Prepared by: John Carlos S. Santiago, REE
TOPICS:
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
MATTER
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
DERIVED QUANTITIES
ELECTRICITY:
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated
with the presence and motion of matter that has a
property of electric charge.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
A NETWORK OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
DEPLOYED TO SUPPLY, TRANSFER AND UTILIZE
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS/ENERGY.
USUAL COMPONENTS:
• SUPPLY/SOURCE
• CONDUCTORS
• LOADS
CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
COMPUTER SYSTEM
CONTROL SYSTEM
POWER SYSTEM
SIGNAL-PROCESSING SYSTEM
A SYSTEM MODEL THAT DESCRIBES
COMMUNICATION EXCHANGE BETWEEN MULTIPLE
STATIONS.
USES ELECTRICAL SIGNALS IN A SET OF
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS THAT INPUT, OUTPUT,
PROCESS AND STORE DATA AND INFORMATION.
USES ELECTRICAL SIGNALS IN A SET OF
MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL DEVICES TO
REGULATE/CONTROL OTHER DEVICES OR SYTEMS.
AN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM IS A NETWORK OF
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS DEPLOYED TO
GENERATE, TRANSFER AND DISTRIBUTE ELECTRIC
POWER.
FOCUSES ON ANALYZING, MODIFYING AND
SYNTHESIZING SIGNALS, SUCH AS SOUND, IMAGES,
POTENTIAL FIELDS, SEISMIC SIGNALS AND
SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS.
USED FOR CONVERTING CHEMICAL ENERGY TO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
A DEVICE THAT CONVERTS MECHANICAL TO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY AS THE ENGINE SPINS A SHAFT
WHICH ROTATES AN ELECTROMAGNET, AND ONCE IT
ROTATES AND SPINS INSIDE A STATIONARY
MAGNETIC FIELD, IT WILL PRODUCE ELECTRICAL
CURRENT THROUGH COPPER WIRING.
USES RENEWABLE SOURCES TO COLLECT AND
CONVERT TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
PROCESS THAT USES MECHANICAL PRESSURE TO
ACQUIRE ELECTRICAL ENERGY BASED ON HOW
MUCH FORCE APPLIED.
MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT TAKES UP SPACE AND CAN BE WEIGHED,
AND IS COMPOSED OF VERY SMALL PARTICLES CALLED ATOMS.
SMALLEST PARTICLE OF ANY COMPOUND.
ATOM
SMALLEST PART THAT AN ELEMENT CAN BE REDUCED TO AND STILL
KEEPING THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENT.
BOHR ATOMIC MODEL
NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES THAT REVOLVE
AROUND THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM. ELECTRON IS
ONE OF THE LIGHTEST PARTICLE WITH A KNOWN
MASS. THE MASS OF ONE ELECTRON IS ABOUT
9.11 x 10-31 kg.
POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLE THAT IN THE
NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM.
NO CHARGE PARTICLE THAT IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN
ATOM.
THE CENTRAL PART OF AN ATOM WHERE THE
PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE LOCATED.
REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS OR
ELECTRONS OF AN ATOM.
/
REPRESENTS THE SUM OF NUMBER OF PROTONS
AND NEUTRONS OF AN ATOM.
ELECTRONS FOUND IN THE OUTERMOST SHELL OR
ORBIT OF AN ATOM.
TO SOLVE FOR THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS PER ORBIT/SHELL
WHERE: N = TOTAL NUMBER OF
ELECTRONS IN A GIVEN SHELL
n = nTH SHELL OF THE ATOM
EXAMPLE:
SILICON ELEMENT (Si)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 14
HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRON IS IN THE GIVEN
ELEMENT?
EXAMPLE:
SILICON ELEMENT (Si)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 14
HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRON IS IN THE GIVEN ELEMENT?
SOLUTION:
1ST ORBIT TOTAL ELECTRON: N = 2(1)2 = 2
2ND ORBIT TOTAL ELECTRON : N = 2(2)2 = 8
3RD ORBIT TOTAL ELECTRON : N = 2(3)2 = 18
SINCE WE ONLY HAVE 14 ELECTRONS, SUBTRACT ELECTRON
AMOUNT FROM FIRST ORBIT UNTIL THE REMAINING ELECTRON
WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO THE CALCULATED TOTAL ELECTRON.
14 – 2 = 12  12 – 8 = 4  AS 4 < 18, THE LAST ORBIT WILL BE AT
THIRD SHELL, THE VALENCE ELECTRON AMOUNT WILL BE 4.
TRY THIS:
COPPER ELEMENT (Cu)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 29
ALUMINUM ELEMENT (Al)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 13
GERMANIUM ELEMENT (Ge)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 32
PHOSPORUS ELEMENT (P)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 15
HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRON IS IN THE FOLLOWING ELEMENT?
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF
VALENCE ELECTRONS:
• CONDUCTORS: MATERIALS HAVING LESS THAN FOUR (4)
VALENCE ELECTRONS
• SEMI-CONDUCTORS: MATERIALS HAVING FOUR (4) VALENCE
ELECTRONS
• INSULATORS: MATERIALS HAVING MORE THAN FOUR (4)
VALENCE ELECTRONS.
FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
LENGTH – METER (m)
MASS – KILOGRAM (kg)
TIME – SECOND (s)
ELECTRIC CURRENT – AMPERE (A)
THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE – KELVIN (K)
AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE – MOLE (mol)
LUMINOUS INTENSITY – CANDELA (cd)
DERIVED QUANTITIES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
AREA – SQUARE METER (m2)
VOLUME – CUBIC METER (m2)
DENSITY – KILOGRAM PER CUBIC METER (kg/m3)
SPEED or VELOCITY – METER PER SECOND (m/s)
ACCELERATION – METER PER SQUARE SECOND
(m/s2)
6. FORCE – NEWTON (N)
7. WORK/ENERGY - JOULE (J)
8. VOLTAGE – VOLTS (V)
9. ELECTRIC CHARGE – COULOMB (C)
10. POWER – WATTS (W)
11. PRESSURE – PASCAL (Pa)
DERIVED QUANTITIES
12. FREQUENCY – HERTZ (Hz)
13. ILLUMINANCE – LUX (lx)
AND MANY MORE…
PREFIXES IN UNITS
PREFIXES ARE APPLIED TO SI UNITS OF
FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED QUANTITIES THAT ARE
EITHER TOO SMALL OR TOO LARGE TO USE
CONVENIENTLY.
PREFIXES IN UNITS – FOR LARGER UNITS





deka (da) – 101
2
hecto (h) – 10
kilo (k) – 103
6
mega (M) – 10
giga (G) – 109





tera (T) – 1012
15
peta (P) – 10
exa (E) – 1018
21
zetta (Z) – 10
yotta (Y) – 1024
THE HIGHER THE EXPONENT, THE LARGER ITS
QUANTITY.
PREFIXES IN UNITS – FOR LARGER UNITS





deci (da) – 10-1
-2
centi (h) – 10
milli (k) – 10-3
-6
micro (M) – 10
nano (G) – 10-9





pico (T) – 10-12
-15
femto (P) – 10
atto (E) – 10-18
-21
zepto (Z) – 10
yocto (Y) – 10-24
THE HIGHER THE EXPONENT, THE SMALLER ITS
QUANTITY.
TRY THIS:
EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING QUANTITY IN PROPER SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION USING PREFIXES AND PROPER ENGINEERING NOTATION.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
54000 V
0.000036 Wb
0.50568 A
9000000 Hz
0.1111111111 C
Express each of the following in scientific notation, that is, as a
number from 1 to 10 and the proper power of 10.
1. 120,000
2. 0.00645
3. 2300000
4. 550 x 10-4
5. 0.0008 x 103
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