India After
Independence
History
VIII Standard
Expected Learning Outcomes
• Describe national and regional developments in India since 1947
• Identify the challenges faced by Independent India
• Paritition of India and refuge crisis
• Integration of princely states
• Brief the major issues and the circumstances leading to the formation of linguistic states
• Writing of a new Constitution
• Describe the features of our Constitution
• Brief the major issues and the circumstances leading to the formation of linguistic states
• Explain the challenges of economic development
• Indian Foreign Policy & Non Alignment.
• Define India’s relations with other countries
• Analyse the successes and failures of the Indian democracy since Independence
National and Regional Development in India
since 1947
Struggles and various process associated with
building of the Modern.
Challenges Faced by Independent India /Partition of
India and refugee crisis
s
Integration of Princely states/ Writing a new
Constitution and reorgnising of states in India
The Challenges of Economic development/Indian
foreign Policy/Policy of Non alignment/Indian
relationship with neighbors
Issues facing the Independent India
Refugee Crisis due to partition of India after
Independence into India and Pakistan
Integrtion of Princely states after the Independence of
India from British.
Writing a Constitution to hold the diverse land
together,ensure social & economic justice to
disadvantage groups.
Issues facing the Independent India
Bringing economic stability back to the nation after
Independence.
Establishing a India’s Foreign Policy (Panchsheel)
shaping the international development to the country
Estabilishing India’s relationship with the
neighbouring countries.
Issues facing the Independent India
DR. AMBEDKAR-CHAIRMAN OF DRAFTING COMMITTEE PUBLISHED
NEW CONSTITUTION ON 26TH JANUARY 1950-CELEBRATED AS
REPUBIC DAY
CONSTITUION DELCARE INDIA AS A SOVERIGN SECURLAR
DEMORACTIC REPUBLIC, ENSURED EQUAL LIBERTY AND JUSTICE
FOR ALL CITIZENS OF INDIA
ABOLISHING THE PRACTISE OF UNTOUCHABILITY AND RESERVING
SEAT IN LIGISLATURES IN DISADVANTAGE SECTIONS OF SOCIETY
ADOPTION OF UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE THAT ALL INDIAN
AOVE 18 YEARS HAD THE RIGHT TO VOTE.
PARTITION OF INDIA & REFUGEE CRISIS
REFUGEE CRISES WAS CAUSED BY PARTITION , IT RESULTED IN
MIGRIATION OF LARGEST MASS MIGRATION IN HUMAN
HISTORY
MILLIONS OF INDIA’S SIKHS AND HINDUS WERE FPRCED TO
MOVED TO INDIA FROM PAKISTAN, AS MUSLIMS HAD TO MOVE
OUT OF INDIA;
THIS MIGRATION RESULTED IN MASS VIOLENCE AND
COMMUNAL RIOTS, THOUSANDS OF FAMILITES LOST THEIR
HOMES AND POSSESSIONS.
INDIAN GOVERNMENT SET UP REFUGEE CAMPS TO
ACCOMODATE HUGE INFLUX OF REFUGEES. REHABILITATION
MINISTRY SET UP TO PROVIDE REHABILITATION, LOANS,
EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT.
INTEGRATION OF THE PRINCELY STATES
INTEGRATION OF THE PRINCELY STATES
562 PRINCELY STATES RULED BY MAHARAJAS AND
NAWABS AT THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE
OPTION GIVEN BY BRITISH TO JOIN INDIA OR
PAKISTAN OR STAY INDEPENDENT
SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL TASKED TO
INTREGRTED THE PRINCELY STATES TO INDIAN
UNION.
JUNAGADH(GUJARAT), HYDERABAD & KASHMIR HELD
BACK MUSLIM MAJORITY WANT EITHER TO JOIN
PAKSITATN OR STAY INDEPENDENT BUT JUNAGADH
PEOPLE OPTED TO JOIN INDIA
INTEGRATION OF THE PRINCELY STATES
LARGEST PRINCELY STATE-NIZAM OF HYDERABAD WISHES TO REMAIN
INDEPENDENT-BUT GOVT PRECEIVED AS A THREAT TO UNITY SENT
TROOPS AND INTEGRATED IT IN 1948
KASHMIR PREDOMINANTLY MUSLIM POPULATION WAS RULED BY
HINDU RULER, HARI SINGH DID NOT DECIDED HIS COURSE OF ACTION,
BUT WHEN INVADED BY PATHAN TRIBE OF PAKISTAN, HARI SINGH
AGREED TO JOIN INDIA
WITH THIS ACCESSION OF KASHMIR THE INTEGRATION OF INDIA WAS
COMPLETE BY OCTOBER OF 1947
WRITING OF A NEW CONSTITUTION
WRITING OF A NEW CONSTITUTION
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY WAS FORMED IN
DECEMBER 1946 TO FORMULATE A NEW CONSTITUION
FOR INDEPENDENT INDIA
TO CREATE A CONSTITUTION THAT PROTECTS EVERY
CITIZEN IN A VASTLY DIVERSIFIED INDIA
IT TOOK FOUR YEARS FOR ASSEMBLY MEMBERS TO
DEBATE ON VARIOUS ISSUES TO FORMULATE THE
CONSTITUTION SUITS EVERY CITIZEN
WRITING OF A NEW CONSTITUTION
PROVIDE
UNIVERSAL ADULT
FRANCHISE
ENSURE A TRULY
EQUAL SOCIETY
PROVIDE JUSTICE
FOR
DISTCRIMINATED
GROUPS FOR
YEARS
ROLE, RELIGION
SHD PLAY IN GOVT.
OF THE COUNTRY
LANGUAGE SHD BE
NATIONAL
LANGUAGE HINDI
OR ENGLISH
SHD HAVE STRONG
CENTRE OR
FEDERATION OF
STATES TOGETHER
WRITING OF A NEW CONSTITUTION
UNDER CHAIRMANSHIP OF B.R. AMBEDKAR, DRAFTING
COMMITTEE PUBLISHED NEW CONSTITUION ON 26TH
JAN 1950. THIS DAY IS CELEBRATED AS REPUBLIC DAY.
CONSTITUION DECLARED INDIA AS SOVEREIGN SECULAR
DEMORATIC REPUBLIC. IT ENSURED, JUSTICE, EQUALITY
AND LIBERTY FOR ALL INDIAN CITIZENS.
ABOLISHING THE PRACTICE OF UNTOUCHABILITY
AND RESERVING SEATS FOR DISADVANTAGE GROUPS
ADOPTION OFUNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE- VOTE
FOR ALL CITIZENS ABOVE THE AGE OF 18 HAD THE
RIGHT TO VOTE.
REORGANISATION OF STATES IN INDIA BEFORE
NOVEMBER 1956 & AFTER REORGANISATION
REORGANISATION OF STATES IN INDIA
CONGRESS LEADERS ASSURED THAT VARIOUS LINGUISTIC GROUP THAT THEY
WILL HAVE THEIR OWN STATE. BUT LEADERS WERE RELUCTANT TO DIVIDE ON
LINGUISTIC BASE
BOTH NEHRU AND PATE WERE AGAINST CREATING STATE ON BASIS OF
LANGUAGE FEARING OF DISTRUBANCE TO UNITY OF THE NEWLY FORMED
NATION.
SEVERAL DISTRICTS OF SOUTH INDIA STRONGLY STRESSED THE STATES
ACCORDING TO THE LANGUAGE SPOKEN.
STATES REORGANISATION COMMISSION WAS SETUP IN 1956 TO FORM STATES ON
BASIS OF LANGUAGE
BOMBAY PROVINCE DIVIDED INTO GUJARAT & MAHARASTHRA, PUNJAB DIVIDED
INTO PUNJAB & HARYANA, BENGAL PROVINCE INTO WEST BENGAL, BIHAR &
ODISHA & MADRAS PROVINCE INTO TAMILNADU & ANDHRA PRADESH
CHALLENGES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
AFTER INDEPENDENCE , INDIA ECONOMY PLAGUED
BY POVERTY, UNEMPLOYMENT & INDUSTRIAL
STAGNATION
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU SET UP PLANNING
COMMISSION IN 1950 PROMOTING “MOST EFFECTIVE
& BALANCED UTILISATION OF RESOURCES.
FORMULATED FIVE YEARS PLANS TO ENSURE
DEVELOPMENT IN INDUSTRY, AGRICULTURE,
TRANSPORT,COMMUNICATION AND IRRIGATION
SECTORS
INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU, THE MAIN ARCHITECT
OF INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY, FORMULATED
PANCHSHEEL (FIVE PRINCIPLES) THE
CORNERSTONE OF INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
PANCHSHEEL WAS DISCUSSED AT BUNDUNG
CONFERENCE AT INDONESIA IN 1955. NEHRU
FIRST SIGNED THE AGREEMENT WITH
CHINE IN 1954.
PANCHSHEEL (FIVE PRINCIPLES)
RESPECT EACH OTHER’S TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY AND SOVERREIGNITY
NON-INTERFERENCE IN EACH OTHER’S INTERNAL AFFAIRS
PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE
ENSURING MAXIMUM HARMONIOUS AND CORDIAL RELATIONS
EQUALITY AND COOPERATION OR MUTUAL BENEFIT
NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT
POLICY OF NON-ALIGNMENT
AT THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE, USA &
USSR WERE TWO GLOBAL SUPERPOWERS.
INDIA CHOSE NOT TO JOIN EITHER OF
THE POWER BLOCS.
INDIA REMAINED FRIENDLY TOWARDS
BOTH WITHOUT LETTING THEM TO
INFLUENCE ITS FOREIGN POLICY.
THIS IS KNOWN AS NON-ALIGNMENT
POLICY, THE IMPORTANT PILLARS OF
INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY
INDIA’S RELATION WITH NEIGHBOURS
INDIA’S RELATION WITH NEIGHBOURS
PAKISTAN,
BANGLADESH, CHINA,
NEPAL, BHUTAN,
SRILANKA & MYANMAR
INDIA & PAKISTAN
FOUGHT 3 WARS (1947,
1965, 1999) OVER JAMMU
& KASHMIR,
LIBERATION OF
BANGLADESH
INDIA & CHINA
FOUGHT A WAR IN 1962,
BUT IN RECENT YEARS
SETTLING DISPUTES
BY DISCUSSIONS
SRILANKA, BHUTAN & NEPAL SHARE THEIR BORDERS BACK 1000 YEARS
INDIA HELPS NEPAL AND BHUTAN BUILD BRIDGES & DAMS
TIES OF TRADE EXISTS WITH ALL NEIGHBOURS, CHINA IS ONE OF INDIA’S
LARGEST TRADING PARTNERS.
INDIA’S REMARKABLE PROGRESS IN 70 YEARS
BY GREEN REVOLUTION INDIA BECAME SELF
SUFFICIENT WITH REGARD TO FOOD PRODUCTION.
IMPRESSIVE GROWTH IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS. BASIC & HEAVY
INDUSTRIES MMANUFACTURED IRON & STEEL, FERTILIZERS,
TEXTILES, CHEMICALS, OIL & NATURAL GAS, CARS, RAILWAY
CARRIAGES, SHIPYARDS,ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC
PRODUCTS
MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED IS OVER POPULATION, POVERTY &
UNEMPLOYMENT. CASTEISM, UNTOUCHABILITY AND
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN STILL EXISTS. INDIA STIL
EXIST AS ONE OF LARGEST AND MOST STABLE DEMOCRACIES
IN WORLD