1 W e l c o m e Hi, my name is Amanda and I am a Registered Nurse. When I first applied to nursing school, I was terrified. I would see all the negative comments, memes, and posts about how hard nursing school would be and how it would ruin your life and let me assure you that this is not the experience everyone has. I am not saying it is easy, but if you work hard then you can do it. “The negative stigma made me want to quit Nursing School before I even started” Eventually, I decided to give it a try and not listen to all the negativity. I have a history of depression and anxiety that made me fearful to begin. I was incredibly worried that I would fall back into a deep dark hole that I couldn’t get out of, but that was not the case. I had a lot of hard days in nursing school, but in the end, I learned so much and became a stronger and better person for it. I made this survival guide to give you comfort on the hard days and break down the most difficult material so you can pass! 2 Table of Contents Welcome......................................... 2 Table of Contents.............................3 Chapter 1: Getting Started...............5 Chapter 2: First Day Jitters..............10 Chapter 3: How to Study................12 Chapter 4: Clinical Rotation............16 Chapter 5: Time Management.........18 Chapter 6: Being Broke..................19 Chapter 7: Mental Health...............20 Chapter 8: NCLEX.........................23 Chapter 9: New Nurse Anxiety.......25 Anatomy & Physiology...................28 Intro......................................................... 29 Basic Information...................................... 30 Integumentary System................................31 Circulatory System.................................... 33 Respiratory System.................................... 36 Nervous System........................................ 40 Urinary System......................................... 42 Digestive System....................................... 44 Female Reproductive System......................46 Male Reproductive System.........................48 Endocrine System...................................... 49 Lymphatic System ...................................... 51 Muscular System....................................... 54 Skeletal System......................................... 56 Fundamentals................................58 ADPIE...................................................... 59 Intraprofessional Team, Legal & Ethics........60 Delegation & Asepsis.................................61 Safety Precautions & Assistive Devices........62 Patient Positioning..................................... 63 Vitals....................................................... 64 Wound Care............................................. 65 Medication Administration.........................66 IV Therapy & Fluids................................... 67 Central Venous Access............................... 68 Urinary Catheters..................................... 69 Urinary Elimination...................................70 Bowel Elimination...................................... 71 Ostomy Care............................................ 72 Enteral Feeding......................................... 73 Oxygenation............................................. 74 Neurocognition......................................... 75 Pain Management.....................................76 Therapeutic Communication.......................77 Arterial Blood Gases................................. 78 Nursing Skills............................................ 79 Nutrition....................................... 80 Medical Surgical...........................89 Neurological Disorders..............................89 Respiratory Disorders..............................101 Cardiovascular Disorders.........................108 Gastrointestinal Disorders.........................117 Endocrine Disorders................................ 126 Musculoskeletal Disorders........................135 Mental Health Disorders..........................142 Integumentary Disorders..........................153 Immune Disorders.................................... 158 Perioperative and Fluid & Electrolytes.......162 OB-Maternity............................... 167 Pediatrics.................................... 188 Heart Rhythms & ECG..................200 Pharmacology............................. 207 Study Hacks........................................... 208 Basics & Terminology...............................209 Routes of Administration...........................212 Cholinergics vs. Anticholinergics...............213 Beta vs. Alpha Receptors..........................214 Nervous System Drugs.............................215 Musculoskeletal Drugs.............................232 Integumentary Drugs...............................242 Immune System Drugs..............................246 Respiratory Drugs................................... 262 Urinary Drugs ......................................... 271 Cardiovascular Drugs..............................276 GI Meds................................................. 287 Hematologic Drugs.................................. 293 Reproductive Drugs.................................299 Endocrine Drugs..................................... 308 Categorizing Common Drugs....................313 Medication Organizer.............................316 Important Drug Levels..............................317 Leadership................................... 318 NCLEX Review.............................326 Happy Studying! First, make a list of the reasons WHY you wanted to become a nurse. This is important. Whenever you have a bad day, refer back to this page for some motivation. 1) _______________ 2) _______________ 3) ________________ 4) _________________ 5) _________________ Second, make a list of who will be your advocates. Who can you call when you have a bad day or after a bad exam. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) __________________ Number: _________________ Number: __________________ Number: __________________ Number: _________________ Number: 3 C h a p t e r 1: G e t t in g S t a r t e d I applied to hundreds of jobs before I landed a well-paying job as a medical receptionist. I loved the work I did and how I got to deal with a variety of different patients and scenarios, but I wanted more of a challenge. I knew I wanted to become a nurse, but I had no idea where to even begin. I started searching on the internet and calling around to different Universities and Community Colleges in the area for their advice. Here is what they said: 1) Decide if you want to start with the ADN vs BSN route. Or LPN vs RN. The two different major types of nurses are Licensed Practical Nurses (LPN) and Registered Nurses (RN). Both of these routes let you do many responsibilities of a nurse, but the main difference is the RN route lets you have a larger scope of practice with a higher salary. If you choose RN, these two different routes will get you that degree but there are some major differences: ➡ The ADN route stands for Associates Degree in Nursing. This is typically completed in 2 years and you can work as an RN once you graduate and can continue on if you want to get your BSN. ➡ The BSN route stands for Bachelors Degree in Nursing. This is typically completed in 4 years and nursing students with a BSN can pursue more management roles and leadership roles in the nursing profession. Personally, I started off with the ADN-RN route since it was cheaper, and it would get me to my RN license faster. Once you get your ADN, there are many programs that you can enroll into that will help you complete your BSN online while you are working as a Registered Nurse. 4 C h a p t e r 1: G e t t in g S t a r t e d 2) Get your pre-requisites out of the way. “C’s get degrees”. Usually, you must get at least a C or better in these pre-requisites to even apply to nursing school but it is advised to get better grades, so you have a more competitive edge to get into various programs. Example Schedule Semester 1 Semester 2 Semester 3 Semester 4 Chemistry General Statistics Anatomy & Physiology I Anatomy & Physiology II Biology Introduction to Sociology Fundamentals of Microbiology Medical Ethics 5 C h a p t e r 1: G e t t in g S t a r t e d 3) Find the cheapest option to graduate with less student loans. Back when I told the nurse manager at the site where I was a medical receptionist about how I wanted to apply to the most competitive nursing program at a local University, she told me: “ One school is not always better than another. R emember you all take the same NCLEX in the end… ” She was so right. Even though, it might have looked good on my resume to have graduated from this specific fancy University with a nursing degree, I would have a greater amount of student loans that I would spend more time in the long run paying off. I decided to start my prerequisites at a local community college for a fraction of the cost and even got a scholarship to pay for one of the semesters, which I will talk about more later. The Nursing Field is always in demand of new nurses, so choose the path that will be BEST FOR YOUR NEEDS in the long run. 6 C h a p t e r 1: G e t t in g S t a r t e d 4) Nursing School Entrance Exam There are a few different types of nursing school entrance exams, but the major ones are called the TEAS and HESI exam. In my state, we take the TEAS exam. I took the exam the first time as a I was finishing my last semester with Anatomy & Physiology II. I decided to just take the TEAS without studying just to see how well I would do and what I needed to study more. I failed the T EA S Exam the first time. I came out of the first Teas Exam with 70%, which was 10% lower than what I needed to even apply in the programs I wanted. It was a wake up call that I needed to really buckle down and study since you are only allowed to do the TEAS a certain number of times. After treating my studying like it was an actual job, I got a score of 82%, which was above the number I needed to apply to my dream programs. Once I applied, I waited a couple of months to hear back. The first program that all my friends in my pre-requisite classes applied to with me were accepted while I was waitlisted. I cried for many hours. I knew I was smart and was meant to be a nurse, but this was not looking good for me. Eventually another school called me with an opening and I was accepted to two other programs. Even though I wanted to start this journey with the friends I made in pre-reqs, I went the opposite way and refused admission to the school that waitlisted me and accepted admission to another program with a better reputation. 7 “ T here will be moments you doubt yourself and wonder if you made the right choice, but in these moments of defeat, do not give up. Use this doubt as fuel to work even harder to achieve your dreams. T here is a reason you started… Make yourself proud one day.” XO A manda 8 C h a p t e r 2 : F ir s t D a y J it t e r s I was overloaded with information on the first day of Nursing School. I went home that day and cried for at least an hour. We were told everything from, “You will not see your family at holidays” to “Unless you study all the time, you will fail” and more…. After the first week of orientation, we had over 20 students drop my nursing program. It was not because they were not smart enough to be there. They proved they were smart and capable enough by their prereq grades and entrance exam scores, but they let fear overtake them. Fear of the unknown can be overwhelming. Here’s the thing though: They never stayed with it long enough to know how nursing school would affect them. Some might have passed with flying colors, some might have failed out. They gave up before giving it a chance. Before my nursing school orientation, I had to talk to the nursing department advisor. I have a history of depression and anxiety, and never thought I would get through nursing school in one piece. Luckily, my advisor assured me that many students with mental health disorders, kids, even full-time jobs had made it through the program. That gave me a glimmer of hope. 9 C h a p t e r 2 : F ir s t D a y J it t e r s The first week of nursing school, I started to prioritize. I decided to not start any assignments until I was organized. I organized every class into different folders, marked my planner with all the assignments and exams, and even set alarms on my phone to wake up for class/clinical/lab so I would not miss. “ T he best way to start over is to get organized. Organize your notes, your room, your time, and try once more again.” Once I was completely organized, I felt ready to take on the assignments that would come my way. There were days that I would have to schedule my day hour by hour. The truth is that none of us walk into nursing school knowing it all. Many try to “fake it until you make it," but most of the students in that room with you are just as frightened and anxious as you might be. There is no way to fully be prepared for the first day since you do not know what will be taught in the upcoming semesters, so it is important to take a breath and learn as you go. 10 C h a p t e r 3 : H o w t o S t u d y When I first started pre-requisites, I would spend hours studying only to pass. I could not understand what I was doing wrong until one of my teachers came to my aid. My Anatomy & Physiology teacher saw me sit outside the classroom hours before an exam cramming as much information as I could into my head while sipping a large coffee. This how our conversation went: Teacher: What are your study habits? Me: I am not sure. I try to study every night and hours before an exam to keep the material fresh in my head. Teacher: That is not helping, is it? Me: No… Teacher: I know you are a smart girl, but you have this all wrong. In order to actually memorize and connect information, you have to start studying before my lecture even starts. Me: But I probably won’t even understand what the textbook is trying to say? Teacher: Correct. You will be confused, then you will come to class with questions and then it might start to click. The top students in my class quickly skim over the upcoming lecture, ask questions, and then study 5-20 minutes each night and never cram the night before. That is when it hit me, that I was studying harder, NOT SMARTER. I knew that I had to change my study habits as soon as possible so I could not only get into nursing school, but so that I could do well in nursing school. 11 C h a p t e r 3 : H o w t o S t u d y Here are my top study tips that helped me become an A student in Nursing School: 1) Get a planner to get organized. This is crucial. Missing one assignment could be the difference between you passing and needing to retake a course. I’ve seen this happen to multiple students and it is heartbreaking. The second you get the class syllabus, work on writing down all the important dates for assignments, projects, exams, readings into your planner in the first week. 2) Figure out your learning style: auditory, reading, visual, etc. Once you figure out how you learn best, find materials that are suited to your style. Example: if you are a visual learner, watch videos on the subject. 3) Skim lectures before and write down what stood out to you or questions you might have on the material. My actual study desk 4) Pay attention in class. This is a hard one for some people. If you are on Zoom, keep your camera on to keep accountability. If you are in person, sit in the front of the class, so your attention stays on the teacher. 5) Start to study your notes as soon as the lecture is over. In my lecture, I would sometimes make digital notecards with Quizlet, so when the lecture is over then I would listen to these notecards on my commute home. 6) Create a therapeutic study space. I bought a cheap and oversized study desk from Ikea that I would keep clean, light a candle, get a cold beverage, and start studying with classical music in the background. 12 C h a p t e r 3 : H o w t o S t u d y 7) Use the 20-5 Rule. The rule states that 20 minutes of your time should be used to study with 5 minute breaks. 8) Highlight information by category. = Exams = Assignments = Mini Quizzes = Presentations = Projects 9) Learn to Prioritize. Do assignments first by what is worth the most points or what is due the soonest. 10) Take time for self-care. I know this seems impossible since you may not have a lot of time but if you keep running yourself into the ground, you will burnout. WATCH FOR SIGNS OF BURNOUT: Exhaustion Negativity Lack of Motivation Irritability Depression Decreased Focus Social Withdrawal Sleep Disturbances 13 “ A s far as exams go, you do not always need to know all the information, you just need to learn how to read between the lines to answer the question correctly… ” XO A manda 14 C h a p t e r 4 : C l in ic a l R o t a t io n s I was incredibly excited and very nervous for clinical rotations. I was about to take on the role of playing an actual nurse and I was not sure if I was ready for it. We started our clinical rotation in the first few weeks into our first semester of nursing school at a long term care facility that went from 0700 to 1400. The night before, I packed my lunch and set out my nursing school uniform. I also made sure that I had all my supplies of: penlight, stethoscope, gait belt, watch, water bottle, nursing school badge, along with paper and a pen. The expectations were lower for the first clinical rotation and we had to mainly take vitals and ambulate (walk) our patients to the dining hall at our first clinical rotation at a long term care facility. Even though vitals seem like an easy task, I was incredibly nervous doing it on a real patient for the first time and I stumbled. It took me a couple tries to make sure the blood pressure cuff was on tight enough and in the right position. As the semesters went on, the clinical experiences picked up in acuity. My last semester I was placed on a cardiac/telemetry floor at a nearby hospital. I was allowed to do many of the tasks an actual nurse would do like medication administration, inserting a foley, setting up an IV. Here is the truth: we all make mistakes at clinical. There will be a time you make a mistake, but the true test of your character is how you respond. 15 C h a p t e r 4 : C l in ic a l R o t a t io n s I had a patient that needed their routine insulin administration after I checked their blood glucose level and verified the order. I did not inject the medication into the abdomen fully and some of the insulin leaked out. I was shaking. I thought I was going to be kicked out and I was so embarrassed of this mistake since hypo/hyperglycemia can be fatal. Instead of marking in the MAR (medication administration record) that I administered the medication and the job was done, instead I immediately found my nursing clinical instructor and confessed my mistake. I was in tears. Luckily, my clinical instructor had a background in emergency/ trauma so nothing was a big deal to her. She told me that I did the right thing by admitting my mistake and that I just needed to recheck the blood glucose in the half hour and note this error in the MAR. If I did not immediately admit to making a mistake so other professionals could help me fix this situation, the outcome could have become very serious or fatal. “ Every Nurse was once a student... Every Expert was once a beginner… G ive yourself grace and time. It will all come together eventually” 16 C h a p t e r 5 : T im e M a n a g e m e n t Time Management is one of the most important skills to learn and practice in order to pass nursing school. You will be thrown many assignments, readings, exams, projects and tasks that you will need to do and each of them will be worth a certain amount of points. One of my nursing friends who was a year ahead of me told me that nursing school was like playing a Mario Game on Nintendo, you just need to keep collecting coins (points) and hoping you collected enough to get to the next level. It was not just important to do the actual assignments, but to get them done in time. Personally, I was working a full time job when I first started my pre-requisites in nursing school with a 3 year old child. How to develop time management skills: First is to buy a planner. A planner will become your lifeline. I always had a written planner but in my last semester, I had a written and a digital planner from Google that I used religiously to make sure I did not miss anything. Second is to use a daily task list. On the days that I had multiple assignments due and I still had a lot of reading to do, I had to use a daily task list that would make me take the day “hour by hour” so I could make sure to get everything done in a timely manner. Third is use notecards. During lecture, I would try to make notecards (I used digital ones on Quizlet) so I could listen to these notes again on the commute home from school and be able to study that night without having to do the work to make the cards, which would waste more time. Finally Set limits. I was told I would never have time to watch Netflix again. Let me tell you that you can have time to hang out with your friends, watch tv, or go to an event as long as you set limits for yourself. Instead of binge watching a whole season on Netflix of a new show, try watching one episode and making yourself turn off the tv. Time also seems to fly when you are on social media, there are many apps that can now set time limits for you on certain social media apps like Instagram, TikTok, or Facebook. I would try to limit myself to 10 minutes of social media time a day. 17 C h a p t e r 6 : B e in g B r o k e Nursing school is expensive and it is even harder when you have to find ways to financially support yourself through it. At the time I started nursing school and quit my full time job, all the income we had to rely on was my husband’s. He made an average salary that usually paid enough for rent, daycare, transportation, and our food. On the average day, we had around $120 in our bank account. There was one summer when I was in the midst of finishing accelerated Microbiology and Anatomy & Physiology courses that our bank accounts were overdrawn several times. It is important to look at your daily habits and see where you can cut costs. EX: A daily $3 Starbucks drink can add up to over $1,000 a year. If you do have the option to stay or move back in with your family, I would highly recommend that. Not all of us have this option, but there is no shame in asking for help while you are trying to pursue your future career. Try to find a part time job if your schedule allows. About half of my cohort worked a part time job while they were in nursing school and it was a struggle to find hours that were flexible enough to allow them to attend study sessions outside of lecture. Financial Aid. I applied to over 30 scholarships before I was awarded one with my school. Check out your school’s financial aid office to see what they have available for scholarships, work-study positions, along with applications for Federal Student Aid (FASFA). Odd jobs. I never worked an “official” part time job after taking my prerequisites, but I did work at least once a week making money from participating in focus groups, market research, and product testing. There was one night after a nursing school lecture that I signed up for a food testing opportunity with a new sour cream and they prepared the sample with baked potatoes and I was paid to eat dinner that night. Try to search around for odd jobs like this that allow your schedule to remain flexible while still making some income. There is a lot of more flexible positions working as a delivery driver, babysitting or even selling used clothing. 18 C h a p t e r 7 : M e n t a l H e a l t h The biggest concern I had before starting Nursing School was my mental health. I have a dark history with a lot of pain, loss, and trauma that I continue to work through. I have been clinically diagnosed with anxiety and major depression. I decided to take the necessary steps of talking to my nursing school advisor before starting the program. I was told that many students that struggled with all kind of problems from anxiety, depression, ADHD, dyslexia, hearing loss, and even mild learning disabilities have made it through my program and became a nurse. T he negative memes regarding nursing school on social media can be discouraging and can create unnecessary anxiety. The summer before I actually started nursing school, I was a wreck. I felt like I was a boxer getting ready to go in the ring before getting beat up. I heard so many horror stories from friends and on the internet, that I felt like I was approaching a death sentence. I knew in my heart that I wanted to be a nurse and that I would be a great nurse, but I had all of these doubts. Am I smart enough? Will my marriage fail? Am I going to fail? Will my kids miss me? How will I pay the bills? Will my mental health suffer? 19 C h a p t e r 7 : M e n t a l H e a l t h These were all insecurities that other people created that ultimately affected my mental health. If other people struggled in nursing school, does not mean you will. I also remember being apart of a Nursing Student facebook group. There was a post that said if you are failing nursing school post a blue heart, if you are barely making it post a green heart, if you are getting A’s and B’s post a red heart. All I kept seeing was blue hearts with people saying, “I can’t do this anymore” or “I’m just done”. I felt discouraged and like I was going to fail. But it hit me. These students were posting on social media in the middle of the semester. How often are they on social media? Are they prioritizing social media over studying? How many hours do they waste on social media? This small portion of people do not represent the whole because the students who are doing well, are most likely studying at this moment. After making that realization, I left that Facebook group and felt a sense of relief to not be constantly flooded with negative posts and images. As the date of starting Nursing School was approaching, the anxiety built up and I ended up breaking down and made an appointment with a psychiatrist. I stayed on an antidepressant medication all through nursing school. It truly was a lifesaver. Overall, surround yourself with positive influences and people that will uplift you. The nursing profession is an incredibly reputable career path that exemplifies the best in humanity with compassion, empathy and good moral character. It is a stable career that offers flexibility, compensation, benefits, and lifelong learning opportunities. 20 “ Do not be ashamed to ask for help or feel bad for taking medications for your mental health. You are doing it to help you better function and succeed. There is nothing wrong with that.” XO A manda 21 C h a p t e r 8 : N C L E X L a n d The big NCLEX exam. This is what you have prepared for your whole nursing career. One test. I passed it in 75 questions and I will share everything you should know. All throughout nursing school, I was told to practice doing NCLEX style questions even from day one. Towards my last semester, I received a lot of pressure from my teachers to start studying for the NCLEX with the use of a different program like HESI, ATI, KAPLAN, and more! I had no idea where to even start. I felt confused on what I should use and how often I should study. PREPARING THE MONTH BEFORE Personally, I decided to take a week off after passing nursing school before starting to study the NCLEX. I graduated at the end of December 2020, and took the NCLEX on January 13th, 2021. As a person with high testing anxiety, I knew I needed to just schedule it sooner than later so I could get it over with. I kept telling myself, “Even if I failed, I will know what the NCLEX exam looks like so I can better prepare the second time around”. 22 C h a p t e r 8 : N C L E X L a n d I did not prepare to just take 75 questions, I mentally prepared myself to take all of the 145 questions. I knew that if I went past 75 questions in my exam, I would feel defeated so I had to prepare to take the full exam. If you pass 75 questions and it keeps going, that means you still have a good chance of passing. I started studying 4 weeks before my exam. If my past studying habits taught me anything, it was that you should not cram for big exams. I decided to just study 3-4 hrs maximum each day and most of that time was spent doing 100 NCLEX style questions a day. The more you practice these types of exam questions, the higher the comfort level you will have with them. Each night I would also study top NCLEX medications for 5 minutes before bed. THE DAY BEFORE YOUR EXAM Rest! Most people want to cram study but this will increase your risk of burning out and becoming more anxious. The day before the exam, try to take it easy. It is best to take your mind off the exam by having time with friends or going on a walk. The only studying I did was reviewing pharmacology for 10 minutes in the afternoon. THE DAY OF THE EXAM Breathe! I woke up a little numb. I felt like this day was not really here and that I was living in a dream. I decided to get myself a treat of Starbucks because I wanted to celebrate that I made it to this point! My exam was scheduled at 8 am in the morning so I left around 6:30 am to get my coffee and breakfast sandwich before heading towards the exam center. When I checked in, I had to show my personal identification and check my items (phone, wallet) into one of the lockers. Before I entered the exam room, I made sure to get the noise cancelling headphones and ear plugs since I did not want to get distracted by others. It was a good thing I asked for these items since I was one of the last to finish my exam and if I heard others leaving, then I would feel more anxious than I already My screen shut off at 75 questions and I was 100% sure I failed. I left the exam in tears with a feeling of was. panic. It was lunchtime so I drove over to get some food and try to calm down. My friend texted me about the Pearson Vue Trick and I tried it a few hours later. The trick showed I passed. I was in disbelief. I was still skeptical so I waited until I saw that I passed from my State’s Registry of Nursing before I celebrated. 23 Chapter 9: New Nurse J itters I will never forget the first time I walked into a patient’ s room alone as their Registered Nurse, and not the student. The first thought in my head was, “ This is not real. I should not be here!” I felt unq ua lified. I would go to work and come home with my mind racing about all the steps I took and whether I made a mistake. I worried if I charted enough or too much? I was rechecking my meds and orders 10x before administering any medication out of fear that I would make a mistake. I usually was one of the last people to leave on the floor for the first few months since I never finished my charting as fast as others. Time management, prioritization, and how to cluster care were more nursing skills that I needed to work on in practice. Truth: New Nurse anxiety can be common the first 6 months of practice. I realized that I was suffering from Imposter Sy ndrome in nursing. Imposter syndrome is when you feel unqualified, unworthy, or feeling like you will be exposed as fraud despite your qualifications (graduating with RN/ LPN) to be in your current role. 24 Chapter 9: New Nurse J itters How to Comba t N ew N urse J itters: 1) Try to remember how you got to this point. Think about all the time and energy you spent to be where you are. You studied hard to graduate and be the nurse you are today. You deserve to be at this point in your career. It w a s not just luck . Your teachers, clinical instructor, advisors, and the Board of Nursing (NCLEX) passed you because you EA RNED your title of a Nurse! 2) Nobody knows everything. You will encounter a disease, medication, or issue that you have never heard of and that HA PPENS all the time. You will constantly be learning new things and even seasoned nurses need help every once in awhile. It is ok a y to a sk for help or to a sk q uestions! 3) Do not bottle up your feelings or anxiety. Talk to your Nursing Supervisor, Mentor, or Coworkers about how you are feeling because they probably felt the same way as you at one point and might have advice on how to make you feel more comfortable. 4) G IVE IT TIME. This anxiety W ILL go away with time. We all are not perfect at skills, make mistakes, or have trouble with communication in the beginning. A ll y ou ca n do is show up a nd try y our best. It will get easier with time. I promise! 25 “ There is a patient out there that really needs Y OU to be their nurse. You have your own set of special skills, strengths, and personal experiences that can help you connect with the patient in a way only you can to help them heal” . XO A manda 26 B ea u t i f u l N u r si n g A N A TO M Y & P H Y S I O LO G Y BEAUTIFUL NURSING Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy: structures of the body Physiology: functions of the body structures 11 Body Systems NERVOUS SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM Includes: Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves Function: Conducts nerve impulses from sensory organs to brain then to muscles. Includes: Bones, Cartilage and Ligaments Function: Protects internal organs, supports body and stores calcium/phosphorus. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM Includes: Muscles Function: Help carry out signals for movement Includes: Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels Function: Transports nutrients and oxygen to and from cells. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (GI) Includes: Pharynx (throat), Larynx (voice box), Trachea (Windpipe), Lungs, Large and Small Airways, Nose, Mouth Function: Supply body with oxygen “O2” and get rid of carbon dioxide “CO2”. Includes: Mouth, Pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands, large and small intestine, rectum, anus Function: Process nutrients throughout GI system, secreting enzymes for digestion, absorb nutrients and eliminate waste. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Includes: Lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, adenoids, thymus, tonsils, and parts of small intestine. Function: Protects the body from infection and disease. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Includes: Male-penis, ductus deferens, spongy urethra, bladder, seminal vesicle, prostate, gland, epididymis, testis, scrotum. Female-fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina. Function: Used to reproduce offspring. EXCRETORY SYSTEM (GU) ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Includes: Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Medulla, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreas Islets, Thymus, Pineal & Pituitary Gland Function: Produces hormones to regulate homeostasis. 2 Includes: Kidneys, Renal Pelvis, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra Function: Remove waste, balance body’s fluid and electrolytes, control blood pressure, and filter blood. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Includes: Skin, Hair, Nails, Sebaceous and Sweat Glands Function: Infection Protection, Vitamin D, secretes waste and fluids. BEAUTIFUL NURSING B a si c I n f or m a ti on Ty pes of M embra nes P er i c a r d i u m Sa gitta l Pla ne Tra nsv erse Pla ne Fronta l Pla ne O bliq ue Pla ne Divides body vertically into left and right parts Divides body horizontally into superior (above) and inferior (below) Divides body vertically into anterior (front) and posterior (back) Divides body at any angle other than horizontal or vertical. A natomical View Terms Lines the Heart P l eu r a Lines the Lungs A nterior: Towards Front Posterior: Towards Back M edia l: Towards Midline of Body La tera l: Away from Midline of Body Inferior: Below Cra nia l: Towards Skull Superior: A bove P er i t on eu m Prox ima l: Closer to Reference Point Dista l: Farther from Reference Point Cepha la d: Towards Head Ca uda l: Towards Tail Feedback Systems NegativeFeedback System Lines Abdominal Cavity. Ex: Stomach, Spleen, Liver PositiveFeedback System Produces a response that is O PPO SITE of original stimulus. Produces a response that EN HA N CES original stimulus. Ex : If body temp is low, hypothalamus narrows blood vessels to decrease flow of heat to skin to raise temperature. Ex : In labor, as baby progresses into birth canal, contractions get stronger until baby can be born. 3 Layers of the membranes are parietal (lines the wall of an organ) and visceral (covers the organ). I n teg u m en ta r y S y stem I n c l u d es: S k i n , S eba c eou s G l a n d s (oi l ), S w eat G l a n d s, H a i r, Na i l s Hair Shaft Layers of the Epidermis Epidermis From Top to Bottom le 1. COME: Stratum Cornerneum 2. LET’s: Stratum Lucidum 3. GET: Stratum Granulosum 4. SUN: Stratum Spinosum 5. BURNED: Stratum Basal llic Fo ir i Pil M Ha tor c le us Made up of the Papillary Layer (areolar connective tissue) and 80% of the dermis is the Reticular Layer (dense irregular connective tissue). c re Ar Dermis Sebaceous G land Sweat G land Subcutaneous Tissue FUNCTIONS OF THESKIN- BL I SS B: Balance of Temperature L: Loss of Moisture Fat (A dipose) Tissue EPIDERMIS Elastic layer on the outside that is continually being regenerated. Keratinocytes: main cells of epidermis and are considered the building blocks of the protein keratin. Corneocytes: flattened dead keratinocytes that make up outer layer of epidermis (stratum corneum). Melanocytes: produce pigment melanin to protect against UV radiation and gives skin its color. DERMIS I: Infection & Injury Protection S: Synthesizes Vitamin D Inner layer of the skin structure. Sweat Glands: produce sweat through pores in epidermis. Hair Follicles: pits in which hair grows. Sebaceous Glands: produce sebum (oil) to keep hair free from bacteria and dust. SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE S: Sensation (Touch, Temp) Layer under dermis made up of connective tissue and Adipose (Fat) to act as an insulator. 4 I n teg u m en ta r y S y stem F ou r T y pes of T i ssu es: E pi th el i a l , C on n ec tiv e, M u sc l e, a n d Ner v ou s. Histology : Nervous Tissue study of tissues Epithelial Tissue N erv ous tissue is the main component of the nervous system. Made of N eurons (large, branching cells that sense stimuli and send electrical impulses) and G lia l Cells (supports, insulates, and protects blood vessels). Epithelia l tissue is classified by shape and number of layers. Function: Cover and Protects Body Found in: Surface of Body, O rgans, or Body Cavities. Function: Control and Communication Squamous Cells: Absorpt ion, Diffusion, Found in: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves and Filtrat ion. Found in air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, and lining of heart. “Flat” Cuboidal Cells: Absorb nutrients and Schwann’ s Cells produce secret ions. Found in small glands and kidney tubules. “Cube Shape” A xon Terminals A xon Myelin Sheath Dendrites Columnar Cells: Absorb nutrients and secretes mucus and enzymes. Found in bronchi, uterine rubes, or digest ive tract. “Column Shape” Nodes of Ranvier Nucleus MuscleTissue ConnectiveTissue Connectiv e Tissues is the most abundant tissue and gives support to organs and attaches organs together. Made of collagen fibers, elastic fibers or reticular fibers. M uscle tissue is made of muscle cells that contain striations (cross stripes) and are multinucleate. Function: Movement Found in: Muscles of Body Function: Provides Support, Insulates, Storing Reserve Fluid & Energy, Transport Substances, Movement Skeletal Muscle: Found on the Found: Everywhere in Body Skeleton. “ Voluntary” Long mult inucleated parallel cells with striates (black lines). Proper: Found in Ligaments & Skin. Divided into Loose or Dense connect ive t issue. Loose includes: Areolar and Adipose (fat). Dense includes: dense regular, dense irregular, and elast ic. Cart ilage: Found in j oints between bones, rib cage, ear, nose, elbow, knees, ankle, bronchial tubes. Types: elast ic, hyaline, fibrocart ilage. Bone: “Osseous Tissue” . This is found in the outer layer of bones. Blood: Specialized form of connect ive t issue that delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells. Cardiac Muscle: Found in the Heart. “I nvoluntary” . One nucleus per cell, striated, with intercalated disks. Smoot h Muscle: Lines blood vessels and hollow organs. “I nvoluntary” . Short tapered cells with no striat ions. 5