Part 1 Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere in the rest of the text. We (1) in one or more languages. First language, also known as mother tongue, is generally the language a person learns (2). However, one can have two or more native languages thus being a native bilingual or indeed multilingual. The order in which these languages are learned is not necessarily the order of proficiency. Incomplete first (3) child skills often make learning other languages difficult. Often a child (4) basics of his or her first language or languages from his or her family. The term mother tongue, however, should not be interpreted to mean that it is the language of one's (5). For instance, in some paternal societies, the wife moves in with the husband and thus may have a different first language or dialect than the local language of the husband. Yet their children usually only speak their (6) language. Part 2 You want to see some live entertainment. There are descriptions of eight festival performances. Decide which one is the most suitable for you. A) You enjoy plays about real people who led interesting lives. B) You want to listen to as much music from the past as possible, and particularly like listening to people singing. C) You are planning to start a drama club for the children at your school. You would like to see some children acting if possible. D) You are interested in comedies and winning prizes by participating in various shows. E) You want to go out for the whole day with your friends. They all enjoy listening to pop music. from the past in natural environment. F) You love listening to music G) You want to go to the concert alone. H) You love traditional dances and watching them in open air. I) You would like to buy a ticket for the show online. J) He would like to see people performing dances from as many other parts of the world as possible to give him some new ideas. 7. International Youth Celebrations Local youth groups, together with students from various countries including Spain, Finland, Austria and Estonia, are each performing of three dance pieces. Then they will join together in a play about three international friendship. The evening will finish with the singing of songs from different countries. 8. River Festival A day of fun on the river bank, with a Chinese theme. Street entertain- ers and pop musicians perform during the day, followed by fireworks in the evening. Something for everybody to watch, both children and adults 9. Songs of Summer The Hunton Consort consists of eight voices singing music from hundreds of years ago right up to modern times. The group will perform songs, old and new, all of which are about the summer. 10. Music in the Open Air Well-known nationally for their traditional dance music, Jimmy Locke and his band play throughout the day in the open air on the Promenade Bandstand - if the weather allows! 11. Life Flows Between Us Kent Arts and Libraries present the first performance of a new dance group called the Street Dancing Company. The group will perform dances from the past on several of the bridges in the town. 12. A Star May Be Born Toni Arthur produces plays with seven- to eleven-year-olds, performed at the weekends for parents, family, and friends. The plays come from chil- dren's stories, and encouragement from the audience is always very wel- come. 13. Vita and Harold The Image Theatre Company dramatizes the love-letters of Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicholson. The play is about the couple's lives and their most unusual marriage. Unsuitable for children. 14. Variety Music Evening A great evening with the latest pop songs, and comedy and dancing from several great and unusual performers. Members of the audience will be invited to join in and will have the chance of winning tickets to a theatre show. Part 3 Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use any heading more than once. Mark your answers on the answer sheet. A) Difficult start B) A visit to the zoo C) Perfect for a quiet holiday D) Perfect for an active holiday E) Bad for animals F) Land of nature wonders G) New perspectives H) New rules to follow. 15. The mountains of Scotland (we call them the Highlands) are a wild and beautiful part of Europe. A golden eagle flies over the mountains. A deer walks through the silence of the forest. Salmon and trout swim in the clean, pure water of the rivers. Some say that not only fish swim in the deep water of Loch Ness. Speak to the people living by the Loch. Each person has a story of the monster, and some have photographs. 16.Tresco is a beautiful island with no cars, crowds or noise - just flowers, birds, long sandy beaches and the Tresco Abbey Garden. John and Wendy Pyatt welcome you to the Island Hotel, famous for delicious food, comfort and brilliant service. You will appreciate superb accommodation, free saunas and the indoor swimming pool. 17. The Camel and Wildlife Safari is a unique mixture of the traditional and modern. Kenya's countryside suits the Safari purposes exceptionally well. Tourists will have a chance to explore the bush country near Samburu, to travel on a camel back or to sleep out under the stars. Modern safari vehicles are always available for those who prefer comfort. 18. Arrival can be the hardest part of a trip. It is late, you are road-weary, and everything is new and strange. You need an affordable place to sleep, something to eat and drink, and probably a way to get around. But in general, it's a wonderful trip, full of wonderful and unusual places. Whether it is the first stop on a trip or the fifth city visited, every traveller feels a little overwhelmed stepping onto a new street in a new city. 19. No zoo has enough money to provide basic habitats or environments for all the species they keep. Most animals are put in a totally artificial environment, isolated from everything they would meet in their natural habitat. Many will agree that this isolation is harmful to the most of zoo inhabitants, it can even amount to cruelty 20. A new London Zoo Project is a ten-year project to secure the future for the Zoo and for many endangered animals. The plan has been devised by both animal and business experts to provide world-leading accommodation for all our animals, to more fully engage and inform people about conservation issues, to redesign certain aspects of Zoo layout. Part 4 Read the following text for questions 21-29. I arrived at the cloud forest in Ecuador ten days ago. I was one of a group of twelve volunteers that wanted to save the rainforest. My reasons for going on this trip were twofold: firstly, I wanted to collect and bring back alive some of the fascinating animals, birds and reptiles that inhabit this region; secondly, I had long cherished a dream to see South America: not the inhabited South America with its macadam roads, its cocktail bars, its express trains roaring through a landscape denuded of its flora and fauna by the beneficial influences of civilization. I wanted to see one of those few remaining parts of the continent that had escaped this fate and remained more or less as it was when America was first discovered: I wanted to see its rainforests, its vast lands of untouched, pure, natural wildlife. We were working together with local people and scientists and we were learning and seeing new things every day. Our lodge was comfortable, had breathtaking views and was in the middle of the rainforest. It was a two-hour walk from the nearest road, and it was even further to the nearest village. The rainforest is truly an astonishing place. There are thousands of species of plants here and more than 700 species of birds. There are millions of insects and scientists think there may be around forty mammal species that haven't even been discovered. But what I was really amazed at how everything depends on everything else for survival. Every tree in the rainforest is covered in a species of another kind. The black wasp uses the tarantula as a nest for its eggs, plants need monkeys for seed dispersal, and the clouds are necessary for the survival of the whole rainforest. This is because they provide moisture. The problem is, climate change is causing the clouds to rise by 1-2 meters every year. What will happen to the plants that need this moisture? What will happen to the animals that need those plants? Our job was to watch this changing ecosystem. One of my favourite projects was the bird survey. Every day a group of us set out at around five o'clock with a local scientist. At this time of the morning the air was filled with the sound of bird song. We had to identify the birds we hear and see and write down our findings. Later, we entered all our information into a computer at the lodge. We also set up cameras to record pumas, spectacled bears and other large mammals. It was always exciting to see pumas because it meant there were other animals around that they would normally hunt. We fixed the cameras to trees around the reserve, and every day a team of volunteers collected the cameras memory cards. There was a lot to do in the rainforest, but at least I felt like we were making a difference. However, soon I started collecting some animals and insects. I realized that as soon as the hunting got under way and the collection in- creased, most of my time would be taken up in looking after the animals, and I should not be able to wander far from camp. So I was eager to get into the forest while I had the chance. Nevertheless, I should mention the fact that without the help of the natives you would stand little chance of catching the animals you want, for they know the forest, having been born in it. Once the animal is caught, however, it is your job to keep it alive and well. If you left this part of it to the natives you would get precious little back alive. For questions 21-24, choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D. 21. According to the narrator scientists believe that A) plants in the rainforest do not need so much water. B) it's impossible to control the animals and birds in the forest. C) they should study animals without catching them. D) there is a number of unknown types of animals in the rainforest. 22. What type of work did the volunteers have to do? A) Study the birds' singing. B) Search for pumas and bears. C) Observe the changes in the wildlife. D) List the types of plants in the rainforest. 23. Why did the narrator go to the forest any time he had a chance to? A) He liked hunting with local people. B) He didn't have a chance to do any other work. C) He wouldn't have enough time for that later. D) He had to feed animals that he had caught. 24. According to the narrator he worked with local people because they A) protected the animals. B) were familiar with the place. C) saved his life. D) knew animals better. For questions 25-29, decide if the following statements agree with the information given in the text. Mark your answers on the answer sheet. 25. The only reason for traveling to Ecuador was to contribute to the protection of endangered animals. A) True B) False C) No Information 26. There were more areas influenced by civilization than untouched ones in South America. A) True B) False C) No Information 27. It took almost two hours for reaching to the nearest countryside from the center of the rainforest. A) True B) False C) No Information 28. There is an astonishing relationship between flora and fauna for their survival. A) True B) False C) No Information 29. Scientists used the sound of birds for observing different mammals. A) True B) False C) No Information Part 5 Read the following text for questions 30-35. A Good Night's Sleep Air pollution might be linked to poor sleep, say researchers looking into the impact of toxic air on our slumbers. The study explored the proportion of time participants spent asleep in bed at night compared with being awake - a measure known as sleep efficiency. The results reveal that greater expo- sure to nitrogen dioxide and small particulates known as PM 2.5s are linked with a greater chance of having low sleep efficiency. That, researchers say, could be down to the impact of air pollution on the body. 'Your nose, your sinuses and the back of your throat can all be irritated by those pollutants so that can cause some sleep disruption,' said Martha Billings, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Washington and co-author of the research. The study drew on air pollution data captured for nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 levels over a five-year period in six US cities, including data captured near the homes of the 1,863 participants. The data was then used to provide estimates of pollution levels in the home. From the results, the team grouped the participants according to their sleep efficiency, finding that the top quarter of the participants had a sleep efficiency of about 93% or higher, while the bottom quarter had a sleep efficiency of 88% or less. The team then took all of the participants and split them into four groups based on their exposure to air pollution. After taking into account a host of factors including age, smoking status and conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea, the team found that those who were ex- posed to the highest levels of air pollution over five years were more likely to be in the bottom group for sleep efficiency than those exposed to the lowest levels. More specifically, high levels of nitrogen dioxide increased the odds of having low sleep efficiency by almost 60%, while high levels of PM2.5s in- creased the odds by almost 50%. Higher levels of pollution were also linked to greater periods of time spent awake after going to sleep. However, it is not clear whether the pollution itself was affecting the participants' sleep of whether the poorer sleep quality might be down to other factors linked to pollution, such as the noise generated by traffic. In addition, data from one week's sleep might not reflect an individual's typical sleep pattern. Scott Weichenthal, an epidemiologist from McGill University in Canada, who was not involved in the study, said the research did not prove that air pollution caused poor sleep, but he added that 'There is certainly increasing evidence that air pollution affects our body in ways that we didn't appreciate before.' Roy Harrison, professor of environmental health at the University of Birmingham, said a link between pollution and sleep was not unexpected. 'Previous research has shown associations between nitrogen dioxide exposures and effects upon various physiological and biochemical functions in the body, as well as hospital admissions and mortality,' he said. 'It should therefore come as no surprise that such exposures also affect sleep patterns." For questions 30-33, fill in the missing information in the numbered spaces. Write no more than ONE WORD and/or A NUMBER for each question. The researchers found that there are 2 essential reasons for low sleep efficiency such as taking more nitrogen dioxide as well as tiny (30) during the day. The levels of air pollution were measured during a half-decade in the houses of (31) research subjects. The participants of the research were then divided into several groups depending on the rate of their (32) to air pollution. Harrison states that it is not actually (33) to observe the relationship between pollution and sleep efficiency. For questions 34-35, choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D. 34. Why does the writer explain how the researchers separated the participants into different groups? A) To show that it made the research easier to control. B) To illustrate how the research was more balanced C) To explain how the researchers wanted to compare the effects of different parameters. D) To show the research was easy to explain. 35. The writer quotes the opinion of other scientists not involved in the study to... A) show that some experts feel the data did not prove a causal relationship between sleep efficiency and pollution. B) demonstrate the research was poorly done. C) explain the size of the group was inadequate. D) state the study should be repeated.
