SOLID WASTE
AND ITS
MANAGEMENT
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science)
International Islamic University, Islamabad
WASTE

It is defined as:
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse,
garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials.
OR
“Any materials unused and rejected as worthless
or unwanted” and “A useless or profitless activity;
using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly or
carelessly”
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental Science) International
Islamic University, Islamabad
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
INTRODUCTION

Since the beginning, Human kind has been
generating waste.
 It could be in the form of:
 Bones
 Other parts of animals they slaughter
 Wood
 With the progress of civilization the waste
generated became of a more complex nature.
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
the end of 19th century (Industrial
revolution) there was rise in the world of
consumers.
 The increase in population and
urbanization was also largely responsible
for the increase in solid waste
 At
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
TYPES OF WASTE

Solid Waste
 Liquid Waste
 Gaseous Wastes
 Animal by-products
 Biodegradable waste
 Biomedical waste
 Bulky waste
 Business waste
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,

Chemical waste
 Clinical waste
 Coffee wastewater
 Commercial waste
 Construction and demolition waste (C&D
waste)
 Controlled waste
 Consumable waste
 Composite
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
SOLID WASTE

It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes
that contain complex and sometimes
hazardous substances”
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
 Solid
wastes also include:
• Sewage sludge
• Agricultural refuse
• Demolition wastes
• Mining residues
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as
follows:
1. Household waste is generally classified as
Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
 Municipal
solid waste consists of:
Household waste
Construction and demolition debris
Sanitation residue
Waste from streets.
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,


With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and
food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has
been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.
The existing landfills are neither well equipped or
well managed and are not lined properly to protect
against contamination of soil and groundwater.
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it
takes to degenerate
Type of litter
Approximate time it takes to
degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit
peels, leftover foodstuff, etc
A week or two.
Paper
10–30 days
Cotton cloth
2–5 months
Wood
10–15 years
Woolen items
1 year
Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as
cans
100–500 years
Plastic bags
one million years
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
HAZARDOUS WASTE

Industrial and hospital waste is considered
hazardous as they may contain toxic
substances.
 Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants. They are
 Corrosive
 Highly inflammable, or explosive
 React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,

Household wastes that can be categorized as
hazardous waste include:
old batteries
shoe polish
paint tins
old medicines
medicine bottles.
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,

Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals
used in hospitals is considered hazardous.
 These chemicals include formaldehyde and
phenols, which are used as disinfectants.
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,

In the industrial sector, the major generators of
hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper,
pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods
industries.
 Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous
waste such as mercury and cyanide can be
fatal.
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
HOSPITAL WASTE


Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals
It may include wastes like
 Sharps
 Soiled waste
 Disposables
 Anatomical waste
 Cultures
 Discarded medicines
 Chemical wastes
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,



These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs,
bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious
threat to human health if not managed in a scientific
and discriminate manner
It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste
generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF WASTE
Source
1:Residential
Typical Waste
Generators
Single
and
dwellings


multifamily










Types of solid wastes
Food wastes
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Leather
Yard wastes
Wood
Glass
Metals
Ashes
Special wastes
(e.g bulky items, consumer
electronics,
white
goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
household hazardous wastes.)
2: Industrial
3:Commercial
4: Institutional




Housekeeping wastes
Packaging
Light and heavy
Food wastes
manufacturing, fabrication,
Construction and
construction sites, power and
demolition materials
chemical plants.
 Hazardous wastes
 Ashes
 Special wastes.
 Paper
 cardboard
Stores, hotels, restaurants,
 plastics
markets, office buildings, etc.
 wood
 food wastes
 glass
 metals
 special wastes
 hazardous wastes
Schools, hospitals, prisons, Same as commercial.
government centers.
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
5:Construction and demolition
6:Municipal services
7:Process (manufacturing etc.)
8:Agriculture
 Wood
New construction sites, road
 steel
repair,
renovation
sites,
 concrete
demolition of buildings
 dirt etc.
 Street sweepings
Street cleaning, landscaping,
 landscape
and
tree
parks,
beaches,
other
trimmings
recreational areas, water and
 General wastes from parks
wastewater treatment plants.
 Beaches
 Recreational areas; sludge.
 Industrial process wastes
Heavy and light manufacturing,
 Scrap materials
refineries, chemical plants,
 Off-specification products.
power
plants,
mineral
extraction and processing.
 Spoiled food wastes
 Agricultural wastes
Crops, orchards, vineyards,
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
 Hazardous wastes
dairies,
feedlots,
farms.
Science) International Islamic University,
(e.g.,
CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE


The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,
commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural
wastes.
The composition of a city waste is as follows:
 Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
 Garbage 22 %
 Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
 Metals 8 %
 Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
Percentages
Composition of City Waste
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Series1
Paper,
w ood,
cardboard
Garbage
Ceramic,
glass
crokery
metals
Type of Wastes
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
Rubber,
plastics,
discarded
textiles

The increase in the quantity of solid waste is
due to
 Overpopulation,
Affluence (material comfort)
Technological advancement
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
a) Health Hazard




If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.
Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may
spread and cause loss of human lives.
In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a
health hazard for the workers who come in direct
contact with the waste
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
b) Environmental Impact


If the solid wastes are not treated properly,
decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take
place.
The organic solid waste during decomposition may
generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
WASTE MANAGEMENT
4 R’s CONCEPT
 Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)
to be followed for waste management.
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,
Interesting, right?
This is just a sneak preview of the full presentation. We hope
you like it! To see the rest of it, just click here to view it in full
on PowerShow.com. Then, if you’d like, you can also log in to
PowerShow.com to download the entire presentation for free.