SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT Essential and non-essential clause ● ● Green tea with mint, which is a popular drink in many Middle Eastern countries, is/are said to have many health benefits. A drink that is popular in many countries is/are green tea with mint. Prepositional Phrase ● ● The feathers of black-backed woodpecker has/have evolved to blend in with charred trees so that they are invisible to predators. The patent for the first mechanical pencils was/were granted to Sampson Morgan in England during the early 19th century. Compound Subjects ● Pigeons make effective messengers because their speed and homing ability allow/allows them to quickly reach familiar destinations. Gerund ● Playing parlour games such as charades was/were a popular pastime in the early 20th century before the invention of radio and TV. Collective Noun (family, herd, company etc.) The team has/have traveled to various schools throughout the city in order to expose students to classic works. Noun Clauses 1. 2. 3. 4. That Jane Goodall and David Attenborough became the world’s leading experts on nature was/were hardly a surprise to those who had known them for a long time. The fact that Jane Goodall became the world’s leading expert on chimpanzees was/were hardly a surprise to those who had known her for a long time. What I like most about the chimpanzees is/are they have a very strong sense of solidarity. Whether the Aztecs sacrificed humans to their gods has/have never been scientifically verified. There is/There are ● In recent year, there has been/have been many questions regarding the safety of genetically modified foods. Inverted Sentences 1. 2. ➔ Along the Loup Canal in Nebraska extend/extends parks, lakes, and trails owned and operated by the Loup district. Beyond those mountains lie/lies a lovely village. Beyond those mountains, a lovely village lies. Indefinite Pronouns Her zaman tekil bir fiil ile kullanılanlar: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● None of the students has attended the seminar. No one has attended the seminar. Any of the students has the capacity to do this puzzle. One of the students has attended the seminar Each of the students has attended the seminar Every student has attended the seminar. Another student has attended the seminar. Much of the water has been spilled. The number of the students has exceeded our expectations. Her zaman çoğul bir fiil ile kullanılanlar: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Few students have attended the seminar. A few students have attended the seminar. Both Several Many Others A number of = A lot of 1. 2. 3. The number of participants is/are not as high as predicted. A number of students is/are enrolled in the course. Everyone has to/have to submit his or her essay by Monday. Indefinite Pronouns-II 1. 2. The state of Florida was the site of the first European settlements in North America, yet some of this state was/were unpopulated until the19th century. Although some members of the tribe obtained food through hunting, most of them was/were also farmers. Either, Neither 1. 2. 3. Either Neither Either of … Neither of … Tekil fiille kullanılır. Neither …. Nor… Either …. Or … Fiil ikinci kısıma göre belirlenir. Neither of the twins is/are allergic to penicillin. Neither Nelly nor her parents utter/ utters a word when Mrs. Denny tells her stories. Neither her parents nor Nelly utter/ utters a word when Mrs. Denny tells her stories. TEST YOURSELF Some contemporary artists seek inspiration in historical as well as A. has included current events. For example, the works of California-based B. includes painter and sculptor Alan Chin ___________ elements commonly C. have included associated with the nineteenth century gold rush and the D. having included transcontinental railroad. VERB TENSE Subject Present Perfect ➔ ➔ ➔ have has + V3 Türkçeye birçok durumda di’li geçmiş zaman olarak çevirdiğimiz Present Perfect belirli keywordler ile kullanılan bir PRESENT TENSE’dir. Already, just, yet, so far, recently, lately, never, ever, for, since, long, This is the best/first … This year… 1. This year, the government levied / has levied new taxes on all electrical goods. 2. Since around 500 B.C., people cultivate / have cultivated tomatoes in Mesoamerica. 3. Scientists long believe / have long believed that a meteorite might have led to the extinction of dinosaurs. Present Perfect yakın geçmiş zamanda gerçekleşen ve tarihini belirtmediğimiz eylemler için kullanılır. 4. Scientists have found a cure for COVID-19. 5. Scientists found a cure for COVID-19 in 2021. Since ➔ ● ● ➔ ● Since’den sonra spesifik bir tarih ya da cümle gelebilir. I haven’t seen her since 1999. I haven’t seen her since we graduated from high school. Since yerine from the time when de kullanılabilir. I haven’t seen her from the time when we graduated from high school. Past Perfect ➔ Subject had + V3 ➔ 1. 2. Bir cümle içinde iki bitmiş eylem yer alırsa, bu eylemlerden ilk gerçekleşeni past perfect ile ifade edilir. Before, After, When ve Because bağlaçları ile kullanımı yaygındır. My father reprimanded me because I broke the vase. After dinosaurs became extinct, mammals started to colonize the whole world. ➔ 3. 4. Present Perfect ile kullanılan keywordler context Past ise Past Perfect ile kullanılır. This is a great day. I have never felt so thrilled; I have just won the great prize. That was a great day. I had never felt so thrilled; I had just won the great prize. ➔ 5. 6. SAT Past Perfect’i sıklıkla by ve by the time ile birlikte sorar. 50 million people had lost their life by the end of the war. Dinosours had gone extinct by the time human species appeared. TEST YOURSELF The complexity of human speech is a problem that continues to A. have struggled puzzle computer scientists. Since the 1950s, they _________ to B. had struggled create a machine capable of responding to human language with a C. would struggle comparable degree of flexibility and depth. D. struggle TEST YOURSELF Martha Graham, an American choreographer, is known as one of A. gave the foremost pioneers of modern dance. Building upon the B. had given foundation of turn-of-the-century dancer Isadora Duncan, C. will give Graham brought this art form to a new level with her introduction D. would have given of dance techniques that at first horrified and then later won over the American public. By the time she retired from the stage in 1970, she __________ hundreds of performances and permanently altered the course of dance in the United States. TEST YOURSELF The history of science as it is taught to most Western students _______ tragically incomplete. A) are B) being C) is D) am Without the stability, enforcement, and predictability that _________ a reliable system of institutions, a nation cannot prosper. A) is afforded by B) are afforded by C) affords D) afford Before he was finally caught and condemned as a blood doping cheater during his Tour de France victories, Lance Armstrong _________ at the top of the cycling world for over ten years. A) has been B) will have been C) is D) had been New economic policy in a few states ________ wealth to some industries, such as manufacturing, but most industries remain unaffected. A) have brought B) bringing C) bring D) has brought The paper formed from organically grown trees _______ to be sturdier than that is made from trees in the wilderness. A) tends B) is tending C) tended D) tend The scientists trying to replicate the results of the experiment realized that the speed of explosive chemical reactions ______ too fast to accurately measure. A) were B) was C) is D) have been Ronny Stravinsky did not amass his fortune quietly; he had been suing competitors for over twenty years before he _________ his legal office. A) will finally close B) finally closed C) finally closes D) has closed finally Performing on the streets, I sing popular pop songs at the same time my partner ___________ the guitar in the back. A) can play B) played C) had played D) plays the end.
