ANTENNA THEORY
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
THIRD EDITION
Constantine A. Balanis
T
WILEY
INTERSCIENCE
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Contents
Preface
1
Antennas
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Antennas
1.3 Radiation Mechanism
1.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna
1.5 Historical Advancement
1.6 Multimedia
References
2 Fundamental Parameters of Antennas
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
Introduction
Radiation Pattern
Radiation Power Density
Radiation Intensity
Banmwidth
Directivity
Numerical Techniques
Antenna Efficiency
Gain
Beam Efficiency
Bandwidth
Polarization
Input Impedance
Antenna Radiation Efficiency
Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas
Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area
Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation
Antenna Temperature
Multimedia
References
Problems
1
1
4
7
17
20
24
24
27
27
27
38
40
42
44
58
64
65
69
70
70
80
85
87
92
94
104
108
112
114
VIII
CONTENTS
Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions
3
Introduction
The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J
The Vector Potential F for a Magnetic Current Source M
Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M)
Current Sources
3.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation
3.6 Far-Field Radiation
3.7 Duality Theorem
3.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems
References
Problems
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4 Linear Wire Antennas
4 .1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
5
Introduction
Infinitesimal Dipole
Small Dipole
Region Separation
Finite Length Dipole
Half-Wavelength Dipole
Linear Elements Near or on Infinite Perfect Conductors
Ground Effects
Computer Codes
Multimedia
References
Problems
Loop Antennas
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Small Circular Loop
5.3 Circular Loop of Constant Current
5.4 Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current
5.5 Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops
5.6 Polygonal Loop Antennas
5.7 Ferrite Loop
5.8 Mobile Communication Systems Applications
5.9 Multimedia
References
Problems
6 Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Introduction
Two-Element Array
N-Element Linear Array : Uniform Amplitude and Spacing
N-Element Linear Array: Directivity
133
133
135
137
138
139
142
144
144
150
150
151
151
151
162
165
170
182
184
205
214
217
218
219
231
231
232
246
255
261
263
266
268
269
273
275
283
283
284
290
313
CONTENTS
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
Design Procedure
N-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics
Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution
N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform
Amplitude
Superdirectivity
Planar Array
Design Considerations
Circular Array
Multimedia
References
Problems
7 Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources
7 .1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7 .9
7.10
7.11
Introduction
Continuous Sources
Schelkunoff Polynomial Method
Fourier Transform Method
Woodward-Lawson Method
Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error)
Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter)
Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions
Line-Source Phase Distributions
Continuous Aperture Sources
Multimedia
References
Problems
8 Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual
Impedances
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
9
Introduction
Integral Equation Method
Finite Diameter Wires
Moment Method Solution
Self-Impedance
Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements
Mutual Coupling in Arrays
Multimedia
References
Problems
Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
Introduction
Biconical Antenna
Triangular Sheet, Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation
Cylindrical Dipole
ix
318
320
322
324
345
349
362
365
369
370
371
385
385
386
388
393
399
406
410
417
418
419
423
423
424
433
433
434
442
450
458
468
478
491
491
494
497
497
500
506
508
X
CONTENTS
10
9.5 Folded Dipole
9.6 Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole
9.7 Matching Techniques
9.8 Multimedia
References
Problems
515
521
523
541
542
543
Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas
549
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Traveling Wave Antennas
10.3 Broadband Antennas
10.4 Multimedia
References
Problems
11
Frequency Independent Antennas, Antenna Miniaturization, and
Fractal Antennas
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Theory
11.3 Equiangular Spiral Antennas
11.4 Log-Periodic Antennas
11.5 Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas
11.6 Fractal Antennas
11.7 Multimedia
References
Problems
12
13
549
549
566
600
600
602
611
611
612
614
619
637
641
648
648
650
Aperture Antennas
653
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
Introduction
Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens' Principle
Radiation Equations
Directivity
Rectangular Apertures
Circular Apertures
Design Considerations
Babinet's Principle
Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory
Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of
Diffraction
12.11 Multimedia
References
Problems
653
653
660
662
663
683
692
697
701
Horn Antennas
739
13.1 Introduction
13.2 E-Plane Sectoral Horn
721
726
726
728
739
739
CONTENTS
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13 .9
13.10
13.11
14
Microstrip Antennas
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15
Introduction
Rectangular Patch
Circular Patch
Quality Factor, Bandwidth, and Efficiency
Input Impedance
Coupling
Circular Polarization
Arrays and Feed Networks
Multimedia
References
Problems
Reflector Antennas
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
16
H-Plane Sectoral Horn
Pyramidal Horn
Conical Horn
Corrugated Horn
Aperture-Matched Horns
Multimode Horns
Dielectric-Loaded Horns
Phase Center
Multimedia
References
Problems
Introduction
Plane Reflector
Corner Reflector
Parabolic Reflector
Spherical Reflector
Multimedia
References
Problems
A
755
769
783
785
792
794
797
799
802
802
805
811
811
816
843
852
855
856
859
865
872
872
876
883
883
883
884
893
934
936
937
939
Smart Antennas
945
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Smart-Antenna Analogy
16.3 Cellular Radio Systems Evolution
16.4 Signal Propagation
16 .5 Smart Antennas' Benefits
16.6 Smart Antennas' Drawbacks
16.7 Antenna
16.8 Antenna Beamforming
16.9 Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs)
16.10 Smart-Antenna System Design, Simulation, and Results
945
946
947
954
957
958
958
962
977
982
Xii
CONTENTS
16.11 Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading, and
Trellis-Coded Modulation
16.12 Other Geometries
16.13 Multimedia
References
Problems
990
993
994
995
999
Antenna Measurements
1001
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17 .9
17.10
Introduction
Antenna Ranges
Radiation Patterns
Gain Measurements
Directivity Measurements
Radiation Efficiency
Impedance Measurements
Current Measurements
Polarization Measurements
Scale Model Measurements
References
1001
1003
1021
1028
1034
1036
1036
1038
1038
1044
1045
Appendix I:
f (x ) = sin(x)
1049
Appendix II:
A (x )
Appendix III:
Cosine and Sine Integrals
1053
Appendix IV:
Fresnel Integrals
1057
Appendix V:
Bessel Functions
1063
Appendix VI :
Identities
1075
Appendix VII:
Vector Analysis
1079
Appendix VIII :
Method of Stationary Phase
1089
Appendix IX:
Television, Radio, Telephone, and Radar Frequency
Spectrums
1095
17
Index
_ I sin(Nx)
N - 1, 3, 5,10, 20
N sin(x )
1051
1099