Conjunctions vs. Transitions
Conjunctions
2 types of conjunctions:
2 tür conjunctions vardır.
FANBOYS: İki independent clause birleştirir.
Subordinating conjunctions: Bir independent + bir dependent clause birleştiriler.
FANBOYS
Bu tür bağlaçlar FANBOYS olarak bilinir ve 2 independent clause’u virgül kullanarak
birleştirirler.
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
●
We ran after the thief, but he managed to escape.
Normalde 2 independent clause virgül ile ayrılmaz ama FANBOYS istisnadır.
FANBOYS
For
Çünkü
The thieves were caught, for they did not wear gloves.
And
Ve
Lions live in prides, and the females hunt together.
Nor
Ne de
Coal is not clean, nor is it renewable.
But
Ama
Nurses cannot perform surgery, but they can give shots.
Or
Ya da / yoksa
Would you like to go bowling, or would you rather stay home?
Yet
Ama
We ate an hour ago, yet I am hungry.
So
Bu yüzden
The car is dirty, so it needs to be washed.
«and» bağlacından sonra özneler ortak olduğu için özne kullanılmaz ve doğrudan fiil
kullanılırsa virgül ortadan kalkar.
Lions live in prides, and they hunt together.
Lions live in prides and hunt together.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Başına geldikleri ifadeyi dependent yapan bağlaçlara Subordinating Conjunctions denir.
●
●
●
●
TIME: After Before When While As Until By the time
CONDITION: If, Provided that, Unless
REASON: Because As Since
CONTRAST: Although Even though Despite Whereas While
Bir bağlacın subordinating olduğunu anlamanın en kolay yolu onu türkçeye çevirmektir:
●
●
However, we got married.
Although we got married,....
Subordinating Conjunctions ayrı olarak/tek başlarına kullanılamazlar.
X
Although he managed to escape
Subordinating Conjunctions başta ya da ortada kullanılabilir.
The journey was quite quick because the road was clear.
Because the road was clear, the journey was quite quick.
Aynı cümleyi FOR ile yazsaydık:
The journey was quite quick, for the road was clear.
Transitions
Transitions
Transition kelimeleri güçlü bir geçiş sağlarlar. Bu nedenle, ayrı olarak yazılırlar.
London is a very old city. However, some of its buildings are very modern.
London is a very old city; however, some of its buildings are very modern.
London is a very old city, but some of its buildings are very modern.
Transitions
ADDITION: Additionally, Also, In addition, Furthermore, Moreover, Besides, What’s more,
SIMILARITY: Likewise, Similarly, By the same token,
CONTRAST: However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Still, Even so, Regardless, Otherwise
STARK CONTRAST: In contrast, On the contrary, Conversely, In comparison, On the other hand,
RESULT: Therefore, Thus, Hence, As such, As a result, Consequently, To this end, Accordingly,
PARAPHRASE: That is, That is to say, In other words, To put it another way,
REINFORCEMENT: In fact, Indeed
TIME: Meanwhile, In the meantime, Subsequently, Afterwards,
OTHERS: In particular, Specifically, Instead
Transition’lar başta,ortada, sonda kullanılabilir.
CORRECT:
I love coffee. However, my mother hates it.
CORRECT:
I love coffee; however, my mother hates it.
CORRECT:
I love coffee. My mother, however, hates it.
CORRECT:
I love coffee. My mother hates it, however.
Transition kelimeleri iki cümleyi tek cümle halinde birleştiremezler.
WRONG: I love coffee, however, my mother hates it.
TRICKS
HOWEVER VS BUT/YET
However (But ve Yet’in aksine) iki cümleyi birleştirmez, ayırır.
X
The players did their best, however, they lost the game.
The players did their best. However, they lost the game.
The players did their best; however, they lost the game.
The players did their best. They, however, lost the game.
The players did their best. They lost the game, however.
İki cümleyi birleştirmek isterseniz ,but ya da ,yet kullanın.
The players did their best, but they lost the game.
The players did their best, yet they lost the game.
İki cümleyi birleştirmek isterseniz although, while ya da whereas de kullanabilirsiniz.
The players did their best, although they lost the game.
Although they lost the game, the players did their best.
Ama UNUTMAYIN: whereas ve while 2 farklı özneyi CONTRAST eder.
Whereas the German love coffee, the British love black tea.
The British love black tea, whereas the German love coffee.
German troops laid siege to Leningrad for 3 years.
Soviet troops managed to repel the attacks.
Soviet troops managed to repel the attacks, although German troops laid siege to Leningrad for 3 years.
Although German troops laid siege to Leningrad for 3 years, Soviet troops managed to repel the attacks.
German troops laid siege to Leningrad for 3 years, but Soviet troops managed to repel the attacks.
German troops laid siege to Leningrad for 3 years, yet Soviet troops managed to repel the attacks.
German troops laid siege to Leningrad for 3 years. However, Soviet troops managed to repel the attacks.
German troops laid siege to Leningrad for 3 years; however, Soviet troops managed to repel the attacks.
German troops laid siege to Leningrad for 3 years; Soviet troops, however, managed to repel the attacks.
German troops laid siege to Leningrad for 3 years; Soviet troops managed to repel the attacks, however.
THEREFORE, THUS, AS A RESULT
Therefore, As a result ve Thus (So’nun aksine) iki cümleyi birleştirmez, ayırır.
x
We played badly, therefore, we lost the game.
We played badly. Therefore, we lost the game.
We played badly; therefore, we lost the game.
We played badly; we, therefore, lost the game.
İki cümleyi birleştirmek isterseniz ,so kullanın.
We played badly, so we lost the game.
TRANSITIONS AS NON-ESSENTIAL CLAUSES
However bazen arasöz olarak cümle sonunda yer alabilir. Bu gibi durumlarda
zorlanabilirsiniz.
Çözüm olarak However cümle başındaymış gibi okuyun.
SAT scores are extremely important. They are only one part of the application.
However, grades and teacher recommendations are other factors that colleges take
into account.
SAT scores are extremely important. They are only one part of the application,
however; grades and teacher recommendations are other factors that colleges take
into account.
THOUGH VS. HOWEVER
My friend oftentimes plays squash. However, I seldom have a chance to play it.
X
My friend oftentimes plays squash. Though, I seldom have a chance to play it.
My friend oftentimes plays squash. I seldom have a chance to play it, however.
My friend oftentimes plays squash. I seldom have a chance to play it, though.
THOUGH=ALTHOUGH
Although it rained heavily, we did not call off the picnic.
We did not call off the picnic, although it rained heavily.
Your Turn!
The water molecules in a hot kettle are in a state of
excitement. When they condense on a piece of
_________ the very same water molecules are in a much
calmer state.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A.
B.
C.
D.
glass, though
glass, though,
glass. Though,
glass though
However,
vs.
However+Adjective
_____ However hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off a whole pizza.
_____ However much I respect him, I can't agree with him on this occasion.
______ However fast we drive, we’re not going to get there in time.
No matter how= However
Revision Questions
BUT
1.
2.
London is a very old city; it also has some very modern buildings.
London is a very old city; but it also has some very modern buildings.
BUT
1.
2.
London is a very old city, but has some very modern buildings, too.
London is a very old city but has some very modern buildings, too.
BECAUSE
1.
2.
3.
Because London is a very old city, it has buildings from many eras.
London has buildings from many eras because it is a very old city.
London has buildings from many eras. Because it is a very old city.
ALTHOUGH
1.
2.
3.
4.
London is a very old city, some of its buildings are extremely modern.
Although London is a very old city, some of its buildings are extremely modern.
London is a very old city; although some of its buildings are extremely modern.
London is a very old city although some of its buildings are extremely modern.
HOWEVER VS ALTHOUGH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
London is a very old city, however, some of its buildings are very modern.
London is a very old city; however, some of its buildings are very modern.
London is a very old city; though, some of its buildings are very modern.
London is a very old city; some of its buildings, however, are very modern.
London is a very old city; some of its buildings, though, are very modern.
London is a very old city; some of its buildings are very modern, however.
London is a very old city; some of its buildings are very modern, though.
London is a very old city; some of its buildings, although, are very modern.
London is a very old city; although, some of its buildings are very modern.
Your Turn!
Because he is commonly viewed as a champion of
free scientific inquiry, Galileo is generally thought of
as a strict proponent of rationalism. He was also
deeply influenced by humanistic __________ he derived
much of his inspiration from art, particularly Dante's
Divine Comedy.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A.
B.
C.
D.
inquiry, however:
inquiry, however,
inquiry however
inquiry, however
Your Turn!
Traditionally, most approaches to robotic
navigation have involved either vision or speed
and sense of direction. A new system developed
by a team from the University of California, San
Diego, along with other researchers combines
both ____________ created by the group are able
to anticipate changes in their environment and
change course when an object is in' their path.
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A.
B.
C.
D.
systems, though the four-legged robots
systems, though. The four-legged robots
systems, though, the four-legged robots
systems; though, the four-legged robots
Your Turn!
Led by a team from the University of California, San
Diego, researchers have developed a new series of
algorithms enabling four-legged robots to navigate
challenging terrain while avoiding obstacles. Until
now, most approaches have involved either vision or
speed and sense of _________ the new system
combines both options, allowing robots to anticipate
changes in their environment and change course
when an object is in their way.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A.
B.
C.
D.
movement, however,
movement, however;
movement; however,
movement however,
the end.
Though= however (cğmle ortasında ya da sınunda)
although=while