METHODS
AND
PROCEDURES
CONTENT
●
●
●
●
●
RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH LOCALE
RESPONDENTS
DATA GATHERING
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
OBJECTIVES
● To understand the concept of
methods and procedures in
research
● To identify the different parts of
methods and procedures in
research
● To write the methods of a research
paper
RESULT OF PRE-TEST
CHAPTER llI
Research methodology
Writing Chapter 3: Methods and Procedures
Begin the chapter with a brief explanation of what the chapter
is all about. The common introductory explanation is as
follows:
Writing the Introductory Paragraph
This chapter presents the discussion on the research
methodology of the study, the subjects, sampling technique,
research instruments, procedures of the data gathering, and
statistical treatment that will be used for accurate data
analysis and interpretation.
6
● RESEARCH DESIGN
● RESEARCH LOCALE
● RESPONDENTS
RESEARCH DESIGN
● is a methodical, well-organized procedure utilized by a researcher,
or a scientist to carry out a scientific study.
● is required to follow a pre-planned, well-thought-out methodology,
in agreement with the pre-selected research type, in order to come
up with an error-free, authentic conclusion.
● It is also considered as “the blueprint of the study”.
RESEARCH DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
ETHNOGRAPHY
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
PHENOMENOLOGY
GROUNDED THEORY
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
CASE STUDY
NARRATIVE STUDY
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
● seeks to describe the current status of an
identified variable.
● These research projects are designed to
provide systematic information about a
phenomenon.
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
●
●
●
●
Survey
Prospective Designs/Longitudinal Designs
Retrospective Designs/Case-Control Designs
Correlational Designs/Analytic Designs
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
● Pre-Experimental research design
● True Experimental research design
● Quasi-experimental research design
The prefix quasi means “resembling.” Thus quasi-experimental
research is research that resembles experimental research but is not
true experimental research.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
can tell you how people feel and what they think, but cannot tell you
how many of your audience feel or think that way.
● Have multiple sources of data
●
●
●
●
●
Interpretive
Holistic account
In natural settings
Researcher is the key instrument
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
●
●
●
●
●
●
Ethnography
Phenomenology
Grounded Theory
Historical Research
Case Study
Narrative Study
RESEARCH LOCALE
RESEARCH
LOCALE
-
The setting of the study
TYPES
● Laboratory Studies
- designed to be more highly
controlled in the relation to
both the environment in
which the study is
conducted and the control of
extraneous and intervening
variables.
21
Laboratory Studies
●
●
●
●
Physiological laboratory experiments
Chemistry
physics experiments
psychological and microbiological
experiments
22
-
It is designed to control the possibility
of extraneous variables influencing the
effect of the independent variable on
the dependent variable.
23
- In the laboratory setting, it is possible to
control environmental variables, such
as temperature, humidity, light and
sound, as well as physiological variables
such as nutrition and hydration of the
subjects during the experiment in the
clinic researches.
24
RESEARCH
LOCALE
-
The setting of the study
TYPES
● Field Studies
- Simply means
they occur
somewhere other
than in a controlled
laboratory setting.
25
RESPONDENTS
SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
QUANTITATIVE
STUDY
● Describe the geographic
location where the study
will take place, cite
recognizable landmarks
such as a nearby urban
city.
● Describe the participant
pool.
QUALITATIVE
STUDY
● The decision regarding
the number of participants
in a study becomes a
reflection the study’s
purpose.
● Sample size is based on
the total number of
potential participants.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS,
RESPONDENTS AND SUBJECTS?
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS,
RESPONDENTS AND SUBJECTS
are usually in
qualitative research
(eg. interviews).
WHO ARE PARTICIPANTS?
● Participate and answer questions in
qualitative studies (eg. interviews and
focus groups).
WHO ARE PARTICIPANTS?
● Because qualitative studies are more indepth than quantitative, the participant in
qualitative studies contributes more (is
more active) than respondents to a survey
or subjects in an experiment.
WHO ARE PARTICIPANTS?
● The participant generally gives much
more detailed answers than a respondent
would in a survey.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS,
RESPONDENTS AND SUBJECTS
answer (respond to)
questionnaires - usually
quantitative.
WHO ARE RESPONDENTS?
- Respondents generally answer
(respond/reply to) the questions asked by
the researcher - no more, no less.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS,
RESPONDENTS AND SUBJECTS
SUBJECTS
are usually in
experimental/scientific
research (quantitative).
WHO ARE SUBJECTS?
● are the people in the researcher's
experiment - usually quantitative
research.
● Subjects is a term used more in science.
● Subjects is generally a more passive term
(Example: Ten subjects were given the
behaviour therapy.)
DATA
GATHERING
38
WHAT IS DATA GATHERING?
Method used to collect and or
acquire information that will help
researchers make informed
decisions about the study being
conducted (Carague et. al., 2009)
39
Importance of Data Collection
‐ Provides direction
‐ Foresee variability
‐ Foresee early success of the
research
Importance of Data Collection
‐
‐
store and analyze important information
about your existing and potential customers.
...
collecting data digitally allows for much larger
sample sizes and improves the reliability of
the data.
Tools / Instrument for the Type of Data
Data Type
Tool or Instrument
Quantitative
Survey, Checklist,
Quizzes
Qualitative
Interview, observation,
documents, artifacts,
photos, videos
Mixed
Mixture of both
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)
Methods
When to use
Experiment To test causal
relationship
Data collection
Manipulate variables
and measure the
effect
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)
Methods
Survey
When to use
To understand
the general
characteristics
or opinions
Data collection
Distribute a list of
questions (on-line, in
person, over-thephone)
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)
Methods
When to use
Interview /
FGD
To gain an indepth
understanding
of perceptions
or opinions of
the topic
Data collection
Verbally ask
participants openended questions in
individual interviews
or FGD
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)
Methods
Observations
When to use
Data collection
To
Measure / survey a
understand
sample without
something in trying to affect them
its natural
setting
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)
Methods
Ethnography
When to use
To study the
culture of a
community
or
organization
Data collection
Join and participate
in a community and
records your
reflections and
observations
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)
Methods
Archival
research
When to use
To understand
current or
historical events,
conditions or
practices
Data collection
Access manuscripts
documents or
records
TYPES OF DATA GATHERING
49
Commonly Used Data Gathering Method
Rating Scale
Observation
Questionnaire
Interview
50
Rating Scale
‐ Thurstone
Technique
‐ Likert Method
‐ Semantic
Differential
Scale
Observation
‐
‐
‐
‐
Structured
Unstructured
Covert
Overt
Observation
‐ Roles
‐ Participant
‐ non-participant
Observation
‐ Tally Sheets
‐ Anecdotal Records
‐ Time and Motion Logs
Guides in Observation Procedure
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Objectives/ goals
Setting
Social atmosphere
Examine observations
No bias
Compare observations
Integrate observational techniques
Guides in Observation Procedure
Note the following
Length of activity
Descriptive notes
Reflective notes
Questionnaire
‐ Opinionnaires
‐ Common
‐ Formalized
schedule
When to use Questionnaire
‐ Inquire
‐ Varied and widely scattered
sources
‐ Cannot personally show
Advantage
‐ Can be given in large number of
people at the same time
‐ Can be done without being
physically present
Disadvantage
‐ Unclear and ambiguous
questions cannot be clarified
‐ Respondents has no chance to
react verbally to a question
Types of Questions
‐ Open-ended
‐ Closed questions
Parts of a Questionnaire
according to Kinnear, cited by Carague et.al., 2009)
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Identification data
Request for cooperation
Instructions
Information sought
Classification data
Data collection Procedure
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Operationalization
Sampling
Standardizing Procedures
Creating Management Plan
Implementation Procedure
Interview
‐ Types
‐ Face to face
‐ Focus group
interview
‐ Telephone
interview
Interview
‐ Procedures
‐ Preparatory
‐ Setting
‐ Establishing rapport
‐ Carrying the interview
‐ Recording
‐ Closing
Narrative
Data
collection in
5
approaches
Data collection in 5 approaches
How to write data gathering procedure?
Step 1: Identify issues and/or opportunities for
collecting data.
Step 2: Select issue(s) and/or opportunity(ies) and
set goals
Step 3: Plan an approach and methods
Step 4: Collect data
Step 5: Analyze and interpret data
Step 6: Act on results
68
69
WHAT IS
RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT?
70
A research
instrument is a tool
used to obtain,
measure, and
analyze data from
subjects around the
research topic.
71
CRITERIA IN SELECTING RESEARCH
INSTRUMENTS
●
●
●
●
●
Nature of research
Sample
Number of participants
Setting
Social condition
PREPARATION
OF RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
73
RESEARCH
INSTRUMENTS
● These are the fact-finding
strategies
● They are the tools for
data collection
● They include
questionnaires,
interviews and
observations
74
CHARACTERISTICS
OF GOOD
INSTRUMENT
1.Must be valid and reliable
2.Based upon the Conceptual
framework.
3.Must gather data suitable for
and relevant to the research
topic.
4.Must gather data would test
the hypotheses or answer the
questions under investigation
75
CHARACTERISTICS
OF GOOD
INSTRUMENT
5.Free from all kinds of bias.
6.Must contain clear and
definite directions.
7.Must be accompanied by a
good cover letter
76
TYPES OF
RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
1. Questionnaire which include
structured and unstructured
77
TYPES OF
RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
1. Questionnaire which include
structured and unstructured
2. Interview which can be
structured and unstructured as
well but has to be person- to
person or through telephone.
78
TYPES OF
RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
3. Achievement test.
This is a form of instrument
that are mainly used in school
the determine the performance
of students. Others include ;
Rating scale, Checklist etc
79
80
Criteria for Measuring Research
Instruments
Validity
1.Content Validity
2.Criterion Validity
3.Construct Validity
Criteria for Measuring Research
Instruments
Reliability
1.Test-Retest Method
2.Equivalent Forms Method
3.Internal Consistency
Method