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W e l c o m e
Hi, my name is Amanda and I am a Registered Nurse. When I first applied to nursing
school, I was terrified. I would see all the negative comments, memes, and posts about
how hard nursing school would be and how it would ruin your life and let me assure
you that this is not the experience everyone has. I am not saying it is easy, but if you
work hard then you can do it.

“The negative stigma
made me want to quit
Nursing School
before I even started”

Eventually, I decided to give it a try and not
listen to all the negativity. I have a history
of depression and anxiety that made me
fearful to begin. I was incredibly worried that I
would fall back into a deep dark hole that I
couldn’t get out of, but that was not the
case. I had a lot of hard days in nursing
school, but in the end, I learned so much and became a stronger and better person for
it. I made this survival guide to give you comfort on the hard days and break down the
most difficult material so you can pass!
2
Table of Contents
Welcome......................................... 2
Table of Contents.............................3
Chapter 1: Getting Started...............5
Chapter 2: First Day Jitters..............10
Chapter 3: How to Study................12
Chapter 4: Clinical Rotation............16
Chapter 5: Time Management.........18
Chapter 6: Being Broke..................19
Chapter 7: Mental Health...............20
Chapter 8: NCLEX.........................23
Chapter 9: New Nurse Anxiety.......25
Anatomy & Physiology...................28
Intro......................................................... 29
Basic Information...................................... 30
Integumentary System................................31
Circulatory System.................................... 33
Respiratory System.................................... 36
Nervous System........................................ 40
Urinary System......................................... 42
Digestive System....................................... 44
Female Reproductive System......................46
Male Reproductive System.........................48
Endocrine System...................................... 49
Lymphatic System ...................................... 51
Muscular System....................................... 54
Skeletal System......................................... 56
Fundamentals................................58
ADPIE...................................................... 59
Intraprofessional Team, Legal & Ethics........60
Delegation & Asepsis.................................61
Safety Precautions & Assistive Devices........62
Patient Positioning..................................... 63
Vitals....................................................... 64
Wound Care............................................. 65
Medication Administration.........................66
IV Therapy & Fluids................................... 67
Central Venous Access............................... 68
Urinary Catheters..................................... 69
Urinary Elimination...................................70
Bowel Elimination...................................... 71
Ostomy Care............................................ 72
Enteral Feeding......................................... 73
Oxygenation............................................. 74
Neurocognition......................................... 75
Pain Management.....................................76
Therapeutic Communication.......................77
Arterial Blood Gases................................. 78
Nursing Skills............................................ 79
Nutrition....................................... 80
Medical Surgical...........................89
Neurological Disorders..............................89
Respiratory Disorders..............................101
Cardiovascular Disorders.........................108
Gastrointestinal Disorders.........................117
Endocrine Disorders................................ 126
Musculoskeletal Disorders........................135
Mental Health Disorders..........................142
Integumentary Disorders..........................153
Immune Disorders.................................... 158
Perioperative and Fluid & Electrolytes.......162
OB-Maternity............................... 167
Pediatrics.................................... 188
Heart Rhythms & ECG..................200
Pharmacology............................. 207
Study Hacks........................................... 208
Basics & Terminology...............................209
Routes of Administration...........................212
Cholinergics vs. Anticholinergics...............213
Beta vs. Alpha Receptors..........................214
Nervous System Drugs.............................215
Musculoskeletal Drugs.............................232
Integumentary Drugs...............................242
Immune System Drugs..............................246
Respiratory Drugs................................... 262
Urinary Drugs ......................................... 271
Cardiovascular Drugs..............................276
GI Meds................................................. 287
Hematologic Drugs.................................. 293
Reproductive Drugs.................................299
Endocrine Drugs..................................... 308
Categorizing Common Drugs....................313
Medication Organizer.............................316
Important Drug Levels..............................317
Leadership................................... 318
NCLEX Review.............................326
Happy Studying!
First, make a list of the reasons WHY you wanted to become
a nurse. This is important. Whenever you have a bad day, refer back
to this page for some motivation.

1) _______________

2) _______________

3) ________________

4) _________________

5) _________________
Second, make a list of who will be your advocates. Who can
you call when you have a bad day or after a bad exam.

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)
__________________ Number:
_________________ Number:
__________________ Number:
__________________ Number:
_________________ Number:
3
C h a p t e r 1: G e t t in g S t a r t e d
I applied to hundreds of jobs before I landed a well-paying job as a medical
receptionist. I loved the work I did and how I got to deal with a variety of different
patients and scenarios, but I wanted more of a challenge. I knew I wanted to become a
nurse, but I had no idea where to even begin.

I started searching on the internet and calling around to different Universities and
Community Colleges in the area for their advice. Here is what they said:

1) Decide if you want to start with the ADN vs BSN route. Or LPN vs RN.

The two different major types of nurses are Licensed Practical Nurses (LPN) and
Registered Nurses (RN). Both of these routes let you do many responsibilities of a nurse,
but the main difference is the RN route lets you have a larger scope of practice with a
higher salary.

If you choose RN, these two different routes will get you that degree but there are some
major differences:

➡ The ADN route stands for Associates Degree in Nursing. This is typically
completed in 2 years and you can work as an RN once you graduate and
can continue on if you want to get your BSN.
➡ The BSN route stands for Bachelors Degree in Nursing. This is typically completed
in 4 years and nursing students with a BSN can pursue more management
roles and leadership roles in the nursing profession.

Personally, I started off with the ADN-RN route since it was cheaper, and it would get
me to my RN license faster. Once you get your ADN, there are many programs that you
can enroll into that will help you complete your BSN online while you are working as a
Registered Nurse.
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C h a p t e r 1: G e t t in g S t a r t e d
2) Get your pre-requisites out of the way.
“C’s get degrees”. Usually, you must get at least a C or better in these pre-requisites to
even apply to nursing school but it is advised to get better grades, so you have a more
competitive edge to get into various programs.
Example Schedule
Semester 1
Semester 2
Semester 3
Semester 4
Chemistry
General Statistics
Anatomy &
Physiology I
Anatomy &
Physiology II
Biology
Introduction to
Sociology
Fundamentals of
Microbiology
Medical Ethics
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C h a p t e r 1: G e t t in g S t a r t e d
3) Find the cheapest option to graduate with less student loans.
Back when I told the nurse manager at the site where I was a medical receptionist
about how I wanted to apply to the most competitive nursing program at a local
University, she told me:

“ One school is not always
better than another.
R emember you all take the
same NCLEX in the
end… ”

She was so right. Even though, it might have
looked good on my resume to have graduated
from this specific fancy University with a nursing
degree, I would have a greater amount of
student loans that I would spend more time in the
long run paying off. I decided to start my prerequisites at a local community college for a fraction
of the cost and even got a scholarship to pay for one
of the semesters, which I will talk about more later.

The Nursing Field is always in demand of new nurses, so choose the path that will be
BEST FOR YOUR NEEDS in the long run.
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C h a p t e r 1: G e t t in g S t a r t e d
4) Nursing School Entrance Exam

There are a few different types of nursing school entrance exams, but the major ones are
called the TEAS and HESI exam. In my state, we take the TEAS exam. I took the exam
the first time as a I was finishing my last semester with Anatomy & Physiology II. I
decided to just take the TEAS without studying just to see how well I would do and what I
needed to study more.

I failed the T EA S Exam the first time.

I came out of the first Teas Exam with 70%, which was 10% lower than what I needed to
even apply in the programs I wanted. It was a wake up call that I needed to really
buckle down and study since you are only allowed to do the TEAS a certain number of
times. After treating my studying like it was an actual job, I got a score of 82%, which
was above the number I needed to apply to my dream programs.

Once I applied, I waited a couple of months to hear back. The first program that all my
friends in my pre-requisite classes applied to with me were accepted while I was
waitlisted. I cried for many hours. I knew I was smart and was meant to be a nurse, but
this was not looking good for me. Eventually another school called me with an opening
and I was accepted to two other programs. Even though I wanted to start this journey
with the friends I made in pre-reqs, I went the opposite way and refused admission to the
school that waitlisted me and accepted admission to another program with a better
reputation.
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“ T here will be moments you doubt
yourself and wonder if you made the right
choice, but in these moments of defeat, do
not give up. Use this doubt as fuel to work
even harder to achieve your dreams. T here
is a reason you started… Make yourself
proud one day.”
XO A manda
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C h a p t e r 2 : F ir s t D a y J it t e r s
I was overloaded with information on the first day of
Nursing School. I went home that day and cried
for at least an hour. We were told everything from,
“You will not see your family at holidays” to
“Unless you study all the time, you will fail” and
more….
After the first week of orientation, we had over 20
students drop my nursing program. It was not because
they were not smart enough to be there. They proved
they were smart and capable enough by their prereq grades and entrance exam scores, but they
let fear overtake them.
Fear of the unknown can be overwhelming.
Here’s the thing though:
They never stayed with it long enough to
know how nursing school would affect them. Some might have passed with
flying colors, some might have failed out. They gave up before giving it a chance.

Before my nursing school orientation, I had to talk to the nursing department advisor. I
have a history of depression and anxiety, and never thought I would get through
nursing school in one piece. Luckily, my advisor assured me that many students with
mental health disorders, kids, even full-time jobs had made it through the program. That
gave me a glimmer of hope.
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C h a p t e r 2 : F ir s t D a y J it t e r s
The first week of nursing school, I started to prioritize. I decided to not start any
assignments until I was organized. I organized every class into different folders, marked
my planner with all the assignments and exams, and even set alarms on my phone to
wake up for class/clinical/lab so I would not miss.
“ T he best way to start over is to get
organized. Organize your notes, your room,
your time, and try once more again.”
Once I was completely organized, I felt ready to take on the assignments that would
come my way. There were days that I would have to schedule my day hour by hour.
The truth is that none of us walk into nursing school knowing it all. Many try to “fake it
until you make it," but most of the students in that room with you are just as frightened
and anxious as you might be. There is no way to fully be prepared for the first day since
you do not know what will be taught in the upcoming semesters, so it is important to take
a breath and learn as you go.
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C h a p t e r 3 : H o w t o S t u d y
When I first started pre-requisites,
I would spend hours
studying only to pass. I could not understand what I was doing
wrong until one of my teachers came to my aid. My Anatomy & Physiology teacher saw
me sit outside the classroom hours before an exam cramming as much information as I
could into my head while sipping a large coffee.

This how our conversation went:

Teacher: What are your study habits?
Me: I am not sure. I try to study every night and hours before an exam to keep the
material fresh in my head.
Teacher: That is not helping, is it?
Me: No…
Teacher: I know you are a smart girl, but you have this all wrong.
In order to actually memorize and connect information, you have to start studying
before my lecture even starts.
Me: But I probably won’t even understand what the textbook is trying to say?
Teacher: Correct. You will be confused, then you will come to class with questions and
then it might start to click. The top students in my class quickly skim over the upcoming
lecture, ask questions, and then study 5-20 minutes each night and never cram the night
before.

That is when it hit me, that I was studying harder, NOT SMARTER. I knew that I had to
change my study habits as soon as possible so I could not only get into nursing school,
but so that I could do well in nursing school.
11
C h a p t e r 3 : H o w t o S t u d y
Here are my top study tips that helped me
become an A student in Nursing School:
1) Get a planner to get organized. This is crucial. Missing one assignment could be the
difference between you passing and needing to retake a course. I’ve seen this happen to
multiple students and it is heartbreaking. The second you get the class syllabus, work on
writing down all the important dates for
assignments, projects, exams, readings
into your planner in the first week.
2) Figure out your learning style:
auditory, reading, visual, etc. Once you
figure out how you learn best, find
materials that are suited to your style.
Example: if you are a visual learner,
watch videos on the subject.
3) Skim lectures before and write down
what stood out to you or questions you
might have on the material.
My actual study desk
4) Pay attention in class. This is a hard
one for some people. If you are on Zoom, keep your camera on to keep accountability. If
you are in person, sit in the front of the class, so your attention stays on the teacher.
5) Start to study your notes as soon as the lecture is over. In my lecture, I would sometimes
make digital notecards with Quizlet, so when the lecture is over then I would listen to these
notecards on my commute home.
6) Create a therapeutic study space. I bought a cheap and oversized study desk from Ikea
that I would keep clean, light a candle, get a cold beverage, and start studying with
classical music in the background.
12
C h a p t e r 3 : H o w t o S t u d y
7) Use the 20-5 Rule. The rule states that 20 minutes of your time should be used to
study with 5 minute breaks.
8) Highlight information by category.
= Exams
= Assignments
= Mini Quizzes
= Presentations
= Projects
9) Learn to Prioritize. Do assignments first by what is worth the most points or what is
due the soonest.
10) Take time for self-care. I know this seems impossible since you may not have a lot of
time but if you keep running yourself into the ground, you will burnout.

WATCH FOR SIGNS
OF BURNOUT:
Exhaustion
Negativity
Lack of Motivation
Irritability
Depression
Decreased Focus
Social Withdrawal
Sleep Disturbances
13
“ A s far as exams go, you do
not always need to know all
the information, you just
need to learn how to read
between the lines to answer
the question correctly… ”
XO A manda
14
C h a p t e r 4 : C l in ic a l R o t a t io n s
I was incredibly excited and very nervous for clinical rotations. I was about to take on the
role of playing an actual nurse and I was not sure if I was ready for it.
We started our clinical rotation in the first few weeks into our first semester of
nursing school at a long term care facility that went from 0700 to 1400.
The night before, I packed my lunch and set out my nursing
school uniform. I also made sure that I had all my supplies
of: penlight, stethoscope, gait belt, watch, water bottle,
nursing school badge, along with paper and a pen.
The expectations were lower for the first clinical rotation
and we had to mainly take vitals and ambulate (walk) our
patients to the dining hall at our first clinical rotation at a
long term care facility. Even though vitals seem like an easy
task, I was incredibly nervous doing it on a real patient for the
first time and I stumbled. It took me a couple tries to make sure
the blood pressure cuff was on tight enough and in the right
position.
As the semesters went on, the clinical experiences picked up in
acuity. My last semester I was placed on a cardiac/telemetry
floor at a nearby hospital. I was allowed to do many of the tasks an actual nurse would
do like medication administration, inserting a foley, setting up an IV.
Here is the truth: we all make mistakes at clinical. There will be a time you
make a mistake, but the true test of your character is how you respond.
15
C h a p t e r 4 : C l in ic a l R o t a t io n s
I had a patient that needed their routine insulin administration after I checked their blood
glucose level and verified the order. I did not inject the medication into the abdomen
fully and some of the insulin leaked out. I was shaking. I thought I was going to be
kicked out and I was so embarrassed of this mistake since hypo/hyperglycemia can be
fatal. Instead of marking in the MAR (medication administration record) that I
administered the medication and the job was done, instead I immediately found my
nursing clinical instructor and confessed my
mistake. I was in tears. Luckily, my clinical
instructor had a background in emergency/
trauma so nothing was a big deal to her. She
told me that I did the right thing by admitting
my mistake and that I just needed to recheck
the blood glucose in the half hour and note
this error in the MAR. If I did not immediately
admit to making a mistake so other
professionals could help me fix this situation,
the outcome could have become very serious
or fatal.
“ Every Nurse was once a student...
Every Expert was once a beginner…
G ive yourself grace and time.
It will all come together eventually”
16
C h a p t e r 5 : T im e M a n a g e m e n t
Time Management is one of the most important skills to learn and practice in order to
pass nursing school. You will be thrown many assignments, readings, exams, projects
and tasks that you will need to do and each of them will be worth a certain amount of
points. One of my nursing friends who was a year
ahead of me told me that nursing school was like
playing a Mario Game on Nintendo, you just need to
keep collecting coins (points) and hoping you
collected enough to get to the next level.
It was not just important to do the actual assignments,
but to get them done in time.

Personally, I was working a full time job when I first
started my pre-requisites in nursing school with a 3
year old child.

How to develop time management skills:

First is to buy a planner. A planner will become your lifeline. I always had a written
planner but in my last semester, I had a written and a digital planner from Google that I
used religiously to make sure I did not miss anything.

Second is to use a daily task list. On the days that I had multiple assignments due and I
still had a lot of reading to do, I had to use a daily task list that would make me take the
day “hour by hour” so I could make sure to get everything done in a timely manner.

Third is use notecards. During lecture, I would try to make notecards (I used digital ones
on Quizlet) so I could listen to these notes again on the commute home from school and
be able to study that night without having to do the work to make the cards, which
would waste more time.
Finally Set limits. I was told I would never have time to watch Netflix again. Let me tell
you that you can have time to hang out with your friends, watch tv, or go to an event as
long as you set limits for yourself. Instead of binge watching a whole season on Netflix
of a new show, try watching one episode and making yourself turn off the tv. Time also
seems to fly when you are on social media, there are many apps that can now set time
limits for you on certain social media apps like Instagram, TikTok, or Facebook. I would
try to limit myself to 10 minutes of social media time a day.
17
C h a p t e r 6 : B e in g B r o k e
Nursing school is expensive and it is even harder when you have to find ways to
financially support yourself through it. At the time I started nursing school and quit my full
time job, all the income we had to rely on was my husband’s. He made an average salary
that usually paid enough for rent, daycare, transportation, and our food. On the average
day, we had around $120 in our bank account. There was one summer when I was in the
midst of finishing accelerated Microbiology and Anatomy & Physiology courses that our
bank accounts were overdrawn several times.

It is important to look at your daily habits and see where you can cut costs. EX: A daily $3
Starbucks drink can add up to over $1,000 a year.

If you do have the option to stay or move back in with your family, I would highly
recommend that. Not all of us have this option, but there is no shame in asking for help
while you are trying to pursue your future career.

Try to find a part time job if your schedule allows. About half of my cohort worked a part
time job while they were in nursing school and it was a struggle to find hours that were
flexible enough to allow them to attend study sessions outside of lecture.

Financial Aid. I applied to over 30 scholarships before I was awarded one with my
school. Check out your school’s financial aid office to see what they have available for
scholarships, work-study positions, along with applications for Federal Student Aid
(FASFA).

Odd jobs. I never worked an “official” part time job after taking my prerequisites, but I
did work at least once a week making money from participating in focus groups, market
research, and product testing. There was one night after a nursing school lecture that I
signed up for a food testing opportunity with a new sour cream and they prepared the
sample with baked potatoes and I was paid to eat dinner that night. Try to search around
for odd jobs like this that allow your schedule to remain flexible while still making some
income. There is a lot of more flexible positions working as a delivery driver, babysitting
or even selling used clothing.
18
C h a p t e r 7 : M e n t a l H e a l t h
The biggest concern I had before starting Nursing School was my mental health. I have a
dark history with a lot of pain, loss, and trauma that I continue to work through. I have
been clinically diagnosed with anxiety and major depression. I decided to take the
necessary steps of talking to my nursing school advisor before starting the program.

I was told that many students that struggled with all kind of problems from anxiety,
depression, ADHD, dyslexia, hearing loss, and even mild learning disabilities have made
it through my program and became a nurse.
T he negative memes regarding nursing school on
social media can be discouraging and can create
unnecessary anxiety.
The summer before I actually started nursing
school, I was a wreck. I felt like I was a boxer
getting ready to go in the ring before getting
beat up. I heard so many horror stories from
friends and on the internet, that I felt like I was
approaching a death sentence.

I knew in my heart that I wanted to be a nurse
and that I would be a great nurse, but I had all
of these doubts.

Am I smart enough?
Will my marriage fail?
Am I going to fail?
Will my kids miss me?
How will I pay the bills?
Will my mental health suffer?
19
C h a p t e r 7 : M e n t a l H e a l t h
These were all insecurities that other people created that ultimately affected my mental
health. If other people struggled in nursing school, does not mean you will.

I also remember being apart of a Nursing Student facebook group. There was a post that
said if you are failing nursing school post a blue heart, if you are barely making it post a
green heart, if you are getting A’s and B’s post a red heart.

All I kept seeing was blue hearts with people
saying, “I can’t do this anymore” or “I’m just
done”. I felt discouraged and like I was going to
fail. But it hit me.
These students were posting on social media in the
middle of the semester. How often are they on
social media? Are they prioritizing social media
over studying? How many hours do they waste on
social media? This small portion of people do not
represent the whole because the students who are
doing well, are most likely studying at this
moment.

After making that realization, I left that Facebook
group and felt a sense of relief to not be
constantly flooded with negative posts and
images.

As the date of starting Nursing School was
approaching, the anxiety built up and I ended up breaking down and made
an appointment with a psychiatrist. I stayed on an antidepressant medication all
through nursing school. It truly was a lifesaver.
Overall, surround yourself with positive influences and people that will uplift you.

The nursing profession is an incredibly reputable career path that exemplifies the best in
humanity with compassion, empathy and good moral character. It is a stable career that
offers flexibility, compensation, benefits, and lifelong learning opportunities.
20
“ Do not be ashamed to ask for help or
feel bad for taking medications for your
mental health. You are doing it to help
you better function and succeed. There is
nothing wrong with that.”
XO A manda
21
C h a p t e r 8 : N C L E X L a n d
The big NCLEX exam. This is what you have prepared for your whole nursing career.
One test.
I passed it in 75 questions and I will share everything you should know.

All throughout nursing school, I
was told to practice doing NCLEX
style questions even from day
one. Towards my last semester, I
received a lot of pressure from my
teachers to start studying for the
NCLEX with the use of a different
program like HESI, ATI, KAPLAN,
and more!

I had no idea where to even start.
I felt confused on what I should
use and how often I should study.
PREPARING THE MONTH
BEFORE

Personally, I decided to take a
week off after passing nursing
school before starting to study the
NCLEX.
I graduated at the end of December 2020, and took the NCLEX on January 13th,
2021. As a person with high testing anxiety, I knew I needed to just schedule it sooner
than later so I could get it over with. I kept telling myself,
“Even if I
failed, I will know what the NCLEX exam
looks like so I can better prepare the
second time around”.
22
C h a p t e r 8 : N C L E X L a n d
I did not prepare to just take 75 questions, I mentally prepared myself to take all of the
145 questions. I knew that if I went past 75 questions in my exam, I would feel defeated
so I had to prepare to take the full exam. If you pass 75 questions and it keeps going, that
means you still have a good chance of passing.

I started studying 4 weeks before my exam. If my past studying habits taught me anything,
it was that you should not cram for big exams. I decided to just study 3-4 hrs maximum
each day and most of that time was spent doing 100 NCLEX style questions a day. The
more you practice these types of exam questions, the higher the comfort level you will
have with them. Each night I would also study top NCLEX medications for 5 minutes
before bed.

THE DAY BEFORE YOUR EXAM
Rest!
Most people want to cram study but this will increase your risk of burning out and
becoming more anxious. The day before the exam, try to take it easy. It is best to take
your mind off the exam by having time with friends or going on a walk. The only studying
I did was reviewing pharmacology for 10 minutes in the afternoon.
THE DAY OF THE EXAM
Breathe!
I woke up a little numb. I felt like this day was not really here and that I was living in a
dream. I decided to get myself a treat of Starbucks because I wanted to celebrate that I
made it to this point! My exam was scheduled at 8 am in the morning so I left around
6:30 am to get my coffee and breakfast sandwich before heading towards the exam
center. When I checked in, I had to show my personal identification and check my items
(phone, wallet) into one of the lockers. Before I entered the exam room, I made sure to
get the noise cancelling headphones and ear plugs since I did not want to get distracted
by others. It was a good thing I asked for these items since I was one of the last to finish
my exam and if I heard others leaving, then I would feel more anxious than I already
My screen shut off at 75 questions and I
was 100% sure I failed. I left the exam in tears with a feeling of
was.
panic. It was lunchtime so I drove over to get some food and try to calm down. My friend
texted me about the Pearson Vue Trick and I tried it a few hours later. The trick showed I
passed. I was in disbelief. I was still skeptical so I waited until I saw that I passed from my
State’s Registry of Nursing before I celebrated.
23
Chapter 9: New Nurse J itters
I will never forget the first time I walked into a patient’ s room alone as their Registered
Nurse, and not the student. The first thought in my head was, “ This is not real. I should
not be here!”
I felt unq ua lified.
I would go to work and come home
with my mind racing about all the
steps I took and whether I made a
mistake. I worried if I charted enough
or too much? I was rechecking my
meds and orders 10x before
administering any medication out of
fear that I would make a mistake. I
usually was one of the last people to
leave on the floor for the first few
months since I never finished my
charting as fast as others. Time
management, prioritization, and how
to cluster care were more nursing
skills that I needed to work on in
practice.
Truth: New Nurse anxiety can be
common the first 6 months of practice.
I realized that I was suffering from Imposter Sy ndrome in nursing. Imposter
syndrome is when you feel unqualified, unworthy, or feeling like you will be exposed as
fraud despite your qualifications (graduating with RN/ LPN) to be in your current role.
24
Chapter 9: New Nurse J itters
How to Comba t N ew N urse J itters:
1) Try to remember how you got to this point. Think about all the time and energy you
spent to be where you are. You studied hard to graduate and be the nurse you are
today. You deserve to be at this point in your career. It w a s not just luck . Your
teachers, clinical instructor, advisors, and the Board of Nursing (NCLEX)
passed you because you EA RNED your title of a Nurse!
2) Nobody knows everything. You will encounter a disease,
medication, or issue that you have never heard of and that
HA PPENS all the time. You will constantly be learning new
things and even seasoned nurses need help every once in
awhile. It is ok a y to a sk for help or to a sk
q uestions!
3) Do not bottle up your feelings or anxiety.
Talk to your Nursing Supervisor,
Mentor, or Coworkers about how you are
feeling because they probably felt the
same way as you at one point and might have
advice on how to make you feel more
comfortable.
4) G IVE IT TIME. This anxiety W ILL go away with
time. We all are not perfect at skills, make
mistakes, or have trouble with communication in
the beginning. A ll y ou ca n do is show up
a nd try y our best. It will get easier with time. I
promise!
25
“ There is a patient out there that
really needs Y OU to be their nurse.
You have your own set of special
skills, strengths, and personal
experiences that can help you
connect with the patient in a way
only you can to help them heal” .
XO A manda
26
B ea u t i f u l
N u r si n g
A N A TO M Y &
P H Y S I O LO G Y
BEAUTIFUL NURSING
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy: structures of the body
Physiology: functions of the body structures
11 Body Systems
NERVOUS SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Includes: Brain, Spinal Cord, and
Nerves
Function: Conducts nerve
impulses from sensory organs to
brain then to muscles.
Includes: Bones,
Cartilage and Ligaments
Function: Protects internal
organs, supports body and stores
calcium/phosphorus.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Includes: Muscles
Function: Help carry out
signals for movement
Includes: Heart, Blood,
Blood Vessels
Function: Transports nutrients
and oxygen to and from cells.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (GI)
Includes: Pharynx (throat),
Larynx (voice box), Trachea
(Windpipe), Lungs, Large and
Small Airways, Nose, Mouth
Function: Supply body with
oxygen “O2” and get rid of
carbon dioxide “CO2”.
Includes: Mouth, Pharynx
(throat), esophagus,
stomach, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, salivary glands, large and
small intestine, rectum, anus
Function: Process nutrients
throughout GI system, secreting
enzymes for digestion, absorb
nutrients and eliminate waste.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Includes: Lymph nodes,
spleen, appendix, adenoids,
thymus, tonsils, and parts of
small intestine.
Function: Protects the body
from infection and disease.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Includes: Male-penis, ductus deferens,
spongy urethra, bladder, seminal
vesicle, prostate, gland, epididymis,
testis, scrotum.
Female-fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus,
cervix, vagina.
Function: Used to reproduce offspring.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM (GU)
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Includes: Adrenal Cortex,
Adrenal Medulla, Thyroid,
Parathyroid, Pancreas
Islets, Thymus, Pineal &
Pituitary Gland
Function: Produces
hormones to regulate
homeostasis.
2
Includes: Kidneys,
Renal Pelvis, Ureters, Bladder,
Urethra
Function: Remove waste, balance
body’s fluid and electrolytes,
control blood pressure, and filter
blood.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Includes: Skin, Hair, Nails,
Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
Function: Infection Protection,
Vitamin D, secretes waste and fluids.
BEAUTIFUL NURSING
B a si c I n f or m a ti on
Ty pes of M embra nes
P er i c a r d i u m
Sa gitta l Pla ne
Tra nsv erse Pla ne
Fronta l Pla ne
O bliq ue Pla ne
Divides body
vertically into left
and right parts
Divides body
horizontally into
superior (above) and
inferior (below)
Divides body
vertically into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back)
Divides body at
any angle other
than horizontal or
vertical.
A natomical View Terms
Lines the Heart
P l eu r a
Lines the Lungs
A nterior: Towards Front
Posterior: Towards Back
M edia l: Towards Midline of Body
La tera l: Away from Midline of Body
Inferior: Below
Cra nia l: Towards Skull
Superior: A bove
P er i t on eu m
Prox ima l: Closer to Reference Point
Dista l: Farther from Reference Point
Cepha la d: Towards Head
Ca uda l: Towards Tail
Feedback Systems
NegativeFeedback System
Lines Abdominal
Cavity. Ex: Stomach,
Spleen, Liver
PositiveFeedback System
Produces a response that is O PPO SITE of
original stimulus.
Produces a response that EN HA N CES
original stimulus.
Ex : If body temp is low, hypothalamus
narrows blood vessels to decrease flow of
heat to skin to raise temperature.
Ex : In labor, as baby progresses into birth
canal, contractions get stronger until baby
can be born.
3
Layers of the
membranes are
parietal (lines the wall
of an organ) and
visceral (covers the
organ).
I n teg u m en ta r y S y stem
I n c l u d es: S k i n , S eba c eou s G l a n d s (oi l ), S w eat G l a n d s, H a i r, Na i l s
Hair Shaft
Layers of the
Epidermis
Epidermis
From Top to Bottom
le
1. COME: Stratum Cornerneum
2. LET’s: Stratum Lucidum
3. GET: Stratum Granulosum
4. SUN: Stratum Spinosum
5. BURNED: Stratum Basal
llic
Fo
ir
i
Pil
M
Ha
tor
c le
us
Made up of the
Papillary Layer
(areolar
connective tissue)
and 80% of the
dermis is the
Reticular Layer
(dense irregular
connective tissue).
c
re
Ar
Dermis
Sebaceous G land
Sweat G land
Subcutaneous
Tissue
FUNCTIONS OF THESKIN- BL I SS
B: Balance of Temperature
L: Loss of Moisture
Fat (A dipose)
Tissue
EPIDERMIS
Elastic layer on the outside that is continually being regenerated.
Keratinocytes: main cells of epidermis and are considered the
building blocks of the protein keratin.
Corneocytes: flattened dead keratinocytes that make up outer
layer of epidermis (stratum corneum).
Melanocytes: produce pigment melanin to protect against UV
radiation and gives skin its color.
DERMIS
I: Infection & Injury Protection
S: Synthesizes Vitamin D
Inner layer of the skin structure.
Sweat Glands: produce sweat through pores in epidermis.
Hair Follicles: pits in which hair grows.
Sebaceous Glands: produce sebum (oil) to keep hair free from
bacteria and dust.
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
S: Sensation (Touch, Temp)
Layer under dermis made up of connective tissue and Adipose (Fat) to act
as an insulator.
4
I n teg u m en ta r y S y stem
F ou r T y pes of T i ssu es: E pi th el i a l , C on n ec tiv e, M u sc l e, a n d Ner v ou s.
Histology :
Nervous Tissue
study of tissues
Epithelial Tissue
N erv ous tissue is the main component of the
nervous system. Made of N eurons (large,
branching cells that sense stimuli and send
electrical impulses) and G lia l Cells (supports,
insulates, and protects blood vessels).
Epithelia l tissue is classified by shape and
number of layers.
Function: Cover and Protects Body
Found in: Surface of Body, O rgans, or Body
Cavities.
Function: Control and Communication
Squamous Cells: Absorpt ion, Diffusion,
Found in: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
and Filtrat ion. Found in air sacs of lungs,
blood vessels, and lining of heart. “Flat”
Cuboidal Cells: Absorb nutrients and
Schwann’ s Cells
produce secret ions. Found in small glands
and kidney tubules. “Cube Shape”
A xon Terminals
A xon
Myelin Sheath
Dendrites
Columnar Cells: Absorb nutrients and
secretes mucus and enzymes. Found in
bronchi, uterine rubes, or digest ive tract.
“Column Shape”
Nodes of Ranvier
Nucleus
MuscleTissue
ConnectiveTissue
Connectiv e Tissues is the most abundant tissue
and gives support to organs and attaches organs
together. Made of collagen fibers, elastic fibers or
reticular fibers.
M uscle tissue is made of muscle cells that
contain striations (cross stripes) and are
multinucleate.
Function: Movement
Found in: Muscles of Body
Function: Provides Support, Insulates, Storing
Reserve Fluid & Energy, Transport Substances,
Movement
Skeletal Muscle: Found on the
Found: Everywhere in Body
Skeleton. “ Voluntary” Long
mult inucleated parallel cells with striates
(black lines).
Proper: Found in Ligaments & Skin. Divided into Loose
or Dense connect ive t issue. Loose includes: Areolar
and Adipose (fat). Dense includes: dense regular, dense
irregular, and elast ic.
Cart ilage: Found in j oints between bones, rib cage,
ear, nose, elbow, knees, ankle, bronchial tubes. Types:
elast ic, hyaline, fibrocart ilage.
Bone: “Osseous Tissue” . This is found in the outer
layer of bones.
Blood: Specialized form of connect ive t issue that
delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells.
Cardiac Muscle: Found in the Heart.
“I nvoluntary” . One nucleus per cell,
striated, with intercalated disks.
Smoot h Muscle: Lines blood vessels
and hollow organs. “I nvoluntary” . Short
tapered cells with no striat ions.
5
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