shares valued at R100 000. They were sold to the remaining shareholders of the company for R300 000. (12) Ben’s father, Benjamin, owns a holiday house in the Drakensberg. Five years ago the usufruct of the house was donated to Ben. His father retained the bare dominium. Ben’s father was 87 years old at the time of Ben’s death. The market value of the holiday house was R750 000. (13) Ben’s father, Benjamin, also owns a block of flats in Cape Town. In terms of a donation, Ben received an annual amount of R22 800 out of the net rentals from this property for his life. In the event of Ben’s death, the annuity would be payable to Wilma for a period of five years. In the event of Wilma dying before the lapse of the five-year period, the annuity would cease. The executor made the following payments: R (1) Ben’s liabilities 58 347 (2) Miscellaneous expenses (all deductible for estate duty purposes) 12 706 (3) Executor and Master’s fees (10% of this amount relates to shares 17 625 inherited from his mother’s estate) (4) Tombstone and funeral costs 22 900 Ben Masters’ last will contained the following clause: “The rest of my estate is bequeathed to my granddaughter and is to be administered by her mother.” YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the amount of estate duty payable by the estate of Ben Masters. Question 21.3 (40 minutes) Anzani Mudau (68 years old) married Azwindini (49 years old) 15 years ago. They were married out of community of property. They have both always been residents of South Africa. Anzani belonged to a flying club. He was a pilot of one of the Red Dragons airplanes (Spitfires). The formations they performed were most daring. On 5 March 2022, Anzani performed in an air show in Hawaii. Immediately before the show, he donated his rights in the holiday home in George, South Africa, to his friend, Rolivhuwa Moringa (also a pilot) if he (Anzani) should die during the event. 359 Tax Workbook During his performance, Anzani’s plane touched Rolivhuwa’s plane in the air. Anzani’s plane crashed. Anzani was killed instantly, but Rolivhuwa managed to land safely. At the time of his death his assets were as follows: (1) A chalet in the Swiss Alps. Its market value was the equivalent of R1 890 000 (note 1). (2) A house in Hermanus, South Africa. Its market value was R1 640 000. (3) A holiday home in George, South Africa. Its market value was R1 430 000 (note 2). (4) Household contents. Their market value was R410 000. (5) A Volvo motor vehicle. Its market value was R380 000. (6) A Mercedes motor vehicle. Its market value was R220 000. (7) A Land Rover motor vehicle. Its market value was R165 000. (8) Shares in Red Dragons Flying Club (Pty) Ltd. Its directors valued them at R980 000. Its auditor valued them at R850 000. (9) The airplane (Spitfire). After the accident its market value R25 000. (10) An annuity of R60 000 (payable at the rate of R5 000 a month) (note 3). (11) A wine farm, with a market value of R3 600 000 (which is being used for bona fide farming purposes). (12) Usufruct of flat (note 4). The following claims in favour of the estate were collected: (1) Life insurance policy A on Anzani’s life. It was taken out by Anzani and was payable to his estate in the amount of R1 500 000. (2) Rolivhuwa took out a policy (policy B) on Anzani’s life. Anzani paid premiums amounting to R64 000 (including interest at 6%) in this policy. The policy paid R1 500 000 to Rolivhuwa. (3) Anzani took out a policy (policy C) on Rolivhuwa’s life and paid the premiums amounting to R66 000. The value of the policy in the event of Rolivhuwa’s death was estimated at R1 850 000. Its surrender value (and market value) at the date of Anzani’s death was R62 000. Claims against the estate (including his final normal tax liability) amounted to R535 522. Administration costs amounted to R45 000. His will contained the following bequests: (1) The house in Hermanus, the three vehicles, the household contents and R1 500 000 in cash to his surviving spouse. (2) The shares in Red Dragons Flying Club (Pty) Ltd, airplane (Spitfire) and R500 000 cash to their son Dovhani (34 years old). (3) The wine farm, which is being used for bona fide farming purposes, to their youngest son, Funi (24 years old). (4) The usufruct of the chalet in the Swiss Alps to his niece, Gundo (31 years old), and the bare dominium to another niece, Wanda (22 years old). (5) The remainder of the estate in equal shares to his four grandchildren. 360 Chapter 21 Estate duty Notes (1) The chalet in the Swiss Alps belonged to his late father, who died seven years ago. Anzani inherited the chalet. He paid the estate duty for the chalet in his father’s estate. It amounted to R55 000. The value of the chalet in his father’s estate was R620 000. Due to the double tax agreement between South Africa and Switzerland, no death duties were paid in Switzerland on the chalet. (2) During his lifetime, Anzani was the holder of the bare dominium in the holiday home in George. The usufruct was left to his sister (now 61 years old) in terms of their late mother’s will. Their mother died 12 years ago. At the time of their mother’s death, the value of the house was R630 000. Anzani’s sister still uses the holiday home (at least three times each year). (3) Anzani was the recipient of an annuity (in terms of a contract) of R60 000 (payable at the rate of R5 000 a month). The annuity is transferred to Rolivhuwa Moringa (60 years old) for the next twenty years. (4) Anzani was also the holder of a usufruct that was left to him by an aunt who had died 15 years earlier. She was 91 years old. The usufruct was for a flat. The value of the flat 15 years ago was R95 000, and at the date Anzani’s death it was valued at R710 000. The bare dominium belongs to a trust that was established by his aunt. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO calculate the estate duty payable in the estate of Anzani Mudau. 361 Chapter 22 Value-added tax L Introduction The examples and questions in this chapter illustrate value-added tax. It is levied under the Value-Added Tax Act 89 of 1991. Value-added tax is payable by a vendor. A vendor is required to raise output tax on the supply of goods and services that he makes. The output tax is raised at either • the standard rate (at present 15%), or • the zero rate (0%). And then certain supplies of goods and services made by a vendor are also exempt from value-added tax. A vendor enjoys an input tax deduction on certain supplies of goods and services made to him. He is, however, denied an input tax deduction on certain goods and services that he receives. Zero-rated or exempt supplies and services may also be supplied to a vendor. For most vendors, the tax period to account for value-added tax to the fiscus is two months. He deducts his qualifying input tax deductions from the output tax that he has raised. If • the output tax that he has raised exceeds his qualifying input tax deductions, he must pay the difference to the fiscus, or • his qualifying input tax deductions exceed the output tax he has raised, the fiscus will refund to him the “overpaid” amount. L Contents The following table gives an indication of the time needed to complete the example or question. The relevant sections or paragraphs that need to be referred to before attempting the example or question are provided. The level of the example or question gives an indication of its difficulty. References to definitions, sections and paragraphs in this chapter are to those in the Value-Added Tax Act unless stated otherwise. 363 Tax Workbook ) Example or Question and time allocation Topic and relevant sections Level Example 22.1 (30 minutes) • Definitions of “input tax” and “second-hand goods” in s 1(1). • Section 2. • Section 7. • Section 8. Basic Example 22.1 (30 minutes) • • • • • Basic Example 22.2 (30 minutes) • Definitions of an “enterprise” and a “vendor” in s 1(1). • Section 2. • Section 10. • Section 15. • Section 17. • Section 23. • Section 27. • Section 28. • Section 45. Basic Example 22.3 (30 minutes) • Definitions of “input tax” and “second-hand goods” in s 1(1). • Section 2. • Section 7. • Section 8. • Section 12. • Section 16. • Section 17. • Section 18. Intermediate Example 22.4 (30 minutes) • • • • • • • Section 2. Section 7. Section 8. Section 12. Section 16. Section 17. Section 22. Intermediate Example 22.5 (30 minutes) • • • • • • • • • Section 2. Section 7. Section 8. Section 9. Section 10. Section 11. Section 12. Section 16. Section 17. Intermediate Example 22.6 (20 minutes) • Definitions of a “vendor”, an “enterprise”, a “taxable supply”, “output tax”, and “input tax” in s 1(1). • Section 15. • Section 23. Section 11. Section 12. Section 16. Section 17. Section 22. Intermediate continued 364 Chapter 22 ) Example or Question and time allocation Value-added tax Topic and relevant sections Level Example 22.7 (15 minutes) • Definitions of “input tax” and “second-hand goods” in s 1(1). • Section 2. • Section 8. • Section 11. • Section 12. • Section 16. • Section 17. • Section 18. • Section 22. Basic Question 22.1 (20 minutes) Income Tax Act: • Section 11(a) and s 11(e). • Section 23C. • Seventh Schedule. • Interpretation Note 47. Value-Added Tax Act: • Definition of an “enterprise” in s 1(1). • Section 17. • Section 18. Intermediate Question 22.2 (20 minutes) • • • • Definition of “entertainment” in s 1(1). Section 11. Section 12. Section 18. Advanced Question 22.3 (30 minutes) • Definitions of “entertainment” and an “enterprise” in s 1(1). • Section 8. • Section 17. • Section 18. Advanced L Examples Example 22.1 (30 minutes) Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd manufactures “African” beer. It is a vendor. During its two-month value-added tax period that ended on 30 September 2022, it completed, amongst others, the following transactions: (1) Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd purchased a new delivery van on credit for R460 000 (R400 000 plus R60 000 value-added tax). (2) Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd purchased a new motor car for R345 000 (R300 000 plus R45 000 value-added tax). It paid cash for this motor car. Its use was given to employee Xoseni Velema as from 1 August 2022. He is required to use it when he visits Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd’s customers. He also has the use of it, free of charge, for his domestic purposes. (3) Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd sold 50 crates of beer on credit to Bechuanaland Beers (Pty) Ltd, a local customer. The selling price of a crate of beer is R180 (exclusive of value-added tax). (4) Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd sold (and exported) 100 crates of beer on credit to Bulawayo Beverages Ltd, a foreign customer. The selling price of a crate of beer is R180 (exclusive of value-added tax). 365 Tax Workbook (5) On 1 August 2022 Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd paid R5 750 for the lease of a one-bedroomed flat. On 1 September 2022, it again paid R5 750 for the lease of this one-bedroomed flat. The use of the flat is given, free of charge, to its employee, Hope uMakulu, its managing director’s secretary. Her remuneration proxy is R101 250. (6) On 1 August 2022 and again on 1 September 2022 Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd paid R8 625 (R7 500 plus R1 125 value-added tax) for the lease of a shop in a shopping centre. This shop is used by it to retail bar accessories to the public. (7) On 31 August 2022 Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd paid R6 900 to “buy back” empty second-hand crates from one of its customers (a vendor). On 30 September 2022 it paid R345 to “buy back” empty second-hand crates from another one of its customers (who is not a vendor). (8) On 31 August 2022, Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd paid a local service station R25 530 for fuel purchased during the month. The fuel was consumed by its delivery vehicles. On 30 September 2022, it again paid a local service station, this time, R30 636 for fuel purchased during the month. The fuel was consumed by its delivery vehicles. (9) On 30 September 2022, Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd bank account was credited with R69, being interest earned on its favourable balance for the month of September 2022. (10) Gomboza CC supplies Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd with some of its raw materials. If Gomboza CC’s account is settled within 30 days, Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd is granted a 5% discount by Gomboza CC. Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd account from Gomboza CC was for R10 350. It received this account on 1 September 2022. To enjoy the 5% discount, it settled Gomboza CC’s account within the 30-day time limit, and paid R9 832 to Gomboza CC on 29 September 2022. (11) Thembisa Tavern CC was one of Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd’s local customers. Thembisa Tavern CC owed it R11 500. Thembisa Tavern CC paid it only R3 450. For six months it unsuccessfully attempted to recover the R8 050 balance owing to it by Thembisa Tavern CC. On 30 September 2022 it wrote off the R8 050 balance owing by Thembisa Tavern CC as a bad debt. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO prepare the necessary entries to record the above transactions in Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd’s journal. The narration to each journal entry must indicate the value-added tax consequences that arise out of the transaction. Solution 22.1 Journal of Juba Breweries (Pty) Ltd Delivery van Value-added tax input account To Supplier (motor-car dealer) Being a new delivery van (not a “motor car”) purchased. Dr Dr R 400 000 60 000 R 460 000 Motor car Dr 345 000 To Bank 345 000 Being a new motor car purchased An input tax deduction is unavailable on a “motor car” (s 17(2)(c)). continued 366 Chapter 22 Value-added tax R R Salaries Dr 235 To Value-added tax output account Being the deemed supply on the fringe benefit granted to employee Xoseni Velema. This amount has been determined as follows: R300 000 (excludes value-added tax) × 0,3% × 15 / 115 × 2 months Bechuanaland Beers (Pty) Ltd (R180 × 50 × 115%) Dr 10 350 To Sales (R180 × 50) To Value-added tax output account (R180 × 50 × 15%) Being the sale of trading stock to a local customer. Bulawayo Beverages Ltd (R180 × 100) To Sales To Value-added tax output account (R180 × 100 × 0%) Being the sale of trading stock to a “foreign” customer Export sales are zero rated. Dr 18 000 235 9 000 1 350 18 000 – Rentals Dr 5 750 To Cash 5 750 Being the lease of residential accommodation for August 2022. The supply of residential accommodation is an exempt supply for value-added tax purposes. Rentals Dr 5 750 To Cash 5 750 Being the lease of residential accommodation for September 2022. The supply of residential accommodation is an exempt supply for value-added tax purposes. Since the supply of residential accommodation is an exempt supply, it does not give rise to a deemed supply for value-added tax purposes. Rentals (R8 625 × 100 / 115) Value-added tax input account (R8 550 × 15 / 115) To Cash Being the lease of a commercial property for August 2022. Dr Dr 7 500 1 125 Rentals Value-added tax input account To Cash Being the lease of a commercial property for September 2022. Dr Dr 7 500 1 125 Purchases (crates) (R6 900 × 100 / 115) Value-added tax input account (R5 700 × 15 / 115) To Cash Being the purchase of second-hand crates from a vendor. Dr Dr 6 000 900 8 625 8 625 6 900 continued 367 Tax Workbook Purchases (crates) (R345 × 100 / 115) Dr Dr Value-added tax input account (R342 × 15 / 115) To Cash Being the purchase of second-hand crates from a non-vendor. A notional (or deemed) input tax deduction is available since the crates have been paid for in cash. Fuel Value-added tax input account (R25 530 × 0%) To Cash Being the purchase of fuel (a zero-rated supply for valueadded tax purposes). Fuel Value-added tax input account (R30 636 × 0%) To Cash Being the purchase of fuel (a zero-rated supply for value-added tax purposes). Bank To Interest Being interest earned (an exempt supply being a financial service). Purchases (R10 350 × 100 / 115) Value-added tax input account (R10 350 × 15 / 115) To Gomboza CC Being purchases of raw materials on credit. Gomboza CC To Cash To Discount (5% settlement discount received) (R10 350 × 5% × 100 / 115) To Value-added tax input account (R10 350 × 5% × 15 / 115) Being the settlement of Gomboza CC’s account within 30 days to qualify for a 5% settlement discount. This will lead to the issue of a credit note, unless clearly stated on the face of the tax invoice. Bad debt (R8 050 × 100 / 115) Value-added tax input account (R8 050 × 15 / 115) To Thembisa Tavern CC Being the amount owing by Thembisa Tavern CC (a local customer) written off as a bad debt. Example 22.2 Dr Dr R 300 45 25 530 – 30 636 – Dr 69 Dr Dr 9 000 1 350 Dr 10 350 R 345 25 530 30 636 69 10 350 9 832 450 68 Dr Dr 7 000 1 050 8 050 (30 minutes) Abrie Malmok, a resident of the Republic, converted his hobby, the restoration of antique furniture, into a fully-fledged business. A feasibility study revealed that there was a demand for a business of this nature. In the past, he restored furniture for friends, charging an amount to cover only the cost of the materials that he had used. On 31 August 2022, Abrie Malmok owned three lounge suites and four dining-room suites that he had restored. 368 Chapter 22 Value-added tax Abrie Malmok resigned from his employment on 31 August 2022. He started his business the following day. He is 50 years old. The following information relates to Abrie Malmok’s business for the 2023 year of assessment: R Cash sales (note 1 and note 2) 707 250 Purchases of furniture from vendors (note 3) 144 900 Purchases of furniture from non-vendors (during his first three months of trading) and paid for in cash 113 850 Purchases of wood, leather and other materials 56 925 Bank charges 1 380 Legal expenses for advice concerning his business structure 3 105 Lathe purchased on 1 September 2022 37 950 Other tools purchased on 1 October 2022 46 575 Fuel expenses 59 340 Rental of business premises 7 245 Repairs to motor vehicle (1 October 2022) (note 4) 10 350 Interest paid 4 485 Salary paid 37 260 Entertainment 2 760 Trade licence (1 September 2022) 414 39 100 Closing stock – finished goods Other information (1) Abrie Malmok inherited a lounge suite from a late aunt during January 2023. According to her estate account, its value was R7 590. It was in excellent condition. He sold it for R12 075 a week after its receipt. This R12 075 is included in the R707 250 total for sales (see above). (2) Abrie Malmok sold all the lounge suites and dining-room suites that he owned before he started the business, except for one. The lounge suite that was still on hand on 28 February 2023 had an estimated value of R15 180. His lounge and dining-room suites that he owned when he was restoring furniture as a hobby, each had an estimated value of R12 650 on 1 September 2022. He estimates that he spent, on average, 17 hours of his own time on each suite. He charges his labour at R500 an hour. (3) Abrie Malmok’s purchases from his suppliers, who are vendors, are paid by him within 30 days after the statement date. All other purchases and expenses are paid by him in cash. (4) Abrie Malmok’s private motor car that he uses to the extent of 60% for business purposes had to be repaired. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO (1) explain to Abrie Malmok whether he should apply for value-added tax registration, the tax period that applies to him, and the accounting basis that he should apply for, and (2) make full determinations of Abrie Malmok’s value-added tax payable for each tax period from 1 September 2022 to 28 February 2023, assuming that the last tax period will end on 28 February 2023. Also, assume that all business receipts and accruals and expenses, except for the legal expenses that were incurred during 369 Tax Workbook September 2022, and except when otherwise indicated, occurred evenly throughout the period. In your answer, you should indicate what methods of payment he may use and the date on which each type of payment should be made. Also set out the provisions that may apply should his qualifying input tax deductions exceed the output tax that he raised. (Assume for the purposes of this requirement that he is registered for value-added tax as a two-month vendor and all amounts include value-added tax, when applicable.) Solution 22.2 Part 1 Abrie Malmok’s turnover for the six months ended 28 February 2023 is R707 250, the equivalent of an annual turnover of R1 230 000 (R707 250 × 100 / 115 × 2). Since this exceeds the turnover limit of R1 000 000, he should already have registered for value-added tax. Section 23(1)(b) of the Value-Added Tax Act provides that if, at the commencement of a month when the total value of supplies under a contractual obligation in writing to be made by a person in the 12-month period reckoned from the commencement of the said month will exceed R1 000 000, he will have to register as a vendor. Since all Abrie Malmok’s receipts, accruals and expenses occurred evenly throughout the period, it would have been obvious to him at the beginning of the second tax period, that is on 1 November 2022, that his turnover was likely to exceed R1 000 000, and he should then have registered on or before 21 November 2022. In practice, however, the turnover may have built up steadily over the period, and it may have become apparent to Abrie Malmok only at the beginning of the third tax period, that is on 1 January 2023, that his turnover was likely to exceed R1 000 000, and he should then have registered. Taxable supplies made by Abrie Malmok are less than R30 000 000 and for this reason he will have a two-month tax period. He will therefore register as either a Category A or Category B vendor (s 27(2)). Abrie Malmok should register for value-added tax on the invoice basis since he pays his creditors 30 days after their statement dates, while his sales are made for cash. If he registered on the cash basis, he would deduct his qualifying input tax on his purchases only when he pays his creditors. Yet on the invoice basis, he merely has to have a valid tax invoice in his possession to be able to deduct his qualifying input tax. Both the cash basis and the invoice basis require output tax, in this instance, to be paid on the same date, being the date when his sales are made since they are all cash sales. (He trades in his own name. If he had conducted his business through a juristic person, for example, a company, then this business would be compelled to account for value-added tax on the invoice basis (s 15(2).) Part 2 Unless a “non-juristic” vendor applies in writing to account for value-added tax on the cash basis, he will be required to account for value-added tax on the invoice basis. 370 Chapter 22 Value-added tax Since Abrie Malmok has not yet registered, it is accepted that he will use the invoice basis. Not being registered for value-added tax does not absolve him from the requirements of the Value-Added Tax Act. The definition of a “vendor” in s 1(1) includes a person who should have registered. The value-added tax determination has therefore been made for the entire period from 1 September 2022 to 28 February 2023. 1 November 1 September 1 January to to to Tax period 31 October 31 December 28 February 2022 2022 2023 R R R Sales (R701 100 / 3) (note 1) is R235 750 for each period Value-added tax at 15 / 115 30 750 30 750 30 750 Total output tax 30 750 30 750 30 750 8 775 8 775 8 775 9 900 – – 4 950 – – 60 405 4 950 6 075 0 315 60 – – – 0 315 60 – – – 0 315 810 – – – – – – – – – 54 – – – – – – – 31 344 14 100 9 150 16 650 21 600 Purchases – all categories except from non-vendors ((R144 900 + R56 925) × 15 / 115) × 1 / 3 Purchases from non-vendors (R113 850 × 15 / 115 × 2 / 3) (R113 850 × 15 / 115 × 1 / 3) Bank charges – (R1 380 × 15 / 115 × 1 / 3) Legal expenses (15 / 115 × R3 105) Lathe (15 / 115 × R37 950) Other tools (15 / 115 × R46 575) Fuel expenses(zero rated) Rental (15 / 115 × R7 245) × 1 / 3 Repairs to his motor vehicle (60% × 15 / 115 × R10 350) Interest paid – financial service (an exempt supply) Salaries paid (note 4) (not an enterprise) Entertainment – not deductible (s 17(2)(a)(i)) Trade licence (15 / 115 × R414) Closing stock (note 3) Total input tax Value-added tax payable Value-added tax refundable 594 Notes (1) Since no consideration was paid by Abrie Malmok for his “inherited” lounge suite, no input tax may be deducted, even though output tax must be levied when it is sold. (2) Abrie Malmok does not enjoy a s 18(4) adjustment for his labour on the restored furniture when he registers as a vendor. 371 Tax Workbook (3) Input tax is deducted when a supply has been made to a vendor (provided he is in possession of a valid tax invoice). No value-added tax consequences apply to trading stock held at the beginning or end of a tax period. (4) When Abrie Malmok pays salaries to his employees it will not constitute his employees’ carrying on an enterprise. Under proviso (iii)(aa) to the definition of an “enterprise” in s 1(1), the rendering of services by an employee to his employer does not constitute the carrying on of an enterprise. Payment of the amount of value-added tax owing Under the provisions of s 28, value-added tax returns must be submitted within 25 days after the end of the month in which tax period ends. Abrie Malmok can pay amounts owing to SARS at its local office where he is registered. He may also make use of an electronic bank transfer. SARS will initiate the transfer from his bank only on the last business day of the month concerned. The return must, however, still be received by its local office no later than the 25th day of the relevant month. If the amount owing by SARS for the tax period ended October 2022 is not paid to Abrie Malmok within 21 days after the receipt of a properly completed return, it will be liable for interest on the amounts, determined at the prescribed rate (s 45). Abrie Malmok's December 2022 and February 2023 returns, together with the full payment, must be received by the local SARS office no later than 25 January 2023 and 25 March 2023 respectively. Example 22.3 (30 minutes) Xesha Khetshe, a resident of the Republic, sells and repairs watches from a shop he leases in a local shopping centre. He is a sole proprietor and is registered for value-added tax on the invoice basis. An analysis of Xesha Khetshe’s receipts and accruals and expenditure for his two-month tax period ended 30 September 2022 is set out below. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts are inclusive of value-added tax when applicable. He makes solely taxable supplies. R Receipts and accruals Sales of watches 207 000 Repairs of watches 29 900 Interest 5 175 Indemnity award (note 1) 51 750 Expenditure Bad debts (note 2) 13 225 Bank charges 920 Depreciation (note 3) 19 145 Insurance premiums (note 4) 5 520 Fuel 14 950 Printing and stationery 1 564 Purchases (note 5) 160 425 Salaries 41 400 Rentals (note 6) 13 294 372 Chapter 22 Value-added tax Notes (1) The indemnity award of R51 750 was received by Xesha Khetshe from his insurer for two expensive watches that were stolen from his shop in June 2022. (2) Bad debts of R13 225 written off by Xesha Khetshe, comprising the following: • R10 350 owing by one of his long-standing customers, from a credit sale. This customer has since emigrated and Xesha Khetshe has been unable to trace her. • R2 875 was lent by him to an employee, who has since left town without repaying the loan. (3) Depreciation (for the two-month tax period) is charged for the following assets owned by Xesha Khetshe: R • Manufacturing equipment that was purchased by him in a previous tax period for R276 000 (R240 000 plus value-added tax of R36 000) 8 000 • A computer that was purchased by him on 1 August 2022 for R14 375 (R12 500 plus value-added tax of R1 875) 695 • A motor car that was purchased by him on 1 September 2022 for R632 500 (R550 000 plus value-added tax of R82 500). He has the sole use of it. (He maintains accurate records of his travelling and can prove that his business travelling is 40% of his total travelling.) 10 450 19 145 (4) Xesha Khetshe’s insurance premiums of R3 450 were incurred on the following assets that belong to him: R Manufacturing equipment 460 Office computer 230 Motor car 3 105 1 725 Trading stock 5 520 (5) Xesha Khetshe’s purchases of R160 425 are made up as follows: Purchases of raw materials from vendors Second-hand watches purchased from vendors Second-hand watches purchased (and paid for) from non-vendors R 126 500 17 250 16 675 160 425 Xesha Khetshe purchases second-hand watches from both vendors (for example, auctioneers) and from non-vendors (for example, private individuals and deceased estates). He displays and sells second-hand watches in his shop. (6) Xesha Khetshe’s rentals of R13 294 are for the following items: R Shop premises 10 925 Cash register 1 495 Tea urn (located in the shop for his employees and himself to make tea) 874 13 294 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Xesha Khetshe’s value-added tax due to, or from, SARS for his two-month tax period that ended on 30 September 2022. 373 Tax Workbook Solution 22.3 R Output tax Sales of watches (R207 000 × 15 / 115) Repairs of watches (R29 900 × 15 / 115) Interest (an exempt supply being a “financial service” (s 12(a)) Indemnity award (R51 750 × 15 / 115) (note 1) Use of motor car by Xesha Khetshe (not a deemed supply – note 2) 27 000 3 900 – 6 750 – Total output tax 37 650 Input tax Bad debts – Credit sale (R10 350 × 15 / 115) – Loan to employee (no output tax was raised on the loan, therefore no input tax deduction is available) Bank charges (R920 × 15 / 115) Depreciation (no value-added tax consequences) Manufacturing equipment and tools (purchased in a previous tax period) Computer purchased on 1 August 2022: (R14 375 × 15 / 115) Motor car purchased on 1 September 2022: (no input tax deduction is available since it is a “motor car” as defined (s 17(2)(c))) Insurance premiums – Manufacturing equipment and tools (R460 × 15 / 115) – Office computer (R230 × 15 / 115) – Motor car (R1 035 × 15 / 115 × 40%) – Trading stock losses (R1 725 × 15 / 115) Fuel (input tax deduction of nil since fuel is a zero-rated supply) R14 950 × 0 / 100 Printing and stationery (R1 564 × 15 / 115) Purchases – Raw materials (R126 500 × 15 / 115) – Second-hand watches purchased from vendors (R17 250 × 15 / 115) – Second-hand watches purchased and paid for from non-vendors (a notional input tax deduction of R16 675 × 15 / 115) Salaries (not a taxable supply – an employee does not carry on an “enterprise”) Rentals – Shop premises (R10 925 × 15 / 115) – Cash register (R1 495 × 15 / 115) – Tea urn (supply of beverages is “entertainment”, therefore no input tax deduction is available (s 17(2)(a)) 1 350 – 120 – – 1 875 – – 60 30 54 225 0 204 16 500 2 250 2 175 – 1 425 195 – Total input tax 26 463 Net amount of value-added tax due by Xesha Khetshe to SARS (R37 650 – R26 463) 11 187 374 Chapter 22 Value-added tax Notes (1) Since Xesha Khetshe would have enjoyed an input tax deduction on the purchase of his trading stock, the indemnity award gives rise to a deemed supply. Output tax must then be accounted for (s 8(8)). (2) Xesha Khetshe is a sole proprietor. This means that no employer-employee relationship exists. The provisions of the Seventh Schedule do not apply to him, and therefore no deemed supply arises for value-added tax purposes, under s 18(3), when he uses his motor car for his private purposes. Example 22.4 (30 minutes) Legae (Pty) Ltd is a resident of the Republic. Its sole asset is a rent-producing property. The ground floor of this building is let to commercial tenants. The remaining two floors are let to residential tenants. Since Legae (Pty) Ltd makes both taxable and exempt supplies for value-added tax purposes, a turnover-based method of apportionment has been applied to arrive at an acceptable input tax ratio of 40%, when applicable. Legae (Pty) Ltd’s receipts and accruals and expenditure for its two-month tax period ending 31 October 2022 are as set out below. (All amounts are inclusive of value-added tax when applicable.) Receipts and accruals Commercial rentals Residential rentals Interest levied on overdue rentals from commercial tenants Interest levied on overdue rentals from residential tenants Insurance settlement (note 1) Expenditure Bank charges Audit fees Salaries Repairs (note 2) Maintenance (note 3) Insurance premiums (note 4) Interest incurred on mortgage bond Legal expenses for leases entered into for new – commercial tenants – residential tenants Security maintenance contract expenditure Bad debts (note 5) Entertainment expenditure (note 6) Telephone (note 7) R 155 250 204 700 6 831 2 944 181 930 2 875 14 375 33 350 224 250 16 675 15 525 43 125 1 725 2 530 4 025 16 330 690 805 Notes (1) The insurance settlement of R181 930 awarded to Legae (Pty) Ltd was for fire damage to its building. A fire had occurred at a laundry situated on the ground floor. The fire damaged the laundry and the flat situated directly above it. Compensation for the laundry was R115 000, and compensation for the flat was R66 930. 375 Tax Workbook (2) It cost Legae (Pty) Ltd R138 000 to repair the “burnt” laundry. It cost Legae (Pty) Ltd R86 250 to repair the “burnt” flat. (3) Legae (Pty) Ltd’s incurred maintenance expenses of R16 675 include paint, paint brushes and other hardware items purchased to carry out necessary repair work to its building. (4) Legae (Pty) Ltd’s insurance premiums of R15 525 were incurred for the insurance of its building. (5) Legae (Pty)Ltd’s bad debts of R16 330 are made up of debts written off for commercial rental debtors of R9 890 and for residential rental debtors of R6 440. (6) The managing director of Legae (Pty) Ltd had lunch with its lawyer during this two-month period. He takes its lawyer to lunch from time to time to ensure that it always enjoys preferential treatment from her when it needs her professional services. Her lunch cost R529, and his lunch cost R161. (7) Legae (Pty) Ltd pays its caretaker’s home telephone account. He has to make “business” telephone calls on a regular basis. He has indicated that 70% of his telephone calls are for it. His telephone account for this two-month period was R805. He is a part-time employee of it. (8) In September 2021, Legae (Pty) Ltd bought paint to be used to paint the exterior of its building for R24 150 (R21 000 plus value-added tax at 15% of R3 150) from a local supplier. It enjoyed an input tax deduction of R1 260 (40% of R3 150) in its tax period 1 September 2021 to 31 October 2021. It encountered quality problems with this paint and paid the supplier only R19 320 (R16 800 plus value-added tax of R2 520) on 31 October 2021. It refused to settle this account until the quality problems were resolved. On 1 October 2022, R4 830 (R4 200 plus value-added tax of R630) was still outstanding, despite numerous letters of demand having been received by it from its supplier. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Legae (Pty) Ltd’s value-added tax due to, or from, SARS for its two-month tax period that ended on 31 October 2022. Solution 22.4 Output tax Commercial rentals (R155 250 × 15 / 115) Residential rentals (exempt supply) Interest (financial service – exempt supply) Insurance award: R115 000 × 15 / 115 (note 1) Deemed supply: Employee’s debt: Home telephone account (note 2) Reversal of input tax deduction not paid within 12 months: (R630 × 40%) Total output tax R 20 250 – – 15 000 – 252 35 502 continued 376 Chapter 22 Value-added tax R Input tax Bank charges (R2 875 × 15 / 115 × 40%) Audit fees (R14 375 × 15 / 115 × 40%) Salaries (not a taxable supply – an employee does not carry on an “enterprise”) Repairs to only the commercial portion of the property (R138 000 × 15 / 115) Maintenance (R16 675 × 15 / 115 × 40%) Insurance premiums (R15 525 × 15 / 115 × 40%) Interest paid on mortgage bond (financial service – an exempt supply) Legal expenses for only the commercial tenants (R1 725 × 15 / 115) Security maintenance contract expenditure (R4 025 × 15 / 115 × 40%) Bad debts: (R16 330 – R6 440) × 15 / 115) (note 3)) Entertainment expenditure (note 4) Telephone account of its caretaker (note 2) 150 750 – 18 000 870 810 – 225 210 1 290 – – Total input tax 22 305 Value-added tax due by Legae (Pty) Ltd (R35 502 – R22 305) 13 197 Notes (1) The portion of Legae (Pty) Ltd’s insurance award relating to the commercial property is a deemed supply, since it would have enjoyed an input tax deduction for the commercial portion of the building when it purchased the building and on the insurance premiums it incurred. (2) When a vendor receives and pays accounts on behalf of an employee, whether as a condition of employment or not, the underlying supply is made to the employee (and not the employer), with the result that no input tax deduction is available to the employer. It follows, therefore, that this fringe benefit of employment provided by Legae (Pty) Ltd to its caretaker is not a deemed taxable supply since the employer has been denied an input tax deduction when it paid the employee’s telephone account. But if the employee acts as an agent for his principal (employer), the employer may then deduct the input tax (s 54). (3) Legae (Pty) Ltd’s input tax deduction on the bad debts is not apportioned, since only the bad debts from its rentals charged to its commercial tenants (of R9 890) were subject to Value-added tax. (4) An input deduction is unavailable on entertainment expenditure. Although part of Legae (Pty) Ltd’s entertainment expenditure was incurred for the personal subsistence of its employee, the entertainment expenditure was not incurred while its employee was obliged to be away for a night from his usual place of residence and from his usual workplace, by reason of the duties of his office (s 17(2)(a) proviso (ii)). Example 22.5 (30 minutes) Dichaba-tsa-Lefatshe Ltd is a resident of the Republic. It carries on business as a retailer from its head office in South Africa. It also operates a depot in Zimbabwe from where sales are made to customers living in Zimbabwe. Its depot in Zimbabwe is not regarded as an independent branch. It is a Category A vendor. 377 Tax Workbook The following amounts relating to Dichaba-tsa-Lefatshe Ltd include value-added tax, when applicable: July August September Receipts and accruals R R R Cash sales of supplies to “local” customers 161 598 198 375 176 065 from its South African head office Payment received in advance from a “local” customer for supplies delivered and invoiced 18 400 on only 6 October 2022 Cash sales from its depot in Zimbabwe to Zimbabwean customers. This trading stock was forwarded to its depot on 15 July 2022 and was 15 525 16 675 23 575 all sold by 31 October 2022 Indemnity award received on an insurance claim for trading stock stolen in transit to a 39 215 “local” customer Interest earned on a loan to a subsidiary 12 075 company in South Africa Expenditure Salaries Rates on its business property Electricity and water Telephone Purchases of trading stock Cost of entertaining important customers at various restaurants in Johannesburg Purchase of a new delivery vehicle • Cash cost • Finance charges paid Purchase of a new motor car. Its use has been given to the sales manager as a fringe benefit of his employment from 1 September 2022 (all costs relating to this motor car are paid by Dichaba-tsa-Lefatshe Ltd). Petrol for delivery vehicles and the sales manager’s motor car Maintenance of delivery vehicles and the sales manager’s motor car 46 575 529 6 900 391 88 550 42 550 529 7 360 460 82 800 48 070 529 6 440 345 95 450 6 762 414 000 11 040 11 040 483 000 10 304 12 880 14 720 874 1 495 575 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine the value-added tax payable by, or refundable to, Dichaba-tsa-Lefatshe Ltd for its latest tax period. 378 Chapter 22 Value-added tax Solution 22.5 Category A vendors have a two-month tax period ending on, amongst others, 31 July and 30 September. Dichaba-tsa-Lefatshe Ltd’s latest tax period therefore ended on 30 September 2022. R R Output tax Cash sales (South Africa) • August (15 / 115 × R198 375) 25 875 • September (15 / 115 × R176 065) 22 965 Payment received for supplies to be delivered and invoiced on 6 October 2022 (note 1) 15 / 115 × R18 400 2 500 Cash sales from its Zimbabwean depot (note 2) 0 Interest on loan (note 3) – Add: Deemed output tax – Indemnity payment (15 / 115 × R39 215) 5 115 – Fringe benefit – sales manager’s motor car (15 / 115 × 0,3% × R483 000 × 100 / 115 × 1 month since the fringe benefit was granted from only 1 September 2022) 164 Input tax Salaries Rates Electricity and water (15 / 115 × (R7 360 + R6 440)) Telephone (15 / 115 × (R460 + R345)) Purchases (note 4) (15 / 115 × (R82 800 + R95 450)) Entertainment (note 5) Purchase of delivery vehicle (note 6) (15 / 115 × R414 000) Purchase of a motor car (note 6) Petrol for vehicles (note 7) Vehicle maintenance (15 / 115 × (R1 495 + R575)) Value-added tax to be refunded to Dichaba-tsa-Lefatshe Ltd (R79 420 – R56 619) 56 619 – – 1 800 105 23 250 – 54 000 – 0 265 79 420 22 801 Notes (1) Section 9 deems the time of supply to be the earlier of the date that an invoice is issued and the date that a consideration is received by the supplier. (2) Dichaba-tsa-Lefatshe Ltd’s Zimbabwean depot is not an independent branch (see proviso (ii) to the definition of an “enterprise” in s 1(1)). Supplies to this depot are therefore not “supplies” for value-added tax purposes. Sales from the Zimbabwean depot constitute “taxable supplies”, but are zero rated, being exports. (Definitions of an “export country” and “exported” in s 1(1) and s 11 are the relevant provisions.) (3) Interest on a loan constitutes a consideration for a “financial service” (s 2), and therefore constitutes an exempt supply (s 12). When a vendor makes both taxable supplies (standard rated and zero rated) and exempt supplies, input tax may be deducted only in the ratio of the intended use of the goods or services in making taxable supplies to the total intended use (s 17(1)). When the intended 379 Tax Workbook (4) (5) (6) (7) use for making taxable supplies constitutes not less than 95% of the total intended use, as in Dichaba-tsa-Lefatshe Ltd’s situation, no adjustment of input tax is required (s 17(1) proviso (i)). The “matching” principle does not apply to value-added tax. Input tax on a supply is deductible in full in the tax period the supply is made (provided the vendor is in possession of a valid tax invoice), irrespective of the fact that the goods (for example, trading stock) will be sold only in a later period. No input tax deduction is available for goods or services acquired for the purpose of entertainment (other than by a vendor who supplies entertainment in the ordinary course of an enterprise that regularly or continuously supplies entertainment – s 17(2)(a)). Input tax may be deducted for vehicles other than a “motor car” as defined (se 17(2)(c)). When a “motor car” is purchased by a vendor for the purpose of making a taxable supply of it in the ordinary course of an enterprise that continuously or regularly supplies motor cars, for example, a motor car dealer, an input tax deduction is available. Since Dichaba-tsa-Lefatshe Ltd’s delivery vehicle is not a “motor car”, the input tax paid on its purchase may therefore be deducted. The payment of a finance charge is a consideration given for the supply of a “financial service”. It is an exempt supply and will not give rise to an input tax deduction. “Fuel levy” goods, including petrol, are zero rated (s 11(1)(h)). Dichaba-tsa-Lefatshe Ltd would therefore have paid value-added tax at 0%, and an input tax deduction of nil would apply. Example 22.6 (20 minutes) Atisang Moremi owns a hardware shop in Hatfield, Pretoria. He is a sole trader. Since 1 January 2023, his monthly turnover has increased from R90 000 a month to R110 000 a month. All indications are that his turnover level will not decrease in the future, except for the three-month period from 1 June to 31 August inclusive when turnover normally decreases. It is expected to be approximately R90 000 a month in these three months. Of Atisang Moremi’s sales, 90% are for cash. His debtors normally pay their accounts within 45 days of the purchase date. Atisang Moremi’s purchases are all on credit. He pays his creditors 60 days after invoice date. No sales are made by Atisang Moremi to persons outside South Africa. Atisang Moremi was recently informed that he should have registered as a vendor and that he will now be liable for substantial penalties. Other legal steps may also be taken by SARS against him. He always believed that a “small” businessman, like himself, did not need to register as a vendor. He is now concerned. He knows nothing about the value-added tax registration requirements and does not know how the value-added tax system works. He has therefore approached you in this regard. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO (1) provide Atisang Moremi with details of the value-added tax registration requirements as provided for in the Value-Added Tax legislation, and inform him on what date he became, or will become, liable for registration, 380 Chapter 22 Value-added tax (2) briefly set out the most important definitions in the Value-Added Tax Act that are directly relevant to his business, and (3) inform him about what accounting bases he may use to account for value-added tax and explain the basis that he should apply for. Solution 22.6 (1) Registration provisions The onus is on Atisang Moremi (the businessman) to register as a vendor. He must register if he is carrying on an enterprise and his total taxable supplies during a 12-month period exceed R1 000 000 or are likely to exceed this amount (s 23(1)). The term “taxable supplies” is defined in s 1(1). It includes both standard-rate supplies and zero-rate supplies (see below). Atisang Moremi may also apply for voluntary registration if his taxable supplies (see above) do not, or are unlikely to, exceed R1 000 000. He must satisfy the Commissioner that he will keep satisfactory records and will complete and submit all tax returns as required by the legislation. He is not allowed to register on a voluntary basis unless the total value of his taxable supplies exceeds R50 000 a year (s 23(3)(b)). Under s 23(1)(a), when a person carrying on an enterprise has reasonable grounds to believe that his taxable supplies (see above) for the following 12 months will exceed R1 000 000, he must register as a vendor within 21 days after the beginning of that period. If he has not registered under s 23(1)(a), then, under s 23(1)(b), he must register as a vendor within 21 days after the end of the period of 12 months in which his total value of taxable supplies under a contractual obligation in writing has exceeded R1 000 000. Before 1 January 2023, it was unlikely that Atisang Moremi’s turnover (taxable supplies) would have exceeded the compulsory registration limit of R1 000 000. He was therefore not liable to register as a vendor prior to that date. From 1 January 2023, it became likely that Atisang Moremi’s taxable supplies during the following 12 months would exceed R1 000 000 ((R110 000 × 9 + R90 000 × 3 = R1 260 000 ×100 / 115 = R1 095 652). Therefore, he should have registered for value-added tax no later than 21 January 2023. The other alternative will not apply to him since he cannot reasonably say that he had no reason to believe that his taxable supplies for the 12 months from 1 January 2023 would exceed R1 000 000. (2) Important definitions “Vendor”: A “vendor” is a person who is, or is required to be, registered under the Act. “Enterprise”: An “enterprise” is an enterprise or activity that is carried on continuously or regularly by a person in South Africa or partly in South Africa in the course or furtherance of which goods or services are supplied for a consideration. “Taxable supplies”: A “taxable supply” is a supply of goods or services that is not an exempt supply as defined, and which is chargeable with value-added tax, whether at the zero rate or the standard rate. “Output tax”: “Output tax” means the value-added tax that a vendor will charge on the supply of goods and services that he makes to his customers. 381 Tax Workbook “Input tax”: “Input tax” is the value-added tax that a vendor will pay his suppliers for his purchases (of goods and services) from them. “Consideration”: “Consideration”, in relation to the supply of goods or services to a person, includes a payment made or to be made (including a deposit (but see the proviso below) on a returnable container and tax), whether in money or otherwise, or an act or forbearance, whether or not voluntary, for, in response to, or for the inducement of, the supply of any goods or services, whether by that person or by another person. “Consideration”, however, excludes a payment made by a person as a donation to an association not for gain. The proviso to the definition of a “consideration” states that a deposit (other than a deposit on a returnable container), whether refundable or not, given for a supply of goods or services must not be considered payment made for the supply unless the supplier applies the deposit as consideration for the supply or the deposit is forfeited. (3) Accounting bases There are two bases for accounting for value-added tax, namely, the • invoice basis, and • payments basis. A vendor must account for value-added tax according to the invoice basis unless specific application has been made for the payments basis. The payments basis may be used by only a non-juristic person (for example, a partnership or a sole proprietor) when the taxable supplies during a 12-month period do not exceed R2 500 000 (s 15(2)(b)). The invoice basis requires the declaration by a vendor to SARS of the total output tax on supplies and deemed supplies made by the enterprise. From this output tax is deducted the total input tax on valid tax invoices held by him for supplies of goods and services received from his suppliers, credit notes issued by him, debit notes received by him and other adjustments under the Act. • When the output tax exceeds the input tax, the difference must be paid to SARS. • But when the input tax exceeds the output tax, the difference will be refunded to the vendor. The payments basis differs from the invoice basis in that only the output tax actually received by the vendor is declared to SARS. Invoices for which payment has not yet been received are therefore ignored. Only input tax that has actually been paid to the supplier may be deducted from the output tax (provided he is in possession of a valid tax invoice for the supply). Input tax on a supply for which a valid tax invoice has been received, but which has not yet been paid for, may not be deducted. The particular basis used will affect the cash flow of the enterprise in different ways. The most beneficial cash-flow result for the vendor of the two bases should be investigated. Since Atisang Moremi trades in his own name, that is, he does not trade as a juristic person, both bases are available to him. In his situation, the invoice basis will provide the best result, since the majority of his sales are for cash and his debtor’s collection period of 45 days is shorter than his creditors’ payment period of 60 days. Input tax can therefore be deducted before it is paid to his creditors. 382 Chapter 22 Value-added tax Example 22.7 (15 minutes) The following information relates to Mukololos Ltd, a vendor, and a resident of the Republic, for its tax period (a two-month period) ended 31 December 2022: • Supplies of goods made by Mukololos Ltd subject to value-added tax at the standard rate amounted to R345 000 (R300 000 plus value-added tax of R45 000). • Supplies of goods or services made by Mukololos Ltd subject to value-added tax at the zero-rate amounted to R100 000 (R100 000 plus value-added tax of Rnil). These goods were exported. • Supplies of goods or services made by Mukololos Ltd not subject to value-added tax (exempt) amounted to R30 000 (R30 000 plus value-added tax of Rnil). • Input tax of R50 000 was incurred by Mukololos Ltd for capital goods purchased by it. • Input tax incurred for goods and services supplied to Mukololos Ltd was R25 000. • Second-hand goods (not of a capital nature) were purchased by Mukololos Ltd from a non-vendor for R23 000 and paid for in cash. • A debtor who owed Mukololos Ltd R69 000 (R60 000 plus value-added tax of R9 000) was liquidated during this period. A first and final liquidation distribution of 20 cents in the rand was awarded to it. The balance owing was written off by it as a bad debt. • The cash equivalent of the value of the fringe benefits (excluding the use of motor vehicles) granted by Mukololos Ltd to its employees (who are working solely with its standard-rated supplies) during this period was R17 250. (This amount has not been included in the above amounts for the supply of goods or services made by it.) • During this tax period Mukololos Ltd issued two credit notes. The first was to a “local” customer, for R11 500 (R10 000 plus R1 500 value-added tax), and the second was to a “foreign” customer, for R6 000 (R6 000 plus Rnil value-added tax). • One credit note for R9 200 (R8 000 plus R1 200 value-added tax) was received by Mukololos Ltd during this tax period. Since the goods and services supplied to Mukololos Ltd are used both in the course of making taxable supplies and non-taxable supplies, it has agreed with the Commissioner for an apportionment (when applicable) be made on the “turnover-based” method. It has been agreed that 85% of its supplies are for taxable supplies. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine Mukololos Ltd's the value-added tax due to, or from, SARS for this tax period. 383 Tax Workbook Solution 22.7 Output tax R Output tax at standard rate – Supply of goods and services – Fringe benefit deemed supplies R 345 000 17 250 Output tax at zero rate Exempt and non-supplies Add credit note received (85% of R9 200) 362 250 × 15/ 115 47 250 100 000 30 000 7 820 ×0 ×0 × 15/ 115 0 – 1 020 48 270 Input tax – Input tax on capital goods – Other goods or services – Second-hand goods (paid for) R23 000 × 15 / 115 50 000 25 000 3 000 78 000 Bad debts: 80% (100% – 20%) of R9 000 Credit notes issued – “Local” customer – “Foreign” customer × 85% 66 300 7 200 1 500 0 75 000 Total output tax (see above) Less: Total input tax (see above) 48 270 75 000 Refund due 26 730 L Questions Question 22.1 (20 minutes) On 1 March 2022, Nhoveni Ltd, a resident of the Republic, purchased a “motor car” as defined for R431 250 (R375 000 plus R56 250) cash. On the same day, the exclusive use of this motor car was given to Thabile Jali, its managing director. Thabile Jali used this motor car throughout the 2023 year of assessment. Nhoveni Ltd incurred the following expenses in relation to it: R Annual insurance (R27 000 plus R4 050) 31 050 Fuel (R129 600 plus Rnil value-added tax) 129 600 Repairs (R13 500 plus R2 025 value-added 15 525 Licence (R972 plus Rnil value-added tax) 972 Thabile Jali travelled a total distance of 19 500 kilometres during the 2023 year of assessment in this motor car, of which 7 800 kilometres were for business purposes. Nhoveni Ltd’s financial year ends on the last day of February. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO determine all the resulting normal tax and value-added tax consequences of the above transactions, for both Nhoveni Ltd and Thabile Jali. 384 Chapter 22 Value-added tax Question 22.2 (20 minutes) Matunde Ltd is a resident of the Republic. It is a vendor. It makes solely taxable supplies. You are employed as its accountant. Matunde Ltd's board of directors decided at its meeting held last week that its employees could re-negotiate their salary packages with it, and now earn a package consisting of both cash payments and fringe benefits. (Prior to this decision being made, employees could earn only cash salaries.) Matunde Ltd’s board of directors is, however, aware that the awarding of certain “Seventh Schedule” fringe benefits will result in it having to pay value-added tax on them. Therefore, it would prefer employees to choose fringe benefits that are not subject to value-added tax. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO draft a report for Matunde Ltd setting out those “Seventh Schedule” fringe benefits that will not give rise to value-added tax having to be paid by it. Question 22.3 (30 minutes) You are a partner in Ntaka, Nkanku & Nseme, an auditing firm. Most tax work that is not of a general nature is carried out by yourself. A partner of yours is busy finalising the audit of a major client, namely, Indlwane Ltd. It carries on a diversified business. It is a vendor. It makes solely taxable supplies. Its current financial year ended on 28 February 2023. You recently received the following inter-office memorandum from your partner: Memorandum To: You From: Him Date: 15 March 2023 Re: Tax problems with the “Indlwane Ltd” audit (1) In January 2023, a motor car (as defined in the Value-Added Tax Act) belonging to Indlwane Ltd was written off in an accident. The other motor car involved in this accident was also written off. Indlwane Ltd’s driver was the guilty party in this accident. It received R207 000 for its written-off motor car from its insurer. This transaction was recorded in its journal as follows: R R Bank Dr 207 000 To Motor car 180 000 To Value-added tax output account 27 000 Being an award received from its insurer for its motor car written off. Indlwane Ltd’s insurer awarded the other party involved in the accident R136 275 for her claim for her motor car, which was also written off in the accident. She had claimed R151 800 for her written-off motor car. Indlwane Ltd, wishing to maintain its good public image, then agreed to pay the difference of R15 525 385 Tax Workbook (R151 800 – R136 275) to her. It did this by making an electronic transfer out of its bank account. It recorded this transaction in its journal as follows: R R Motor car expenses Dr 13 500 Value-added tax input account Dr 2 025 To Bank 15 525 Being a settlement payment made to the other party involved in the accident. Are the above journal entries correct, and if not, what should the correcting journal entry or entries be? (2) At Indlwane Ltd’s out-of-town factory, an employees’ canteen was established by it on 1 March 2022 since there was no place in that area where its employees could have lunch. The transaction recording the purchase of its canteen equipment was as follows: Canteen equipment To Bank Being purchase of equipment for an employees’ canteen. Dr R 57 500 R 57 500 For a number of reasons Indlwane Ltd’s employees’ canteen has failed. One reason was that it was operated on a subsidised basis. Its employees’ canteen was then converted into a fully-fledged profit-making restaurant. This happened on 2 January 2023. From all reports this move seems to have been successful. The market value of its canteen equipment on 2 January 2023 was R48 300. Being the only restaurant in that area it is now used not only by its own employees, but also by employees from other factories in close proximity. A small amount of additional restaurant equipment had to be purchased to supplement its canteen equipment it had already purchased. This transaction was recorded as follows: R R Restaurant equipment Dr 10 000 Value-added tax input account Dr 1 500 11 500 To Bank Being purchase of equipment for the restaurant. No adjusting journal entry has been made by Indlwane Ltd for the change of use of its canteen equipment (into restaurant equipment). Are the above journal entries correct, and if not, what should the correcting journal entry or entries be? (3) Indlwane Ltd sold three fixed assets. They were all sold to employees of it on 28 February 2023: Relevant details are as follows: • A microwave oven used by Indlwane Ltd’s employees in its administration office was sold to a creditors’ clerk for R460. It had originally cost Indlwane Ltd R1 725 (including value-added tax at 15%). It had a carrying amount (book value) on 28 February 2023 of R575. Its market value on 28 February 2023 was R644. 386 Chapter 22 Value-added tax • A personal computer used by Indlwane Ltd’s technical director was sold to his secretary (for her children’s use) for R897. It had originally cost R5 175 (including value-added tax at 15%). It had a carrying amount (book value) on 28 February 2023 of R1 500. Its market value on 28 February 2023 was R1 196. • A motor cycle used by Indlwane Ltd’s messenger was sold to a factory employee for R2 530. It had originally cost R8 800 (including value-added tax at 10%). It had a carrying amount (book value) on 28 February 2023 of R1. Since it is in need of repair, the trade-in valuation received by Indlwane Ltd was R2 254. The factory employee was prepared to pay R2 530 for it since he will be able to repair it himself at a nominal cost. The following journal entry was used by Indlwane Ltd to record the sale of these three fixed assets: R R Bank (R460 + R897 +R2 530) Dr 3 887 Accumulated depreciation – furniture and fittings Dr 1 150 Accumulated depreciation – computer equipment Dr 3 000 Accumulated depreciation – motor cycle Dr 7 999 Loss on sale of fixed assets – furniture and fittings (R115) Dt and computer equipment (R603) 718 To Furniture and fittings 1 725 To Computer equipment 4 500 To Motor cycle 8 000 Profit on sale of fixed asset – motor cycle 2 529 Being the sale of three fixed assets to employees. Is this journal entry correct, and if not, what should the correcting journal entry or entries be? YOU ARE REQUIRED TO provide your partner with correcting journal entries that need to be made by Indlwane Ltd and explanations in response to his queries. 387 Appendices L Appendix A Rates of normal tax (i)The rate of tax referred to in s 5(2) of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 to be levied on a taxable income (excluding any retirement fund lump-sum benefit or retirement lump-sum withdrawal benefit) of any natural person, deceased estate, insolvent estate or special trust (other than a public benefit organisation or recreational club) for a year of assessment commencing on 1 March 2022, is set out in the table below: Taxable income But does not exceed Exceeds R Rates of schedule tax R – R 226 000 R 18% of each R1 – 226 000 353 100 40 680 + 26% of the excess over 226 000 353 100 488 700 73 726 + 31% of the excess over 353 100 488 700 641 400 115 762 + 36% of the excess over 488 700 641 400 817 600 170 734 + 39% of the excess over 641 400 817 600 1 731 600 239 452 + 41% of the excess over 817 600 1 731 600 – 614 192 + 45% of the excess over 1 731 600 (ii) Trusts (other than special trusts or a public benefit organisation) for a year of assessment ending on 28 February 2023 – 45% of the taxable income. (iii) Retirement Fund Lump-Sum Benefits – Retirement or Death from a recognised retirement fund and Severance Benefits (as defined) from an employer (for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023). Taxable Income from lump-sum benefits (aggregate) Rates of tax Not exceeding R500 000 ............................................. 0% of the taxable income, exceeding R500 000 but not exceeding R700 000 .. 18% of the taxable income exceeding R500 000, continued 389 Tax Workbook Taxable Income from lump sum benefits (aggregate) Rates of tax exceeding R700 000 but not exceeding R1 050 000. R36 000 plus 27% of taxable income exceeding R700 000; exceeding R1 050 000 ................................................... R130 500 plus 36% of taxable income exceeding R1 050 000 This determination is done cumulatively, and the amount of tax determined must be reduced by the hypothetical tax on any previous lump-sum benefits. (iv) Retirement Fund Lump-Sum Withdrawal Benefits (for the year of assessment ending 28 February 2023. Taxable Income from lump sum benefits (aggregate) Rates of tax Not exceeding R25 000 ............................................... 0% of the taxable income; exceeding R25 000 but not exceeding R660 000 .... 18% of the taxable income exceeding R25 000; exceeding R660 000 but not exceeding R990 000 .. R114 300 plus 27% of taxable income exceeding R660 000; exceeding R990 000 .................................................... R203 400 plus 36% of taxable income exceeding R990 000 This determination is done cumulatively, and the amount of tax determined must be reduced by the hypothetical tax on any previous lump-sum withdrawal benefits. (v) The rate of tax referred to in s 5(2) of the Income Tax Act to be levied on the taxable income of a company that qualifies as a small business corporation as defined in s 12E of the Income Tax Act for any year of assessment ending during the 12-months ending on or after 1 April 2022, is set out in the table below: Taxable Income Rates of tax Not exceeding R91 250 ............................................... 0% of the taxable income; exceeding R91 250 but not exceeding R365 000 .... 7% of taxable income exceeding R91 250, exceeding R365 000 but not R550 000 ...................... R19 163 plus 21% of taxable income exceeding R365 000 exceeding R550 000 .................................................... R58 013 plus 28% taxable income exceeding R550 000 For any year of assessment ending during the 12-months ending on or after 31 March 2023, the 28% rate is reduced to 27%. (vi) The rate of tax referred to in s 5(2) of the Income Tax Act to be levied on the taxable turnover of a person that is a registered micro business as defined in para 1 of the Sixth Schedule to the Income Tax Act for any year of assessment commencing on or after 1 March 2022, is set out in the table below: 390 Appendices Taxable turnover Rates of tax Not exceeding R335 000 ............................................. 0% of the taxable turnover; exceeding R335 000 but not exceeding R500 000 .. 1% of amount by which the taxable turnover exceeds R335 000; exceeding R500 000 but not exceeding R750 000 .. R1 650 plus 2% of amount by which taxable turnover exceeds R500 000; exceeding R750 000 .................................................... R6 650 plus 3% of amount by which taxable turnover exceeds R750 000 (vii) Companies and close corporations (other than mining companies, long-term insurance companies) for the 12-month period ending on or after 1 April 2022: Normal tax on taxable income Rate of tax Companies 28% Non-resident companies 28% Public benefit organisations or recreational clubs approved under s 30(3) or s 30(A)(2) respectively 28% Personal service provider companies as defined in para 1 of the Fourth Schedule 28% For the 12-month period ending on or after 31 March 2023 the 28% rate is reduced to 27%. 391 Tax Workbook L Appendix B Scale of values: Travel allowance Employee-owned vehicles (s 8(1)) Scale of values From 1 March 2022 Fixed Cost Fuel Cost Maintenance Cost R c / km C / km does not exceed R95 000 29 836 131,7 40,9 exceeds R95 000 but does not exceed R190 000 52 889 147,0 51,1 exceeds R190 000 but does not exceed R285 000 76 033 159,7 56,3 exceeds R285 000 but does not exceed R380 000 96 197 171,8 61,5 exceeds R380 000 but does not exceed R475 000 116 438 183,8 72,3 exceeds R475 000 but does not exceed R570 000 137 735 210,8 84,9 exceeds R570 000 but does not exceed R665 000 159 031 218,0 105,5 exceeds R665 000 159 031 218,0 105,5 When the value of the vehicle Simplified method When (a) the provisions of s 8(1)(b)(iii) are applicable to the recipient of an allowance or advance, and (b) no other compensation in the form of a further allowance or reimbursement (other than for parking or toll fees) is payable by the employer to that recipient, the rate per kilometre is, at the option of the recipient, equal to 418 cents per kilometre. 392 Appendices L Appendix C Standard values of livestock For the purposes of para 6 of the First Schedule to the Income Tax Act, the standard value applicable to any class of livestock shall in the case of every farmer who is required to account for such value be as set out hereunder: Standard values R Classification Cattle – Bulls .............................................................................................................................. Oxen ........................................................................................................................... Cows ........................................................................................................................... Tollies and heifers– Two to three years ..................................................................................................... One to two years ....................................................................................................... Calves ............................................................................................................................. Sheep– Wethers ........................................................................................................................ Rams ........................................................................................................................... Ewes ............................................................................................................................ Weaned lambs .......................................................................................................... Goats– Fully grown ................................................................................................................. Weaned kids .............................................................................................................. Horses– Stallions, over 4 years ................................................................................................ Mares, over 4 years ................................................................................................... Geldings, over 3 years .............................................................................................. Colts and fillies, 3 years ............................................................................................. Colts and fillies, 2 years ............................................................................................. Colts and fillies, 1 year .............................................................................................. Foals, under 1 year .................................................................................................... Donkeys– Jacks, over 3 years .................................................................................................... Jacks, under 3 years .................................................................................................. Jennies, over 3 years ................................................................................................. Jennies, under 3 years .............................................................................................. Mules– Four years and over .................................................................................................. Three years ................................................................................................................. Two years .................................................................................................................... One year .................................................................................................................... Ostriches, fully grown .................................................................................................... Pigs– Over 6 months ........................................................................................................... Under 6 months (weaned) ....................................................................................... Poultry, over 9 months ................................................................................................... Chinchillas, all ages ....................................................................................................... 393 50 40 40 30 14 4 6 6 6 2 4 2 40 30 30 10 8 6 2 4 2 4 2 30 20 14 6 6 12 6 1 1 Tax Workbook L Appendix D Expectation of life and present value tables Expectation of life Present value of R1 per annum for life expectation Age Male Female Male Female Age 0 1 2 3 4 64,74 65,37 64,50 63,57 62,63 72,36 72,74 71,87 70,93 69,97 8,327 91 8,328 28 8,327 76 8,327 14 8,326 44 8,331 05 8,331 14 8,330 91 8,330 64 8,330 33 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 61,69 60,74 59,78 58,81 57,83 69,02 68,06 67,09 66,11 65,14 8,325 67 8,324 80 8,323 81 8,322 71 8,321 46 8,329 99 8,329 61 8,329 18 8,328 69 8,328 15 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 56,85 55,86 54,87 53,90 52,93 64,15 63,16 62,18 61,19 60,21 8,320 07 8,318 49 8,316 73 8,314 80 8,312 65 8,327 53 8,326 84 8,326 08 8,325 22 8,324 27 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 51,98 51,04 50,12 49,21 48,31 59,23 58,26 57,29 56,33 55,37 8,310 29 8,307 70 8,304 89 8,301 80 8,298 41 8,323 20 8,322 03 8,320 71 8,319 26 8,317 64 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 47,42 46,53 45,65 44,77 43,88 54,41 53,45 52,50 51,54 50,58 8,294 71 8,290 61 8,286 13 8,281 17 8,275 64 8,315 84 8,313 83 8,311 61 8,309 12 8,306 33 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 43,00 42,10 41,20 40,30 39,39 49,63 48,67 47,71 46,76 45,81 8,269 59 8,262 74 8,255 16 8,246 77 8,237 37 8,303 26 8,299 81 8,295 95 8,291 71 8,286 97 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 38,48 37,57 36,66 35,75 34,84 44,86 43,91 42,96 42,02 41,07 8,226 94 8,215 38 8,202 57 8,188 36 8,172 62 8,281 70 8,275 83 8,269 30 8,262 10 8,254 00 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 33,94 33,05 32,16 31,28 30,41 40,13 39,19 38,26 37,32 36,40 8,155 36 8,136 47 8,115 58 8,092 74 8,067 81 8,245 09 8,235 17 8,224 26 8,211 99 8,198 66 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 29,54 28,69 27,85 27,02 26,20 35,48 34,57 33,67 32,77 31,89 8,040 30 8,010 67 7,978 44 7,943 44 7,905 47 8,183 86 8,167 62 8,149 83 8,130 12 8 108 81 40 41 42 43 44 continued 394 Appendices Expectation of life Age Present value of R1 per annum for life expectation Male Female Male Female Age 45 46 47 48 49 25,38 24,58 23,79 23,00 22,23 31,01 30,14 29,27 28,41 27,55 7,863 80 7,819 24 7,771 09 7,718 43 7,662 36 8,085 27 8,059 56 8,031 19 8,000 26 7,966 17 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 21,47 20,72 19,98 19,26 18,56 26,71 25,88 25,06 24,25 23,44 7,602 01 7,537 13 7,467 48 7,393 87 7,316 31 7,929 50 7,889 67 7,846 46 7,799 65 7,748 34 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 17,86 17,18 16,52 15,86 15,23 22,65 21,86 21,08 20,31 19,54 7,232 34 7,144 14 7,051 78 6,952 25 6,850 04 7,693 55 7,633 63 7,568 96 7,499 27 7,423 21 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 14,61 14,01 13,42 12,86 12,31 18,78 18,04 17,30 16,58 15,88 6,742 06 6,630 10 6,512 32 6,393 01 6,268 22 7,341 35 7,254 57 7,160 20 7,060 46 6,955 37 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 11,77 11,26 10,76 10,28 9,81 15,18 14,51 13,85 13,20 12,57 6,137 89 6,007 26 5,871 65 5,734 03 5,591 82 6,841 61 6,723 93 6,598 93 6,466 35 6,328 18 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 9,37 8,94 8,54 8,15 7,77 11,96 11,37 10,80 10,24 9,70 5,451 65 5,307 75 5,167 44 5,024 37 4,878 76 6,184 66 6,036 07 5,882 78 5,722 22 5,557 43 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7,41 7,07 6,73 6,41 6,10 9,18 8,68 8,21 7,75 7,31 4,734 90 4,593 54 4,446 63 4,303 09 4,158 98 5,388 93 5,217 27 5,046 79 4,870 92 4,693 89 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 5,82 5,55 5,31 5,09 4,89 6,89 6,50 6,13 5,78 5,45 4,024 40 3,890 51 3,768 02 3,652 76 3,545 46 4,516 47 4,343 99 4,173 15 4,004 82 3,839 88 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 4,72 4,57 4,45 4,36 4,32 4,30 5,14 4,85 4,58 4,33 4,11 3,92 3,452 32 3,368 64 3,300 66 3,249 07 3,225 97 3,214 38 3,679 21 3,523 71 3,374 26 3,231 75 3,102 96 2,989 12 85 86 87 88 89 90 The above tables have been extracted from Government Notice No R1942 dated 23 September 1977. 395 Tax Workbook Annuity table (Table B) Present value of R1 per annum capitalised at 12% over fixed periods Years Amount Years Amount Years Amount 1 2 3 4 5 0,892 9 1,690 0 2,401 8 3,037 4 3,604 8 26 27 28 29 30 7,895 7 7,942 6 7,984 4 8,021 8 8,055 2 51 52 53 54 55 8,307 6 8,310 4 8,312 8 8,315 0 8,317 0 76 77 78 79 80 8,331 8 8,332 0 8,332 1 8,332 3 8,332 4 6 7 8 9 10 4,111 4 4,563 8 4,967 6 5,328 2 5,650 2 31 32 33 34 35 8,085 0 8,111 6 8,135 4 8,156 6 8,175 5 56 57 58 59 60 8,318 7 8,320 3 8,321 7 8,322 9 8,324 0 81 82 83 84 85 8,332 5 8,332 6 8,332 6 8,332 7 8,332 8 11 12 13 14 15 5,937 7 6,194 4 6,423 6 6,628 2 6,810 9 36 37 38 39 40 8,192 4 8,207 5 8,221 0 8,233 0 8,243 8 61 62 63 64 65 8,325 0 8,325 9 8,326 7 8,327 4 8,328 1 86 87 88 89 90 8,332 8 8,332 9 8,333 0 8,333 0 8,333 0 16 17 18 19 20 6,974 0 7,119 6 7,249 7 7,365 8 7,469 4 41 42 43 44 45 8,253 4 8,261 9 8,269 6 8,276 4 8,282 5 66 67 68 69 70 8,328 6 8,329 1 8,329 6 8,330 0 8,330 3 91 92 93 94 95 8,333 1 8,333 1 8,333 1 8,333 1 8,333 2 21 22 23 24 25 7,562 0 7,644 6 7,718 4 7,784 3 7,843 1 46 47 48 49 50 8,288 0 8,292 8 8,297 2 8,301 0 8,304 5 71 72 73 74 75 8,330 7 8,331 0 8,331 2 8,331 4 8,331 6 96 97 98 99 100 8,333 2 8,333 2 8,333 2 8,333 2 8,333 2 396 Years Amount