UNIT 3: LIBERTY AND JUSTICE FOR ALL
1.3 AMERICAN OXIGEN
Rihanna American Oxigen:
Historical/ political figures
Acts of terrorism/ war
Acts of racism
migration
Economic, industrial, agricultural, scientific
devlopment/ Recession
Abuse of power
Obama, Martin Luther King, Bob Marley, JFK
9/11, Tke atom bombs, the raising of the flag
on Iwo Jima
Ferguson, Mike Brown, KKK
The exploitation of immigrants, the mexican
border
Pollution, NASA, the stock market, car
manufactor, oil platforms,homeless veteran.
Police attacking citizens, police intimidation
DID YOU NOW?

On August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American
women the right to vote. Known as women suffrage. It took 60 years to ratify the 19th
amendment, Mississippi was the last to do do so, on March 22, 1984. In Belgium women
were allowed to vote in 1948 fot the first time.
2.1 WOMEN’S ROLES IN THE 1950s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Focus on marriage
Getting married right out of high school or while in college
Husband is more important than studies
Not married by early 20s, a woman will become an ‘old maid’
White women becoming pregnant while single= taboo
Women who choose to work, are selfish.
2.2 GETTING BETTER?
Before the 70s women could get fired when they got pregnant.
Sexual harassment: Unwelcomed sexual advances/ requests for sexual favours, and other verbal or
physical conduct of a sexual nature. By officially defining it, women could protect themselves from
being abused at work, and were treated more as equals on the work floor.
Video Clip ‘Women Not Objects:
1. What is it about?
- Sexism in advertising, The objectification of women.
2. Explain the ending.
- Men are confronted with who these women really are. The woman in advertising aren't
objects anymore. They have become real living beings everybody knows.
DID YOU KNOW?

Women and girls around the world are still married as children or trafficked into forced
labour and seks slavery. They are refused acces to education and political participation.
Deaths related to pregnancy and childbirth are needlessly high. Human Rights Watch is
working towards the realization of women’s empowerment and gender equality.
3.1 LIVING LIFE IN BLACK AND WHITE
Civil Right movement in US:


1954-68
Figures helped end the segragation.
o Martin Luther King, Kennedy, Rosa Parks...
3.2 A TRAGIC DEATH
1)a Story of Emmet Till

Emmet Till was a 14 year old African-American boy from Chicago who went to Moncy(MS) to
visti his cousins. Visiting a local store he whitled to the owner’s wife. A few das later, On
24/08/1955. He was kidnapped by Carolyne’s husband and his half-brother. They took him
to a farm where they tortured him the entire night before shooting him and dumping him in
the river, weighting him down with a cotton gin fan tied around his neck with barbed wire.
The body was found 3 days later.
2) What happened to the murderers?



They walk
Give an interview+ admitting they did it
Stayed out of jail
3.3 THE HELP
THE HELP

Written by Kathryne Stockett, is a novel in which African American maids open up to Skeeler,
a white young journalist, about their experiences working for the white ladies in high
society.
 No sass-mouthing is the hardest rule to follow for Minny
 Minny is 14 year old girl who has to quit school. Her mother is very strict. Her father is an
alcoholic. Her sister suffers from a heart disease and is not able to work.
7. AAVE ( African American Vernacular English) or “Ebonics”
3.5 WHAT NOW?
 Similarities between cases Emmet Till and Michael Brown:
o A young African American boy
o An innocent victim
o Killed by white person
o The killers were acquitted
o It caused massive protests all over the country
 Differences:
o 1955-2014
o Citizens vs. Law enforcement
o Kidnapping and torturing vs shooting
o Murder with maticions intent vs unintentional homicide
4.1 WEIGH YOUR WORDS
1) Different ways to refer to homosexual people
Dysphemism
fag
faggot
Neutral
Gay
lesbian
Same-seks attracted
Queer
sodomite
Same-seks oriented
Two-spirit
Euphemism
A bit funny
A friend of Doroty
Batting for the other team on
the bus
Thet way
Wearing comfortable shoes.
2 Vocabulary:
Gender Identity
A person internal sense of being either
male or female
Gender dysphoria
Distress caused by conflict between a
person’s gender ID and their birth
certificate
A person”s physical and romatic
attractions
Someone whose gender ID matches
their birth sex
Sexual orientation
Cisgender
Transgender
Someone whose gender ID is different
from the seks marked on the certificate.
Trans man
Someone whose birth sex was female
but identifies as male
Someone whose birth sex was male but
identifies as female
Out-dated term that some trangender
peopleuse to discribe themselve. Has
undergone some kind of medical
transition.
Someone who wears clothing
traditionally worn by the other gender.
Usually don’t wnna transition
Trans woman
transsexual
Crossdressing
Children with gender identity
disorder refuse to dress and act
in sex stereotypical ways.
People who have long-lasting
and extreme gender dysphoria
are known as transsexuals.
His sexual orientation was a lot
more gay than straight.
I am cisgender. I identify as
male and my biological sex is
male too.
Karen said she is a transgender
a man who wants to be a
woman and is attracted to
women.
Jhon is actually a trans man, I
never noticed!
She’s not a man animore, she’s
a trans woman.
She will become a transsexual
man after the sex change
operation.
I really don't want to stop cross
dressing. I feel confortable in
mans clothes.
Drag
Transvestite
SRS: sexual
reassigment surgery
transition
Dresses as the other gender for
performance
Out-dated term that refers to people
who cross-dress
Genital surgery that transgender might
undergo
Describes the proces of changing from
one gender to the other, cghanging
name or surgery,..
The drag show yesterday was
amazing!
I never noticed it was a
transvestite because of the
baggy clothes.
My friend chose to complete sex
reassignment surgery (SRS)
Her transition from girl to boy
was complete.
CAITLYNE JENNER

Known as Bruce Jenner, is a retired American athlete. Since 2007 she has been appearing in
the reality show Keeping up with the Kardashians and is currently starring in her own reality
show I am Cait, which focuses on her transition, known for the most famous openly
transgender since she came out in 2015.
DID YOU KNOW?

In one of the episodes of Orange is the new black, Cox’s twin brother also played a role as
the pretransition character of Cox. The casting director didn’t want to ask Cox to play since
she had been playing it for too long in her life.
a. Why does Cox consider the questions inapropriate?
▫ She's annoyed that when they talk about trans people they focus on the transition and
not the person behind it.
b. What’s the most important aspect of her cover photo?
▫ It’s not about her but about her community. A symbol that there life do matter.
c. How does she explain that you don’t decide to be trans?
▫ It was an evolution. First wearing make-up and dressing lika a girl, then when moving to
New York she met other trans people and her misconseptions disapeared.
4.4 OPEN QUESTIONS FOR OPEN CONVERSATIONS
Closed question: Can be answered with either a single word or short phrase




Give you facts
Are easy to answer
Are quick to answer
Keep control of the conversation
Open questions: Seeks longer answers, opposite of closed questions




Ask the respondant to think and reflect
Reveal opinions and feelings
Hand control of the conversation to the respondent.
Usually starts with words like why, What, How,…
5.1 THE MOST HATED IN AMERICA
LOUIS THEROUX

Is an English documentary Filmmaker and broadcaster. Best known for his documentaries in
the television series Louis Theroux’s weird weekend and When Louis Met..., His career
started in journalism (Paul and Marcel writers). Currently works with BBC.
1) Why are the Phelps well-known and infamous?
 the Phelp’s actions are out in the open: Because of their public picketing trips, they have
become to be quite well known in comparison to other religious groups.
2) 2 examples that their actions are based on generalisation:
 They picket the funerals of soldiers because whoever fights under the flag of America is
a ‘fag enabler’, even though it doesn't necessarily mean that these soldiers are
homosexuals.
 They protested outside a Swedish vacuum cleaner store because a pastor in Sweden was
arrested for speaking against homosexuality therapy. This made the whole nation a
target, showing that they no longer differentiate between individuals and the entire
nation.
3) ‘ It seemed I was a hell-bound sinner. At least I was in good company.’
 Louis Theroux wants to conclude that if he is considered a ‘hell-bound Sinner’ by the
Phelps family. That they are just as much sinners as he is.
4. VOCABULARY.
To picket
a person or group of people standing
outside a place of work or other venue.
protesting something
To take exception
to something
To object strongly to; to be offended by
To trot out
to bring out and display something or
someone
Hell-bound
remnant
Someone/ something who/ that is
destined for hell
The small remaining quantity.
To stifle
To restrain, interrupt or cut off
hospitable
friendly and welcoming to strangers or
guests
So are all the guys planning to
picket the museum today. It’s not
a good idea they’re gonna get
arrested.
Jones took exception to a
comment I made about his
weight.
You trot out that argument
whenever I try to discuss this with
you.
She tried to repent, but she’s hellbound anyways.
These villages are the last
surviving remnants of a great
civilization.
I don't know how I didn’t get
angry and managed to stifle my
anger.
The local people are very
hospitable to strangers. Their
door is always open .
To banter
To talk or exchange remarks in a good
humoured, but teasing way.
depraved
Morally corrupt
exegesis
Critical explanation of a text
A smackdown
A bitter confrontation
To heap
To give in a large amount
bafflement
Bewilderment, confusion
Don't banter her out of her
temper. You’re remarcs can be
offending.
The depraved gangster felt no
remorse as he set fire to a
hospital of all places.
The student's exegesis of the
novel was one of the best
summaries the professor had ever
read.
Two of the girls got into a verbal
smackdown over the last piece of
chicken.
He heaped all his clothes on the
floor.
The man was left in bafflement
when he witnessed something he
couldn't explain occur on the side
of the road.
5.1 THE MOST HATED IN AMERICA
LOUIS THEROUX

Is an English documentary Filmmaker and broadcaster. Best known for his documentaries in
the television series Louis Theroux’s weird weekend and When Louis Met..., His career
started in journalism (Paul and Marcel writers). Currently works with BBC.
5.2 THE ORIGINS OF HOMOPHOBIA
LGBT= Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender

A phobia is mostly referred to a certain fear in phsychiatric terms, and that’s not the case for
‘homophobia’. It’s not a fear but rather discrimmination against those who are gay.
UNIT 4: HOW THE NEWS SHAPES SOCIETY
2.1 NEWS SELECTION EXAMINED
Rules Journalists follow:
1. Inventions, novelities, hype
2. Max. Length of the article/message
3. Impact of the news fact (casualities and number of death)
4. Scoop
5. Live images
6. Closeness in space
7. Importance/relevance for the target audience
8. Policy of the news medium (censorship)
9. Deviation from the norm (oddity, exception)
10. Famous people involved
11. Shocking content (conflict, drama, sex)
VOC:
Oddity
Strange, remarcable things
Exception
something that is left out or
not done on purpose (not
usual or usually allowed.)
deviation
Departure from the
standard
Accessible, ready to use
available
A hype
An advertising or
promotional stunt.
Novelty
the quality of being new,
original, or unusual.
(innovative goods)
to create something that did
not exist before.
Victims
Inventions
Casualities
relevance
news published in advance
of its rivals.
Importance
impact
The effect
Scoop
I must admit, there are some
oddities to her story, I don’t think
she’s telling the truth.
It's been cold, but today's an
exception. It’s 23 degrees!
Today I didn't take the usual road
to work. There was a deviation.
Do you think there are still some
books available in the library?
There's been a lot of hype around
his latest film everyone is looking
forward to it.
This tropical fruit is still a great
novelty in Europe.
This new invention has an
enormous sales potential
The casualities were taken to the
hospital after today’s accident.
Getting that story was the scoop
of a lifetime for the journalist.
I can't see the relevance of his
comment to the debate.
Lack of sleep can have a huge
impact on your consentration.
policy
Guidelines, strategy.
Target audience
Readers they intend to
reach.
Journalists have to follow the
policy of the news agent they
work for.
The target audience for this
advertisement was mainly
teenagers.
3.1 WHO OWNS THE MEDIA
Meaning abbreviations and signs:
1. Buzz => rumour, gossip
2. (est.) => estimated/ established
3. # => Hash or number sign; here position on the list (on social media also ‘hashtag’,
used within messages to identify an important topic.)
4. N/A => Not available
5. Bil. => billion (a thousand million = 1000 000)
Moguls = A big shot

Big player, someone high placed.
4.1 THE CRY FOR ATTENTION
1. Three little pigs:
1) Why is J.O Halliwel not the author?
 Because most fairy tales belong to an oral culture passed down from
generations, so the origin of the story can't be traced. The person who writes
down the story for the first time is credited for it.
2) What is Great Depression?
 The American stock market crash of 1929 was the beginning of the 10 years
of economic crisis, called The Great Depression. A lot of people lost their jobs
because firms, factories, banks had closed their doors. Only the
reconstitution after the WWII put an end to the crisis.
3) The year 2008?
 The financial crisis of 2008 caused by the Lehman brothers' bankruptcy is
comparable to the Great Depression. The impact was even bigger because of
the global impact the bank had. Debt and mortgage-backed assets were sold
all over the world and caused a worldwide bank crisis.
4) Why is Halliwell’s ending more gruesome than J. Jacobs?
 Entertainment for children, a kind of rebellion.
2. Clip The three little pigs:
1) Media outlets
 The Guardian newspaper: ‘Big bad Wolf boiled alive’
 Website of The Guardian
 Tweets
 Youtube
2) ‘The medium is the message’
 Each medium has its audience/ function
3) What is the outcome of this story?
 Newspaper are being ravaged by the electronic media. traditional and
modern media. If you want to get the whole picture.
3. Verb, preposition and Phrasal verbs:
Verb + preposition
Look at the stress
pattern
Exaggerate pauses
Verb + adverbial
particle (phrasal
verb)
To pay off
To appear in the
doorway
To appear// in the
To pay off//
doorway
Pay attention to
Each component can be Not taken literally
the meaning
taken literally
The meaning
The meaning of the
changes
verb doesn’t change
Example: I threw the ball (active).
Example: The ball was thrown by me (passive).
4.3 MEDIA LITERACY: A WAY TO DEFEND OURSELVES
1. Cartoon pg. 175:
1) What do you notice at first?
 People protesting
Phrasal verb
followed by a
preposition
To pass it down
from...
To pass it down//
from
Not taken literally
Meaning changes
2) Who do you reconise?
 Ground level: Ordinary people/ blogger
 Above them: Representatives of the mainstream media (Moguls,
journalists,…)
3) The words you see?
 Bloggers again?; What do they want this time? The usual...; Mainstream
media; facts – objectivity - truth
4) Where?
 In and around kind of fortress / ivory tower
5) When?
 Not clearly situated in time, but the word ‘Blogger’ situates, In the 21st
century, when blogging bloomed.
6) What?
 The bloggers ask the media tycoons journalists...for facts, objectivity, the
truth. They are protesting, clearly not agreeing with the representatives of
the mainstream media.
7) There are no references to other works of art or literature.
5.1 DO GOOGLE, FACEBOOK AND TWITTER ‘CONTROL’ THE DIGITAL NEWS?
Lecture by Macro:
1) The main subject?
 The impact of social media.
2) How many youngsters read news on Facebook in US?
 88%, that is 9 out of 10 people.
3) What did Marco learn from that?
 Publishers don't control the distribution chain any longer.
4) What opportunity is Facebook testing?
 The opportunity to embed the content of L’espresso, The New York Times,
BuzzFeed, and National Geographic in its Platform.
5) Why?
 They want users to stay on the platform as long as possible by offering high
quality content.
6) Why does the publishing world need new business model?
 It is no longer clear who pays for the news journalists produce.
7) What do journalists think tha making of nesw for the last 200y?
 Journalists thought the same content would be relevant for everybody,
everywhere. (= Massa media era.)
8) Why does it have to change?
 We now live in the personal media era.
9) Why are journaalists losing the battle?
 They don't know what the public wants, but social media does.
10) How can they survive?
 By working together with social media.
o Getting to know their readers better by using data the social media
has access to:
o Accepting they are embedded in social media if they get part of
advertising revenue.
11) What is the new tasks of journalists?
 They have to find relevant news and present it in a form that is suited for
every kind of platform. They have to leave the selling, the advertising and the
getting to know the readers, to other that are better equipped for that task.
7. BUILDING SENTENCES
1) SIMPLE SENTENCE:
2) COMPOUND SENTENCE
dishes.(co-ordination):
John was late
 One conjugated verb
He was eating spaghetti and she was doing the
 2 Conjugated verbs
 Two main clauses (Can stand on their
own.)
3) COMPLEX SENTENCE
(Subordination):
The boy who is crossing the street is my brother.
 2 conjugated verbs.
 1 main clause and 1 Subclause.
2) Compound complex Sentence.
(Coordination and subordination):
Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon and left on the bus before I
arrived.
 3 conjugated verbs
 Two main clauses and one subclause.
Conjunctions
-
Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, nor, or, So, yet.
Subordinating conjunctions. After, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, As soon
as, as though, because, Before, even if, even though, How, if, if only, in order that,
now that, Once, rather than, since, so that, than, that, Though, till, unless, until,
when, whenever, where,whereas, wherever, while.
UNIT 5: HISTORY HIGHLIGHTS
Dissolve
Entitle
to make it disappear. To
undo, to break up.
To allow, to permit
impel
To force
endowed
pursuit
provided
Striving towards, chasing
consent
An agreement
He took the car without the owner's
consent .
This ticket doesn't entitle you to travel first
class.
She felt impelled to give a speech after the
performance.
She is endowed with great musical ability.
She travelled the world in pursuit of her
dreams.
He took the car without the owner's
consent
Which elements of the Declaration would appeal to the 18th-19th century Europeans?
The ideas mentioned in the declaration were new to many people, including Europeans. In Europe,
only a few groups like the nobility, clergy, and bourgeoisie had control over wealth and laws, leaving
very little for the common man. The declaration also states that if the government fails to protect
the rights of its people, they have the power to intervene. This means that some power is given to
the people.
Why was this text the basis of the American Dream?
The line with the unalienable rights like ‘Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness’ phrases the goal
of chasing your own dreams. (Pursuing your own happiness.)
Is The dream of the Founding Fathers still alive in our time?
To a certain extent it is. Still many immigrants from all over the world come to America, chasing
liberty and pursuing their happiness. Stories of successful immigrants still convince other to come
and try their luck.
Trudge
desolate
Walk with difficulty
abondened
circumvent
To go round
trek
trip
perilous
dangerous
deepened
Got worse
prompted
Carried out without
delay
It was a long trudge up the hill.
The house was desolate, ready to be
torn down.
We went north in order to circumvent
the mountains
He is on a trek through the South Gobi
desert.
The road grew even steeper and more
perilous.
Their difficulty deepened when
Cameron was sent off.
The loud noise from the fire alarm
prompted everyone to evacuate the
building.
contraband
Illegal goods
fatalities
death
beacon
sign
People who smuggle contraband
goods will be punished by the law.
Several people were injured, but there
were no fatalities.
The plane was guided in by radio
beacon.
4. THE POLITICAL BRITANNIA
Countries that belonged to Britain.
▫
▫
▫
▫
USA
Canada
Egypt
New Zealand
Territories that the Britain still control,
▫ Smaller Island and city states: Virgin Island, Bermuda, Cayman Island
WINSTON CHURCHIL

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchil (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a
British politician and author, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
during the Second World War. Churchill was famous for his stubborn resistance to
Hitler during the darkest hours of the Second World War.
Speech Churchill acknowledges shift of power, ‘end of Rule Britannia’.

He says at the end that if Britain should lose, ‘our empire beyond the seas, the ‘New
World’ should come to the rescue of the old, i.e. Great Britain.
Rhetoric devices
 Comparison: “Fight like good camarads”
 Methapor: (Symbolic, not literally taken) ‘to ride the storm of war’
 Proverb: (a short sentence that people often quote, which gives advice or tells you
something about life.) “Bitter need in England”
 Parallelism: (the repetition of the same grammatical form in two or more parts of a
sentence.) “We shall, we shall,…
DID YOU KNOW?

On April 2, 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, a remote UK colony in
South Atlantic. The motive behind the invasion was for Argentina's military junta to
regain support during an economic crisis by reclaiming sovereignty over the islands.
It said it had inherited the from Spain in the 1800s and they were close to South
America. The UK, which had ruled the islands for 150 years, quickly chose to fight.
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher emphasized the British heritage of the 1,800
Falkland Islanders. A task force was dispatched to recapture the islands, which were
located 8,000 miles away. The ensuing conflict resulted in the deaths of 655
Argentine and 255 British servicemen, as well as three Falkland Islanders.
Gravity
Keeps everything from floating around
Sovereign
Foreign
A supreme ruler, especially a monarch
From a country that is not your own
Rising intention
Increasing desire or purpose
Rumor and counter
Counter-rumours tell something
opposite to the rumours
Acknowledged
Recognized as being good or
important
Bring to an end
Ceased
Condemning totally
this
Strongly disapproving of completely
Unprovoked
aggression
Attack without prior provocation
Scrap of legality
Small fragment of legality
Approximately
Landward side
Is almost, but not completely,
accurate or exact; roughly
Facing the land; away from the water
Seaward side
Facing the water, away from the land
Royal marines
Small fragment of legality
Inflicted casualties
To make them suffer
Heeled his advice
Listened to his advice
Civilian casualties
Civilians are killed or injured by noncivilians
Devoded
Tremendously loyal
An apple falls down because of
gravity.
The Queen has sovereign power.
She teaches foreign students
Chinese.
With each passing day, his rising
intention to travel the world
grew stronger.
The rumor and counter
arguments regarding the new
policy created confusion among
the employees.
He acknowledged publicly that
he might have made a mistake.
At one o'clock the rain had
ceased.
Condemning totally this act of
violence, we call for immediate
justice to be served.
The unprovoked aggression is
unacceptable and must be
condemned.
The actions taken by the
company show a complete
disregard for legality,
amounting to nothing more
than a scrap of legality.
He plane will be landing in
approximately 20 minutes.
I was keeping well on the
landward side of the path, on
the grass.
The houses on the seaward side
of the road were all in ruins.
If you join the Royal Marines you
will be trained to cook in a
variety of conditions and
climates.
This war inflicted many
casualties.
I’m relieved the people heeled
my advice to stay inside.
Fortunatly they were no civilian
casualties.
The islanders are remendously
loyal to their ruler.
At the earliest
possible moment
As fast as possible
At the earliest possible moment,
please inform me of any
changes to the schedule.
The iron Lady:

a. Why is it fot Geoffrey war not a good idea?
Because of the locations of the Islands, war would be too expensive (We can’t afford to
go to war).