SBI3U medical centre patient chart Patient’s name: KIRKLAND condition(s) overview - Arrhythmia (circulatory system): + Arrhythmias can be caused by various factors, including heart damage from heart attacks, electrolyte imbalances, medications, stimulants like caffeine or drugs, heart defects, and other medical conditions like high blood pressure or thyroid disorders. +The symptoms of arrhythmia can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include palpitations (sensations of irregular heartbeats), dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, chest pain or discomfort, and fatigue. + Arrhythmia impacts different parts of the heart's electrical system, including the atria, ventricles, and specific structures like the SA node, AV node, and Bundle of His, depending on the type of arrhythmia. - Emphysema (respiratory system): + It is primarily caused by smoking or long-term exposure to air pollutants + resulting in symptoms like shortness of breath, chronic cough, and wheezing + Emphysema primarily impacts the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs, causing their destruction and reducing the lung's ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide effectively. - peptic ulcers (digestive system): + The primary cause of peptic ulcers is believed to be the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) + symtomp: Feeling of fullness or bloating, burning stomach pain, Nausea and vomiting, Dark or tarry stools (indicating bleeding) + Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum), or the esophagus Diagnostics tests and results: Some common diagnostic tools for Arrhythmia: - Electrocardiogram (ECG): + Normal sinus rhythm: Regular heart rate and rhythm. + Atrial fibrillation (AFib): Irregular heartbeat with no distinct P-waves. + Ventricular tachycardia (VT): Fast heart rate with abnormal QRS complexes. - Holter monitor and Event monitor: + These tests may capture irregular heart rhythms during daily activities or when symptoms occur. - Echocardiogram: + It provides images of the heart's structure and function, identifying any abnormalities that may contribute to arrhythmias. - Stress test: + May show changes in heart rhythm during exercise, helping diagnose exerciseinduced arrhythmias. - Electrophysiology study (EPS) + Maps the heart's electrical activity, locating abnormal signals responsible for arrhythmias. Some common diagnostic tests for Emphysema - Pulmonary Function Test (PFT): Spirometry: Measures lung function by assessing the amount of air a person can inhale and exhale and the speed at which they can breathe out. Results may show decreased airflow and impaired lung function. - Chest X-ray: X-ray images of the chest can reveal hyperinflation of the lungs, flattened diaphragm, and increased lung size due to air trapping. In advanced cases, the lungs may appear hyperlucent. - CT Scan (Computed Tomography): Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the lungs, helping to visualize the extent of lung damage and emphysema distribution. - Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Test: Measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood to assess how well the lungs are exchanging gases. Emphysema may lead to low oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels. - Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Test: A blood test to check for a genetic condition (Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) that can cause emphysema, especially in non-smokers or younger individuals. - Physical Examination and Medical History: The doctor will assess symptoms, smoking history, occupational exposures, and family history to help diagnose emphysema. Some common diagnostic tests for peptic ulcers: - Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This is the most common and definitive test for diagnosing peptic ulcers. It involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) through the mouth and into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The doctor can visualize any ulcers, take biopsies, and perform treatments if necessary. - Barium X-ray (Upper GI Series): This test involves drinking a liquid containing barium, which coats the digestive tract, followed by X-rays. It can reveal the presence of ulcers, but it is less sensitive and specific compared to endoscopy. - Helicobacter pylori Tests: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium known to cause peptic ulcers. Tests to detect H. pylori may include a blood test, stool test, breath test, or biopsy during endoscopy. - Complete Blood Count (CBC): Blood tests, including a CBC, may be done to check for signs of anemia or infection, which can be associated with peptic ulcers. Treatments (Short Term and Long Term including possible Home Care) Treatment of Arrythmia - treatment: + hort-term treatment: In acute cases, medications or electrical cardioversion may be used to restore normal heart rhythm promptly. + Long-term treatment: Medications, such as beta-blockers, antiarrhythmics, or calcium channel blockers, can be prescribed to manage and prevent arrhythmias. For severe cases, implantable devices like pacemakers or defibrillators may be recommended. In some cases, catheter ablation can be performed to eliminate abnormal electrical pathways in the heart. - Home care: + Patients with arrhythmias are advised to avoid triggers like excessive caffeine or alcohol, manage stress, and maintain a heart-healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. - Role of Members: + Cardiologist: Diagnoses the arrhythmia and determines the appropriate treatment plan. Electrophysiologist: Specialized cardiologist who performs catheter ablation and implantation of devices like pacemakers or defibrillators. Nurses: Monitor patients, administer medications, and provide patient education on home care and symptom management. + + - Terminology and Concepts: + Arrhythmia, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Holter monitor, Atrial fibrillation (AFib), Ventricular tachycardia (VT), Electrophysiology study (EPS). Treatment of Emthysema - Treatment: + + Short-term treatment: In acute exacerbations, bronchodilators and steroids may be used to relieve symptoms and improve lung function. Long-term treatment: Management involves bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and other medications to improve breathing and reduce inflammation. Pulmonary rehabilitation may be recommended to enhance lung function and exercise capacity. - Home care: + Emphasize smoking cessation (if applicable), avoiding exposure to respiratory irritants, and maintaining proper inhaler techniques for medication use. Role of Members: + Pulmonologist: Diagnoses and manages the treatment plan for emphysema. Respiratory therapist: Assists in administering and teaching the proper use of inhaler medications and pulmonary rehabilitation exercises. Prognosis: + + Emphysema is a progressive condition, and its prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis, overall health, and adherence to treatment. Early detection and appropriate management can slow down the progression and improve the quality of life. Terminology and Concepts: Emphysema, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Pulmonary function test (PFT), Bronchodilators, Inhaled corticosteroids. Treatment of peptic ulcers: - Treatment: + + + Short-term treatment: In acute cases, medications to reduce stomach acid, like proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers, are prescribed to promote ulcer healing. Long-term treatment: Management includes eliminating H. pylori with antibiotics (if present), and using medications to control acid production and protect the stomach lining. Home care: - Avoiding spicy foods, caffeine, alcohol, and smoking, which can aggravate ulcers. Practicing stress-reduction techniques may also help. Role of Members: + + - Gastroenterologist: Diagnoses and manages the treatment plan for peptic ulcers. Dietitian: Provides dietary guidance and recommendations to promote ulcer healing. Prognosis: With proper treatment, most peptic ulcers heal and do not recur. However, if left untreated or if there are underlying risk factors, complications like bleeding or perforation can occur. - Terminology and Concepts: Peptic ulcer, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), Endoscopy, Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 blockers.
