PowerPoint Presentation Materials For Instructor’s Online Learning Center Traditions and Encounters A Global Perspective on the Past 5th Edition Jerry H. Bentley Herbert F. Ziegler PowerPoint Presentations Prepared by Henry Abramson ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 Chapter 1 Before History ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Forming the Complex Society Basic development: Hunting and foraging Agriculture Complex society Key issue: surplus capital Major development of first complex societies 3500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Prehistory What is “history”? Documentation Written records Archaeological discovery Requisite human presence (or “natural” history) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Development of Hominids Animals adapt themselves to environment Hominids adapt environment to themselves Use of tools Language Complex cooperative social structures ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Australopithecus “The southern ape” – despite name, a hominid Discovery of skeleton AL-288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nicknamed “Lucy” 3’5”, 55lb., bipedal, brain 500 cc (modern human: 1400 cc), limited speech but opposable digit ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Later Hominids Homo erectus, “upright walking human” Homo sapiens, “consciously thinking human” Larger brain capacity (1000 cc), improved tool use, control of fire, ability to communicate complex ideas Largest brain, esp. frontal regions Most sophisticated tools and social organization; flexible language Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Global Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 The Natural Environment By 13,000 B.C.E., Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world Archaeological finds: Sophisticated tools Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows Cave and hut-like dwellings Use of fire, animal skins Hunted several mammal species to extinction Climatic change may have accelerated process ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Paleolithic Era (“Old Stone Age”) Evidence: Archaeological finds Extrapolation from modern hunter-gatherer societies Nomadic existence precludes advanced civilization Division of labor along gender lines ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Relative Social Equality Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land-based wealth Relatively egalitarian existence More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill, fertility, personality Possible gender equality related to food production Men: protein from hunting Women: plant gathering ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Big-Game Hunting Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions Development of weaponry Animal-skin disguises Stampeding tactics Lighting of fires, etc., to drive game into kill zones Required planning, communication ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Paleolithic Settlements Natufian society Jomon society Japan Wild buckwheat, fishing Chinook society Modern Israel and Jordan Wild wheat, herding Pacific northwest Berries, acorns, salmon runs Groups of 1000 or more ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Neandertal Peoples Neander valley, western Germany Flourished in Europe and southwest Asia, 200,000 to 35,000 years ago Also found in Africa, east Asia Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial Inhabited some of the same areas as Homo sapiens ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Creativity of Homo sapiens Constructed flexible languages for communication of complex ideas Increased variety of tools – stone blades, spear throwers, sewing needles, barbed harpoons Fabricated ornamental beads, necklaces and bracelets The bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans’ power over nature “Venus” figurines Cave paintings ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 Neolithic Era (“New Stone Age”) Distinction in tool production Relied on cultivation for subsistence Chipped vs. polished Men: herding animals rather than hunting Women: nurturing vegetation rather than foraging Spread of agriculture Slash-and-burn techniques Exhaustion of soil promotes migration Transport of crops from one region to another ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16 Origins and Early Spread of Agriculture ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17 Agriculture and Population Growth ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18 Early Agricultural Society Emergence of villages and towns Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük – a prominent village located in Turkey, occupied 7250-5400 B.C.E. Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone, metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry Development of crafts – pottery, metallurgy, and textile production ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19 Social Distinctions Accumulation of landed wealth initiates development of social classes Individuals could trade surplus food for valuable items Archaeological evidence in variety of household decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20 Neolithic Culture Farmers closely observed the natural world – an early kind of applied science Elements of natural environment essential for functioning Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects Fertility: Venus figurines ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21 The Origins of Urban Life Craft specialization Social stratification Governance Cultural workers Development of the city – a gradual process ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22
