Objectives of Organic Farming
The objectives of organic farming are rooted in sustainable agricultural practices that prioritize
environmental stewardship, animal welfare, and the production of healthy and nutritious food. Here
are some key objectives of organic farming:
1. Environmental conservation: Organic farming aims to minimize the negative impact on the
environment by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. It promotes practices
that conserve soil fertility, protect water quality, and preserve biodiversity. Organic farmers
employ methods such as crop rotation, composting, and biological pest control to maintain a
balanced ecosystem.
2. Soil health improvement: Organic farming focuses on building and maintaining healthy soil
through natural means. It emphasizes the use of organic matter, such as compost and animal
manure, to enhance soil fertility, structure, and moisture-holding capacity. Practices like crop
rotation, cover cropping, and minimal tillage help prevent soil erosion, improve nutrient
cycling, and promote beneficial soil microorganisms.
3. Non-use of synthetic chemicals: Organic farming prohibits the use of synthetic pesticides,
herbicides, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Instead, it emphasizes the use of
natural methods for pest and weed control, such as beneficial insects, trap crops, physical
barriers, and cultural practices. This reduces chemical residues in food and helps protect the
health of farmers, consumers, and the environment.
4. Animal welfare: Organic farming places a strong emphasis on the humane treatment of
animals. It requires organic livestock to have access to outdoor areas and be provided with
appropriate space, natural feed, and living conditions that promote their well-being. Organic
livestock production also prohibits the routine use of antibiotics and growth hormones.
5. Production of high-quality, nutritious food: Organic farming aims to produce food that is free
from synthetic additives and chemical residues. It focuses on enhancing the nutritional
quality, taste, and safety of crops by using organic methods. Research suggests that organic
fruits, vegetables, and animal products may contain higher levels of certain nutrients and
beneficial compounds.
6. Sustainability and long-term viability: Organic farming seeks to establish sustainable
agricultural systems that can maintain productivity over the long term. By promoting
ecological balance, organic practices aim to reduce dependence on external inputs, conserve
resources, and support the resilience of farming systems in the face of environmental
challenges, such as climate change.
Techniques of Organic Farming
Organic farming employs various techniques and practices that focus on sustainable and natural
methods of crop and livestock production. Here are some common techniques used in organic
farming:
1. Crop rotation: Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops in a sequence on the
same piece of land over time. It helps break pest and disease cycles, improve soil fertility, and
reduce weed pressure. By rotating crops with different nutrient requirements, organic farmers
can maintain soil health and minimize the risk of nutrient depletion.
2. Composting: Composting involves the decomposition of organic materials, such as crop
residues, animal manure, and food waste, into nutrient-rich compost. Compost is used as a
natural fertilizer to enhance soil fertility, improve soil structure, and promote beneficial
microorganisms. It provides a slow release of nutrients to plants and helps retain moisture in
the soil.
3. Green manure and cover crops: Green manure refers to the practice of growing specific
plants, such as legumes or grasses, and then incorporating them into the soil while they are
still green. These crops add organic matter to the soil, fix nitrogen from the atmosphere,
suppress weeds, and prevent soil erosion. Cover crops are similar but are primarily grown to
cover the soil during fallow periods to protect it from erosion and improve soil structure.
4. Biological pest control: Organic farmers rely on biological methods to manage pests and
diseases. This includes introducing beneficial insects, such as ladybugs or predatory mites,
that feed on pests, using pheromone traps to disrupt pest mating patterns, and employing
natural substances like neem oil or garlic spray as pest repellents. Additionally, crop diversity
and healthy soil help build resilience against pest and disease outbreaks.
5. Mechanical weed control: Organic farmers use mechanical means to control weeds instead of
synthetic herbicides. Techniques include hand weeding, hoeing, cultivation, and the use of
tractor-mounted or handheld tools. Mulching, both with organic materials or plastic-free
alternatives, can also be employed to suppress weeds and conserve soil moisture.
6. Integrated livestock management: Organic livestock production emphasizes the well-being
and natural behaviors of animals. Animals are provided with access to outdoor areas, clean
water, and a balanced organic diet. Integrated livestock management involves practices such
as rotational grazing, where animals are moved periodically to different pasture areas to
prevent overgrazing and promote natural nutrient cycling.
7. Water conservation: Organic farming emphasizes efficient water management techniques to
conserve this valuable resource. This includes using practices like drip irrigation, mulching,
and maintaining soil health to improve water infiltration and retention. By promoting healthy
soils with good structure and organic matter content, organic farming helps reduce water
runoff and soil erosion.
8. Non-GMO and organic seed selection: Organic farming prioritizes the use of non-genetically
modified organism (GMO) seeds. Organic farmers strive to use organic-certified or saved
seeds, which are open-pollinated and adapted to local conditions. This helps preserve
biodiversity and supports the integrity of organic farming systems.
Inputs for organic farming
Organic farming relies on a variety of inputs that are natural, environmentally friendly, and compliant
with organic standards. Here are some common inputs used in organic farming:
1. Organic fertilizers: Organic farmers use natural fertilizers to supply essential nutrients to
plants. Common organic fertilizers include compost (from plant and animal materials), animal
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manure, bone meal, blood meal, fish emulsion, and seaweed extracts. These fertilizers
provide a slow release of nutrients and help improve soil fertility and structure.
Cover crops and green manure: Cover crops and green manure crops are grown specifically
to improve soil health and fertility. They are incorporated into the soil, adding organic matter,
nitrogen, and other nutrients. Legume cover crops, such as clover or vetch, are particularly
beneficial as they fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to subsequent crops.
Crop residues: Plant residues from previous crops can be left on the field or incorporated into
the soil to provide organic matter and nutrient recycling. For example, stalks, leaves, and
pruned branches can be chopped and returned to the soil as mulch or used as part of the
composting process.
Beneficial microorganisms: Organic farmers may use inoculants containing beneficial
microorganisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria, to enhance soil health, nutrient
uptake, and plant growth. These microorganisms form symbiotic relationships with plant
roots, improving nutrient availability and promoting plant resilience.
Biological pest control agents: Organic farmers employ beneficial insects, nematodes, or
microbial agents to control pests and diseases. For example, ladybugs and lacewings are
released to prey on aphids, while Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is used as a biological control for
certain caterpillar pests. These biological control agents help maintain a balance between
pests and their natural enemies.
Botanical extracts and natural substances: Organic farmers may use botanical extracts, such
as neem oil or pyrethrin derived from chrysanthemum flowers, to control pests. These natural
substances act as repellents, insecticides, or fungicides, offering a more environmentally
friendly alternative to synthetic chemicals.
Mulches: Organic farmers often use organic mulches, such as straw, hay, leaves, or compost,
to cover the soil surface around plants. Mulches help suppress weeds, conserve soil moisture,
and regulate soil temperature. They also break down over time, adding organic matter to the
soil.
Non-GMO and organic seeds: Organic farming emphasizes the use of non-genetically
modified organism (GMO) seeds and organic-certified seeds. Farmers select seeds that are
adapted to their specific growing conditions, ensuring crop varieties that are well-suited to
organic farming practices.
legal rules of Production and Marketing of Organic Crops
The legal rules and regulations surrounding organic farming vary between countries and regions.
Organic farming is typically governed by specific organic certification standards and regulations that
define the requirements for organic production, labeling, and marketing. Here are some common
aspects of the legal rules of organic farming:
1. Organic certification: Organic farmers must comply with certification standards and undergo
a certification process to be recognized as organic producers. Certification bodies or
agencies assess and verify that farmers meet the defined organic standards in terms of
production methods, inputs used, record-keeping, and documentation. The certification
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process typically involves inspections, documentation reviews, and adherence to specific
labeling requirements.
Prohibited substances: Organic farming regulations specify substances and practices that are
prohibited in organic production. These typically include synthetic pesticides, herbicides,
fertilizers, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), irradiation, sewage sludge, and growth
hormones. The use of such substances can result in the loss of organic certification.
Organic inputs: The use of inputs in organic farming is regulated to ensure they meet organic
standards. Regulations define acceptable organic fertilizers, soil amendments, pest control
products, and other inputs. Organic farmers are generally required to use natural, approved
inputs such as organic compost, animal manure, botanical extracts, and approved biological
control agents.
Buffer zones: Buffer zones are required around organic fields to minimize the risk of
contamination from neighboring conventional or non-organic farms. These buffer zones help
prevent pesticide drift, cross-pollination with GMO crops, or contamination from prohibited
substances.
Record-keeping: Organic farmers are typically required to maintain detailed records
documenting their farming practices, inputs used, and any activities related to organic
production. These records are important for maintaining transparency, traceability, and
compliance with organic standards. They may be subject to inspection during the organic
certification process.
Labeling and marketing: Organic products must meet specific labeling requirements to be
marketed and sold as organic. These requirements may include using an approved organic
logo or label, indicating the certifying agency, and providing accurate information about the
organic content of the product. Labeling regulations ensure transparency and help
consumers make informed choices.
Inspections and enforcement: Organic certification bodies conduct periodic inspections to
verify compliance with organic standards. Inspectors assess the farm's practices, review
records, and ensure that the farm is meeting the requirements for organic certification. Noncompliance with organic standards can lead to warnings, penalties, or the revocation of
organic certification.
It's important for organic farmers to stay updated on the specific organic regulations and
certification standards applicable in their region or country. These regulations are designed to
protect the integrity of organic farming, ensure consumer trust, and maintain a level playing field for
organic producers.
Field/land preparation for organic farming
Land preparation for organic farming involves preparing the soil and creating favorable conditions
for organic crop production. Here are some important considerations and techniques for land
preparation in organic farming:
1. Soil testing: Before starting land preparation, it's essential to conduct a soil test to assess the
nutrient content, pH level, and organic matter status of the soil. This information helps
determine the appropriate amendments and fertility management practices needed for
optimal plant growth.
2. Clearing and removal of weeds: Begin by removing existing weeds, grasses, or vegetation
from the area where crops will be cultivated. This can be done manually by hand weeding or
through mechanical methods like plowing, tilling, or mowing. Avoid using chemical
herbicides, as they are not permitted in organic farming.
3. Soil cultivation: Organic farmers typically utilize various cultivation techniques to prepare the
soil. These methods include plowing, harrowing, or using a rotary tiller to break up
compacted soil and create a loose seedbed. However, it's important to minimize excessive
tillage to avoid soil erosion and disturbance of soil organisms.
4. Organic matter incorporation: Incorporating organic matter into the soil is crucial for building
soil fertility and structure. Organic farmers commonly add compost, well-rotted manure, or
other organic materials to enrich the soil. These materials can be spread evenly over the
cultivated area and incorporated into the topsoil using cultivation equipment or by hand.
5. Cover cropping: Consider planting cover crops as part of land preparation. Cover crops, such
as legumes or grasses, help suppress weeds, reduce soil erosion, and improve soil fertility.
They can be sown and grown for a specific period, and later incorporated into the soil as
green manure, providing additional organic matter and nutrients.
6. Conservation practices: Implement conservation practices to prevent soil erosion and
maintain soil moisture. These practices include contour plowing, terracing, or creating
windbreaks to reduce wind erosion. Mulching with organic materials like straw or leaves can
also help conserve moisture, suppress weed growth, and protect the soil from erosion.
7. Soil amendments: Based on the results of soil testing, organic farmers may need to apply
specific soil amendments to correct nutrient imbalances or adjust soil pH. Organic-approved
amendments include lime for adjusting soil acidity, rock phosphate for phosphorus, or
greensand for potassium. These amendments should be applied according to recommended
rates and incorporated into the soil during land preparation.
8. Crop rotation planning: Consider crop rotation when preparing the land for organic farming.
Plan the sequence of different crops to be grown in different seasons to help manage pests,
diseases, and nutrient requirements effectively. Crop rotation also helps improve soil health
by reducing the buildup of specific pests and diseases associated with particular crops.
It's important to note that land preparation techniques in organic farming aim to promote soil
health, preserve biodiversity, and minimize environmental impacts. Organic farmers prioritize the use
of natural methods and inputs to create a sustainable and fertile growing environment for their
crops.
Specific Nutrients and additives for Organic Crop Production
Organic farming relies on natural fertilizers to provide nutrients to crops while maintaining soil health
and minimizing environmental impacts. Here are some commonly used fertilizers in organic farming:
1. Compost: Compost is one of the most valuable fertilizers in organic farming. It is created by
decomposing organic materials, such as plant residues, food waste, and animal manure, into
a nutrient-rich soil amendment. Compost improves soil structure, enhances nutrient
availability, and promotes beneficial soil microorganisms.
2. Animal manure: Well-composted or aged animal manure, such as cow, horse, or poultry
manure, is commonly used in organic farming. It provides essential nutrients like nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium, as well as organic matter to improve soil fertility. Manure should
be properly composted to reduce the risk of pathogens and avoid nutrient imbalances.
3. Green manure and cover crops: Green manure crops, such as legumes (e.g., clover, vetch) or
grasses, are grown specifically to be incorporated into the soil to add organic matter and fix
atmospheric nitrogen. They serve as natural fertilizers, improving soil fertility and structure.
Cover crops also provide nutrients when incorporated into the soil.
4. Bone meal: Bone meal is made from ground-up animal bones and is a good source of
phosphorus and calcium. It is used as an organic fertilizer to promote root development and
overall plant growth. Bone meal releases nutrients slowly over time.
5. Blood meal: Blood meal is a nitrogen-rich organic fertilizer made from dried animal blood. It
is an excellent source of readily available nitrogen and is commonly used to promote leafy
growth in plants.
6. Fish emulsion: Fish emulsion is derived from processed fish and is a valuable source of
nutrients, particularly nitrogen and trace minerals. It is applied as a liquid fertilizer, providing
quick-release nutrients to plants.
7. Rock phosphate: Rock phosphate is a natural mineral fertilizer rich in phosphorus. It is
gradually released into the soil, promoting root development and flowering in plants. Rock
phosphate is derived from phosphate rocks and is an alternative to synthetic phosphorus
fertilizers.
8. Seaweed extracts: Seaweed extracts, obtained from seaweed or kelp, contain various
beneficial plant nutrients, growth hormones, and trace elements. They are used as foliar
sprays or soil drenches to improve plant growth, stress tolerance, and overall plant health.
It's important to note that organic farmers focus on building soil fertility and using a combination of
these organic fertilizers to meet the nutrient needs of their crops. The choice of fertilizers depends
on the specific crop requirements, soil conditions, and nutrient deficiencies identified through soil
testing. Organic farmers aim to promote long-term soil health and sustainability while minimizing
environmental impacts.
Environmental Sustainability of Organic farming
Organic farming is generally considered a more sustainable approach to agriculture compared to
conventional farming. Here are some key aspects highlighting the sustainability of organic farming:
1. Soil health: Organic farming prioritizes the health of the soil as the foundation for sustainable
agriculture. Organic practices such as the use of organic fertilizers, cover cropping, crop
rotation, and minimal tillage help improve soil structure, enhance water-holding capacity,
promote beneficial microorganisms, and reduce erosion. Healthy soils contribute to longterm agricultural productivity and resilience to climate change.
2. Environmental impact: Organic farming aims to minimize the negative environmental impacts
associated with conventional farming practices. By avoiding synthetic pesticides and
fertilizers, organic farmers help protect water quality, prevent soil and air pollution, and
reduce the risk of pesticide residues in food and the environment. Organic farming also
promotes biodiversity, providing habitat for beneficial insects, birds, and wildlife.
3. Conservation of resources: Organic farming emphasizes the efficient use of resources. By
focusing on soil health and organic matter content, organic farmers enhance water retention
in the soil, reducing the need for irrigation and improving water-use efficiency. Organic
farming also reduces reliance on non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuel-based synthetic
inputs, and promotes the use of renewable resources and natural processes.
4. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions: Organic farming practices, such as the use of
organic fertilizers, cover cropping, and composting, contribute to the sequestration of carbon
in the soil. This helps mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
enhancing carbon storage in agricultural ecosystems. Organic farming systems can have
lower carbon footprints compared to conventional farming systems.
5. Preservation of biodiversity: Organic farming supports biodiversity conservation by avoiding
the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and synthetic chemicals. Organic farmers
often incorporate practices that create diverse habitats, such as maintaining hedgerows,
planting flowering cover crops, and preserving natural areas within or adjacent to farms.
These practices provide food and shelter for pollinators, beneficial insects, and other wildlife.
6. Health and food safety: Organic farming promotes the production of food with fewer
pesticide residues, providing consumers with healthier and potentially safer food options. By
focusing on natural methods of pest and disease control, organic farming reduces the risk of
chemical exposure for farmers, farmworkers, and consumers.
7. Resilience and long-term sustainability: Organic farming practices aim to build resilient
agroecosystems that can adapt to changing environmental conditions. By fostering
biodiversity, maintaining soil health, and diversifying crop rotations, organic farming systems
are often more resilient to pests, diseases, and climate variability. This resilience contributes
to the long-term sustainability of organic agriculture.
While organic farming has many sustainability benefits, it is important to note that the effectiveness
and sustainability of organic farming can vary depending on factors such as farm management
practices, local conditions, and the specific context of each farm. Continuous research and innovation
in organic farming practices are crucial to enhance its sustainability further.
Nutrition and Health benefits of consuming Organic Foods
Organic foods are widely recognized for their potential health benefits. While individual responses
may vary, here are some potential health benefits associated with consuming organic foods:
1. Reduced pesticide exposure: One of the primary reasons people choose organic foods is to
minimize exposure to synthetic pesticides. Organic farming prohibits the use of most
synthetic pesticides, resulting in lower pesticide residues in organic food. By choosing
organic, individuals can reduce their exposure to potentially harmful chemicals.
2. Higher nutrient content: Some studies suggest that organic foods may have higher nutrient
levels compared to conventionally grown counterparts. For example, organic fruits and
vegetables have been found to contain higher levels of certain vitamins, minerals, and
antioxidants. However, the differences in nutrient content can vary depending on factors
such as crop variety, soil quality, and farming practices.
3. Avoidance of genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Organic foods are produced without
the use of genetically modified organisms. By choosing organic, individuals can avoid
consuming GMOs, which some people prefer to exclude from their diets due to concerns
about potential health and environmental impacts.
4. Antibiotic and hormone-free: Organic animal products, such as meat, eggs, and dairy, come
from animals that are raised without the routine use of antibiotics and growth hormones.
Choosing organic animal products can help reduce exposure to antibiotics and hormones
that are sometimes used in conventional animal agriculture.
5. Reduced antibiotic resistance risk: The limited use of antibiotics in organic farming
contributes to the reduction of antibiotic resistance. Excessive and routine use of antibiotics
in conventional farming practices can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria, which poses a significant public health concern. By supporting organic farming,
individuals indirectly contribute to efforts to combat antibiotic resistance.
6. Improved taste and quality: Many people appreciate the taste and quality of organic foods.
Organic farming practices, such as soil building, crop rotation, and reduced reliance on
synthetic inputs, can enhance the flavor and overall quality of organic produce.
It's important to note that research on the health benefits of organic foods is ongoing, and some
studies show mixed results. Additionally, the overall diet quality, variety, and balance of food choices
are crucial for maintaining good health. While organic foods can be a part of a healthy diet, it's
essential to focus on overall dietary patterns and make choices that align with personal preferences
and nutritional needs.
Sustainable Agriculture and Organic farming
Organic farming is generally considered a more sustainable approach to agriculture compared to
conventional farming. Here are some key aspects highlighting the sustainability of organic farming:
1. Soil health: Organic farming prioritizes the health of the soil as the foundation for sustainable
agriculture. Organic practices such as the use of organic fertilizers, cover cropping, crop
rotation, and minimal tillage help improve soil structure, enhance water-holding capacity,
promote beneficial microorganisms, and reduce erosion. Healthy soils contribute to longterm agricultural productivity and resilience to climate change.
2. Environmental impact: Organic farming aims to minimize the negative environmental impacts
associated with conventional farming practices. By avoiding synthetic pesticides and
fertilizers, organic farmers help protect water quality, prevent soil and air pollution, and
reduce the risk of pesticide residues in food and the environment. Organic farming also
promotes biodiversity, providing habitat for beneficial insects, birds, and wildlife.
3. Conservation of resources: Organic farming emphasizes the efficient use of resources. By
focusing on soil health and organic matter content, organic farmers enhance water retention
in the soil, reducing the need for irrigation and improving water-use efficiency. Organic
farming also reduces reliance on non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuel-based synthetic
inputs, and promotes the use of renewable resources and natural processes.
4. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions: Organic farming practices, such as the use of
organic fertilizers, cover cropping, and composting, contribute to the sequestration of carbon
in the soil. This helps mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
enhancing carbon storage in agricultural ecosystems. Organic farming systems can have
lower carbon footprints compared to conventional farming systems.
5. Preservation of biodiversity: Organic farming supports biodiversity conservation by avoiding
the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and synthetic chemicals. Organic farmers
often incorporate practices that create diverse habitats, such as maintaining hedgerows,
planting flowering cover crops, and preserving natural areas within or adjacent to farms.
These practices provide food and shelter for pollinators, beneficial insects, and other wildlife.
6. Health and food safety: Organic farming promotes the production of food with fewer
pesticide residues, providing consumers with healthier and potentially safer food options. By
focusing on natural methods of pest and disease control, organic farming reduces the risk of
chemical exposure for farmers, farmworkers, and consumers.
7. Resilience and long-term sustainability: Organic farming practices aim to build resilient
agroecosystems that can adapt to changing environmental conditions. By fostering
biodiversity, maintaining soil health, and diversifying crop rotations, organic farming systems
are often more resilient to pests, diseases, and climate variability. This resilience contributes
to the long-term sustainability of organic agriculture.
While organic farming has many sustainability benefits, it is important to note that the effectiveness
and sustainability of organic farming can vary depending on factors such as farm management
practices, local conditions, and the specific context of each farm. Continuous research and innovation
in organic farming practices are crucial to enhance its sustainability further.
Health benefits of organic foods
Organic foods are widely recognized for their potential health benefits. While individual responses
may vary, here are some potential health benefits associated with consuming organic foods:
1. Reduced pesticide exposure: One of the primary reasons people choose organic foods is to
minimize exposure to synthetic pesticides. Organic farming prohibits the use of most
synthetic pesticides, resulting in lower pesticide residues in organic food. By choosing
organic, individuals can reduce their exposure to potentially harmful chemicals.
2. Higher nutrient content: Some studies suggest that organic foods may have higher nutrient
levels compared to conventionally grown counterparts. For example, organic fruits and
vegetables have been found to contain higher levels of certain vitamins, minerals, and
antioxidants. However, the differences in nutrient content can vary depending on factors
such as crop variety, soil quality, and farming practices.
3. Avoidance of genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Organic foods are produced without
the use of genetically modified organisms. By choosing organic, individuals can avoid
consuming GMOs, which some people prefer to exclude from their diets due to concerns
about potential health and environmental impacts.
4. Antibiotic and hormone-free: Organic animal products, such as meat, eggs, and dairy, come
from animals that are raised without the routine use of antibiotics and growth hormones.
Choosing organic animal products can help reduce exposure to antibiotics and hormones
that are sometimes used in conventional animal agriculture.
5. Reduced antibiotic resistance risk: The limited use of antibiotics in organic farming
contributes to the reduction of antibiotic resistance. Excessive and routine use of antibiotics
in conventional farming practices can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria, which poses a significant public health concern. By supporting organic farming,
individuals indirectly contribute to efforts to combat antibiotic resistance.
6. Improved taste and quality: Many people appreciate the taste and quality of organic foods.
Organic farming practices, such as soil building, crop rotation, and reduced reliance on
synthetic inputs, can enhance the flavor and overall quality of organic produce.
It's important to note that research on the health benefits of organic foods is ongoing, and some
studies show mixed results. Additionally, the overall diet quality, variety, and balance of food choices
are crucial for maintaining good health. While organic foods can be a part of a healthy diet, it's
essential to focus on overall dietary patterns and make choices that align with personal preferences
and nutritional needs.
Yield difference between organic and normal farming
In general, organic farming tends to have lower average yields compared to conventional or
"normal" farming. However, it's important to note that the yield difference can vary depending on
several factors, including crop type, farming practices, soil conditions, and management techniques.
Here are some key points to consider regarding the yield difference between organic and
conventional farming:
1. Crop type: The yield difference between organic and conventional farming can vary
depending on the specific crop being cultivated. Certain crops may be more adaptable to
organic farming practices and demonstrate comparable yields, while others may experience
more significant yield reductions in organic systems.
2. Transition period: When transitioning from conventional to organic farming, there is typically
a transitional period during which yields may temporarily decrease. This is because it takes
time for the soil to regain fertility, beneficial microbial populations to establish, and the farm
ecosystem to adjust to organic practices.
3. Soil fertility and nutrient management: Conventional farming often relies on synthetic
fertilizers to provide readily available nutrients to crops. In organic farming, nutrient
availability is primarily dependent on organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling, and soil
health. Initially, organic systems may have lower nutrient availability, resulting in slightly
lower yields. However, over time, organic farming practices can improve soil fertility and
nutrient cycling, potentially narrowing the yield gap.
4. Pest and disease management: Organic farming utilizes natural methods for pest and disease
management, which can be less immediate and targeted compared to the use of synthetic
pesticides in conventional farming. While organic practices can effectively control pests and
diseases, there may be instances where crop losses occur due to limitations in organic pest
management strategies.
5. Management practices: Skillful management and implementation of organic farming
techniques are crucial for optimizing yields. Effective crop rotation, cover cropping,
composting, and integrated pest management strategies can help minimize yield differences
between organic and conventional farming.
6. Regional and farm-specific factors: The yield difference between organic and conventional
farming can vary regionally and from farm to farm. Factors such as climate, soil type,
available resources, and farmer expertise play significant roles in determining the potential
yield differences.
It's worth noting that while organic yields may be lower on average, organic farming offers other
benefits such as environmental sustainability, reduced chemical inputs, improved soil health, and
enhanced biodiversity. Moreover, optimizing organic farming techniques and continued research can
help bridge the yield gap and improve the long-term productivity of organic systems.
Limitations of organic farming
While organic farming has numerous benefits, it also faces certain limitations and challenges. Here
are some of the limitations associated with organic farming:
1. Lower yields: Organic farming generally tends to have lower average yields compared to
conventional farming. Organic practices rely on natural inputs and techniques, which may
result in reduced crop productivity, especially in the initial stages of transition or in certain
crop types. Lower yields can limit the scale of production and potentially increase the cost of
organic products.
2. Pest and disease management: Organic farmers primarily rely on natural methods for pest
and disease management, such as biological controls, crop rotation, and resistant crop
varieties. While these methods can be effective, they may not provide immediate and
targeted control compared to the use of synthetic pesticides in conventional farming. There
may be instances where organic farmers experience higher crop losses or struggle to manage
certain pests or diseases effectively.
3. Limited nutrient availability: Organic farming relies on organic matter decomposition,
nutrient cycling, and soil health to provide nutrients to crops. However, nutrient availability
can be slower and less predictable compared to conventional farming, which often relies on
synthetic fertilizers for immediate nutrient supply. Maintaining adequate nutrient levels and
balance in organic systems can be challenging and requires careful management of compost,
manure, cover crops, and crop rotations.
4. Dependence on weather and climate conditions: Organic farming is highly influenced by
weather and climatic factors. Organic practices may be more susceptible to weather-related
challenges, such as drought, excessive rainfall, or temperature extremes. These weather
conditions can impact crop growth, pest populations, and overall farm productivity.
5. Market demand and price premiums: While demand for organic products has been
increasing, the market for organic foods can still be limited compared to conventionally
produced alternatives. Organic products often command higher prices due to the higher
costs associated with organic farming practices. This can make it challenging for organic
farmers to compete in price-sensitive markets.
6. Knowledge and expertise: Successful organic farming requires knowledge and expertise in
organic practices, crop rotations, soil management, pest control, and other organic farming
techniques. Transitioning from conventional to organic farming or adopting organic practices
can involve a learning curve for farmers, requiring access to appropriate training, resources,
and support.
7. Certification and regulatory requirements: Organic farmers must meet specific certification
and regulatory requirements to label and market their products as organic. The certification
process can be time-consuming and involves documentation, inspections, and adherence to
strict organic standards. Compliance with these standards adds administrative burdens and
costs to organic farming operations.
8. Scale and efficiency: Organic farming is often associated with smaller-scale production and
diversified farming systems. Scaling up organic operations while maintaining profitability and
efficiency can be challenging. Balancing economies of scale with the principles and practices
of organic farming can be a complex endeavor.
It's important to note that many of these limitations can be mitigated through research, innovation,
and sharing of best practices. Continued advancements in organic farming techniques, breeding of
organic crop varieties, and improved knowledge dissemination can help address these limitations
and further enhance the sustainability and productivity of organic farming systems.
Best plants for organic farming
There is a wide range of plants that can be successfully grown using organic farming practices. The
choice of plants depends on various factors such as climate, soil conditions, market demand, and
farmer preferences. Here are some examples of plants that are commonly grown in organic farming:
1. Leafy greens: Lettuce, spinach, kale, Swiss chard, and collard greens are popular choices for
organic farming. They are relatively easy to grow, have a short growing cycle, and are in high
demand due to their nutritional value.
2. Herbs: Basil, parsley, cilantro, thyme, rosemary, and mint are herbs commonly grown
organically. They can be cultivated in gardens, containers, or even as intercrops in larger
fields.
3. Tomatoes: Tomatoes are a staple in organic farming. There are various heirloom and hybrid
varieties available that can be grown organically. They require proper support structures and
attention to disease and pest management.
4. Root crops: Carrots, beets, radishes, turnips, and potatoes are examples of root crops suitable
for organic farming. These crops require well-drained soil and proper weed management.
5. Legumes: Leguminous plants like beans, peas, and lentils play an important role in organic
farming. They have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil, reducing the need for
synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.
6. Brassicas: Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and kale belong to the Brassica
family and are well-suited for organic cultivation. These crops require adequate spacing,
good soil fertility, and proper pest management.
7. Fruits: Organic fruits such as strawberries, blueberries, apples, pears, and citrus fruits can be
grown using organic farming practices. However, fruit trees often require long-term planning
and maintenance.
8. Grains: Organic grains like wheat, oats, barley, and rice can be grown depending on the
climatic conditions. These crops require proper soil preparation, weed control, and disease
management.
It's important for organic farmers to consider crop rotation, companion planting, and selecting
disease-resistant varieties to promote soil health, minimize pest and disease pressure, and enhance
overall productivity. Additionally, it's advisable to consult with local agricultural extension services or
experienced organic farmers in your region to determine the most suitable plants for your specific
location and market demand.
crops not suitable for organic farming
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While organic farming can accommodate a wide range of crops, there are certain crops that are
more challenging to grow organically due to various reasons such as high pest and disease pressure,
specific nutrient requirements, or market constraints. Here are a few examples of crops that are
generally considered more challenging for organic farming:
1. Highly susceptible crops: Some crops are highly susceptible to certain pests or diseases that
are difficult to manage organically. For example, crops like tomatoes, peppers, and cucurbits
(such as melons, cucumbers, and squash) can be more vulnerable to diseases like late blight
or certain viral infections, making their organic cultivation more challenging.
2. Staple grains: Certain staple grains, such as corn (maize) and soybeans, can be challenging to
grow organically due to their susceptibility to pest pressure and the difficulty of managing
weeds effectively. These crops often require specialized equipment and techniques to control
weeds and maintain adequate yields.
3. Tree fruits: Growing tree fruits, such as apples, pears, or stone fruits (e.g., peaches, plums),
organically can be more demanding than growing annual crops. Tree fruits are typically longterm investments, and organic management requires careful attention to disease and pest
management, as well as tree training and pruning.
4. Tropical crops: Some tropical crops, such as bananas, coffee, and cocoa, present unique
challenges for organic farming due to the prevalence of specific pests and diseases in their
native regions. Organic cultivation of these crops may require a high level of expertise, as
well as additional resources for disease prevention and management.
5. Some greenhouse crops: Certain greenhouse crops, such as high-wire tomatoes or
cucumbers, can be more challenging to grow organically due to the controlled environment,
higher disease pressure, and the need for precise nutrient and water management.
It's important to note that while these crops may present challenges, it does not mean they cannot
be grown organically. With careful planning, crop selection, appropriate management practices, and
access to organic inputs and resources, it is possible to successfully cultivate these crops using
organic methods. Moreover, ongoing research and advancements in organic farming practices may
contribute to addressing these challenges and expanding the range of crops suitable for organic
cultivation.
impact of organic farming on green house gas emissions
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Organic farming practices can have a positive impact on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
compared to conventional farming methods. Here are some ways in which organic farming can
contribute to mitigating GHG emissions:
1. Reduced synthetic inputs: Organic farming prohibits the use of synthetic fertilizers and
pesticides. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers used in conventional agriculture contribute to GHG
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emissions, particularly in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. By
relying on natural fertilizers such as compost, manure, and cover crops, organic farming
reduces the release of N2O emissions.
Soil organic matter and carbon sequestration: Organic farming practices, such as the use of
organic matter additions, cover cropping, and crop rotations, promote the accumulation of
soil organic matter. Increased organic matter content enhances the soil's capacity to
sequester carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and store it in the soil. This process
helps mitigate climate change by acting as a carbon sink and reducing CO2 emissions.
Conservation tillage and soil erosion control: Organic farming often emphasizes practices like
conservation tillage, which minimizes soil disturbance and erosion. By reducing soil erosion,
organic farming helps to retain soil carbon and prevent the release of CO2 into the
atmosphere.
Biodiversity and ecosystem services: Organic farming practices support biodiversity
conservation by avoiding the use of synthetic pesticides and genetically modified organisms
(GMOs). Increased biodiversity on organic farms can enhance ecosystem services, such as
pollination and natural pest control. Healthy ecosystems contribute to carbon sequestration
and help maintain overall ecological balance.
Reduced energy use: Organic farming typically requires less energy compared to
conventional farming practices. Organic systems rely less on energy-intensive synthetic
inputs and machinery, reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and associated GHG
emissions.
It's important to note that the extent of GHG emissions reduction in organic farming can vary
depending on factors such as farm management practices, crop types, soil conditions, and regional
variations. Moreover, the overall sustainability and environmental impact of organic farming are
influenced by factors beyond GHG emissions alone, such as water quality, biodiversity conservation,
and soil health.
While organic farming can contribute to mitigating GHG emissions, it is essential to adopt a holistic
approach to sustainable agriculture that incorporates various strategies such as agroforestry,
regenerative practices, and the use of renewable energy sources. Additionally, combining organic
farming practices with other climate-smart strategies can further enhance the climate resilience and
sustainability of agricultural systems.
impact of orgnic farming on biodiversity
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Organic farming practices can have a positive impact on biodiversity conservation and promote
overall ecological balance. Here are some ways in which organic farming contributes to biodiversity:
1. Prohibition of synthetic pesticides: Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic pesticides,
which can have adverse effects on beneficial insects, birds, and other wildlife. By relying on
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natural pest management strategies, organic farms create a healthier and more diverse
ecosystem that supports a wider range of species.
Habitat preservation: Organic farming often incorporates practices such as hedgerows, field
margins, and cover cropping. These features provide additional habitat for beneficial insects,
birds, and small mammals, helping to create ecological corridors and preserve biodiversity.
Crop diversity and rotations: Organic farming encourages crop diversity and crop rotations,
which provide a broader range of habitats and food sources for wildlife. Planting diverse
crops and rotating them from season to season can help prevent the buildup of pests and
diseases, reducing the need for chemical interventions.
Preservation of genetic diversity: Organic farmers often prioritize the use of heirloom and
traditional crop varieties, which helps preserve genetic diversity in agricultural systems. By
maintaining diverse crop varieties, organic farming contributes to the conservation of plant
genetic resources that may be more resilient to changing environmental conditions and
pests.
Soil health and microbial diversity: Organic farming practices, such as the use of compost,
manure, and cover crops, promote soil health and microbial diversity. Healthy soils support a
diverse array of beneficial microorganisms, fungi, and earthworms, which contribute to
nutrient cycling, soil structure, and overall ecosystem functioning.
Reduction of GMOs: Organic farming excludes the use of genetically modified organisms
(GMOs). This helps prevent potential risks associated with the introduction of genetically
modified crops into the environment and protects biodiversity from unintended
consequences.
Preservation of pollinators: Organic farms often provide a more favorable environment for
pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and other insects. By avoiding the use of systemic
pesticides, organic farming helps protect pollinators, which are crucial for the reproduction of
many flowering plants and the maintenance of biodiversity.
Water quality protection: Organic farming practices, such as reduced chemical inputs and
proper management of nutrients and water, help protect water quality in rivers, lakes, and
groundwater. By reducing pollution and runoff, organic farming contributes to the
preservation of aquatic ecosystems and supports biodiversity in water habitats.
It's important to note that while organic farming can have positive effects on biodiversity, it also
requires careful management and continuous improvement to ensure that biodiversity goals are
effectively achieved. Implementing agroecological approaches, landscape-level planning, and habitat
restoration efforts can further enhance the biodiversity benefits of organic farming systems.
Impact of organic farming on climate change
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Organic farming practices can have a positive impact on mitigating climate change. Here are some
ways in which organic farming contributes to climate change mitigation:
1. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions: Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers,
which are a significant source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, a potent greenhouse gas. By
relying on natural fertilizers such as compost, manure, and cover crops, organic farming
reduces N2O emissions. Additionally, the avoidance of synthetic pesticides and the use of
agroecological practices can help reduce emissions associated with pesticide production and
application.
2. Carbon sequestration: Organic farming practices promote the accumulation of soil organic
matter. Increased soil organic matter enhances the soil's capacity to sequester carbon dioxide
(CO2) from the atmosphere and store it in the soil. Organic farming methods such as the use
of organic amendments, cover cropping, and crop rotations contribute to carbon
sequestration in agricultural soils, acting as a carbon sink and reducing CO2 emissions.
3. Conservation of energy: Organic farming generally requires less energy compared to
conventional farming practices. Organic systems rely less on energy-intensive synthetic
inputs and machinery, reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and associated greenhouse
gas emissions. Practices like crop rotations, biological pest control, and organic soil
management can help reduce the energy inputs required for farming operations.
4. Resilience to climate change: Organic farming practices focus on building healthy and
resilient agroecosystems. By promoting soil health, biodiversity, and natural pest and disease
management, organic systems are often more resilient to climate change impacts such as
drought, extreme weather events, and changes in pest populations. The emphasis on
diversification and crop rotations in organic farming can help mitigate the risks associated
with climate variability and enhance the overall sustainability and productivity of agricultural
systems.
5. Reduced deforestation and land conversion: Organic farming often prioritizes the
preservation of natural habitats and avoids the conversion of forested or ecologically
sensitive areas for agricultural purposes. By promoting sustainable land use practices and
discouraging deforestation, organic farming helps mitigate climate change by preserving
carbon-rich ecosystems and reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with land
conversion.
It's important to note that the climate change mitigation potential of organic farming can vary
depending on factors such as farm management practices, crop types, soil conditions, and regional
variations. Furthermore, the overall sustainability and environmental impact of organic farming
should be considered holistically, taking into account factors beyond greenhouse gas emissions
alone, such as water quality, biodiversity conservation, and soil health. Combining organic farming
practices with other climate-smart strategies and sustainable land management approaches can
further enhance the climate resilience and sustainability of agricultural systems.
organic farming and food security
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Organic farming can contribute to food security by promoting sustainable agricultural practices that
enhance productivity, preserve natural resources, and improve the nutritional quality of food. Here
are some ways in which organic farming can support food security:
1. Soil fertility and productivity: Organic farming focuses on building healthy soils through
practices such as composting, crop rotations, and the use of organic amendments. These
practices improve soil fertility, enhance nutrient availability, and promote long-term soil
health. Healthy soils result in higher crop yields and increased agricultural productivity,
ensuring an adequate food supply.
2. Water conservation and management: Organic farming often emphasizes water conservation
and efficient water management practices. Techniques such as mulching, cover cropping, and
proper irrigation methods can help minimize water loss and improve water use efficiency. By
conserving water resources, organic farming helps maintain agricultural productivity even in
regions with water scarcity or unreliable rainfall patterns.
3. Preservation of biodiversity: Organic farming practices prioritize the conservation of
biodiversity by avoiding the use of synthetic pesticides and genetically modified organisms
(GMOs). Maintaining diverse ecosystems supports pollinators, beneficial insects, and natural
pest control, which can enhance crop yields. Biodiversity also contributes to the resilience of
agricultural systems, making them more adaptable to environmental changes and reducing
the risk of crop failures.
4. Reduced dependence on external inputs: Organic farming promotes self-reliance and
reduces reliance on external inputs such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. By using onfarm resources such as compost, manure, and cover crops, organic farmers can reduce input
costs and dependence on external markets. This can be particularly beneficial for small-scale
farmers in developing regions who may face financial constraints and limited access to
conventional agricultural inputs.
5. Improved food quality and nutrition: Organic farming practices often result in food with
higher nutritional quality. Research has shown that organic crops can have higher levels of
certain nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants compared to conventionally
grown crops. By producing nutrient-dense foods, organic farming can contribute to
improved nutrition and better health outcomes, particularly in areas where access to diverse
and nutritious food is limited.
6. Resilience to climate change: Organic farming's focus on building healthy and resilient
agroecosystems can help farmers adapt to climate change impacts. Practices such as soil
conservation, water management, and diversification of crops can increase the resilience of
agricultural systems, making them better able to withstand extreme weather events,
changing rainfall patterns, and pest outbreaks. This resilience contributes to long-term food
security by reducing vulnerability to climate-related risks.
It's important to note that while organic farming can support food security, it is not a standalone
solution and needs to be implemented as part of a broader approach to sustainable agriculture.
Combining organic farming practices with other climate-smart strategies, agroecological approaches,
and appropriate technology can further enhance food security by improving productivity, resource
efficiency, and resilience in agricultural systems.
Organic farming and total food production
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Organic farming, while known for its environmental and health benefits, generally tends to have
lower total food production compared to conventional farming methods. Organic farming typically
focuses on sustainable and agroecological practices, which may result in lower yields per unit of land
compared to intensive conventional farming. However, it is important to consider the following
points when discussing the impact of organic farming on total food production:
1. Yield variability: Organic farming yields can vary depending on factors such as farm
management practices, crop types, soil conditions, and local climate. While some studies
indicate that organic yields can be comparable to or even higher than conventional yields in
certain crop systems, others suggest that organic yields may be lower, particularly in
situations where weed and pest pressures are high. Proper implementation of organic
farming practices, including crop rotation, soil fertility management, and integrated pest
management, can help optimize yields.
2. Context-specific considerations: The impact of organic farming on total food production can
be influenced by specific contexts and local conditions. Factors such as the availability of
organic inputs, access to markets, farmer knowledge and expertise, and supportive policies
can all play a role in determining the success and productivity of organic farming systems.
Strategies that are tailored to local conditions and incorporate best practices can help
maximize organic farming's potential for food production.
3. System-level benefits: Organic farming emphasizes long-term sustainability and ecosystem
health, focusing on soil conservation, biodiversity preservation, and water management.
While individual crop yields may be lower in organic systems, the overall productivity and
resilience of the agroecosystem can be enhanced. The emphasis on building healthy soils,
promoting biodiversity, and reducing chemical inputs contributes to the long-term viability
and sustainability of agricultural systems.
4. Agroecological approaches: Organic farming is often integrated with agroecological
principles, which involve a holistic understanding of ecological interactions in agricultural
systems. Agroecological approaches combine organic practices with ecosystem-based
management strategies, including diversified cropping systems, agroforestry, and the
integration of livestock. These approaches aim to optimize resource use efficiency, enhance
ecological functions, and improve overall food production.
It's important to note that the goal of organic farming is not solely to maximize total food
production but to achieve sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture that considers social,
economic, and health aspects as well. While organic farming may not currently match the yields of
conventional farming on a per-hectare basis, ongoing research, advancements in organic farming
techniques, and knowledge sharing can contribute to improving the productivity and performance of
organic systems
Skill Development Program Proposal 2023- 2024
DRC_Dr. Asmita Gupta Page 1
Proposal for Skill development program 2023-2024
(a) Title of the course: Skill Development Program on Learning of Organic Farming Techniques
(b) Sub-theme: i) Skill promoting Professional Competency- Developing sustainable skills for
entrepreneurship
(c) Course Coordinator: Dr. Asmita Gupta, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Daulat Ram
College, University of Delhi.
Convenor: Prof. Rama Pasricha, Professor, Department of Botany, Daulat Ram College, University
of Delhi.
(d) Description of the course: The course involves teaching and training students for various
techniques involved in organic farming including teaching basic concepts of farming, plant nutrients,
Biofertilizers, biopesticides, soil conditioners, Intergrated pest management, Traditional knowledge
of organic farming in India and its significance, processes and labs involved in organic certification,
government policies related to organic farming and the scientific methods such as soil testing and
evaluation, compost formation and testing and applications. Practical training involving lab based
testing of soil and compost and measurement of soil parameters important for organic farming,
isolation of biofertilizers from natural samples such as Azolla, Root nodules and Rhizospheric soils
would be done in the course. Field visit to organic farm and projects related to Biofertilizers and
Compost are also included.
(e) Objectives:
The course will have the following objectives:
1. To make students aware the about the various aspects of organic farming and its significance in
sustainable agriculture.
2. To provide a technical skill set of Organic farming to students for self-reliance.
3. To make students aware of the various government policies related to organic farming
4. To provide students the hands-on practice of various techniques involved in organic
Skill Development Program Proposal 2023- 2024
DRC_Dr. Asmita Gupta Page 2
farming
5. To provide field exposure to students for on-spot demonstration of organic farming.
(f) Topics:
The following topics will be covered in the SDP:
1. Introduction to Organic Farming as an integrated approach for sustainable agriculture.
2. General account of the microbes used as biofertilizer- Rhizobium, Actinorrhiza, Azospirillum,
Azotobacter, Cyanobacteria, Mycorrhiza.
3. Practical training on isolation of Rhizobium from root nodules of leguminous plants.
4. Study of Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis and its field applications.
5. Hands-on training for isolation and observation of Cyanobacteria from Anabaena from Azolla.
6. Study of VAM and its significance in organic farming.
7. Hands-on training for isolation and observation of VAM and its spores from roots and rhizospheric
soil, respectively.
8. Introduction to compost, types of composting techniques and its value addition quality test using
Rapid field test for leaf compost and vermicompost.
9. Study of various biocontrol agents including Integrated Pest Management and indigenous
Traditional knowledge for organic farming.
10. Study of manure and preparation of traditional organic input preparation/formulation of
Biofertilizer, biopesticides, plant health promoters.
11. Soil analysis-weighment, water movement, physical testing, assessment of soil types and soil
conditioners.
12. Study of the system of organic certification and inspection
13. Branding of rural products, FSSAI, marketing, packaging and handling of organic produce.
14. Current Government schemes related to organic farming
15. Field visit to an organic farm for demonstration of the various organic farming techniques.
(g) Speakers:
Dr. Asmita Gupta1, Dr. Priyanka Rathore1, Dr. Vidhi Choudhary1, Dr. Pratibha Kumari1, Dr.
Aradhana Yadav1, Dr. Basanta Kumar Das1, Dr Livleen Shukla2, Dr Y. V. Singh2, Dr. Ridhi
Khurana3 Skill Development
DRC_Dr. Asmita Gupta Page 3
Program Proposal 2023- 2024
1Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi.
2Principal Scientist, Microbiology Division, IARI, New Delhi.
3Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi.
(h) Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this course the learners will be able to:
1. Practically perform organic farming in a scientific manner using various techniques learnt in the
SDP.
2. Also Apply indigenous Traditional knowledge of organic farming
3. Start an organic farming business as Organic Grower and gain financial freedom and become selfreliant.
4. know about the various steps of organic certification from growing to packaging to selling.
5. Recognize various types organic standards and government and private certification labs and the
related Government rules.
(i) Assessment:
The assessment od SDP for certification will be conducted in the following manner:
Marks of Quiz, Practical, Assignment and Attendance will be considered for providing certification
of successful completion of the course.
Total pass percentage would be 40 %.
Total marks: 100.
A Quiz of 50 marks containing objective and subjective questions based on the topics covered in the
SDP will be conducted on the last day of the SDP.
A practical of 30 marks will be conducted based on the hands-on training of the techniques provided
in the SDP.
A project based on the field visit will be evaluated for 10 marks.
Attendance: 10 marks
50 % Attendance will be compulsory for the certification of successful completion of the SDP.
(j) Requirements:
Basic laboratory facility, classroom with projector, screen, board, marker. Skill
Development Program Proposal 2023- 2024
DRC_Dr. Asmita Gupta Page 4
Instruments: Compound Microscope, Stage Microscope, pH meter, Weighing balance, Distillation
unit.
Glassware: Beaker (100 ml, 50 ml), flask (250 ml, 500 ml), measuring cylinder (100 ml), pipette (10
ml), dropper, glass rod, funnel, glass slides, cover slip, petri plate, porcelain dish.
Chemicals: Universal Indicator, Diphenylamine (0.5% diphenylamine in 90% sulphuric acid),
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Silver nitrate (AgNO3), 1N HCl, Barium Chloride (BaCl2), Safranin,
cotton blue, lactophenol, glycerin, Gram’s Iodine, Crystal Violet, Alcohol.
Miscellaneous: Groove tiles, pH paper, Whatman # 1 filter paper, distilled water, brush, needle,
foreceps, blotting paper.
Material: Vermicompost, leaf compost, soils-garden, roadside, pond, clayey, sandy.
Biological Material: Azolla, Root nodules of leguminous plants, Oxalis root and rhizospheric soil.