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Tutorial 1: Intro to Human Body
Anatomical Position
Anatomical position is crucial because it serves as a primary reference point in medicine.
Is the cephalic region always superior to the thoracic region?
Yes, the cephalic (head) region is always superior to the thoracic (chest region of body between
neck and abdomen) region.
Directional/Location Terms
● Superior
On top of / above something
● Inferior
Below something
● Anterior/ventral
Towards the front
● Posterior/dorsal
Towards the back
● Medial
In accordance to median line, refers
to trunk
● Lateral
Far from the median line
● Superficial
Located at surface of body
● Deep
Located deeper in body
● Proximal
Close to point of attachment
● Distal
Far from point of attachment
● Ipsilateral
Located opposite sides
● Contralateral
Located Same side
Body Regions
Cephalic*
Cubital
Cranial
Antecubital
Facial
Carpal
Occipital*
Palmar
Cervical*
Dorsum of hand
Thoracic*
Abdominal
Pectoral/mammary*
Umbilical
Deltoid*
Inguinal
Axillary*
Pelvic*
Brachial*
Pubic*
Antebrachial
Lumbar*
*Most important and recurring body regions throughout career
Sacral*
Gluteal*
Femoral*
Patellar
Popliteal
Crural/tibial
Sural
Tarsal*
Pedal
Plantar*
Dorsum of foot
Directional/Location Terms
1. The antebrachial region is distal to the deltoid region.
2. The cubital region is posterior to the antecubital region.
3. Name one body region that is distal to the patellar region.
Tarsal, Tibial, Plantar // everything below the patellar region
4. Name the large body region that is immediately superior to the abdominal region.
Thoracic region
5. Name the region that is immediately proximal to the patellar region.
Femoral region
6. Name two structures that are contralateral to each other.
Right-left arm, right-left eye, right-left leg, right-left kidney
7. This region is immediately inferior to the lumbar region.
Sacral region
8. The facial region is anterior to the occipital region
Make your own question:
The pubic region is inferior to the inguinal region.
Abdominal Quadrants/Regions
1. This organ lies superficial/anterior to the pancreas.
Stomach
2. This large organ lies mostly in the upper right, but also in the upper left quadrant.
Liver
3. These organs lie deep to all of the other abdominal organs.
Kidneys
4. This organ lies in the left hypochondriac region.
Spleen
5. The sigmoid colon lies in this quadrant.
Lower left quadrant
6. The small intestines lies mostly within this abdominal region.
Umbilical region
Tips on organ identification
Liver is massive organ on right side of body
Coming down to lower right quadrant provides the start of large intestine
The cecum (found by going straight down from liver) might have appendix attached to it;
if possessed by body
Transport Processes / Membrane Transport
Passive Processes
● Substance moves down/long gradient (concentration, electrical, pressure) without
needing energy from cell
● Simple diffusion and osmosis
● Facilitated diffusion *
○ *Think of it as being at a party as an introvert, who won’t want to stay
around a lot of people and be solo
Active Processes
● Substance moved up/against its gradient with use of cellular ATP
● Active Transport
● Transport in Vesicles
○ Endocytosis
○ Exocytosis
● If water moves out its osmosis / osmosis is the movement of water out of a
semi-permeable membrane
● If solute moves out its diffusion / diffusion is the movement of a solute out of a
semi-permeable membrane
Sac is put into the distilled water / pure water (no solutes). This means the solute concentration
of the distilled water to be at 0%. The glucose will move into the distilled water as there is no
concentration within the water. The water will then move into the sac, since there's a lesser
concentration of water in the sac.
Endocytosis is the process which takes particles and fuses them into sacs within the cell
membrane, allowing it to enter the cell. Exocytosis is the process which takes particles from the
cell and fuses them out of the cell membrane, expelling them from the cell.
Simple Squamous Tissue
Simple Cuboidal Tissue
Ciliated Simple Columnar
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium