INTRODUCTION TO THE ACADEMIC BOOK PART 4
The Academic Book Part 4 is a textbook intended for learners of
English who are interested in polishing up their language skills. It
focuses principally on academic English and is perfect for students
who intend to study in an English-speaking university or who would
like to perfect and practice their language use. The book is the last
part in a series of four books, each integrating the communication
skills – listening, speaking, reading, and writing – within a carefully
planned and recently revised syllabus of functions, notions, and
grammar. The Academic Book Part 4 also helps students develop their
vocabulary through authentic reading activities and exercises which
incorporate new terms and expressions.
The Academic Book Part 4 uses a learner-centered approach,
attempting to involve students in all aspects of the lesson. It is not,
however, a substitute for the teacher. It is the teacher’s right to use
any activity that seems to benefit the class, and activities and
explanations can be discarded or reinvented as the teacher sees fit.
Also, teachers are encouraged to employ their own warm ups, games,
and conversation activities in order to complement those in the book.
This new edition features some new approaches to learning. Each
grammar section is followed by a variety of exercises, which may be
used as homework or in-class activities depending on the needs of the
students. Each grammar exercise is clearly labeled, in order to quickly
assess whether the activity is appropriate for that moment. Within
the grammar explanations are two sections: Grammar First Aid,
which gives students extra information or rules about the topic in
question, and Zoom, which explores an aspect of the grammar topic in
further detail.
Aside from each grammar section, listening and reading activities
have been included, along with activities to test the students’
comprehension, ability to understand the main idea, and ability to
listen for specific details. Communication activities which promote
speaking in the classroom are included, and may be used as warm ups
to introduce the unit’s topics and get students interested in what is
coming up. In the new edition there are pronunciation activities
which give students the opportunity to learn to speak like natives.
Writing activities are in each unit to develop written expression and
increase vocabulary and can be used in class, worked on in groups, or
sent home to be done individually. The newest addition to the book is
an Internet section, which intends to give both teachers and students
ways to integrate new technology with language-learning by offering
ideas for activities which can be done on the Internet in class or at
home as extra language reinforcement.
The Academic Book Part 4 is divided into eight units. Each unit
takes about ten hours to complete. On the next page is a chart which
contains the icons used to represent each of the sections of the book.
This book is copyrighted. Subject to statutory exception and to the
provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any
part may take place without the written permission of
author:
Kari L. Miller Bauer
Licensed to Escuela Politécnica Nacional - Centro de Educación Continua
Quito, Ecuador, 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 1: MANKIND......................................................................................................... 1
Verbs of Perception.......................................................................................... 3
Pronunciation: Rhythm Part One..................................................................... 6
Other Expressions Followed by -ing................................................................. 9
Vocabulary...................................................................................................... 12
Listening: Human Nature................................................................................ 12
Word Order...................................................................................................... 13
Reading: Philanthropists.................................................................................. 16
Internet............................................................................................................ 17
UNIT 2: WHAT A DAY!.................................................................................................... 18
Reading: Most Embarrassing Moments........................................................... 19
Expressions of Quantity: Review..................................................................... 20
Most/Most of.................................................................................................... 21
Of and Other Expressions of Quantity............................................................. 22
Listening: What a Day!.................................................................................... 24
Few/Little: Review........................................................................................... 26
All/Every/Whole.............................................................................................. 28
As/Like............................................................................................................ 33
Vocabulary: Suggestions................................................................................. 35
Writing S.O.S.: Brainstorming......................................................................... 36
Internet........................................................................................................... 37
UNIT 3: JOB FAIR........................................................................................................... 38
Reading: Interview Faux Pas.........................................................................
38
Passive Voice.................................................................................................
41
Listening: Unusual Jobs.................................................................................
47
Vocabulary....................................................................................................
48
Get and the Passive.......................................................................................
50
Pronunciation: Rhythm Part Two...................................................................
54
Internet..........................................................................................................
58
UNIT 4: THE MEDIA........................................................................................................ 59
Vocabulary..................................................................................................... 61
Causative Verbs.............................................................................................
62
Reading: All-Time Stupid Criminals ............................................................... 68
Purpose..........................................................................................................
69
Listening: Hollywood Scandals....................................................................... 74
Writing S.O.S.: Organization........................................................................... 75
Internet........................................................................................................... 76
UNIT 5: BUMPS IN THE NIGHT.................................................................................. 77
Listening: Hauntings at Hamline..................................................................... 78
Noun Clauses................................................................................................... 79
Vocabulary...................................................................................................... 82
Reading: Ouija ................................................................................................. 83
Whether or If................................................................................................... 84
Reading: Sue Grafton, Mystery Woman........................................................... 87
Listening: Two-Minute Mysteries..................................................................... 88
That Clauses.................................................................................................... 88
Pronunciation: Blending................................................................................... 91
Internet............................................................................................................ 92
UNIT 6: FREE TO BE....................................................................................................... 94
Reported Speech............................................................................................... 96
-Ever Words...................................................................................................... 102
Writing S.O.S: Avoiding Fallacies...................................................................... 105
Gerund Phrases................................................................................................
Reading: Community Organization...................................................................
Need.................................................................................................................
In need of..........................................................................................................
Listening: Be a Good Samaritan.......................................................................
Vocabulary: Agreement/Disagreement.............................................................
Internet............................................................................................................
107
109
110
110
113
113
114
UNIT 7: WHAT’S IN AN AGE?....................................................................................... 115
Conditionals - Review: Real Conditionals........................................................... 117
Unreal Conditionals........................................................................................... 118
Implied Conditionals.......................................................................................... 120
Listening: Signs of Senility................................................................................. 124
Reading: Age: Wisdom or Decay? ...................................................................... 125
Or (else) vs. Otherwise...................................................................................... 126
Pronunciation: Linking....................................................................................... 129
Vocabulary ....................................................................................................... 130
Internet.............................................................................................................. 131
UNIT 8: NEIGHBORS...................................................................................................... 132
Vocabulary: Idiomatic Expressions.................................................................. 134
Participial Phrases............................................................................................ 135
Reading: Feng Shui............................................................................................. 138
Past Participles.................................................................................................. 139
Listening: Expert Advice................................................................................... 144
Writing S.O.S: Proofreading............................................................................... 144
Internet.............................................................................................................. 146
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................... A1
—key
ICON
REPRESENTATION
[]
CONVERSATION
V
pronunciation
@
grammar tools
!
listening
®
reading
§
writing
ß
punctuation
G
vocabulary
'
aPpendix
L
zoom
Î
note:
h
grammar first aid
Æ
role play
-
exercise
.
activity
ø
internet
[]
Most important
things in life
Make a list of the two most important things in life, in
your opinion. Find somebody in the class who agrees
with your two answers.
How important are the following things to you?
them in order (1 – 14).
Put
_______money
_______love
_______travel
_______family
_______health
_______job
_______friendship
_______feeling useful
_______food
_______ambition
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ English, or knowing a second language
_______humor
_______nature
_______technology
_______sports, entertainment
How did the males answer? How did their answers differ
from those of the females? What basic differences are
there between the sexes about what is important and
necessary in life?
If you were forced to eliminate five of the categories
above, which would you eliminate? Why?
1
u
n
i
t
1
Man
Kind
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CONsensus activity
You have been chosen to represent CEC in the new reality show: English House.
You will be staying in the English House for two weeks, along with twelve other
roommates. In this house you must speak only in English, and you will not be
provided with anything but food, therefore you will have no contact with the
outside world – no radios, no TVs, no newspapers. You will not be allowed to
leave the house until your two weeks are up. The person who can stay in the
house for two weeks and speak only in English wins $500,000.
The plane for Chicago, where the English House is secretly located, leaves in
thirty minutes. You must pack quickly. You are allowed to bring one suitcase
only with clothes, along with ten other personal items. (Each item is counted
individually. For example, toothpaste and toothbrush would be two items.)
You must decide quickly which items these will be. You have one minute to
make a list of them, and then number them in their order of importance.
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
At the last minute your classmate has been chosen to come along with you.
You may only bring ten items between the two of you. Get together and
eliminate the items that are unnecessary. You must both agree on the items. If
you do not agree, then you will have to give your reasons for bringing that item
in order to convince your partner. You have three minutes.
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Two more classmates have been chosen. The plane is getting full, however, so
you will only be able to bring ten items among the four of you. You have five
minutes to decide on these items.
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
2
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proverbs
What do you think these proverbs probably mean?
Talk does not cook rice. (Chinese)
One finger cannot lift a pebble. (Iranian)
Handsome words don’t butter cabbage. (German)
After the rain, there is no need for an umbrella. (Bulgarian)
Little brooks make great rivers. (French)
Not all that is black is charcoal. (Philippines)
What goes around comes around. (U.S.)
Write a short story that uses your proverb as a moral. Do not
mention the proverb directly in the story, however. Read your story
to the class. Which proverb is it referring to?
Turn to page 8 for more proverbs.
@
verbs of perception
I noticed Mark looking at me from the corner of his eye.
We have all heard Rick tell lies before.
Can you feel the wind blowing through your hair?
• Verbs that describe the five senses are called verbs of perception.
• Verbs of perception are followed by either the base form or the -ing form
(present participle) of a verb.
• The -ing form gives the idea of “while,” or an action in progress at that
moment.
• The base form indicates an action that was completed or an action that
occurs on a regular basis.
• Sometimes there is little or no difference between using either of these
forms.
look at
see
hear
listen to
feel
notice
watch
3
smell
observe
Înote:
Listen is a conscious act; hear happens by
chance. Notice is stronger than see. Watch is
longer than look at.
. Tick (√) the meaning of the examples below.
Do you see Renee walking down the street? Isn’t that her in the green
jumper?
She is walking down the street at this moment.
She walks down the street every day.
Do you see Renee walk down the street? I often do.
She is walking down the street at this moment.
She walks down the street every day.
I heard a famous comedian speak last night. His act was great!
I heard his act from the beginning to the end.
I only heard a part of his act.
When I walked into the house, I saw my sister doing aerobics.
The action was in progress when I interrupted it.
I saw her entire routine during the second I walked through the door.
- exercise 1: verbs of perception
In the following sentences, write the more appropriate form of the verb in
parentheses. If both forms are appropriate, then write both.
1. I heard a local country star _____________________ (sing) last night at the
fair.
2. When Jeff got home, he could smell the coffee _____________________ (be)
made.
3. While Ben was in the kitchen cooking, he could hear his daughters
_____________________ (play) on the porch.
4. As soon as Daphne saw the car _____________________ (pull up), she ran
outside.
5. Even though she could hear the people in the apartment below
_____________________ (talk) and _____________________ (laugh) last
night, she fell asleep immediately.
6. Yesterday she felt the ground _____________________(shake) during the
earthquake.
7. Do you smell something _____________________ (burn)?
8. When I opened the door, I heard Diane _____________________(whisper) to
Vicky.
4
9. I remember it as if it were yesterday. I saw Mattie _______________(open)
the box with a key, and then I heard her _____________________ (scream).
10. Last week I went to my daughter’s basketball game. I loved watching
the team _____________________ (win).
- exercise 2: completing sentences
Complete the following sentences.
1. Once I saw a man ____________________________________________________.
2. Can you hear a baby _________________________________________________?
3. When I looked out my window, I observed my neighbor
___________________________________________________________.
4. Yesterday I watched a family ________________________________________.
5. Once I heard _________________________________________________________.
- exercise 3: making questions (oral)
Use the cues to complete the questions. Ask your partner.
1. Have you ever seen (a person) (verb)?
2. Have you ever heard (an object) (verb)?
3. Have you ever watched (a person) (verb)?
4. Did you notice (a person) (verb)?
5. Have you ever listened to (an animal) (verb)?
- exercise 4: error correction
Tick (√) the underlined part of the sentence that is incorrect. If each part is
correct, circle C.
C 1. I never saw Anna cheated, but I suspect that she has.
C 2. When I came into the room, I heard Sandra sing to the song on the
radio.
C 3. What is the most amazed thing you’ve ever seen your father do?
C 4. I heard someone speak outside of my window last night before I fell
asleep.
C 5. As she was entering the room, she saw the clock fall off the wall.
C 6. The scientist observed rats find their way through mazes since twelve
years before his research was complete.
C 7. You can smell the food cooking as you came up the stairs to her
apartment.
C 8. Before I went to class, I noticed Jack put a kick-me sign on Josh’s
back.
C 9. As I listened to Alfred babble on about his girlfriend, I suddenly has a
great idea!
C 10. She felt the glass breaking when she sat on the bag.
5
[]
life is...
How would you sum up life in just one word? Finish the sentence:
Life is a/an ___________________.
Turn to page 11. Which phrase best sums up your view on life?
[]
odd human behavior
You have been caught doing some pretty bizarre things this week.
You must provide a reasonable, believable explanation for your
behavior. For each person who believes your explanation, collect 7
points.
Why were you...
handing out toast at the movie theater last night?
carrying a hammer in class yesterday?
digging a hole in Carolina park on saturday?
putting shaving cream on your living room windows on Thursday?
throwing eggs at a store mannequin in Quicentro three days ago?
gift-wrapping a piece of used bubble gum in a small box?
V
rhythm: part one
Listen to a paragraph read aloud. Can you guess the meaning or
general context?
If you were able to guess the meaning, it is because it contains the
most important words in each sentence. Of course, other words are
important for the grammar, but they do not need to receive as much
stress.
When people speak, they stress the important words, called content
words.
They tend not to put emphasis, or stress, on the function words,
which are weaker.
6
Content words include:
nouns (car, house)
verbs (run, play)
adjectives (pretty, stormy)
adverbs (well, very)
negative words (not, can’t)
demonstrative adjectives (this, that)
Function words include:
articles (a, an, the)
conjunctions (but, and)
prepositions (of, in)
auxiliary verbs (can, do)
pronouns (you, her)
wh-question words (who, what)
!
Listen to the following sentences.
syllables) have been crossed out.
The unstressed words (and
I can understand you.
I can’t understand you.
I have been living in Germany for three years.
Now listen to the first paragraph again. This time, no words will be
omitted. Pay attention to the rhythm. As you listen, cross out the function
words.
When I was a young child, I used to play chess with my great-grandmother.
We would play for hours on end, sometimes even skipping lunch, to my
mother’s dismay. Our summer evenings were spent on the back porch
planning strategies and ways to overcome our opponents. When I look back
on those times, I realize that they were the happiest moments of my life.
- exercise 1: finding stress in a sentences
In the following sentences, cross out the words that are not stressed. Then
practice saying the sentences with a partner.
1. There is nothing to tell him that he doesn’t already know.
2. Many of the houses on our block have their Christmas lights already.
3. If you have a problem, just call us. I am sure we can work it out.
4. Three of the women in our group have children in elementary school.
5. I need to know when you plan to tell your mother about the accident.
6. The books that were on the counter have fallen to the floor.
7. Jeremy is the cousin that I trust the most with my house keys.
8. While you are on vacation, why don’t you have someone pick up your
mail for you?
7
- exercise 2: listening for rhythm
!
Listen to the sentences below. Cross out the words that are not stressed.
1. My aunt went on a vacation to Aruba this fall, but she didn’t have a good
time because it rained the whole weekend.
2. During the winter months, it is dangerous to go outside without a hat
and gloves.
3. This morning I saw a squirrel running up the trunk of a tree to shake
down the acorns at the top.
4. You really need to get some advice before you get a divorce lawyer.
5. I don’t have any money in the bank, so I can’t go bowling with you this
weekend.
6. The teachers haven’t gotten paid in over three months.
7. Please close your books and wait a few minutes for our speaker to get
prepared.
8. On the day I met you my whole life changed forever.
[]
human nature quiz
Why do people do what they do?
In groups of two or three, give one reason for each of the behaviors below.
Why do people
use cell phones?
wear makeup?
spend money on expensive sports cars?
get their hair colored?
use illegal drugs?
care about the love lives of politicians?
litter?
drive drunk?
tell lies?
spread rumors?
steal?
Pair up with a person from another group. Compare answers. When you have finished, go back to your
original group and report your findings. What things did your groups agree on? What ideas did the other
group have that your didn’t? Write a short summary of your findings.
PROVERBS, continued from page 3.
The following proverbs have been put on billboards around the country in order to
advertise products. Unfortunately, vandals have erased some of the words. What
words are missing?
The apple doesn’t fall far from the ___________.
Every rose has a ____________.
Every ____________ has a silver lining.
What goes __________ must come down.
All that glitters is not __________.
A _________ by any other name is still a _________.
The early _________ gets the worm.
Too many __________ spoil the broth. (Answers on page 17.)
What product do you think each proverb is advertising?
8
@
other expressions followed by -ing
I have trouble recognizing whom my true friends are.
Did you have a good time skiing this weekend?
I had a hard time understanding the math assignment?
have fun
have difficulty
have trouble
have a (good / difficult / great / hard) time
• Many expressions that use have are followed by the -ing form of the verb.
• Other expressions that follow a similar pattern:
I was sitting on the couch reading a book when Mary called.
How can you lie in bed watching TV all day? Don’t you have homework?
sit / stand / lie + expression of place
Jack wasted a lot of money buying that CD. It’s so bad.
Tom spent his weekend baby-sitting his baby brother.
waste / spend + expression of time or money
I found my dog chewing on my slippers when I got home.
I heard that Denise caught her brother taking fifty dollars from her purse.
find / catch + (pro)noun
(These verbs are used in this case when they mean discover. In this case,
catch indicates displeasure or anger, whereas find is more neutral.)
- exercise 1: using gerunds
Complete the following.
1. When Dan walked into his office, he found his secretary _________ (use)
the telephone.
2. We had a lot of fun _________ (play) volleyball at the picnic.
3. After the concert, the teenagers stood on the corner _________ (talk) for a
while.
4. When I caught her _________ (go) through my private papers, I was very
upset.
5. She’s having a hard time _________ (decide) what to wear tonight.
6. As I walked past the park I saw a group of children _________ (play) tag.
7. From his window he could see Felipe _________ (dance).
8. I wish I hadn’t spent so much money _________ (fix) my car last year.
9
- exercise 2: verb forms - review
Circle the appropriate form of the verb in parentheses.
1. This summer Sam wasted a lot of his time (watch, watching) reruns on
TV instead of spending it (studying, to study).
2. The teacher noticed the student (looking, look) at a cheat sheet during
the test.
3. I had trouble (to locate, locating) the school on the map.
4. I usually have a nice time (read, reading) the paper in the morning, but
today I didn’t have time.
5. My knee hurt, so I just watched them (playing, play) soccer.
6. We had a really bad time (to bike, biking) to Puyo. It rained the whole
time.
7. Every day Jenny and Pat spend two hours (commuting, to commute) to
and from work.
8. She’s sitting at the table (feeding, to feed) the baby.
9. She opened the door and caught her boss and his secretary (kiss,
kissing).
10. We have all heard John (sing, singing). He’s always off key!
11. I heard a famous pianist (speak, speaking) about his art at a conference
last night.
12. When I came into the room, I saw Barbara (hide, hiding) the papers
behind her back.
13. Yesterday morning I watched my neighbor (teach, to teach) his dog
how to roll over.
14. I seem to waste all my time (look, looking) for ways to spend my time!
15. Don’t just stand there (stare, staring) at me! Pick up a rag and start
cleaning!
- exercise 3: error analysis
Find the errors in and correct the following sentences.
1. Sometimes Dave has a hard time to make new friends.
________________________________________________________
2. She was lying on her bed read the newspaper when she heard someone
outside call for help.
________________________________________________________
3. I spend writing articles for the newspaper.
________________________________________________________
4. Yesterday I found Martha sit at her desk to work on her mid-term paper
at three in the morning.
________________________________________________________
5. Do you hear someone call your name? I do.
________________________________________________________
6. I hear a phone ring in the background. Are you expecting a phone call?
________________________________________________________
10
- exercise 4: asking questions (oral)
Discuss the following questions with a partner.
1. What do you have fun doing?
2. What do you have trouble doing?
3. What do you like to spend your money doing?
4. What do you like to waste your time doing?
[]
we couldn’t live without it!
N.B. Before you begin this exercise, ask students to write one topic of
their choosing on a small piece of paper and put it in a hat. Possible
categories to choose from are:
food
countries/cities
household items
celebrities
languages
animals
Two people come to the front of the class and choose a topic at
random from the hat. They have three minutes to argue which of
their topics is more important for mankind. The class votes on the
person with the best argument, and this person stays up front and
does the activity again with another partner. The last person left in
front of the class is the winner.
[]
life is...
(CONTinued from P. 6)
Life is a dream.
Life is a stage.
Life is bitter.
Life is a beach.
Life is an adventure.
11
G
vocabulary
a) join the club
b) be rusty
c) go easy on
d) mixed up
e) be a breeze/a piece of cake
f) better off
g) call it a day
h) beats me
i) come around
j) push one’s luck
!Listen to the short dialogs. Match the expression to the definition.
DEFINITIONS
______I have no idea.
______I need practice/review.
______It’s easy.
______We’ll be in a better position.
______Let’s stop working and go home.
______They’ll begin to change her opinion.
______Don’t punish him severely.
______You keep taking chances.
______She’s confused.
______I have the same problem as other people.
!
human nature
How would you define human nature?
Fill in the chart below with information from the talk.
NAME
NATIONALITY
OCCUPATION
Mensius
Marquis de
Codorcet
Bertolt Brecht
Xunzi
Cornelius
Jansen
12
EPOCH
(approximate
yrs.)
VIEWS ON
HUMAN
NATURE
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Which viewpoint do you tend to agree with?
2. Based on how they rule(d) their countries, how would you describe the
following people’s views on human nature?
George W. Bush
Hugo Chavez
Lucio Gutierrez
Saddam Hussein
@
word order
• Meaning in English is largely dependent on word order. Sentence
structure, therefore, is important.
When words or phrases are
misplaced, clear communication is not established.
Put an X next to the unclear sentence.
I bought a sweater at the department store which was on sale.
(Meaning: the department store was on sale)
I bought a sweater which was on sale at the department store.
If you look, you will notice a small war plane through the window landing in the field.
(Meaning: it sounds like the plane is coming through the window.)
If you look through the window, you will notice a small war plane landing in the field.
One woman said the police had done nothing to reduce crime in the meeting.
(Meaning: there was crime in the meeting.)
In the meeting, one woman said the police had done nothing to reduce crime.
1. Do not needlessly separate related parts of a sentence. Adjective and
adverb clauses, as well as prepositional phrases, should be placed as close to
the modified word/phrase as possible in order to clearly indicate what is
being modified.
Put a check next to the best sentence.
He bought at the market some tomatoes and lettuce.
He bought some tomatoes and lettuce at the market.
He is the man to, whether he has a degree in that area or not, ask.
He is the man to ask, whether he has a degree in that area or not.
13
@
word order
2. Try not to separate a verb from its object. This usually results in confusing
sentences. Also, do not split an infinitive unless it is absolutely necessary.
(e.g., I want to completely understand this grammar.)
Place the word always in each of these sentences.
Anna is late.
Anna comes late.
Anna has been late.
Does Anna come late?
•
•
•
•
3. Some words, such as adverbs of frequency, have special positions. The
adverbs of frequency listed below may come:
before a main verb in the simple present or simple past tense,
after the verb be, or
between an auxiliary verb and main verb.
In questions, these verbs always go directly after the subject.
always
rarely
just
frequently
ever
usually
probably
generally
often
seldom
never
already
occasionally
finally
She merely looked at me and then walked away.
I was only fifteen when I got my first job.
Nearly everyone in the class finished before the time was up.
4. Other modifiers, such as only, just, even, hardly, almost, nearly, and
merely, go directly before the words that they modify.
Reading often relaxes her.
(Does reading relax her often, or does reading on a regular basis relax her?)
It relaxes her to read often.
Often, reading relaxes her.
5. Squinting constructions (modifiers that may refer to either the preceding
or following part of a sentence) may confuse meaning. Avoid them by
placing the modifiers near the words that they modify.
14
- exercise 1: placing phrases in sentences
Place the words or phrases in parentheses in the sentence. Use an asterisk (*).
1. I took the books and threw them on the floor. (from my bag)
2. Sidney said that he would go to class. (in the evening)
3. Do Dena and her sister arrive on time? (always)
4. Frank stole a cell phone. (from a woman on the bus)
5. Jeff promised to wear his seat belt. (when he drove to Chicago)
6. Alex wanted to continue reading his book. (even during the final game)
7. Jason has been to the monument, but this was the first time that he had
seen it at night. (often)
8. She bought some bread and butter. (at the market)
- exercise 2: adverbs of frequency
Insert the adverbs in parentheses in each sentence (^).
1. Have you seen a wild boar? (ever)
2. Do you call him by his first name? (usually)
3. I will never know if he loved me or not. (probably)
4. Hank tells his wife that he loves her. (rarely)
5. We have the news – John’s been fired. (already)
6. She is in a bad mood. (always)
7. He arrives to work late. (often)
8. I found a cab after waiting for more than an hour. (finally)
9. We got back from the beach. (just)
10. Barb’s boyfriend has been in a bar fight, but Barb has! (never)
- exercise 3: correcting word order
Underline the word(s) that are misplaced or are unclear.
corrected sentence on the line below.
Rewrite the
1. Sam only was thirteen when he learned how to drive.
2. Anna calls me every morning always to see how I am feeling.
3. Traveling often makes her nervous.
4. The pants are made of silk that Gina is wearing.
5. Travis wants to finally get a divorce.
6. Lorena and her baby were at nine o’clock in the morning at the Vital
Statistics office, but everything was closed.
7. Probably we will have forgotten about this problem by next week.
8. Angie said that the thief stole all the appliances in the house run by
battery.
9. Alex bought a sweater at the department store that was green with white
stripes.
10. Riley is the student from, regardless of his age, whom you should get
advice.
15
®
philanthropists
Do you make enough money in your opinion? How much more
money would you have to make a year in order to be satisfied with
what you have?
Imagine coming from a poor family, working as early as the age of 16, breaking your
back in order to become successful, and eventually becoming a millionaire. Then, after
all of your hard work and long hours, turning around and giving that money away.
That is what two famous philanthropists, Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller,
did.
Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. His father was a weaver who
decided to move the family to the United States when Andrew was just 12 years old.
They settled in Pennsylvania, in what is now part of Pittsburgh.
Andrew Carnegie worked hard as a teenager. He started in a cotton mill, and soon got
a job as a telegraph messenger. He taught himself to send telegraphs and before long
was a telegraph operator. Then he got a job on the Pennsylvania Railroad, where he
started as a clerk and worked himself up to secretary, eventually becoming
superintendent. While working for the railroad, he invested in a few iron companies
and bought stock in an oil company. By 1865, he was running his own businesses.
Carnegie knew that steel was fast becoming a necessity, and so in 1872 he invested in
a steel company. Twenty years later he combined three of his companies to make the
Carnegie Steel Company. In 1901 he sold the company to J.P. Morgan for $480 million.
Carnegie’s success was due to his sales ability. He expanded in years of decline when
other companies were making cutbacks. Carnegie, however, is best known for his
philanthropic work. He helped establish over 2500 libraries, gave money for the
construction of Carnegie Hall in New York, a concert hall, as well as Carnegie
Institution, which encourages research in the biological and physical sciences. He
created foundations to help teachers, award heroes, and end war.
J.D. Rockefeller, born in 1839, was the son of peddler. Born in Richford, NY (near
Ithaca), the Rockefellers moved to Cleveland when John was 14. After working at a
few jobs, Rockefeller joined the oil business with his profits at the age of 23. He had
the idea to make the oil industry more efficient by creating one company which would
control the flow of oil from producer to consumer – the Standard Oil Company.
Although Rockefeller has been criticized for his business tactics, he became a
millionaire worth over $500 million. In fact, over the course of his life he donated
$520 million to good causes. he created the Rockefeller Fund, which did a number of
things, such as promote the preservation of the arts, fight hunger, provide educational
and professional opportunities to people, improve public health, provide technology to
the poor, etc. He gave money to establish Rockefeller University and donated funds to
the University of Chicago, among many other things. His descendants continue his
philanthropy.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
What are some of the similarities and differences between the lives of
Carnegie and Rockefeller?
What kind of person do you have to be to be a philanthropist?
Should all millionaires be obligated to donate to good causes, or do you
believe that their money is hard-earned and therefore they should not have
to share it with others?
16
§
writing
Do you agree or disagree with the proverb below? Why or why not?
Give specific reasons to support your opinion.
When in Rome, do as the Romans
ø
internet
Have you ever got on the Internet and felt overwhelmed by all the
information? Do you ever feel like you don’t know where to go? Check out
the web site www.coolsiteoftheday.com, where each day a new web site is
announced. Some of the web sites are informational, some are seemingly
nonsensical, some have interesting facts, but all are cool.
. Go to the daily Cool Site of the Day.
Fill out the questionnaire.
1. What was the main purpose of the web site?
2. Why do you think this web site was chosen to be on this page?
3. Did the web site contain anything different from other web sites, such as
amazing graphics or interesting trivia facts?
4. On a scale of 1 to 4, 1 being the highest, how would you rate the web site?
Why?
5. The web site encourages people to write in with their own cool site of the
day, in order to put it on the web site. Do you think this is a good
practice?
Answers to “Proverbs,” page 8:
tree, thorn, cloud, up, gold, rose/rose, bird, cooks
17
[]
imagine that!
WHAT IS WORSE...
1. Having an extra tongue or having an extra
ear?
2. Having X-ray vision that only works on your
teachers or having X-ray vision that only works
on your parents?
3. A bug crawling into your ear or a bug
crawling into your nostril?
4. Being voted worst-dressed in the yearbook or
being voted future "tecnocumbia" star?
5. Having “eye boogers” when talking to your
crush or having crusty lips when kissing your
girl/boyfriend?
18
u
n
i
t
2
What
a
day!
®
most embarrassing moments
What would be the most embarrassing thing that could happen to
you?
I have had some really embarrassing moments before. It seems like my life has been
one big fiasco. For example, without my glasses I am as blind as a bat. I can barely
see one foot in front of me. Once, in ninth grade, I set my glasses down on a bench.
Then, forgetting I had put them there, I sat on them! I couldn’t see anything. Luckily
I only had gym class for the rest of the day. I went to the locker room and started to
get undressed. Suddenly a bunch of boys walked in. I had accidentally gone into the
boy’s locker room! I grabbed my clothes – all I was wearing was my bra and Winniethe-Pooh underwear – and ran out the door. That was a mistake, because the bell
had just rung and lots of people were in the hall changing classes. Half the school saw
me! To this day my friends still call me Pooh Bear.
A couple of years later my family took a vacation to the Bahamas. At the time, my
younger brother thought it was really funny to always walk in front of me real slow,
forcing me to walk on his heels. It drove me crazy! We had a layover in a large
airport and only twenty minutes to catch our next flight. I was walking along, with a
heavy carryon in one hand, my purse in the other, lugging my huge suitcase behind
me when, lo and behold, my brother cuts in front of me and immediately slows down.
I got real angry. I am not usually the violent type, but this time he had pushed my
patience too far. I told him to quit it. I got no response. I said again, that he had
better stop it or watch out. Nothing. So I swung my have carryon straight into his
back and said, “What’s wrong with you, you jerk. Walk a little faster!”
My “brother” turned around, only it wasn’t my brother. It was a complete stranger
who had on a blue jacket similar to my brother’s, and he was limping because he had
a physical defect. I was so embarrassed! It was the worst moment of my life, but not
the last time I would embarrass myself.
While my husband and I were dating, we were driving home after a movie one night.
I was smoking a cigarette, and had my arm around him. I decided to put the
cigarette out by just flicking it out the window, but it came back in and landed in his
hair. This was back in the days when men used a lot of grease in their hair. His hair
immediately caught on fire, and I started swatting at him to put it out. Luckily he
didn’t get seriously burned, but right at that moment a policeman passed by, saw me
furiously punching my husband, and stopped us. He got out of car and approached
us. When he reached us he told us that whatever the problem was he was sure we
could work it out like civilized beings and not start fighting on the highway, putting
the lives of others in danger. We told him what really happened, but by now the fire
had been put out and he didn’t really believe us.
Is there no end to embarrassing myself?
COMPREHENSION
1. Draw a picture representing one of these most embarrassing moments.
2. Which was the most embarrassing? What would you have done in each
situation?
3. Have you ever had an embarrassing moment? What happened? Have you
ever seen someone else’s most embarrassing moment?
19
[]
liar, liar
Write three sentences about yourself, each one on a separate piece of
paper. Make sure at least one of the sentences is a lie.
Mill around the classroom, listening to your classmates’ sentences
and sharing your own. If you correctly guess your classmate’s lie, you
must give one of your sentence cards to that person.
The first person in the class to give away all of his/her cards is the
winner!
@
expressions of quantity: review
Each of my friends is married.
A few of my relatives live in Holland.
There are a number of people who believe in reincarnation.
• Expressions of quantity precede nouns.
• The expression of quantity used often depends on the noun: some are used
with uncountable nouns, others with countable nouns, and still others may be
used with both.
EXPRESSION
COUNTABLE NOUNS
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
one/each/every
(for singular nouns)
one orange, every
orange
X
two, three, both, several,
a couple of, (a) few,
many, a number of
(for plural nouns)
(a) little, much, a great
deal of
(for uncountable nouns)
not any/no, some, a lot
of/lots of, plenty of, most
of
(for both countable and
uncountable nouns)
a couple of oranges, both X
oranges
X
a little bread
a great deal of rice
not any oranges
plenty of friends
most students
not any rice
plenty of water
most information
20
@
most/most of
Most people have seen Star Wars.
Most students do not enjoy doing homework.
most + nonspecific noun
• Use most when referring to a nonspecific noun. Do not use of.
Most of the children on my bus are under age ten.
I know most of the people in my department.
Most of the families that live on our block have small children.
most of + specific noun (phrase)
• If the noun is specific, use of.
• Often used with the.
- exercise 1: most or most of?
Add most or most of (the) to each sentence.
1. ______________ the people in our office have children.
2. ______________ women think that men are insensitive.
3. I talked to ______________ the class and everyone was happy about the
change.
4. We showed ______________our friends the pictures, but we haven’t shown
them to Mel, yet.
5. I think that ______________ students are disappointed when they don’t
pass the class.
6. Jenny gave ______________the books to Vern, but she forgot to give him
this one.
7. When you have spent ______________ the money, call me and I will wire
you more.
8. ______________ English classes are fun and exciting.
9. ______________ days I wear jeans and a t-shirt, but today is special.
10. ______________the homework that the teacher sends us is easy.
21
@
of and other expressions of quality
All of my friends are married.
A few of the books on my dresser are John’s.
Much of the pollution in the lake is caused by illegal dumping.
all / some / any
many / (a) few / both / two
much / (a) little
+
of
+
specific noun
• Use of when followed by a specific noun.
Some children like broccoli; some don’t.
Many famous poets have committed suicide.
Few problems have no solution.
All children are creative.
• Do not use of when the noun is general, or nonspecific.
I have a great deal of information about volcanoes.
There are a number of people in the doctor’s office.
I hope we have plenty of food for the trip.
• Of is always part of the expressions below, whether the noun is
specific or nonspecific.
a great deal of
a lot of
a number of
plenty of
lots of
a couple of
Lzoom
Both (of) my parents grew up in Pine City.
All (of) the children in my class are creative.
All of them are here.
Both of us are ready to go.
If the noun is specific, of is optional for both and all,
unless it is followed by an object pronoun (us, you,
them).
22
- exercise 1: of and expressions of quantity
Add of to the sentences when necessary. If unnecessary or optional, write X.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Gina knows several ______ my friends.
You have seen most ______ the movies directed by Steven Speilberg.
Most ______ books are divided into chapters.
Tricia’s mother usually gets a lot ______ junk mail.
Most ______ people have heard of Michael Jackson.
All ______ our students must take eighty hours of English in order to
graduate.
7. In the last couple of days, I have met several ______ friends while
shopping.
8. Most ______ Josie’s questions are silly.
9. Both ______ those notebooks are mine.
10. Sam hasn’t read any ______ her new poems.
11. Sarah hasn’t read any ______ new books.
12. Both ______ parents gave me permission to go to Hawaii alone.
13. Most ______ Jack’s family lives in New York.
14. Several ______ people from class have had that same problem.
15. I usually see a lot ______ strange people on the subway.
16. Both ______ her sisters are married.
17. All ______ us are happy with our teacher.
18. Both ______ us are taking classes at USFQ.
19. All ______ the money I have is in the bank.
20. All ______ you should ask for a raise.
- exercise 2: error analysis
Find the errors in the following sentences.
1. Some of men in my class are single.
2. Many of that furniture is worth a lot of money.
3. All of animals in the pet store were saved during the fire.
4. Many girls think that Brad Pitt is gorgeous.
5. There is such a great deal smoke that I cannot see further than your
house.
6. Most of books about art are very interesting.
7. Many of people on my soccer team are good athletes.
8. Most teachers are patient, although there are a number teachers who
are not.
23
- exercise 3: expressions of quantity
Write an opinion you have about each of the things mentioned below, using
an expression of quantity.
1. men
Ex: Most men are in love with the remote control.
2. people from Guayaquil
3. animals in the zoo
4. soap operas
5. politicians
6. artists
7. beggars
8. people from Quito
9. women
10. the members of your family
- exercise 4: expressions of quantity-review
Choose the correct expression of quantity.
1. I inherited (many of, much of) the furniture in this room.
2. Connie just found out that (some, most of) her employees are illegal
immigrants.
3. (None of the, All) women I have dated have been very interesting.
4. I spent (all, most of) my day in front of the television set doing my nails.
5. Brooke lost (all the, all) information she had when the computer crashed.
6. There are (a couple of, many of people) waiting for you in the waiting
room.
7. (Every, A few) student has the book.
8. Clay broke (some, some of the) dishes when he was a waiter.
9. While we are on vacation I expect to get (a lot of, a lot) sun.
10. Mike left (plenty of, many) food in the refrigerator for us.
!
what a day!
Have you ever had a day when everything went wrong? What happened?
WHAT A DAY!
Listen to the conversation about a man’s day. Answer the questions.
1. Where did this conversation probably take place?
2. How did the event affect the man?
3. What do they sell at the Dairy Queen?
4. How long did the man have to wait?
5. Draw a map of the scene of the accident. Show the route of the SUV.
24
[]
everyday problems
Make a list of three problems that you encounter on a regular basis
in your life. Write them in the table below.
PROBLEM
ADVICE 1
ADVICE 2
ADVICE 3
Ask three people to give you some advice for these problems without
writing any words (using drawings or miming). When you have
finished, choose the best piece of advice for each problem and write a
sentence about it (use the example provided).
Example:
Problem: I can’t get to class on time.
Advice: Mary says that I should wake up earlier.
1. ______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________
25
@
few/little - review
I have a few friends in Ambato. (I have some friends.)
I have a little information about the topic. (I have some information.)
• Few is used with plural count nouns.
• Little is used with uncountable nouns.
• A few and a little indicate positive ideas. They show that
something exists and/or is present.
I have (very) few good friends. (I have almost no good friends.)
I have (very) little information about it. (I have almost no information
about it.)
• Few and little indicate negative ideas – something is absent.
• Use very to make few and little stronger.
- exercise 1: few or little?
Complete the sentence with few, a few, little, or a little.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
There are ___________ people I would rather be with than them.
I get very ___________ mail that isn’t junk mail.
Quito has ___________ pollution compared to Athens.
Our refrigerator was bare, so we bought ___________ groceries.
My friend left Spain for Italy ___________ months ago.
I have been lucky. I have experienced ___________ problems in my life.
I need ___________ more time in order to finish this report.
Put ___________ salt in the soup. It needs it.
If you have ___________ time, could you take a look at Nan? She’s not
feeling very well.
10. Bob has ___________ friends. He’s always alone. I worry about him.
11. I don’t need any more chicken. I still have ___________ on my plate that
I haven’t finished yet.
12. This hotel is ___________ better than the other one! We should have
stayed where we were.
13. She is quite unhappy. Ever since her children got married, she has
___________ to make her smile.
14. We need ___________ more chairs. There are only sixty and seventy
people said they were coming.
15. ___________ people know that Larry was born in Panama, and not the
U.S. like most think.
26
- exercise 2: few aNd little-listening
!
Listen to a short dialog. Decide on the best response.
1. a) I have a little money in my purse.
b) I have little money in my purse.
2. a) This food has a little flavor.
b) This food has little flavor.
3. a) I need a little time to do that assignment.
b) I need little time to do that assignment.
4. a) He has a little patience with his students.
b) He has little patience with his students.
5. a) I found a few coins at the bottom of my purse.
b) I found few coins at the bottom of my purse.
6. a) Few singers have made me cry.
b) A few singers have made me cry.
[]
living with the conseQuences
What are the short-term and long-term consequences of...?
Fathers are given two months of “paternity” leave when they have a baby.
Priceless works of art have been stolen form downtown churches and sold on
the black market
Scientists discover that processed foods cause cancer.
A cure is found for all sexually transmitted diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS
Everyone must work on the holidays.
Choose one and write it in the chart below. When you can no longer think of
any consequences, exchange it with another group.
Action:
C
O
S
Q
U
E
N
C
E
S
Next few days
Next year
27
Next 20 years
[]
where are my words?
You woke up in the hospital this morning. You were told that you had
been waiting on the corner of Coruña and 12 de octubre with the rest
of your English class when a bus hit all of you. You can remember
everything but the actual accident. Unfortunately, the part of your
brain dealing with language has been affected. You do not remember
any of your native language. You can only remember how to say five
words – all of them in English! Write the five words you would like to
keep in your memory.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
You have been trying to communicate with the others around you.
You can only communicate using your five words. Once you speak to
your friend, however, you remember his/her words and may use them
in your conversation.
Conclusions:
1. What was the hardest part of the lesson?
2. How important is language?
3. What words did you miss the most?
@
all/every/whole
Did you get all the luggage?
I worked all day/all week.*
All my cousins are younger than I.
Did you spend all the money your mother gave you?
* Do not say all the day or all the week.
all + uncountable noun/plural nouns
all + the/my/her/etc.
• All generally means “the entire or total.”
• Use all with uncountable or plural nouns.
28
+ noun
Lzoom
We know all about your divorce.
All I heard is that she didn’t come home last night.
He acts like he knows everything. (not he knows all)
• All is not usually used to mean everyone or everybody.
• In certain cases it may be used to indicate everything, for
example in the expression all about (instead of
everything about), although it is usually better to use
everything.
I can’t believe you ate the whole cake by yourself.
He didn’t leave the house until he had finished the whole book.
I worked the whole day.
The whole car was destroyed in the accident.
whole + singular noun
the / my / her / etc. + whole + noun
• Whole is used with singular nouns.
• It often means “the complete.”
Every Thursday I go to the city pool for swimming lessons.
Irene forgets her keys almost every day!
• For expressions of time, every is used to
show how often something happens.
Remember that after every a singular verb is used.
Everybody did well on his/her test.
Everything she said was true.
Înote:
29
h
grammar first aid
In rare cases, whole, like all, can be followed by a plural noun. In this
case, it has a different meaning.
Match the meaning to each sentence.
_______All neighborhoods were affected by the fire.
_______Whole neighborhoods were affected by the fire.
Meaning:
a) Not every neighborhood was affected, but some were affected
completely.
b) Every neighborhood was affected.
- exercise 1: all, every, or whole?
Add all, every (in any form: everything, everybody, etc.),or whole to each of
the sentences below.
1. _____________ I heard of the conversation was that she dropped out of
school.
2. Will _____________ please stand up?
3. Jacobo can eat a _____________ chicken by himself.
4. Did she show you _____________ she has made?
5. Did you use _____________ the money I gave you?
6. Jeff told me _____________about his divorce.
7. She lived her _____________ life in Ecuador before coming to England.
8. At work today _____________ went wrong.
9. Please read the _____________ article before you ask questions.
10. _____________ the children on the bus fell asleep after five minutes.
11. _____________ my life I thought that my grandfather didn’t love me. I
guess I was wrong.
12. My _____________ family has decided to go to the beach this summer.
13. The _____________ time we spoke she didn’t look in my eyes.
14. The _____________ country was paralyzed by the transportation strike.
15. Open _____________ the windows, please. It is so hot in here.
- exercise 2: rewriting sentences
Rewrite the underlined part of the sentence, using the word in parentheses.
1. Everybody in class looks tired today. (whole)
________________________________________________________________________
2. She worked on her term paper from early in the morning to late in the
evening. (all)
________________________________________________________________________
30
3. It rained from Monday to Sunday while we were on vacation. (every)
________________________________________________________________________
4. John searched every part of his room looking for his keys. (whole)
________________________________________________________________________
5. She walked through the entire parking lot before she found her car.
(whole)
________________________________________________________________________
6. Everyone in the office is sick. (all)
________________________________________________________________________
7. The carpet was completely ruined when the rain flooded the house.
(whole)
________________________________________________________________________
8. The baby cried during the entire ride home. (whole)
________________________________________________________________________
- exercise 3: All (the) or (the) whole?
Add all or whole, along with any appropriate article or adjective (a, an, the,
my, his, etc.)
1. ___________ problem can be summed up in one word: “Charlene.”
2. My ___________ arm hurt after the operation.
3. I waited for Harry to send ___________ e-mails before I left.
4. Alexander tried to take ___________ handful of the candy on the counter,
but his mother slapped his hand.
5. Eileen ate ___________ loaf of bread by herself.
6. Marlene ate ___________ chicken wings by herself.
7. ___________ cars in the parking lot were vandalized this morning.
8. ___________ cities have been destroyed by American bombs.
- exercise 4: all, whole, every-error analysis
Correct the sentences.
1. Anna ate the all cheese, and then got sick and spent the whole evening in
the hospital.
2. All the day long Maggie and Tommy fought.
3. The whole bananas on the table became rotten overnight.
4. Whole office shared the cake.
5. Lucy loves her all pets, but especially her cat.
6. All the computer were shut off before we left the office.
7. All the desks on whole eighth floor were written on.
8. I missed all my whole family when I lived in Santiago.
31
[]
accident-prone board game
Playing pieces: Each player should use a small object (eraser, paper clip, etc.) as a
playing piece. To move, flip a coin: heads, move 1, tails, move 3.
Objective: The first person who makes it to home with the least amount of injury
points wins the game.
START
You stumble
and trip off
the curb.
2 injury
points
Flip a coin.
Heads: Move ahead 1 space.
Tails: Move ahead two spaces.
You spill some acid on
your partner in chemistry
class. Give 4 injury points
to the player of your
choice.
You slip on a
banana peel
and skin your
knee.
1 injury point
You tumble
down the
stairs.
2 injury points
You slice
your finger
when
preparing
lunch. 3
injury points
You see the
doctor.
Lose 2 injury
points.
You spend the
weekend in the
hospital.
Lose all your injury
points.
You bang your partner in
the back with a heavy
piece of furniture. Give
the player of your choice 2
injury points.
You
accidentally
poke your
eye.
2 injury
points
32
FINISH
@
as/like
Her voice sounds like a bird screeching.
Felipe always asks about personal things, like your weight or age.
Bob is a first-time father, like me.
He enjoys outdoor activities like skiing and jogging.
like + noun (phrase)
• Like means similar to/the same as.
• Like is a preposition, and therefore must be followed by a noun
(phrase).
• In academic situations, like is often used to introduce lists or
similarities.
Leave the papers on the desk as they are. Don’t touch them.
Diane did as she had promised.
As I expected, she forgot my birthday.
as + clause
• As is a conjunction meaning what,while or when.
• It introduces a dependent clause, and therefore must be followed
by subject + verb.
Înote:
In informal English, like often replaces as,
although considered by some to be a big
grammatical mistake.
Leave the papers on the desk like they are. Don’t touch them.
Diane did like she had promised.
Like I expected, she forgot my birthday.
33
h
grammar first aid
As may also be a preposition. When used as a preposition, as says
what something really is or was (for example, a job or how to use
something). In this case, it is different from like, which generally
compares things.
While working as a waiter, I made most of my money in tips.
He often uses his garage as a guest house. (his garage becomes the
guest home)
As a child, you were very mischievous.
My house is like an oven. (compares house and oven)
- exercise 1: like or as?
Use as or like in order to finish each sentence.
1. He acts ___________ a prince, but kisses ___________ a frog.
2. We have so many bedrooms in our house that we use one ___________ a
library.
3. Even though she works ___________ a chef, she still burns the dinner.
4. I wish I could play the piano ___________ a professional.
5. There are so many precious works of art in her house that it’s
___________a museum.
6. Just ___________ I thought, Jerry is late again.
7. You should have answered the question ___________I told you.
8. You should have done it ___________ this.
9. The news of her promotion came ___________ a great shock.
10. Talking to Mary is ___________ talking to a wall. She never listens.
11. Joanne talks ___________ a drunk; she is always slurring and mumbling
her words.
12. She dresses stylishly, ___________ her mother used to dress.
13. He walks ___________ a penguin.
14. He likes this restaurant’s playground, ___________ any child would.
15. It is classified ___________ confidential.
- exercise 2: like vs. as-error analysis
Find the sentences that contain errors and change them so that they are
correct. (Some sentences do not contain errors.)
1. Have ever you worked like coordinator in this department?
2. I think I prefer the color of the car as it was, before we painted it.
3. He spends all his money on silly things as drinking gourmet coffee and
taking taxis to the corner store.
34
4. Like you know, we need other employee.
5. Although she has studied French for three years, her pronunciation is
still like that of a beginner of three weeks.
6. She talks so much that she’s as a parrot.
7. In the moment I am using a suitcase as my closet.
8. Even though turned fifty last week, he still acts as a teenager.
9. Sports like skiing and snow-boarding seem a little too dangerous.
10. Like usual, Jonathan got a perfect score on the test.
G
suggestions
There are many ways to respond, negatively or positively, to a suggestion.
POSITIVELY
Why not!
That’s an idea.
By all means!
That’s worth a try.
Why didn’t I think of that?
NEGATIVELY
I don’t think so.
I don’t believe so.
Don’t look at me.
I don’t think that will work.
I already thought of that.
- exercise 1: accepting suggestions
Write down five things that you would like suggestions for. Then, get
suggestions from your classmates. Respond to each suggestion using one of
the responses above.
EXAMPLE
- “I’d like to take another language.”
- “How about Japanese?”
- “Now that’s an idea, but who would I practice with?”
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
35
k
writing s.o.s.
BRAINSTORMING
Brainstorming is an important step in writing. It helps organize your
ideas and encourages original thinking, helping you to think of many
possibilities, some not so obvious. Think of brainstorming as
stretching the muscles of your brain. There is no wrong answer when
brainstorming
- exercise 1: brainstorming
Appoint one person in your group to be the secretary. The secretary must
write down all of the groups ideas, and no one is allowed to comment on or
change any of them. Think of ways to answer the questions below. You
have three minutes for each question.
1. How many possible uses can you find for a chopstick?
2. You have no money for the bus. How will you get home?
3. How many ways can you find to open a can of vegetables without a can
opener?
Ask other groups for their ideas. What are the three best in the class?
1. a)
b)
c)
2. a)
b)
c)
3. a)
b)
c)
- exercise 2:
Use one of your brainstorms above to write a paragraph on the topic.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
36
§
writing
What are your feelings about the statement below? Do you agree or
disagree? Use details and examples to support your opinion.
Teachers should be paid according to how much their students learn.
ø
internet
Have you ever wondered what happened on a certain day in history, for
example on your birthday? If you have,
www.historychannel.com/tdih/tdih.jsp? is the web site for you! Every day a
short history lesson from This Day in History is featured. Send a friend
who is a history buff an ecard featuring that day’s historical event. You can
go back three years or two hundred years – instant information at your
fingertips.
. Do you know what happened on your birthday?
Brainstorm a few ideas
based on what you know about the events of those days, then check out the
web site to check your ideas. Were you able to get close?
37
®
interview faux pas
What is the biggest mistake people can make at a job
interview?
People spend years getting education and training, as well as
working on and perfecting their resumés, in order to find the perfect
job. So why do most people spend less than an hour preparing for
their job interview?
Your job interview is the one moment you have to sell yourself to the
company. Here is where you create the most lasting image of your
experience and professionalism.
Common mistakes that people make at a job interview is acting
passive or indifferent about the job. Lack of enthusiasm is the
number one reason people do not get hired. Being overbearing and
arrogant can also affect your interview negatively. Be submissive
and humble enough to show respect, but not so much that it looks as
if you do not have any confidence. Another thing that can be a
negative factor is a lack of courtesy or commitment. Be polite, and
show the interviewer that you are willing to give your all to the
company. The last thing that may make you lose that job is a failure
to ask questions. Do your research – find out enough about the
company so that you can ask intelligent questions and prove that
you prepared for your interview.
Which of the statements below would be an interview faux pas?
Mark it with an X.
_______Answer with simple yes/no questions. Don’t provide more
information than that.
_______Wait until you are offered a chair before you sit down.
_______Arrive late.
_______Stress your personal and professional achievements.
_______Inquire about vacation time, salary, and other benefits.
_______Don’t ask directly for the salary you want. Say what you
made before, but make it clear that you are more interested
in the opportunity than the salary.
_______Bring a copy of your resumé to the interview.
_______Lie a little by stretching the truth if you think it will help you
to get the job.
COMPREHENSION
1. Write five things you should do at the job interview.
2. Write five things you shouldn’t do at the job interview.
3. If you were an employer, what would you look for in a
candidate?
38
u
n
i
t
3
Job
Fair
[]
it’s a dog-eat-dog world
What do you think it means to say “It’s a dog-eat-dog world?”
Rate the following examples of business behavior on a scale of 1 to 5.
1 desirable
2 acceptable
3 neutral
4 unacceptable
5 completely corrupt
BEHAVIOR
1
2
3
4
5
having an affair with your superior
coming to work extremely hungover/drunk
taking an extra long lunch hour
flirting with your boss to get some vacation
time
dumping in order to drive small businesses out
of the market
lying on your resume about your experience
meeting with superiors to discuss necessary
changes
complaining about your boss
lying on your resume about your age
laying off staff every time the budget is not met
donating products to food shelves and charities
spreading rumors about your colleagues
taking supplies home from the office
According to the rest of the class, what is the most unethical behavior?
39
[]
job interview
You are interviewing for a job with NeverHungry Baby, an enterprise
specializing in baby food and formula. You, along with the other
applicants, have been put to a test: the first person to be able to fill out
the chart will be given the job. You have been given the following
information. (Answers on page 58.)
1. Jessica Angel does not get along with the president.
2. Only one of the secretaries is a male, and he works for the only female
personal assistant.
3. Don Wright is the only male messenger.
4. Dennis Romano is the secretary of the person who works for Alisha
Stone.
5. Angie McMahon is not Bruce Watson’s secretary, and Bruce Watson
is not Warren Peterson’s personal assistant.
6. Brenda Richie works under Dennis Romano.
7. Hillary Nixon likes working for the President as his advisor.
8. Howard Hill is not very happy with Jessica Angel’s work and would
like to have her fired, but he doesn’t want Bruce Watson, her
personal assistant, to be affected.
9. Sue Lubo’s messenger is a man.
10. Kylie Hirdman is a personal assistant.
11. Colin Hirchen works for a man.
12. Mallory Hilton likes her boss, who is one of the two female
secretaries
How many people work at
NeverHungry Baby?
How many are men? women?
President
Presidential advisor
Board of
Personal
Directors:
assistants:
Secretaries:
40
Messengers:
@
passive voice
This magazine article was written without any thought.
Karen was told to be quiet.
The building was evacuated because of a bomb threat.
The mural was painted by Mrs. Larson’s third grade.
be (any tense/aspect) + past participle (+ by)
• In a passive voice sentence, the subject receives the action.
• Often in the passive voice, the performer of the action is unknown or not
important.
• It is possible to change the active voice to the passive by putting the object of
the verb in the subject position and adding be + past participle.
• In the passive voice, the verb be should be in the same tense/aspect as the
main verb in the active sentence.
• The passive voice can only be used with transitive verbs, verbs that are
followed by an object.
• Verbs like sleep, come, and appear are intransitive (do not have an object)
and therefore cannot be used in the passive voice.
Simple present/past tense
be(am, is, are, was, were)
+
past participle
Last night a great deal of money was stolen from Nation’s Bank.
In Halston more houses are destroyed each year by tornadoes than earthquakes.
Present/past progressive
be (am, is, are, was, were) + being + past participle
The contracts are being scrutinized for legal gaps by the lawyer at this moment.
The information was being analyzed carefully by the police.
For the present and past perfect tenses:
has/have/had +
been
+
past participle
Mark has been given a job by his father-in-law.
That movie had been seen by over one million people before it was taken out of the
theaters.
41
@
passive voice
Modals
modal + be + past participle
Your complaints will be given the proper attention by our secretary when our offices
open.
The fireworks could be seen by everyone.
Modals + perfective
modal
+
have been +
past participle
The papers should have been signed today.
The ad could have been run in next week’s paper.
- exercise 1: converting to passive voice
Provide each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in
its passive voice equivalent.
1. Rick is buying the oven.
Rick was buying the oven.
Rick has bought the oven.
Rick could buy the oven.
This oven _______________ by Rick.
This oven _______________ by Rick.
This oven _______________ by Rick.
This oven _______________ by Rick.
2. You could see the fireworks from the park.
The fireworks _________ from the park.
You saw the fireworks from the park.
The fireworks _________ from the park.
You have seen the fireworks from the park.
The fireworks _________ from the park.
You will see the fireworks from the park.
The fireworks _________ from the park.
3. Michael Stern is writing that play.
That play ____________ by Michael Stern.
Michael Stern was writing that play.
That play ____________ by Michael Stern.
Michael Stern has written that play.
That play ____________ by Michael Stern.
Michael Stern had written that play.
That play ____________ by Michael Stern.
42
4. Professor Wiles is explaining the lesson.
The lesson _______________ by Professor Wiles.
Professor Wiles is going to explain the lesson.
The lesson _______________ by Professor Wiles.
Professor Wiles will explain the lesson.
The lesson _______________ by Professor Wiles.
Professor Wiles should explain the lesson.
The lesson _______________ by Professor Wiles.
5. Ms. McGrew signs the contracts.
The contracts ____________ by Mrs. McGrew.
Ms. McGrew signed the contracts.
The contracts ____________ by Mrs. McGrew.
Ms. McGrew will sign the contracts.
The contracts ____________ by Mrs. McGrew.
Ms. McGrew has signed the contracts.
The contracts ____________ by Mrs. McGrew.
- exercise 2: passive voice (oral)
Read each sentence to your partner. Your partner should repeat the
sentence in the passive voice.
1. Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet.
2. Steven Speilberg directed Jurassic Park.
3. Children watch cartoons more than adults.
4. Waiters serve customers.
5. My math teacher has not called my parents yet.
6. Owls prey on mice.
7. Channel 8 was televising the tennis match.
8. All over the world, people drive cars.
9. My mother is seasoning the Christmas turkey.
10. Telemarketers have called us all day.
- exercise 3: passive voice
Change the sentence in active voice to a sentence in the passive voice.
1. The neighborhood has proposed a solution to local policy makers.
________________________________________________________________________
2. The country received the news of the President’s death with tranquil
grace.
________________________________________________________________________
3. The law firm where Angela had her interview may call her within the
next week.
________________________________________________________________________
4. You must keep dairy products at a certain temperature or they will spoil.
________________________________________________________________________
43
5. Someone in Italy made these shoes.
________________________________________________________________________
6. My department has been debating that issue all afternoon.
________________________________________________________________________
7. The students from my university translated the dead poet’s work.
________________________________________________________________________
8. Many of the continent’s original indigenous tribes reject the idea that
Christopher Columbus discovered America.
________________________________________________________________________
9. The sun’s rays can seriously harm the skin and eyes.
________________________________________________________________________
10. The government used to support the museum with taxpayer’s money.
________________________________________________________________________
- exercise 4: passive voice?
Mark the sentences that can be converted to the passive voice with an X.
1. When I went to New York this summer, the hotel gave me a
discount.
2. Some new equipment has been ordered by the electric company.
3. Almost everyone in personnel has taken a vacation this year.
4. My colleagues rejected the plan before they had even heard of all of
its benefits.
5. I will come to the party if you assure me that Monica will not be
there.
6. You could hear the girl’s cries for help all over the neighborhood.
7. Someone should have called the president of the union when the
strike was called off.
8. I can’t seem to find my handbag anywhere.
9. I slept for twenty minutes before my speech, and woke up feeling
refreshed.
10. It is bad manners to eat with your mouth open.
h
grammar first aid
Some expressions are always in the passive voice. This is called the
stative passive.
Where is my wallet? It’s gone.
I am finished with the
test.
Where am I? I am lost.
I’m done with my homework.
I was born in Chicago.
44
Lzoom
Some verbs are followed by both direct and indirect
objects. It is more common for the passive sentence to
begin with the indirect object, although either may be
the subject of a passive sentence.
They didn’t offer the job to Rebecca.
Rebecca wasn’t offered the job.
(The job wasn’t offered to Rebecca.)
Mr. Miller taught us mathematics three years ago.
We were taught mathematics three years ago by Mr. Miller.
(Mathematics was taught to us three years ago by Mr.
Miller.)
- exercise 1: indirect objects with passive voice
Find the indirect object in each sentence and underline it. Then use it as the
subject of a passive voice sentence.
1. Jenny’s boyfriend gave her flowers on their anniversary night.
______________________________________________________________
2. The director gave an award to Monica at the ceremony.
______________________________________________________________
3. Someone will send you a bill at the end of the month.
______________________________________________________________
4. The student raised his hand to ask the teacher a question.
______________________________________________________________
5. Someone is going to send a refund check to the Johnsons next week.
______________________________________________________________
6. Someone sent an anonymous chain letter to Thomas.
______________________________________________________________
7. That company pays its employees peanuts for their bright ideas and
hard work!
______________________________________________________________
8. The tattoo artist showed all of his designs to Mary. Only then did she
decide to get a tattoo!
______________________________________________________________
45
[]
unusual jobs
Write the job description for each of these professions.
Job
Description
Tomato-thrower
Professional sports fan
Audience-filler
Stamper
Crowd-distracter
What jobs are unusual in your country?
Which of these jobs would you prefer to have, if you had to? Give three
reasons why you chose this job.
1.
2.
3.
46
!
unusual jobs
Is there anything unusual or special about your job?
UNUSUAL JOBS
Listen to the people with unusual jobs being interviewed. Fill in the chart.
JOB
DUTIES
WHAT LIKES
47
WHAT
DOESN’T
LIKE
INTERESTING
MOMENT
G
vocabulary
a) advance in importance
b) a small monetary present in return for service
c) an increase in salary
d) amount paid for work
e) act or process of giving money payment for loss of property, accident, or
death
f) aspect, outward look
g)something extra given in addition to what is due
h) practical education in a profession or occupation
i) perks received for a job such as vacation time
j) legal records of academic standing and/or grades
Read the paragraph below. Write the letter of the definition next to the
word.
I am so upset today because I didn’t get the promotion _____ I had
been asking for. I am the main receptionist in a law firm, but I wanted a job
working on one of the research teams. Because I didn’t get this promotion,
which would have included a raise _____, I guess I will have to look for
another job. What I make right now isn’t enough to feed my family.
I will be looking for a job that offers medical and dental insurance
_____, because if my children get sick I want to know that I will be able to
help them. I would also like to work someplace that offers good benefits
_____, such as a retirement plan and paid vacation. If they provide yearly
bonuses _____, that would be nice, too. I have a friend who is a waitress,
and she makes more in tips _____ from customers than her normal wages
_____ each year. Yes, the opportunity for some sort of bonus would be nice.
I have a good chance of finding a job because I have a professional
appearance _____ – after years of working with lawyers I have learned that
how you look is very important. I have received a lot of legal training _____,
because my job offered many seminars and courses for all of the employees.
The first thing I will need to do, however, is ask my university for a
transcript _____. Usually employers want to see your grades.
48
[]
worker’s rights
The National Syndicate of Workers in your country has proposed a
draft of what they believe should be the worker’s rights to the
government. Put a check mark (√) next to each of the rights you
believe workers should have.
• _______ paid lunch hour
• _______ time-and-a-half for overtime hours
• _______ a 30-hour work week
• _______ three weeks of paid vacation per year
• _______ an affordable employee cafeteria
• _______ 30 hours of paid or provided on-the-job training
• _______ an employee break room with microwave and refrigerator
• _______ a retirement fund in which the company matches every
dollar the employee deposits into the fund
• _______ a savings plan in which employees can deposit money in
order to accomplish their yearly goals
• _______ low cost medical insurance, subsidized by the company
• _______ flexible work hours – employees put in their work hours by
choosing their own schedule
• _______ the option to work from home when applicable
• _______ compensation time – when an employee works an extra day
or extra hours, he/she is given the option to take time off
for that corresponding time
• _______ free Internet access from work
• _______ job stability – the company must pay unemployment benefits
for any ex-employee until he/she finds a job
What were your reasons for not choosing some demands? Would you
be willing to negotiate the terms, or is the demand unreasonable?
Argue your viewpoint to the president of the Worker’s Union.
49
@
get and the passive
The skunk got run over by a truck.
(The skunk was run over by a truck.)
There was a fire in our apartment building last month, but no one got hurt.
(No one was hurt.)
You got fired from five jobs in as many months.
(You were fired from five jobs in as many months.)
get + past participle (verb)
• Get may be used instead of be in the passive voice.
• It means something (often surprising) happened to someone or
something, usually by chance.
- exercise 1: get in the passive voice
Change each sentence in the passive to a similar passive voice sentence
using get. If not possible, provide your reason why.
1. I hope that no one was hurt in the game.
______________________________________________________________
2. My wallet was stolen last weekend!
______________________________________________________________
3. As Fred was walking out of the bar, he was punched in the face by a man
who confused him for someone else.
______________________________________________________________
4. Oscar Wilde was born in 1856.
______________________________________________________________
5. Our cat, Fluffy, was run over by a car a year ago.
______________________________________________________________
6. Mr. Baker doesn’t like his car to be used by his grandchildren.
______________________________________________________________
7. Aaron and Gina were married at Maternity of Mary Church.
______________________________________________________________
8. Your daughter was stung by a bee while she was playing in the garden.
______________________________________________________________
9. Our best china isn’t used often. We rarely have guests.
______________________________________________________________
10. Barbara’s car was damaged by the hail from Friday’s storm.
______________________________________________________________
50
@
get and adjectives
My grandfather is getting old. He can’t walk by himself anymore.
Nat is getting bald.
I got tired after the game, so I went to bed early.
Your boss will get very angry if you don’t come to the meeting.
get + adjective/verb (past participle)
• Get may also be followed by certain adjectives or past participle verbs.
• This type of passive is often informal, and common in spoken English.
• The following list of words can be used with get, although it is not complete.
hungry
upset
dizzy
angry
warm
cold
mad
hot
sick
tired
tall
bald
scared
short
better
dressed
sleepy
dark
- exercise 1: get+and adjective (oral)
Create a sentence with get and each word.
Example: mad
When the professor said that women should not be
studying and wasting their time, I got really mad.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
old
scared
full
rich
hurt
lost
angry
worse
9. cheated
10. prepared
11. fat
12. thirsty
13. busy
14. late
15. nervous
16. married
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
hungry
dizzy
better
chilly
dark
hit
wet
divorced
- exercise 2: get
Finish each sentence with an appropriate adjective from the two lists above
and get.
1. This is about as bad as it gets. It can’t _________________________.
2. I always get the jitters before a big test, even though my classmates tell
me _________________________ (not).
3. After three years of separation, Ann and her husband decided to
_________________________.
51
4. Anita _________________________ by investing her money in the stock
market.
5. At lunch time the restaurant usually_________________________.
6. In the winter, it sometimes _________________________before five o’clock.
7. Our Golden retriever _________________________ on Sunday when my
youngest daughter accidentally left the door open.
8. Did anyone _________________________ in the accident?
9. Oh, it _________________________. Do you want a jacket to wear?
10. Now that Jeff has turned fifty, he_________________________, just like his
father. Soon he won’t have much left on top.
- exercise 3: passive voice review-error analysis
Each of the sentences below is incorrect. Correct each one.
1. A strange thing was happened yesterday outside of Harriet’s house.
2. The child is old enough to dress her own clothes.
3. When Tom and Bree got marry, I was just a young girl.
4. Jennie always gets scare when she sees a bug, and sometimes gets sick,
too.
5. Brenda didn’t go out to the pizza place with us last night because she had
already been eaten.
6. What part of the lesson is not understood by you?
7. I finished with my test. May I leave?
8. The refrigerator should clean. There is a lot of old food in it.
9. The house is being constructed for a company called Constructos.
10. The twins got born before the New Year began.
- exercise 4: passive voice review (oral)
Close your book. Your partner will read a pair of words to you. Make a
sentence in the passive. Then switch roles. Only use the active voice in the
event that the verb is intransitive.
Example: gold necklace / make
This gold necklace was made in Italy.
The gold necklace I bought for my girlfriend was made by a
craftsman in a small craft store downtown.
1. plane crash / happen
2. shoes / buy
3. meals / serve
4. skirts / wear
5. I / frighten
6. rice / eat
7. news event / cover
8. students / enter
9. proposal / reject
10. ideas / misunderstand
11. accident / occur
12. building / burn down
13. test / complete
14. dogs / adore
15. meeting / put off
52
- exercise 5: passive and active voice
Complete each sentence with one of the verbs below. You must decide if the
sentence should be in the passive or active voice. Use any tense that is
appropriate.
pay
see
rob
tell
discover
burn
give
take
bite
walk
change
warn
check
treat
interview
1. Mark __________________ by the man at the gate that he could not enter.
2. Gold ________________ in California, starting what was to be known as
the Gold Rush.
3. When the scientist _______________ his information, he ______________
that the measurements ______________.
4. Yesterday when Sally ___________________ home a dog jumped at her and
______________ her in the leg. She ____________________ to the hospital by
a neighbor.
5. Downtown a bank ____________________. My husband just happened to be
there, and ________________________ by the police as a witness.
6. Andrea ______________________ this morning while she was making the
colada morada. She’s in the hospital now. She_________________ for
burns.
7. Harry and his sister ______________________ a notice by their landlord to
leave next week.
8. All workers ______________________ overtime for their work today.
9. I think that Ralph ______________________ about his wife by a relative.
53
V
rhythm: part two
Listen. Fill in the blanks with the words you hear.
I told __________ that I got __________ puppy __________ his birthday.
Sarah plans __________ go __________ __________ spa on __________ coast
with __________ .
Julie __________ Chen were __________ Mark’s party, __________ they gave
__________ __________ DVD player.
• When we speak, not all words are stressed equally.
• We tend to compress function words. If you do not weaken or
compress these words when you speak, your speech may sound
monotonous or tired.
!
Listen and repeat.
a
an
the
or
and
of
to
for
at
him
you
your
/∂/ (the sound produced by the schwa)
/∂n/
/th∂/
/∂r/
/∂n/ OR /n/
/∂/
/t∂/
/f∂r/
/∂t/
/∂m/
/y∂/
/y∂r/
!
Listen. Cross out the weakened words.
1. There is a package for you on the table.
2. Twelve people came to class, but only three stayed until the end.
3. A few days ago, I wouldn’t have been able to even guess who might be
president.
4. She’s going to call him while she’s at work.
5. Jenny and her husband found the trip to be very exciting.
6. On Monday I will know the answer to your question.
7. She looked all over town for an orange scarf to match her jacket, but
could not find one.
8. Of all the students present, Jill was the one with the best grades.
9. Will you please stop looking at him and pay attention to the class!
10. Either Matt or Brian will be at the party, but not both.
54
[]
create the perfect job
Write five things that you really enjoy doing.
Using your five activities, create the perfect job. Write a job description
for the job, along with a description of the type of person who would be
good at this job and/or any qualifications.
Variation: Write the perfect job for a classmate.
JOB DESCRIPTION
QUALIFICATIONS
55
§
job resumes
Tick (√) the sentences you believe are true.
_____ a resumé is a form of persuasion
_____ you should be humble about your qualities
_____ mistakes on a resumé are not important
_____ you should proofread your resumé
_____ you should provide references upon request
_____ you should never write your hobbies, travel experience, or any awards
you have been granted
_____ you must provide your age, sex, and an updated photo
_____ you should only list the jobs that are related to the job you are
applying for
- exercise 1: preparing to write a resume
Before you begin, follow these steps:
1. Make a list of all of the jobs that you have had. Add dates, job titles and
responsibilities,. Always place the most recent first.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Make a list of activities, clubs, organizations, volunteer work etc., that
you have participated in. Write a short statement about what you have
learned or how you have benefited from them, especially for activities
which may not appear to be relevant to the position for which you are
applying.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Choose three words from the list that describe yourself and are
important for the job you are applying to.
hardworking
meticulous
go-getter
easygoing
handles pressure well
_____________________
punctual
perfectionist
people-person
problem-solver
proactive
_____________________
56
adventurous
successful
friendly
reliable
sensible
_____________________
4. DON’TS
It is not necessary, unless specifically mentioned, to include personal
information, such as age, marital status, or photographs. It is also a bad
idea to include career goals, as these may change at a later date. Salary
should not be included unless you will not accept less. Do not mention any
jobs or courses taken that are not relevant to the position for which you are
applying unless you can show how they are relevant.
Here is an example format of a job resumé. (This is only one possible format;
there are other ways to format resumés that are acceptable.)
YOUR NAME
Address
Phone number
Objective: Position as a _______
Highlights of
Qualifications
•
•
•
Professional
Experience
Company name, City, Country
Proven success in …
Excellent management skills and experience
Strong practical foundation in improving production methods
Date(1995-Present)
Position
Explanation of responsibilities: Supervised industrial engineers and … Managed computer and
operating systems … Improved … Performed computer simulation programming… Analyzed overseas
operations…Implemented automatic freight booking system…
Achievements
•
Increased customer satisfaction …
•
Achieved 15% reduction in maintenance costs
•
Increased profitability …
Position
Company name, City, Country
Date (1990-1995)
Explanation of responsibilities: Supervised engineers… Evaluated areas for safety and efficiency…
Implemented … Performed analysis on …Developed computer models...
Achievements
•
Reduced …
•
Helped company …
•
Saved firm over $1mm …
Education
Masters of Business Administration - University, Year
Bachelors of Science - Industrial Engineering - University, Year
57
- exercise 2: writing a resume
Write your resume for a job you would like to have, or for the job you have
now.
§
writing
Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Use details
and specific examples to support your answer.
Success is measured by money.
You can only consider yourself successful if you earn a lot of money.
ø
internet
If you need help finding a job, go to www.monster.com. At this web site you
will have access to jobs from all over the world. You can apply on line right
at that moment, or get the employer’s information and request more facts
about the job. Is your resumé outdated? Find out how to write a resumé
that will catch employer’s attention and make you stand out for the job! Do
you make enough at what you are already doing? Find out how your salary
compares to what the average person does at your job. Looking for a career
change? Take a career test to find out what you should be doing to make a
living.
. What three jobs do you believe would be the best fits for your personality
type? Take a career test at http://tools.monster.com/archives/tickletests/
and find out if your instincts were correct.
Answers to “Job Interview,” page 40:
President: Howard Hill
Presidential advisor: Hillary Nixon
(In order with their respective bosses:)
Board of Directors: Jessica Angel, Warren Peterson, Alisha Stone
Personal assistants: Bruce Watson, Colin Hirchen, Kylie Hirdman
Secretaries: Sue Lubo, Angie McMahon, Dennis Romano
Messengers: Don Wright, Mallory Hilton, Brenda Richie
6 men, 8 women = 14
58
[]
headlines
What is the story behind each headline?
AND THEY’RE OFF
DOWN FIVE PERCENT
STARTING FROM SCRATCH
FREAK ACCIDENT RAISES SUSPICION
Write your own headline and pass to another group in
the class. In fifty words or less, write the article for
this headline.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
u
n
i
t
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
59
The
Media
[]
celebrity trivia
1. What is Shakira’s full name?
a) Maria Shakira Mebarak Ali
b) Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll
c) Shakira Fernanda Mohammed Mebarak
d) Maria Shakira Jauregui Ali
2. Which actor has to learn his lines by listening to
them because his dyslexia makes reading difficult?
a) Bruce Willis
b) Russell Crowe
c) Tom Cruise
d) Brad Pitt
3. Who was the first musician to be arrested on
stage?
a) Sting
b) Ozzy Osborne
c) Jim Morrison
d) John Lennon
4. Which actor must practice speaking his lines
because of a stuttering problem?
a) Bruce Willis
b) Brad Pitt
c) Tom Cruise
d) Leonardo Di Caprio
5. Which star of Charlie’s Angels washes her face only
with store-bought Evian water?
a) Drew Barrymore
b) Lucy Liu
c) Demi Moore
d) Cameron Diaz
7. Which singer lost his/her front teeth when he/she
tripped on stage and fell?
a) Sheryl Crow
b) Cristina Aguilera
c) Ricky Martin
d) Thalia
9. Which two names are not the names of Madonna’s
children?
a) Lourdes
b) Maria
c) Rocco
d) Revlon
8-10 You really know your celebrities!
4-7 You should buy a magazine to update your celebrity knowledge.
1-3 Do you have a TV?
ANSWERS ON PAGE 76.
60
6. Which pop star’s first name is actually her mother’s
maiden name?
a) Pink
b) Madonna
c) Beyoncé
d) Britney Spears
8. What does the first name of Keanu Reeves, star of
Speed, mean in Hawaiian?
a) sweet breeze off the coast
b) cool breeze over the mountains
c) strong wind of the mountains
d) light waves of the ocean
10. Which celebrity had poor grades and was labeled
slow in school?
a) Steven Spielberg
b) Sting
c) Shakira
d) Walt Disney
G
ACCEPT
Sounds good.
If you want me to.
Sure, thanks.
Yes, let’s.
Don’t mind if I do.
Sure, why not?
invitations
DECLINE
I’d love to, but...
I’ll pass.
I don’t think I’ll be able to make it this time.
Thanks a lot, but...
Can I take a rain check?
No way!
- exercise 1: would you like to...?
Check six things you would like to do and cross out three things that you
wouldn’t like to do.
go to a jazz concert
go to an art exhibit
join a line-dancing contest
see a Formula 1 race
go to service at a church in your neighborhood
go to a private screening with the main actors of a newly-released
movie
go to Physics class
go to an amusement park
go hiking
do a pilgrimage from Quito to El Quinche
go to a karaoke bar
go to the library
- exercise 2: making plans
Call your classmates to invite them to some events. Decide on a time and
day, and where you are going to meet. Fill in your agenda.
DAY OF THE WEEK
MORNING
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY
SUNDAY
61
AFTERNOON/EVENING
@
causative verbs
I had my brother send the check by mail.
She got her mother to pay for her tuition.
Larry made his daughter apologize for stealing the CD.
• Causative verbs indicate that one person caused a second person to do
something for the first person.
• They show that the first person paid, asked, begged or forced the second
person to perform the action.
• These verbs are have, get, and make.
HAVE / GET
Circle the subject which did the underlined action .
We had our mother prepare a nice dinner for Angela’s birthday.
You got the janitor to fix our leaky faucet! How did you do it?
I had our landlady lower the rent.
have + object (usually a person) + base form verb
get + object (usually a person) + infinitive verb
• In the active voice, the subject asks or pays the second person to do the action
described.
• In the active voice, we know who did the actions above: the mother prepared
the dinner, the janitor fixed the faucet, the landlady lowered the rent.
Scott finally had his lawn trimmed.
Oh, you got your hair cut! It makes you look younger.
Susy got her house painted last week.
have/get + object (usually a thing) + past participle
• In the passive voice, the subject did not do the action.
• In the passive voice, we do not know who did the actions above: who trimmed
Scott’s lawn, who cut your hair, who painted Susy’s house.
62
Lzoom
When something (often something unpleasant or not nice)
happens to someone we may use the expression to have
something done.
Terrance had all his money stolen while he was on vacation in the
Caribbean.
Greg had his nose broken in a bar fight on Saturday.
- exercise 1: get and have
Choose get or have to finish each sentence. In some cases both verbs may be
appropriate. Complete the blank with the correct form of the verb.
GET
GET
GET
GET
GET
GET
HAVE 1. I am going to _______ Mark to wash my car this afternoon.
HAVE 2. I’ll ________ the maid bring you over a cup of sugar.
HAVE 3. On her wedding day, Sue_____ her nails done by a professional.
HAVE 4. You ______ your husband to fix the sink, but it is plugged up again.
HAVE 5. When can we ___________ someone to answer our questions?
HAVE 6. I’ll ____________ the secretary sign the request.
- exercise 2: passive or active voice?
Decide if the sentence is passive (P) or active voice (A).
sentence with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Complete the
P 1. Polly and her ex-husband got the lawyer _________(retract) his final
decision.
P 2. We are going to have our house ____________(paint) this summer, but
we haven’t decided on a color yet.
P 3. If I could get my husband ________ (repair) the roof, then I would be a
genius.
P 4. We’ll have to get your check ______________(cash) before noon.
P 5. Do you know how often I should get my blood pressure ______ (check)?
P 6. The students got the teacher ____________(change) the date of the test.
P 7. We had our landlady ______________ (send) us the bill a week earlier.
P 8. The supervisor had the teacher ________(grade) the papers over again.
63
@
causative verbs
MAKE
I couldn’t make the baby stop crying.
The chairman made the meeting last longer than it had been planned.
Theresa and her husband, Mick, made their lawyer rewrite the contract.
make +
object + base form verb
• Make is stronger than have or get.
• It means that someone forced someone else to do something.
• Make can be followed only by an active clause.
Înote:
Instead of make, you may use force. Remember
that after force the infinitive of the verb is used.
The kidnapper forced the child to get into the car.
I remember how my English teacher used to force us to do grammar
exercises.
LET
Let me give you some advice.
subject
Tricia let her younger sister ride her bicycle.
+
let + complement + [verb in the simple form]
• Let is not actually a causative verb, yet is often grouped in this category since
it follows similar rules.
• Let means allow or permit.
HELP
Can I help you choose the right scarf for that jacket?
The worker didn’t help the architect mix the cement at all.
His chauffeur was helping an old lady with packages to cross the street when the
ambulance pulled up to the building.
help + object + base form verb or infinitive verb
• Help is not actually a causative verb, either, yet follows similar rules.
• Help is followed by the base form of the verb or infinitive verb.
• It means assist.
64
- exercise 1: causative verbs
Complete the sentences with one of the verbs below, along with the verb in
parentheses. (There may be more than one correct answer.)
get
have
let
make
help
1. Did you _______ your hair _______(cut)? It looks different.
2. Would you _______ me _______(borrow) your video camera for the
wedding?
3. The dentist _______ us _______(wait) for an hour before he finally called
us into his office.
4. I _______ my sister _______(tell) me where Andrew lives.
5. The bully _______ the little girl _______(cry) in front of everyone.
6. Theresa will _______ you _______(make) breakfast if you ask her.
7. Doris _______ some of her neighbors _______ (help)her _______(clean)
out her garage for the garage sale.
8. We shouldn’t _______ him _______(get) away with so much.
9. Don’t _______ me _______(have) to go over there.
10. I’m having company tonight. Can you _______ me _______(set) the
table?
- exercise 2: causative verbs-review
Choose the correct word in ( ) to complete each sentence.
1. If you let people (walk, walked) all over you, then you will always have
those kinds of “friends.”
2. My mother used to make us (cleaned, clean) our rooms every Saturday
night.
3. The bus driver made the children (to stand, stand) in the aisle.
4. You can get John (to do, do) whatever you want, but you can’t make Sara
(done, do) anything. She is so disrespectful towards you.
5. I’m getting our lawn (to treat, treated) for weeds tomorrow.
6. Somehow Matthew got Daniel (to let , let) him (to play, play) with his
new toy.
7. The professor had his composition class (write, written) a fifteen-page
report on their favorite book.
8. My brother helped his best friend (get, got) into the same university.
9. Jessica had her doctor (to tell, tell) her the dangers of smoking in front
of her husband, a heavy smoker.
10. I can have your car (fix, fixed) before noon tomorrow if you let me
(kept, keep) it in my garage overnight.
11. As you helped the woman with the red dress (to find, found) her room,
I called the front desk.
65
12. When I let my children (go, to go) to the movies with their friends
alone, they are ecstatic.
13. The old man who helped you ________ (find, found) your wallet was my
neighbor.
14. There is no way that he can make you (go, to go) to the seminar.
15. Would you please let my daughter (to stay, stay) at your house for a few
minutes while I run to the store?
- exercise 3: causative verbs-listening
!
Listen to each situation. Respond to it using the cues in parentheses.
Example: I was at a fancy restaurant when suddenly I spilled red wine on
my silk tie. (GET: tie / dry-clean)
Your response: Now I will have to get my tie dry-cleaned.
1. (HAVE: bike / fix)
_______________________________________________________________________
2. (HELP: house / clean)
_______________________________________________________________________
3. (LET: parents / wear)
_______________________________________________________________________
4. (MAKE: mother / study)
_______________________________________________________________________
5. (LET: parents / cross)
_______________________________________________________________________
6. (HAVE: grass / cut)
_______________________________________________________________________
7. (MAKE: cats / sneeze)
_______________________________________________________________________
- exercise 4: rewriting sentences
Find a new way to say each sentence, using the verbs have, make, and get in
their causative sense, or let or help.
1. I won’t allow you to speak to your mother like that, young man!
_____________________________________________________________
2. Can you assist me with the grading of these papers?
_____________________________________________________________
3. I will ask Freddy to come early.
_____________________________________________________________
4. I can’t force you to do your homework, but you’re not allowed to leave
the house until you do.
_____________________________________________________________
5. Somehow the house will be clean before Mom comes home.
_____________________________________________________________
66
6. I asked the waiter to give me the check.
_____________________________________________________________
7. Can you find someone to wax the kitchen floor?
_____________________________________________________________
8. Alana’s parents don’t permit her to go on dates.
_____________________________________________________________
- exercise 5: writing sentences
Complete the following sentences with your own verb phrase. When you
finish, read your sentences to a partner.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
As a child, I could often get my father ___________________________
Don’t let me ___________________________________________________
We shouldn’t make the teacher _________________________________
I sometimes have the salesperson ______________________________
When I get my hair _____________________________________________
I suppose I could let you ________________________________________
Sometimes in high school I would have my best friend
________________________________________________________________
8. I’m going to have my parents ___________________________________
9. Terror films always make me ___________________________________
10. Can I help you ________________________________________________
[]
setting priorities
Rate the importance of each of the following, from 1 (most important
to you) to 7 (least important).
______being successful at what you do
______having international and/or national fame
______earning as much money as you think you are worth
______being told by your close friends that you are a good person
______having fans who idolize you
______having an idol you can look up to and/or worship
______having the power to make others do what you want them to
Interview some of your classmates. Find someone who...
____________would like to be famous
____________thinks power is not important
____________thinks being successful is the most important
____________thinks money is the most important thing
____________believes that it is important to be idolized or have
someone to idolize
67
®
all-time stupid criminals
Have you ever heard about a stupid criminal?
According to the FBI, most bank robbers are young, inexperienced males. Seventy-six
percent do not use a disguise and 95% have no long term plans about where or how to
hide the loot. Even more amazingly, 86% never even study the bank and its layout
before robbing it.
It’s no wonder, then, that there are so many stupid criminal stories.
In California a man robs a bank – the bank near his house where he himself is a
regular. Unfortunately for him, the person who recognizes him turns out to be his
mother! She had been running an errand at the bank when her son walked in,
demanding the money. She turned him into the police.
Again in California, a group of bank robbers tried to create a diversion as they drove
away from the bank they had just robbed by throwing some of the money out the
window. It simply made it easier for the cops to chase them. The most amazing thing
that this also happened months later in Minnesota.
Perhaps you heard of the man who robbed a gas station and drove off in a getaway car,
only to run out of gas a few blocks later. Honest mistake, right? Yet he grabbed a gas
can and went back to the original gas station he had robbed, to buy gas!
Another dumb criminal from Minnesota decides to stake out the neighborhood to see
who is not home by offering snow shoveling services to the neighbors. A little old lady
accepts his offer. He goes on to shovel her sidewalk for five dollars, then gives her his
real name and number so that she can contact him for future jobs. He then goes next
door and robs her neighbor. When police investigate later, the old lady gives them his
name and number. They call, pretending to ask for his snow-shoveling services, and he
walks right into their trap. He is arrested on the spot.
In Arizona, a company which stages gunfights for Western movies is contacted by a 47year-old woman, who calls to have her husband killed. She is reported to the
authorities and is currently serving a five-year sentence.
In North Dakota a man robs a bank by writing a demand note. It read: Give me all the
money or I will shoot. Do not press any alarms. The funny thing is that since he didn’t
have a piece of paper on him, he wrote the demand note on the back of his own bank
deposit note. The authorities were able to track him down to his house, where he was
recognized and arrested.
1. Which criminal was the dumbest?
2. What should these criminals not have done in order to get caught?
3. Do you think the mother in the first case should have turned her son in?
Why or why not?
4. What would you think if you saw a company named Guns for Hire in the
phone book?
68
[]
i heard it through the grapevine
Choose a celebrity, national or international, to represent. Write the
name of your celebrity on a piece of paper and pass it to the group on
your right. Each group must write one rumor or scandal about each
celebrity on the paper before it is passed on. Once the papers have
gone around the class, distribute them among the groups so that no
group gets its original paper. Write a small five-minute section of
CEC’s newest TV program, Scandals of the Rich and Famous, using
your celebrity.
@
purpose
He enrolled in this class in order to learn English.
He enrolled in this class to learn English.
in order + infinitive verb
•
•
•
•
In order to expresses purpose.
It is often omitted.
When omitted, only the infinitive verb is used.
It answers the question “Why?”
He went to the store for milk and sugar.
She danced for our enjoyment.
We left the papers on your desk for you to sign.
for + noun(phrase)
• For also expresses purpose.
• For is not usually followed by a verb, because it is a preposition.
69
- exercise 1: for or in order to?
Complete each sentence with for or (in order) to.
1. We went to the mall ______________ some new shoes.
2. ________________ get a better job, I decided to take a computer course and
learn English.
3. I went to bed before seven _____________ get enough sleep before the test.
4. After eighty hours of English class, I went to Atacames ____________ rest.
5. I had to go to the restaurant _____________ a lunch meeting.
6. I stopped by his office _____________ a chat.
7. ________________ explain the exercise, John used an example.
8. My sister went to the store ____________ some apples for her apple pie.
- exercise 2: rewriting sentences
Rewrite each sentence using the word(s) in parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
They came over this afternoon to have tea. (for)
I went to the bank in order to take out some money. (for)
I decided I would save some money for a new computer. (in order to)
She bought the jacuzzi for her bad back. (in order to)
I took the pain killer for my molar. (in order to)
Lzoom
Some verbs are followed by for when used in conjunction
with another verb. The second verb in these cases is
usually in the gerund.
He was fined for speeding in the parking lot.
Shelly was criticized for making that racist remark.
Anna was rewarded for getting good grades in English.
Thanks for doing my homework, but I didn’t pass the level, anyway.
verb (list below) + for + gerund
criticize for
thank for
reward for
apologize for
70
send for
fine for
arrest for
sorry for
- exercise 1: for plus gerund
Complete the sentences below.
1. Angela was rewarded for her excellent work on the project.
2. Melanie was criticized for marrying her best friend’s ex-husband.
3. I am sorry for taking so long to get ready and making you late.
4. Jack was arrested for disturbing the peace.
5. She was sent to a juvenile correctional facility for setting a car on fire.
6. Our institute was fined for employing illegal immigrants.
7. I apologize for playing that prank on you. It wasn’t nice of me.
8. The students want to thank the teacher for teaching them the difference
between for and in order to.
h
grammar first aid
Some phrases use for to indicate the general use or purpose of an
object. They are often followed by the gerund of a verb.
A pen is used for writing.
This device is suitable for secretly recording conversations.
This medicine is good for getting rid of headaches.
- exercise 1: purpose-error analysis
Find and correct the errors in the following sentences.
1. The red pen is for recording losses.
2. Class time is for practicing our conversation skills.
3. This knife is for cutting meat; that one is for slicing bread.
4. Some people believe schools are for educating children and not
entertaining them.
5. This strange thing is for opening oysters.
6. These shoes were made for walking.
7. Life is for living.
8. Your jacket is suitable for keeping you warm in cold weather.
71
- exercise 2: listening-purpose
!
Listen to people give purposes for their actions, as well as purposes
for objects around the house. Finish the sentence by describing each
purpose.
1. We went to Sal’s for _______________________________________________.
2. I came early in order to ___________________________________________.
3. I left home early in order to _______________________________________.
4. I am in Belfast in order to _________________________________________.
5. I bought this jacket for _____________________________________________.
6. The blue button is used for ________________________________________.
7. I’m going to Amsterdam for ______________________________________.
8. The fork above your plate is suitable for ____________________________.
- exercise 3: writing purpose
Write a purpose for each of the objects below. Use for or in order to.
1. a hammer
2. a nail file
3. a rope
4. masking tape
5. a camcorder
72
[]
the art of acting
Write A (agree) or D (disagree).
______Actors should earn royalties for anything they appear in
______Acting is an honorable profession.
______Most actors are “prettyboys” with no brains.
______Acting is an art.
______There is no justification for actors to earn as much as they
do for the work they do.
______Celebrities have the responsibility of setting a good example
for their fans, especially younger ones.
[]
ecuadorian walk of fame
You have been asked to create a walk of fame for Ecuadorian
celebrities. The walk of fame will be a space of two meters located
directly in front of the Presidential Palace in downtown Quito. Because
of the small space, only five celebrities will get the honor of getting
their own star on the Walk of Fame. Decide who will be chosen and one
reason why.
Take a class poll in order to determine the final five of all the
candidates nominated.
73
!
hollywood scandals
Listen and fill in the blanks.
On _______________ 12, _______________, Winona Ryder was caught
_______________ at Saks Fifth Avenue in Beverly Hills. She was spied on the
_______________ ripping security tags off of the items and _______________
them in her bag. She then left the _______________ store. Security followed
her and subsequently _______________ her.
She was acquitted of
_______________, but convicted of grand theft and _______________ in
December of 2002. She was given three years _______________ and will have
to serve 480 hours of _______________ _______________.
Also in Beverly Hills, on July 16, 1999, _______________ director Oliver
Stone, director of famous movies such as _______________ and
_______________, was pulled over by police for making several
_______________ violations. When _______________ over, police found that he
was _______________ and also had _______________ of hashish. He was
_______________ on _______________ bail.
_______________ years earlier, on _______________ 27, actor Hugh Grant,
famous for his _______________ in movies such as Four Weddings and a
Funeral and Nine Months, was _______________ for picking up a
_______________ in _______________. He was found in a lewd _______________
in a car with the _______________ around the corner from where he had
_______________ her up. He was put on two years probation and given a
$1200 _______________.
Probably the _______________ case of a _______________ happened in the
_______________ 90s with Margot Kidder, Lois Lane from the Superman
movies. After problems with _______________, a _______________ 1990 car
accident, and _______________, she suffered a _______________ breakdown.
She was found in the _______________ bushes of a stranger’s house in
Glendale. She was _______________ some teeth and had cut off all of her
_______________ with a razor blade. She kept _______________ that she was
being followed. Police took her in _______________ to the Olive View Medical
Center in Sylmar. The story has a happy _______________, however. She is
better, and has been in several movies since the _______________.
DISCUSSION
Do you think the sentence served the crime? Or did these people get off
easily because they are Hollywood stars? Should they be treated the same
way as everyone else? Or should they be given special treatment because of
their fame?
74
k
writing s.o.s.
ORGANIZATION
• When writing, organization is important. It allows the reader to
follow the thoughts of the writer without becoming confused or
creating misunderstandings.
• When you write a composition, the organization should be similar
to that of a paragraph.
• There are three principal parts to a composition:
THE INTRODUCTION
• The introduction, usually a paragraph, is the part of the
composition where the topic of the composition is stated.
• It is similar to the topic sentence of a paragraph.
• After reading this introduction, the reader should have a clear
idea of what the composition is about.
THE BODY
• The body is the largest part of a composition.
• It consists of several supporting paragraphs that give more
information on the topic.
• These paragraphs narrate, describe, and develop the various
points and aspects of the topic you are writing about.
THE CONCLUSION
• The conclusion is the final part of the composition.
• It brings together all of the points made in the body and
summarizes or shows their significance and how they relate to a
larger sphere.
OUTLINING
• An outline can help you organize the three parts of your
composition.
• An outline will give you a good idea of which parts of your
composition need to be developed and/or eliminated, where to put
transition words, and when to begin paragraphs.
I. Use Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV) for each major point, each
numeral indicating a new paragraph.
A. For aspects of the major point, use capital letters (A, B, C).
1. For ideas within each of these aspects, often called subsets, use
Arabic numerals (1,2,3).
a. If it is necessary to further divide the composition, use lower-case
letters (a,b,c) and Roman numerals (i,ii,iii,iv).
75
- exercise 1
Choose a small reading from the Internet, newspaper or a magazine and
outline it.
§
writing
Do you agree or disagree with the statement below? Give specific
reasons and examples to support your opinion.
It is a waste of time to read books or articles that are not about
real events, real people, and established facts.
ø
internet
Do you have a favorite actor or actress? Have you ever been part of a fan
club? Get the lowdown on your favorite and/or most controversial
celebrities at www.world-of-celebrities.com. Here you can find out if the
latest rumors are true, learn more about their life before fame and fortune,
find out birthdays and get photos, and even join their fan clubs. There is
also a store on this web site where you can find novelty items of your
favorite stars for sale.
. What should a fan club offer its members?
Do you think fan clubs are a
good service for consumers, or only for the ridiculously obsessed? What
characteristics do most fan clubs have? Check out some different fan clubs
on this site and then design your own fan club based on those you
researched.
Answers to “Celebrity Trivia,” page 60:
1. b, 2. c, 3. c, 4. a, 5. d, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. b/d, 10. d
76
[]
the supernatural
Make a web of the supernatural.
SUPERNATURAL
u
n
i
t
5
Bumps
in the
night
77
!
haunting at hamline
Have you ever seen a ghost?
QUESTIONS
1. Fill in this information about Hamline University:
Founded: (Year) __________________
First campus: _____________________, Minnesota
First graduates: two ______________________
Current campus: _________________, the capital of Minnesota
2. Name three strange things that have occurred on the Hamline University
campus.
3. How do the students of Hamline seem to handle the hauntings? What
about the authorities?
4. What do you think the manager of the cleaning company, Happy
Cleaners, feels about the situation?
5. Is it possible that these hauntings can be logically explained? How?
[]
story time
Continue the ghost story below, orally, by going around the class to
elicit words. Each person can only say one word. As the story is told,
have one person write it on the board.
Once upon a time there was ...
78
@
noun clauses
What she said was interesting.
Lee saw what his dad did to the dog.
That Mabel married Robert is amazing.
I don’t know whether she got the package.
•
•
•
•
•
Noun clauses function as a noun.
They contain a subject and a verb.
They can be the subject of a sentence or the object of a verb.
Noun clause as subjects of sentences take a singular verb.
Words that often introduce noun clauses:
that
whether
if
Question words:
what, how, where, who/whom, why, which, whose, when
- exercise 1: subject or object?
Write S if the underlined noun clause is the subject of the sentence, and O if
it is the object of a verb.
________1. I don’t know where Sarah and Joan went.
________2. Do you remember who has paid for the trip?
________3. What I heard was that George’s father was sick.
________4. Whether or not she is married is none of business.
________5. How she drove the car with a broken ankle is a mystery.
________6. Lee Ann saw what her father was building.
- exercise 2; recognizing noun clauses
Tick the sentences in which noun clauses are underlined.
1. I wonder whose car is parked out front.
2. Why anyone would want to be his friend is the question.
3. I don’t know which book is mine.
4. When you get home, please check my messages.
5. Tell me where I can buy that beautiful vase.
6. She is the type of person who is always right, even when she is wrong.
7. Who is at the door?
8. If my car were bigger, we could all fit.
79
@
noun clauses
beginning with question words
What she told you is true.
Please tell me where you live.
He doesn’t know where the movie is showing, but he does know when it is
going to start.
• Do not use question word order when a question word starts a noun clause.
• These types of noun clauses are sometimes called embedded questions.
- exercise 1: writing noun clauses
Change the question in parentheses to a noun clause.
1. (Who is the president of China?)
I’d like to know _____________________________________________
2. (When are they going to leave?)
I didn’t hear _______________________________________________
3. (Where are Jake and Sam?)
I don’t know _______________________________________________
4. (Who are those men on the corner?)
My aunt wants to know _______________________________________
5. (Whose paper is this?)
The teacher asked if I knew ____________________________________
6. (How tall are you?)
Please tell me ______________________________________________
7. (When will the next solar eclipse be?)
I need to know _____________________________________________
8. (How often do you come here?)
I wonder __________________________________________________
9. (What are we going to do tomorrow in class?)
I wonder __________________________________________________
10. (Do you have enough money for the weekend?)
I don’t know _______________________________________________
11. (Where is the nearest bus station?)
I can’t remember ____________________________________________
12. (How can I find her phone number?)
Please tell me ______________________________________________
80
- exercise 2: noun clause-review-error analysis
Correct each noun clause by rearranging the word order, or changing or
adding the word that introduces it.
1. Please tell me what is your phone number.
2. No one knows where is the son of my cousin.
3. How many people are in this room I don’t know.
4. I wonder he’s ever had a day of fun in his whole life.
5. What have we learned is that love is bitter.
6. How you decide to do is your business.
Æ
role play
Ask for two volunteers to act out a conflict in front of the class. After the
class has watched the performance, they will divide into four groups.
Group 1: Interview the first person involved in the conflict.
Group 2: Interview the second person involved in the conflict.
Group 3: Separately interview both of the people involved in the accident.
Group 4: Interview both of the people involved in the accident as well as
two witnesses from the class.
Write a news article describing the interview based on the interview(s) you
conducted. How do the articles differ?
[]
unexplained events
Brainstorm a list of movies that include unexplained events or the
supernatural as their main plot.
Write a couple of sentences summarizing the plot. Do not mention
the name of the movie. Exchange your paragraphs with another
group. Try to guess the name of the movie.
81
G
homonyms
Homonyms are words that have the same pronunciation but are spelled
differently.
plane
flour
week
plain
flower
weak
wine
sail
presents
whine
sale
presence
Think of five pairs of words that are homonyms. Use your dictionary if
necessary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- exercise 1: crossword
Find the homonyms for the words below in the crossword.
wail
deer
bare
flee
reed
sea
boar
pail
ant
EAREADWH
SWHALEAB
FERAFASO
LIEBLREA
DGEAERNR
EHEFAATD
PTLABORE
LEAUNTSE
NTPBREAW
82
wait
bored
cent
®
ouija
Is a Ouija board evil?
Imagine getting together with a group of good friends on a dark, stormy night. Imagine
that there is nothing on TV, the power has gone out because of the storm, and all you
can find is an old, tattered box with a Ouija board inside. Would you open the box and
dig out the dusty, unused board in order to communicate with the other world, or
would you keep the box hidden and pretend like you had never found it?
There are many divided opinions about Ouija boards. A survey taken by CECStats,
Inc. says that about 65% of the population thinks that the Ouija board is a dangerous
tool – and often evil gateway to the unknown. A third of these people believe that the
board is controlled by spirits, while a small but significant percentage, fourteen
percent, say that the board is under the influence of evil spirits. Others believe that
the Ouija board is a harmless game – 41% of those interviewed said that they believed
the board was controlled by the user’s subconscious.
If you haven’t ever actually played with a Ouija board, it is more than likely that you
have seen someone play with one – whether it be on TV or in person. You put your
fingers on the palette, move it around a little to “warm it up,” and the wait. Soon the
palette will begin to slide by itself.
It began at the height of the spiritualist movement in the 1800s as a popular parlor
game. There are two principal theories which try to explain the phenomenon: the
Automatism Theory and the Spiritualist Theory.
The Automatism Theory claims that users of the Ouija board do not realize that they
are moving the message indicator, but they are. The Ouija board becomes a tool
which provides a shortcut from the user’s conscious to unconscious. The Spiritualist
Theory claims that the message comes from the beyond, messages channeled through
the board from spirits attempting to establish contact with our world. Some
Spiritualist advocates say that the board is generally harmless since most spirits are
simply making contact because they have important information, yet others say that
the spirits who attempt to contact the living through a Ouija board are malevolent and
dangerous.
Connoisseurs of the Ouija board suggest that in order to have a smooth session, one
should burn two white candles, one on each side of the board. The white candles are
believed to attract good spirits, although it is not guaranteed. Before you begin, you
should ask the spirits if it is all right with them if you ask questions. If a spirit gets
profane or upset, the best thing to do is to remain calm and refrain from yelling at or
insulting it. Also, most people who use Ouija boards on a regular basis say that you
should stay away from it on bad weather days.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Have you ever used a Ouija board? What happened? If you haven’t, is it
something you would think of doing in order to contact the dead?
2. Which theory, if any, would you tend to agree with? How can you
explain the palette’s movement and the sometimes bizarre messages
that result from it?
3. What is your opinion of the Ouija board: a harmless parlor game or evil
door to the other side?
83
@
whether or if
I wonder whether she needs more paper or not.
I wonder whether or not she needs more paper.
Whether Jimmy will come (or not) is a mystery.
Whether or not Jimmy will come is a mystery.
I wonder if she needs more paper (or not).
I don’t know if Jimmy will come (or not).
whether (or not) + subject + verb + (or not)
if + subject + verb + (or not)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Use whether or if when changing a yes/no question to a noun clause.
Whether is usually considered more formal than if.
Or not is optional.
Or not may go at the beginning or end of the noun clause with whether.
With if, or not should only go at the end of the noun clause.
Whether may be used as either a subject or object.
If is usually used as an object.
- exercise 1: whether or not/if
Complete each sentence with whether or if. In some sentences both may be
correct.
1. We should find out ______________ the bank is open or not.
2. ______________ she gets the job or not, she is overqualified.
3. I don’t know ______________ I should help him do his report.
4. Do you know ______________ or not Terese plans to go to Bermuda with
us?
5. I wonder ______________ or not I turned off the stove.
6. Do you know ______________ Matt is going to Jason’s wedding?
7. Please tell me ______________ or not it is raining.
8. ______________ we have guests this weekend or not, I need to do some
grocery shopping.
9. I can’t decide ______________ or not to get the garlic shrimp.
10. Everything depends on ______________ she calls or not.
84
- exercise 2: completing sentences
Complete each sentence.
1. I wonder whether __________________________________________________.
2. Do you know if _____________________________________________________?
3. I don’t know if _____________________________________________________.
4. You aren’t sure whether ____________________________________________.
5. Can you tell me whether _____________________________________________?
6. No one knows if _____________________________________________________.
7. Whether or not ______________________________________________________.
8. Does anyone know whether __________________________________________?
- exercise 3: using yes/no questions to write
noun Clauses
Write a sentence using whether or if and the yes/no question given.
1. (Does Sara like to dance?)
I am not sure _____________________________________________________
2. (Should we call him?)
I don’t know _____________________________________________________
3. (Is Eric in trouble at school?)
I can’t figure out _________________________________________________
4. (Do you like pizza?)
I want to know ___________________________________________________
5. (Does your teacher speak another language?)
I wonder _________________________________________________________
6. (Does your neighbor have any secrets?)
I wonder__________________________________________________________
7. (Do you want to go anywhere after class?)
I’d like to know ___________________________________________________
8. (Do you have any brother and sisters?)
I don’t know _____________________________________________________
Lzoom
When whether/if is used to give a choice between two options, do not
use or not. (The second option replaces not.)
They do not agree on whether the dog should come with them
or stay home.
85
- exercise 1: or not?
Decide if or not can be used in the blank in each sentence. If so, write it in
the blank. If not, do not write anything.
1. They haven’t decided whether __________ they should go to Barbados or
stay in town.
2. I don’t know whether __________ Mary is single or divorced.
3. I’m not sure whether __________ you like this kind of music.
4. I wonder if you’d like to go to the bar __________.
5. No one has heard if __________ Harry plans to return before the holiday.
6. I haven’t asked her whether __________ she would like to have clam
chowder or chicken noodle soup.
7. Whether __________ it rains, we must go hiking this weekend.
8. Whether __________ you are a well-known celebrity or plain Jane, this
makeup will make you look stupendous!
9. I’m not certain whether __________ Sally will be at the party.
10. Whether __________ he is snacking on chips or chewing on his pen, Mark
always has something in his mouth.
[]
earth and beyond
1. Write the first three things you would do if extraterrestrial life
established contact with you.
2. If you had to travel to one planet in our solar system, which one
would it be and why?
3. Give two reasons why you believe (or don’t believe) in life on other
planets.
4. Do you think humans have established contact with beings from
outer space? Why or why not?
5. If life beyond our solar system existed, would it be friendly or not?
Why?
6. Which space movie is the closest to how you imagine life beyond
Earth to be? Why?
7. Draw the portrait of an “extraterrestrial.” Explain any other facts
or characteristics that need to be understood about your alien.
86
®
sue grafton, mystery woman
Who is your favorite mystery writer?
Fifty-six-year-old mystery book writer, Sue Grafton, is famous for her alphabet
murder mysteries starring her main character, Kinsey Millhone. Her first book in
the series, A is for Alibi, was published in the early 1980s. She is now a little more
than halfway through the alphabet, with best sellers such as M is for Malice,
spitting out a book a year.
Probably the best thing about Grafton’s writing is the energy which moves her plots
along. When asked where her ideas come from, she will tell you the first books were
inspired by a bitter divorce. Sitting in bed at night thinking of ways to do her soonto-be-ex-husband in, Grafton decided to put her ideas into writing and make some
money off of them, which she has done quite successfully.
Grafton has decided that in order to keep her wits about her she should slow down
a bit, writing a book every 15 to 18 months, This has caused some mixed feelings
among her fans. They are often torn between wanting her to write faster, in order
to get to the next story, and to write slower, so that she will not reach Z so soon.
Grafton does not worry, or even care much, about her fans’ dilemma, claiming that
their worries are typical abandonment issues between a mother and child, she the
mother of course.
When asked if Kinsey, whom she speaks of lovingly as if she were a real person, will
ever make it to the big screen, Grafton shakes her head with an adamant no. She
has made a blood oath with her children and unborn grandchildren that they are
never to sell Kinsey to Hollywood. When asked how she can be so confident that her
offspring will respect her wishes, she states, matter-of-factly, “I will come back from
the grave, which they know I can do.”
Although Grafton still holds a grudge against her ex, she is grateful that he has not
sued her yet. The best revenge for Grafton has been her success – proving that
sometimes murder is not always the answer.
COMPREHENSION
1. Where did Grafton get the inspiration for her novels?
2. How do you think Grafton’s ex-husband must feel?
3. Does a successful writer need to get inspiration from his/her own life?
4. If you were Grafton’s ex-husband, would you sue her?
5. Why do you think Grafton refuses to have her character sold to
Hollywood?
87
!
two-minute mysteries
Listen to each mystery. After each one, you and your group have two
minutes to think of what happened.
Possible answers on page 93.
@
that clauses
It is a well known fact that Angelica is the best student.
It is ridiculous that Rachel gave up Paris for Ross.
That Angela is a good student is obvious.
• Noun clauses may begin with the word that. In this case, that marks the
beginning of the noun clause.
• In spoken English, that is frequently omitted.
• When the subject of a sentence, that may not be omitted.
• That noun clauses are often reversible.
88
Înote:
What should not be confused with that. What refers
to “the things that...”
Everything that I said was true. (not everything what I said...)
All of the money that he had was invested in your company. (not
all...what he had...)
Did you hear what the speaker just said? (=the words that he said)
I won’t tell anyone what happened. (=the things that happened)
h
grammar first aid
Do not forget that the subjunctive voice must be used with the
expressions below. (See The Academic Book, Part Three for more
about the subjunctive voice.)
It is crucial / vital / important / essential / imperative / necessary ,
etc.
It is crucial that you be on time tomorrow.
That you be on time tomorrow is crucial.
- exercise 1: that clauses (oral)
Look at the following that clauses and reverse them. Compare your
answers with a partner’s.
1. It is troublesome that our boss has changed the time of the meeting.
2. That Michael treats his mother so rudely really astounds me!
3. That water and oil do not mix is a scientific law.
4. It seems unreal that man may someday live on another planet.
5. For centuries, it was believed that the earth was flat.
6. That UFO’s exist is difficult for some people to believe.
- exercise 2: recognizing that noun clauses
Underline the noun clause in each sentence.
1. It is amazing that Dean’s parents let him go to the party.
2. That Dean’s parents let him go to the party is amazing.
3. It is quite shocking that Angela and Jerry got married so soon!
4. That Angela and Jerry got married so soon is quite shocking!
5. It has been suggested that Julie take Korean lessons.
6. That Ken’s wife is tired of living in Houston is clear.
89
- exercise 3: noun clauses-review
Write a question and then answer it with a sentence containing a noun
clause.
Example: She is the new teacher.
QUESTION: ____Is she the new teacher?_____________________________
NOUN CLAUSE: _____I wonder if she is the new teacher.________________
1. Ann bought a dog over Christmas.
QUESTION: ____________________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE: ________________________________________________
2. I saw Alex at the meeting.
QUESTION: ____________________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE: ________________________________________________
3. He will be here at nine sharp.
QUESTION: ____________________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE: ________________________________________________
4. It takes thirty minutes for him to commute to work.
QUESTION: ____________________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE: ________________________________________________
5. Drew was late to work because her car broke down.
QUESTION: ____________________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE: ________________________________________________
6. The movie will last about two hours.
QUESTION: ____________________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE: ________________________________________________
7. This is Ginger’s sweater.
QUESTION: ____________________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE: ________________________________________________
- exercise 4: noun clauses-review
Underline the noun clauses in the following sentences. If there is no noun
clause, do nothing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I am really sorry that your mother is sick.
That Jessie’s homework is copied is obvious.
I don’t know if Sylvia or Jaime borrowed my bag.
He told me when the class started, but not who was teaching it.
I am not sure whose pen this is.
Could you kindly inform me when the next plane from Chicago is
arriving?
90
- exercise 5: noun clauses review-error analysis
Determine if each sentence is incorrect. Revise the sentence on the line
provided, or write correct.
1. My roommate asked why wasn’t I in class.
_____________________________________________________________
2. I can’t decide if or not I should go to Jason’s party. I don’t know what
would he say if I did.
_____________________________________________________________
3. She can’t understand why he treats her so badly.
_____________________________________________________________
4. I couldn’t hear if will she go to the party, or if stay home.
_____________________________________________________________
5. What a patient tells a psychologist is confidential.
_____________________________________________________________
6. She would get so angry it was a big surprise.
_____________________________________________________________
7. I wonder who else has ever felt this way.
_____________________________________________________________
8. I couldn’t hear what did the teacher say. Would you please repeat it?
_____________________________________________________________
V
!
blending
Listen.
John got tickets for the big game on Friday night.
He’ll look for the answer when you tell him the question.
We would like to keep peace in this family, which is why we asked you to
mediate.
My mother makes cakes that melt in your mouth.
• Blending occurs between words when the last sound of a word is
similar to or the same as the first sound of the next word.
• When blending occurs, the repeated sound is produced only once. Do
not produce it twice.
91
- exercise 1
Look at the reading on page 87. Listen to someone read the first two
paragraphs. As you listen, find five examples of blending. Write them
below.
§
writing
What is your reaction to the statement below? Include specific details
and examples that show why you agree or disagree with it.
Governments should spend as much of the budget as possible on space
exploration.
ø
internet
Are you a skeptic when it comes to believing in ghosts or other paranormal
activities? Do you just roll your eyes when your friends exchange ghost
stories? You might enjoy what James Randi has to say about these people.
On the web site of his foundation, the James Randi Educational Foundation,
he has dedicated his time to trying to refute, or even prove, paranormal
activity. Unlike others, however, he does so through scientific research and
proof. He has offered a million dollars to anyone who can scientifically
prove the existence of the paranormal. Until now, no one has been able to
do so. Learn more about his challenge and what he expects from
candidates at www.randi.org.
. Use the web site to answer questions about the foundation.
1. What is its mission?
2. Who does the foundation help?
3. What other awards or grants does it offer?
4. What kinds of things has Randi published?
5. What does a lecture by james Randi encompass?
92
Possible answers to “Two-Minute Mysteries,” page 88:
1. He is playing Monopoly.
2. The ice was poisoned in both drinks. As the first man drank his quickly, the ice
didn’t have a chance to melt, so he wasn’t affected by the poison. The second man,
however, drank more slowly, and therefore his ice melted and he consumed the
poison.
3. The man was scubadiving. Nearby a forest was on fire. A water bomber came in
and swooped down to get a load of water. He grabbed up water with the scubadiver
in it without realizing. He then dumped the water on the fire, which killed the
diver.
4. She is a very short woman. She can only reach the button to the twentieth floor,
except when it is raining and she is carrying her umbrella. Then she can press the
button with the tip of the umbrella.
5. He was driving his pregnant wife to the hospital. She died in the car while giving
birth. The stranger was their newborn child, who survived.
93
[]
individual rights
If one of the following freedoms had to be abolished,
which would you choose and why?
freedom of religion
freedom of choice
freedom of speech
Imagine your country now, without the freedom you
chose above. What would it be like? What aspects of
society would be different? What are the pros and cons
of this new “world?”
u
n
i
t
6
Free
to
be
94
[]
new nation
A large part of your country has been set aside by the current
government to develop a new nation. This new nation will
consist of a group of 15,000 people from all over the world who
have been invited to participate. Only ten of these people can be
well known celebrities, artists or politicians. As a class decide on
who these ten people will be.
You have been chosen to create the laws that will govern this
new nation.
Answer these questions.
1. What political system will govern this land?
2. What will the official language(s) be?
3. What will be the relationship of religion to the state?
4. Will citizens be allowed to carry a gun? What rights will they
have?
5. Who will be allowed to marry?
6. How will the justice system work? Will there be the death
penalty?
7. What will the policy on immigration and visas be?
8. What educational system will you use? Will education be
mandatory? To what age?
9. What industries will your company try to develop?
10. What products will your nation need to export/import?
Would you like to implement any of these laws in your country?
Why or why not?
95
@
reported speech
He said that I was the most beautiful contestant in the pageant.
Melanie said that she couldn’t understand the grammar.
Jeff says that he is the strongest student in the class.
Karen asked Sue if she had a car.
• In reported speech, noun clauses report what another person said
or asked.
• Reported speech is usually in the past tense.
• Do not use quotation marks(“”).
QUOTED SPEECH
He said, “I play tennis every day.”
He said, “I am playing tennis.”
He said, “I have played tennis.”
He said, “I played tennis.”
He said, “I was playing tennis.”
He said, “I can play tennis.”
He said, “I will play tennis.”
He said, “I must play tennis.”
He said, “I ought to play tennis.”
He said, “Do you play tennis?”
REPORTED SPEECH
He said that he played tennis every day.
He said that he was playing tennis.
He said that he had played tennis.
He said that he had played tennis.
He said that he had been playing tennis.
He said that he could play tennis.
He said that he would play tennis.
He said that he had to play tennis.
He said that he ought to play tennis.
He asked (me) if I played tennis.
- exercise 1: finishing the rule
Using the examples above, finish the rules.
1. If the person uses simple present, report the statement in ______________.
2. If the person uses present progressive, report the statement in
______________.
3. If the person uses present perfect, report the statement in ______________.
4. If the person uses simple past, report the statement in ______________.
5. If the person uses past progressive, report the statement in
______________.
6. If the person uses a present tense modal (e.g., can, will), report the
statement in ______________.
7. If the person asks a question, report the statement using ______________.
96
- exercise 2: reported speech (oral)
Ask your classmates their opinions about the topics below. Report what
your classmates say.
1. dogs
2. pollution
3. computers
4. soccer
5. bugs
6. Ecuador
7. Internet
8. homework
9. English
10. children
- exercise 3: reported speech (oral)
Report what the following people said.
1. (Deb) “My mother gave me that sweater.”
2. (Joanne) “I have had such a bad day!”
3. (Helen) “I am going to wear sandals to work.”
4. (Scott) “I will talk to you later.”
5. (Bill) “Brad got married last week.”
6. (William) “I have always wanted to meet Jennifer Aniston.”
7. (Danny) “I didn’t want to see this movie.”
8. (Vicki) “Do you know French?”
9. (Patti) “I can play the piano but I can’t dance.”
10. (Charlie) “I have to get an oil change.”
Lzoom
In imperative sentences (commands), the infinitive is used.
Tell is used instead of say in this case.
QUOTED SPEECH
She said, “Do your homework.”
He said, “Leave before 9:30 p.m.”
REPORTED SPEECH
She told me to do my homework.
He told me to leave before 9:30 p.m.
97
- exercise 1: commands and reported speech
Report what some of your friends asked/ordered you to do yesterday.
1. (Jerry) “Go home early.”
2. (Fred) “Leave the papers on my desk.”
3. (Colleen) “Could you help me with my homework?”
4. (Travis) “Please call me before nine.”
5. (Lori) “Don’t worry about me.”
6. (Jack) “Don’t take a taxi. I can give you a ride.”
7. (Gretchen) “Don’t ever speak to me again!”
8. (Katie) “Give me a couple of dollars for lunch.”
9. (Al) “Send your car to the mechanic’s.”
10. (Jeannie) “Tell me your deepest darkest secret.”
h
grammar first aid
Sometimes the verb in the noun clause is not changed to the past
tense.
1. When reporting something that has just been said, especially in
spoken English.
The teacher just said that he wants us to finish chapter eight by
Monday.
Eric just asked me if I have any brothers or sisters.
2. When reporting a general truth.
She said that the sky is blue.
He told me that roosters do not lay eggs.
3. When the reporting verb is in the simple present, present perfect,or
future tenses, the verb in the noun clause generally does not change.
QUOTED SPEECH
She says, “I play tennis.”
She has said, “I play tennis.”
She will say, “I play tennis.”
REPORTED SPEECH
She says that she plays tennis.
She has said that she plays tennis.
She will say that she plays tennis.
98
- exercise 1: exceptions in reported speech (oral)
Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1. Mandy said that her mother ____________ (be) on vacation.
2. Karen said that her car usually _____________(work) in the winter.
3. Myra told us that she ___________ (want) to be a professional singer, and
is taking singing lessons.
4. The secretary just said that if we _____________ (have) time to wait, she
can start the paperwork right now.
5. Frank said that his house ____________ (be) the blue one on the corner.
6. The teacher said that everyone __________(know) that the earth
____________ (revolve) around the sun.
7. She said that what __________ (go) up, must come down.
8. The teacher just said that he ______________ (be) absent tomorrow.
- exercise 2: reported speech
Change the quoted speech below to reported speech.
1. “Dr. Nelson is worried about your mother’s health,” said my cousin.
_____________________________________________________________
2. Helen said, “I’m getting good grades, but I don’t like my classes.”
_____________________________________________________________
3. Jeffrey asked me, “Have you always worked here?”
_____________________________________________________________
4. “I need a vacation,” Mark said.
_____________________________________________________________
5. “Mexico used to be my favorite country,” stated Anne.
_____________________________________________________________
6. “Canada is one of the largest countries in the world,” the teacher said.
_____________________________________________________________
7. Carla asked, “May I borrow your dictionary?”
____________________________________________________________
8. Martha asked, “What courses did you take last year?”
_____________________________________________________________
9. “Do you like Italian food?” my brother asked his date.
_____________________________________________________________
10. “Be quiet or leave the room!” the teacher said to the student.
_____________________________________________________________
99
- exercise 3: what was said?
Look at the situations below. Imagine what each person said to the other.
Then report it to your partner.
1.
2.
3.
100
4.
[]
weapons
Make a PNI (a list of the Positive, Negative, and Interesting of a
topic) about possession of self-defense weapons, such as guns,
pepper gas, stun guns, etc.
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERESTING
Do you believe it is a right to be allowed to carry a weapon? Why
or why not?
101
[]
defining human rights
Make a list of five basic human rights you believe should be universal.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Look at the headlines of some countries which are being watched by
international organizations for possible human rights violations. Do
you believe that the issue at hand is a breach of human rights? Why
or why not?
Child Labor on sugar plantations in El Salvador
Women in the Dominican Republic subjected to
involuntary HIV testing
Lesbian mother denied custody of daughters in
Chile
@
-ever words
Whoever wants to come with us is welcome.
Fred always says whatever he is thinking.
You may sit with whomever you like.
He comes to class whenever he wants.
You can do your homework however you want.
I wish my parents gave me permission to go wherever I please.
You can wear whichever dress you prefer.
whatever
however
whenever
wherever
whoever
whichever
whomever
• Words ending with -ever often begin a noun clause.
• When these words are used in noun clauses, they mean “any.”
102
- exercise 1: recognizing noun clauses
Underline the noun clause in each sentence, then circle S if it is replacing
the subject, and O if it is the object of a verb.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
1. Whoever ate my lunch is in trouble.
2. Whatever is in the bag is a mystery.
3. I can do my homework with whomever I want.
4. We can go wherever we want this vacation due to your raise.
5. I will prepare the eggs however he likes them.
6. Whoever she is is not important to me.
7. You can wear whichever pair of shoes is more comfortable.
8. Whoever told you that story is a liar.
- exercise 2: completing sentences
Complete the sentences below using -ever words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Whoever said _______________________________________________________.
Tell me whatever ____________________________________________________.
You can go __________________________________________________________.
Just say ____________________________________________________________.
He will talk to whomever ____________________________________________.
I have a car. I can take you __________________________________________.
- exercise 3: noun clauses-review
Unscramble each sentence of this love letter. Underline the noun clauses.
1. you I me loving stopped know don’t why
2. terrible me me you to made said feel what
3. always that you me you love said would
4. when fought we you said needed you your space that
5. to if I you me will wonder ever back come
6. I forever I you lost don’t know if
7. I up we break don’t really should think
8. going married thought I we were get to
9. me tell I can do to what mind your change
10. do want whatever I’ll you
103
- exercise 4: noun clauses review-error analysis
Correct the sentence.
1. I wonder if or not Karen will be at the meeting.
2. We don’t know whether nicotine or not is addictive.
3. Ann asked Eric close the window.
4. That it is obvious Carla made a mistake.
5. She told him go to the market before seven.
6. He says that we would be leaving early in the morning.
7. What do I want to say is that I love you.
8. Our teacher insists that he does extra homework to prepare for the test.
9. It is unlikely what we will learn anything in this class.
10. Whether he won or lost it was unimportant.
[]
social problems
Suggest solutions or a possible means for action for the problems that
society is facing below.
Jails are overcrowded.
Migration to the big cities
Lack of housing
You have decided to run for mayor. Your job is to promote your
ideas above in order to get reelected. You may choose two people in
the class to help you run your campaign. Make your campaign
promises to the class. Who will the rest vote for?
104
k
avoiding fallacies
• A fallacy is a common mistake that people make when writing.
• A fallacy consists of a logically unsound argument or a deceptive or
misleading idea.
• It is best to avoid fallacies when writing, as they can cause
problems of confusion or alteration of facts.
FALLACIES OF INFERENCE
1) Non sequitur (“It does not follow”)
This type of fallacy occurs when the writer concludes something that
is not necessarily a consequence of the situation.
Fallacy:
He is wealthy; therefore, everyone respects him.
(Simply being wealthy does not guarantee respect.)
Better: He is wealthy, which has earned him respect in some circles.
2) Self-contradicting
Be careful of arguments that contradict themselves.
Fallacy: The senator should excuse himself for his inexcusable
behavior.
Better: The senator’s behavior was inexcusable, yet most of the
population is waiting for an apology, however weak it may
be.
FALLACIES OF INDUCTION
1) Hasty generalizations
A generalization that is based on too little information. You must
have sufficient grounds for a generalization if one is going to be made.
Otherwise, do not make one.
Fallacy: None of the children that I know like spinach; therefore, no
child likes spinach. (More evidence is needed)
2) Post hoc, ergo propter hoc (“After this, therefore because of
this”)
The mistake of assuming that an action is true simply because it
followed another.
Fallacy: Sara went swimming at midnight, so now she has a cold.
Better: Sara was exposed to the cold virus, so now she has a cold.
105
- exercise 1
What are the fallacies below? Correct them.
1. Thomas woke up with a migraine this morning because last night his
children were making a lot of noise and he didn’t eat very many
vegetables for dinner.
2. None of the children in my family drink tea. Therefore, children do not
drink tea.
3. Frank is responsible, so he will win the award for “Employee of the
Month.”
4. You have to control those unmanageable children of yours.
5. All migrant workers are lazy because the ones we hired last year did a
terrible job.
6. The injustice of his words was fair for only a few people.
7. Elaine got cold and wet so now she has the flu.
8. Young people today do not have moral values.
9. Everyone loves a good book.
10. We put a spell on their team last night, which is why they lost the game
today.
11. The increase in sales of our local supermarket shows that no one is
shopping at the fresh market nowadays.
[]
community trash bags
You are new to the neighborhood. Your neighbors have left their trash
out overnight and a group of street dogs got into it, ripping their bags
up and exposing the contents of their trash. Only by looking at their
trash, how would you describe these people? How many people live in
the household? What kind of people are they? What are their
occupations?
1. the neighbor(s) at 1620 Maywood
movie stubs for Spiderman 2
a bandana
an unopened can of jalapeño peppers
about forty blue pens
a box of cotton swabs
2. the neighbor(s) at 1678 Maywood
three dirty diapers
coffee grounds
a beach towel
unfinished crossword puzzle
six empty bottles of aspirin
3. the neighbor(s) at 1635 Maywood
an empty bottle of sleeping pills
an expired parking ticket
a book of popular children’s names
a photo album full of family pictures
a fish aquarium
4. the neighbor(s) at 1615 Maywood
a bottle of Maalox
a stained Formula 1 Ferrari jacket
a ripped Marilyn Manson T-shirt
a set of unopened steak knives
106
@
gerund phrases
Reading is my favorite pastime.
Making new friends is difficult for her.
Our teacher takes cheating on a test very seriously.
• Gerund (-ing verb) + object = gerund phrase.
• Gerund phrases function as units, acting as nouns; they can do anything a
noun can do.
• Gerund phrases can be subjects, objects of verbs or prepositions, etc. –
anything a noun can be.
- exercise 1: recognizing gerund phrases
Underline the gerund phrases.
1. Cramming for a test is not a good idea.
2. Doing my homework is boring unless I have music on.
3. Jogging around the lake at this time of the night seems dangerous.
4. Having heard the explanation before, John didn’t pay much attention to
the class.
5. Having arrived early, we went to baggage claim to wait for our bags.
6. I enjoy swimming.
7. I hate learning English.
8. A really messy activity is eating spaghetti with your hands.
- exercise 2: gerund phrases
Replace each underlined noun with any gerund phrase.
Example: Pam’s nightmare, a big monster, keeps her awake at night.
drowning in a dark river
1. Before lunch, make sure the fax is sent. ______________________________
2. I like English movies. ______________________________
3. Her biggest obstacle was the test. ______________________________
4. I enjoy pizza. ______________________________
5. Her favorite pastime is golf. ______________________________
6. I often dream of mysterious places. ______________________________
7. After class, John fought with his father. ______________________________
8. School is fun. ______________________________
9. They do not appreciate me. ______________________________
10. You can take a math class by mail. ______________________________
107
- exercise 3: combining sentences with
gerund phrases
Combine the sentences by using a gerund phrase.
1. Read your paper aloud. It is essential for any writer.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Speak in front of the class. It is a good way to practice your English.
________________________________________________________________________
3. I lost my house keys. This caused me a lot of inconvenience.
________________________________________________________________________
4. My favorite sport is golf. I love it.
________________________________________________________________________
5. I have to walk to work. I hate it.
________________________________________________________________________
[]
tax time
What is the strangest tax you have ever heard of? Create a funny or
strange tax for your country which will help earn much-needed
revenue for other community programs.
[]
improving the community
What three things would you change in your community in order to
make it more comfortable for the individuals who live there? Why?
108
®
community organization
If you could change one thing about your community, what would it
be?
How many times have you said to yourself, “I will never take the subway down to
Dinkytown?” Still, you find yourself holding onto the greasy hooks of an Amtrak train
going to the last stop of Route 5 of the Twin Cities’ subway system.
I want to make sure that everybody knows that this is the last time I ride this stinky
train. There is no way I am going to let myself be fooled again by the convenience that
the subway supposedly offers us, by the lure of not having to drive downtown myself,
not having to fight the traffic, not having to have two pounds of change for the parking
meters in my pockets.
As Sting said, “I’m going to start a brand new day after tomorrow.” An era without
subways or tokens in my pocket. I will become an early bird in order to defeat the
morning traffic, getting to work an hour early.
Actually, I feel like I should boycott Route 5. I can just see myself picketing in front of
Bandana Square, passing flyers out to the customers. You would see my face plastered
on the windows of every single subway station with a big warning sign: “WANTED:
DANGEROUS DISSIDENT. Do not establish contact with this subject. Notify authorities
immediately.”
Maybe I should write an article to the Star Tribune. A letter to the editor that
expresses all of my frustrations and lost hope for better days for the Twin Cities’
transportation system. I should point out all the times I heard other people say
exactly what I had been thinking.
Some of you, I am sure, may be thinking that I am exaggerating. That when I say I will
never take Route 5 again, I am lying. However, let me tell you that I am speaking on
behalf of all aggravated passengers – everyone who has experienced what I have.
I should clarify that it isn’t that I want to throw stones at the corporate offices of
Amtrak. I just want Daniel Kreyer, CEO and main stockholder, to listen to my point of
view. I have some good suggestions about how to improve the service. And I want you,
dear reader, to know that I will never ever, in my entire life, take another subway to
Dinkytown.
1. Where is the author?
2. How would you describe his mood?
3. What do you think the problems with Route 5 are?
4. What do you think happened after the writer wrote this? Did the writer
keep his promise?
5. Write a letter to the editor of your local newspaper from the point of view
of the author.
109
@
need
You needed to change the oil in your car a long time ago.
She needs to think about what she did.
(living thing) need + infinitive
• Use the infinitive after need when the subject of the sentence is a living thing.
The oil in your car needed to be changed a long time ago.
My computer system needs updating.
Our house needs painting.
(nonliving thing) + need + -ing/to be + past participle
• Use the -ing form of the verb or to be + the past participle if the subject is an
inanimate object.
• This form carries a passive meaning; the person who is doing the action is not
mentioned or is unknown.
• It often occurs in situations involving fixing or improving.
in need of
Amy is in need of money. (Amy needs money.)
The floor is in need of repair. (The floor needs repairing.)
This club is in need of new members. (This club needs new members.)
be + in need of + noun phrase
• In need of can replace the verb need.
• Before the expression in need of, use the verb be, and after it a noun.
110
- exercise 1: need
Make two webs. One should be about Quito’s needs, and the other about
your own needs.
QUITO
ME
WHAT I NEED:
1. ______________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________
WHAT QUITO NEEDS:
1. ______________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________
111
- exercise 2: need-error analysis
Correct each sentence.
1. She is in need of to take some aspirin. Her headache is getting worse.
2. I need hearing some good news. I have had a terrible day.
3. Jeffrey needs his mother to taking him to football practice.
4. The streets in Quito need to clean. There is garbage everywhere.
5. Downtown Quito need illuminating. It is too dark on some streets.
6. Charlie’s sister needs to be scolding.
7. Delilah needs listening to the teacher because her grades are poor.
8. Lucy’s car needs fixing. She needs selling it before June.
- exercise 3: need
Complete each sentence with the -ing form or infinitive of one of the verbs
below. If a verb cannot be used, use one of the nouns.
VERBS
respect
change
NOUNS
help
buy
know
a maid
clean
find
repair
learn English
develop
a good lawyer
talk
file
a good doctor
1. I am in need of ___________________. No one can tell me what is causing
this rash.
2. The baby’s diaper needs ___________________. Can you help me?
3. My computer is in need of ___________________. It hasn’t been working
right.
4. Jessica needs ___________________ if she wants to get that job.
5. Because of the divorce, Jack is in need of ___________________. His wife
wants everything.
6. She needs ___________________ to you. She wants to apologize.
7. He needs ___________________ for his biology class.
8. These papers need ___________________.
9. There is a lot of work to do. We are in need of ___________________.
10. Fran needs ___________________ your address if you expect her to come
to the party.
11. Bob ___________________ his mother. He often treats her very badly.
12. Jeremy’s room needs ___________________. It is very untidy.
13. After I graduate, I need ___________________ a job.
14. Alice is in need of ___________________. Her house is a mess.
15. More alternative energy sources need ___________________ if we want to
save the environment.
112
!
be a good samaritan
If someone told you that the mayor was approving a Good Samaritan law in
your city, what do you think it would be about?
1. Do you think this is a good law?
2. What are some possible flaws with the law?
3. Do you have a law similar to this in your country? Does/Would it work
well?
4. Is there a law that you think should be put into practice in your country?
Invent a much-needed law for your city or country.
G
agreement/disagreement
There are many ways to express agreement and disagreement.
AGREEMENT
So do I.
You can say that again.
Me too.
I’ll say!
Who wouldn’t?
Was /Is /Has it ever!
I’ll second that.
You bet!
Isn’t he/she/it though!
I couldn't agree with you more.
Didn’t he / wasn’t she / hasn’t it though!
I feel the same way.
To agree with negative statements, use:
Neither do I OR I don’t either.
DISAGREEMENT
I don’t think so.
Probably not.
Not really.
I can’t say that I agree.
I’m not so sure.
I’m afraid I disagree
Speak for yourself.
That’s not what I think.
I couldn’t agree with you less.
That’s not how I see it.
Not necessarily.
113
- exercise 1: agreeing to disagree
Think of five things that you feel strongly about. Write them below.
EXAMPLE
“I believe that public drinking should be illegal.”
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Discuss your statements with member of your group. Agree or disagree,
using the expressions above. Ask follow-up questions.
EXAMPLE
“I believe that public drinking should be illegal.”
“I can’t say that I agree...”
§
writing
Is the ability to read or write more important now than in the
past? Why or why not? Support your ideas with examples and
details.
ø
internet
Visit the human Rights Watch at www.hrw.org in order to check on how
your country and those around you are doing in terms of human rights.
Find out how Mexico is criticized for human rights violations because of
police brutality. Decide for yourself if it is fair to condemn Panama for
initiating legislation that could possibly justify the death penalty for
children under 18.
. Look up your country on the web site.
Do you agree or disagree with the
complaints made? Why? How does your country compare to those in its
vicinity? What makes your country different/the same?
114
[]
age groups
Write adjectives or words that describe each of these
age groups.
TEENAGERS
THIRTYSOMETHINGS
MIDDLE-AGED
SENIOR CITIZENS
What is a common complaint for each of these age
groups?
u
n
i
t
7
What’s
in
an
age?
115
[]
class reunion
Brainstorm categories (all positive qualities) which you would like to
grant awards for in your class(e.g. Best Smile, Best Dressed, Earliest to
Class, etc.). As a class, choose three of these awards.
In groups, decide who should be a candidate for these awards. Each
group should choose one candidate for the award, discussing their
reasons for each candidate. As a class, vote on who wins the three
awards.
AWARD
NAME
REASON
awarded to
because
awarded to
because
awarded to
because
It is ten years in the future, and your class has decided to hold a class
reunion. Imagine where you will find three of your classmates. Take
notes below.
Residence
Interests
Job
Other
Residence
Interests
Job
Other
Residence
Interests
Job
Other
Take notes on where you imagine yourself.
Residence
Interests
Job
Other
Mingle with your ex-classmates. Find out as much as you can about
them. Were any of your predictions correct?
116
[]
the role of the elderly
Do you agree or disagree with the statements below. Survey your
classmates. What percentage agree/disagree?
The elderly should not work because there is little they can contribute
in this fast-changing world of technology.
It is impossible to be best friends with someone considerably older
than you (30-35 years).
The elderly should be given a driving test each year or have their
licenses revoked.
Putting an elderly relative in a nursing home is the responsible thing
to do.
Retirement after the age of 65 is a waste: people should be given
retirement in their early 20s while they are still able to travel and get
an education, then go to work, using the experiences acquired on their
retirement.
Employers are justified in not hiring someone because of their age.
@
conditionals-review
real conditionals
If you turn on the television, please don’t watch any cartoons.
If everyone goes to the party, we will need to make more food.
If the house is dirty, we hire someone to clean it.
If-clause
simple present
will, can, may (future)
Result Clause
imperative (command)
simple present (present habitual)
• Real conditional sentences show real situations and possibilities.
• The verb in the if-clause is always in the simple present tense.
117
- exercise 1: real conditionals-review
Complete each sentence with the verb in parentheses.
1. If it ________________________ (rain), bring an umbrella.
2. I ________________________(testify) in court if they find the suspect.
3. If class ________________________ (start) on time, we can leave early.
4. She will replace you if you ________________________(go) on vacation.
5. I ________________________ (help) you with your work if you want me to.
6. If it gets dark before we reach Quito, please ________________________
(drive) carefully.
7. If there are more than twenty people in the class, it
________________________ (be) split.
8. If you ________________________ (talk) to Nancy, tell her I have her wallet.
9. If Rebecca ________________________(call), please let me talk to her.
10. Our employees ________________________(have to work, neg.) if it is a
holiday.
@
unreal conditionals
If I were you, I would not go to work this morning.
If you went to the doctor, you might feel better.
If Jessica had a car, she could come with us on our trip.
Becky would have made a lot of friends at camp if she had played a sport.
If Christine hadn’t answered the telephone, she might not have found out that
her best friend was in town.
PRESENT IMAGINARY SITUATION
If-clause
simple past
(be=were)
Result-clause
would/could/might + verb
PAST IMAGINARY SITUATION
If-clause
past perfect
Result-clause
would/could/might have +
past participle
• Unreal sentences indicate hypothetical or imaginary ideas.
• Very often they are contrary-to-fact.
• In unreal conditionals, the simple past tense represents the future. The
past perfect represents the past.
• The modal verb is used in the result clause.
*See The Academic Book, Part Three, Unit 6 for more about conditional
sentences.
118
- exercise 1: unreal conditionals-review
Write T(true) or F (false).
1. If you had given me the key, you wouldn’t have lost it.
______You gave me the key.
______You lost the key.
2. She wouldn’t have been mugged if she hadn’t been walking around alone
so late at night.
______She wasn’t mugged.
______She was walking around late at night.
3. If I were you, I would treat her better than that.
______I am not you.
______You don’t treat her very well.
4. We would be in Ambato if it were the weekend.
______It is the weekend.
______We are in Ambato.
5. If my boss hadn’t been fired, I wouldn’t have gotten this job.
______My boss was fired.
______Before my boss was fired, I had this job.
6. Debbie would buy a new house if she had money.
______Debbie is going to buy a new house.
______Debbie doesn’t have enough money.
7. I would have gone to your house if I had known you were home.
______I went to your house.
______I didn’t know you were at home.
8. George and Gina would get married if Gina’s parents gave them their
blessing.
______Gina’s parents want her to marry George.
______George and Gina are married.
- exercise 2: unreal conditionals-review
Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses.
1. Wendy __________________(kick) me if she heard what I just said.
2. If I had seen Mary at the mall, I _________________________ (say) hello.
3. Alice and Gerald __________________ (give) us more money if they hadn’t
been robbed.
4. If the weather __________________ (be) better we could have a picnic.
5. The emergency crew was there in five minutes, but if Bill
_____________________ (see, neg.) the accident, who knows when help
__________________________ (arrive)?
6. If I knew French, I __________________ (spend) a year in France studying.
7. Jen would go to Canada if she __________________(have) the correct visa.
8. Greg would have finished college if he __________________(find) a job.
9. If she were friendlier, she __________________(have) a boyfriend.
10. She could avoid a lot of problems if she __________________(be, neg.) so
hotheaded.
119
@
implied conditionals
Cathy brought her dog in from outside. Otherwise, the neighbors would have
begun to complain about his barking.
Provided that it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.
Whether or not she agrees, the party starts at eight sharp.
In case I cannot make it to class tomorrow, would you please give my paper to
Professor Ryan?
Without Harry’s help, you never would have fixed your car so quickly.
I would have said something nice in the event that Mr. Johnson had asked me
to speak at the graduation ceremony.
• Sometimes the condition is implied rather than stated directly.
• Follow the same rules for conditional sentences in the result clause: simple
past to represent present and past perfect to represent past.
• When a condition is implied, the word if in the if-clause is replaced by
another expression.
with
even if
otherwise
in the event (that)
provided (that)
providing (that)
only if
whether or not
in case (that)
without
unless
if so/not
- exercise 1: implied conditionals-concept check
Match the implied condition in each sentence (underlined) to the correct ifclause.
If-clauses:
a) what would happen if I told you
b) if the company didn’t have
c) if you got
d) if you don’t let yourself be manipulated
e) if she didn’t listen carefully
f) if he didn’t know
g) if you come on time
h) if a child has
i) if your company didn’t have
j) if you do let yourself be manipulated
______1. Without a clear policy, the company would continue to lose money
in this area.
______2. With a lot of love, any child can grow up to be successful.
______3. It seems that she didn’t listen to your proposal very carefully. If so,
you need to tell her again when she is less distracted.
120
______4. Without clear regulations, your company would continue to be
mismanaged for years.
______5. With some training, you would be our best employee.
______6. What if I told you that your favorite mug is broken?
______7. It sounds like you allow yourself to be manipulated by other
people’s opinions. If so, you need to reassess your motives. ______8.
If not, maybe your behavior is just antisocial.
______9. Your teacher needed to know that you studied hard for the test.
Otherwise, he might have thought that you weren’t taking his
course seriously.
______10. Provided that you come on time to the interview, you will get the
job.
- exercise 2: implied conditions
Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses.
1. Provided that we __________________(finish) our work, we can leave early.
2. Whether or not Mr. Samson can make it, the meeting __________________
(be) on the eighth.
3. The test was very long. With more time, I __________________(finish) it.
4. The show isn’t very good. Without Mark’s talent, it __________________
(win) any awards.
5. I had to pay for the program yesterday. Otherwise, I __________________
(be allowed) to enter class.
6. In case your teacher __________________ (be) sick again tomorrow, please
read chapter two.
7. Does Jeremy know my address? If not, he __________________ (be)
probably lost.
8. Dan __________________ (quit) his job unless he got a better offer.
- exercise 3; implied conditionals (oral)
Imagine what your life would be like, or would have been like, if you had
been a member of the opposite sex. Use these phrases as cues.
If I were...
If I belonged to the opposite sex...
Had I been born (a)...
Supposing I were (a)...
My parents would have...
I would have...
I could have...
If I weren’t (a)...
Were I (a)...
121
Ask members of the opposite sex their opinions and fill in the sentences
below. (In the event that the class does not have an even number of
males/females, ask anyone.)
1. ______________________’s parents would have __________________________.
2. If ___________________ belonged to the opposite sex, ____________________.
3. ______________________ would have ____________________________________.
4. _____________________ could have ____________________________________.
5. If __________________ weren’t a ______________, _______________________.
6. Had ____________ been born a _____________,__________________________.
- exercise 4: implied conditionals
Omit if from the sentence by implying the condition. Choose from the list
below.
with/without
otherwise/or else
what if
in the event that
if so/not
only if
1. If I had more money, I would buy you a gift.
______________________________________________________________
2. We would have gone out to eat last night if you hadn’t gotten sick.
______________________________________________________________
3. If your boss gives you a hard time, tell him to see me.
______________________________________________________________
4. What would you do if you got a better paying job?
______________________________________________________________
5. If your brother hadn’t known that you were going to be late, he might
not have waited for you.
______________________________________________________________
6. You seem to have a lot of friends. If you do, you should throw a party.
______________________________________________________________
7. The only time my supervisor gets angry with me is if I am late for a
meeting.
______________________________________________________________
8. If you had a better salary, you wouldn’t have to work two jobs.
______________________________________________________________
9. You could have been a famous athlete if you had practiced more.
______________________________________________________________
10. If the university doesn’t have a strict attendance policy, the students
won’t be on time to class.
______________________________________________________________
122
Lzoom
Anytime the if-clause is suggested or implied, without being
stated directly, it is an implied condition; therefore,
conditional verbs will be used. This occurs sometimes with
the conjunction but.
I would visit you, but my car is at the shop.
Jack would have eaten out with us, but he remembered
what the doctor had said.
- exercise 1: implied conditions with but
Tick (√) the sentences which contain implied conditions.
1. I would prepare a speech, but I wasn’t asked to speak.
2. Alex usually goes to church on Sundays, but today he is sick.
3. Alex would go to church, but he isn’t feeling very well.
4. The priest lost his Bible on Sunday, but someone found it the next
day.
5. The priest would look for his Bible, but he doesn’t have time.
6. I like pizza, but I don’t eat it because it is so fattening.
7. Frank would speak faster, but no one can understand him.
8. Frank speaks slowly, but I still can’t understand him.
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[]
rites of passages
A rite of passage is a special, celebratory moment or event in your life.
It provides a stepping stone for the next stage of your life. Make a list
of common rites of passage, for example, graduation, getting your
driver’s license, etc. Categorize them by age groups.
Sometimes a right of passage can bring with it inconveniences. For
example, you are excited to get your license, but then your friends
expect you to drive them every time they need a ride somewhere.
What are the pros and cons of each rite of passage below.
marriage
graduation
first kiss
retirement
!
signs of senility
What is your biggest fear about getting old?
!
Listen to the ads about anti-aging products. Take notes on the
characteristics of each one. Which seems to be the best?
Invent your own anti-aging product.
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®
age: wisdom or decay?
How would you describe the way your culture treats the elderly?
Many cultures around the world have traditionally treated their elders as sages,
people whose wisdom was invaluable in the survival of the culture and its ways. The
elderly represented a source of knowledge about the ways of the world, not only in
terms of human relationships, but also humans and their relationships to the land
and nature. What the elders said was appreciated and followed with great
ceremony.
The role of the elderly has been changing with the advent of technological
breakthroughs and discoveries. Nevertheless, some cultures have remained true to
their original values, maintaining their elders as leaders. The Abkhaisans of former
Soviet Georgia, for example, expect their elders to keep old traditions alive, as well
as maintain customs and kinship systems. Their knowledge of the land and local
plant life is considered better than any college education. The elderly are valued as
hard workers – retirement is virtually nonexistent. In their culture, one works until
he/she is no longer capable of working. Far different from other cultures in which the
elderly are encouraged to retire before the get to that point.
The Lozi of South Central Africa hold their elders in a place of honor, also. They
uphold the traditions and value system of the culture, especially taboos such as
marriage taboos. In this culture, if one tries to marry another person who is related,
the elders will prohibit the marriage. If the two young people insist and go ahead
with the marriage anyway, the elders will curse the marriage. The elders also pass
down oral traditions, teaching them to the young and training them in the skills they
need for subsistence.
In some cultures such as the !Kung, the elders are the mediators. They arbitrate
conflicts that cannot be solved in any other way, much like judges. Even in the United
States, all of the Supreme Court judges are senior citizens.
In the Muslim world, institutions for the elderly are virtually unheard of. It is
considered a duty, but more than that, an honor and a blessing, to care fore one’s
aging parents. Parents expect it of their children; in some cultures, the more
children one has, the more secure one’s old age will be. Serving one’s parents comes
after serving God – it is a sin to complain about the elderly and their eccentric or
frustrating ways.
In the United States, however, getting older means getting less useful. Aging is seen
as a decline. Much of the attitude towards the elderly is discussed in monetary
terms – the financial burden of taking care of an elder parent or relative is the first
thing on many people’s minds. The elderly are seen as a problem, a burden,
something which must be taken care of but is not thought of as an honor or
responsibility, at least not to the extent as it is in other cultures.
1. How do different cultures around the world view the elderly?
2. Which culture do you agree with the most?
3. How has technology affected the role of the elderly in many developed
countries?
4. Why do you think the United States views the elderly differently from
other cultures?
5. How are the elderly viewed in your country? In your personal opinion?
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personal aims
Write your personal aims for the next year and for the next ten
years. You may only choose a category once. You will use all of the
categories.
CATEGORIES
appearance
education
relationships
travel
possessions
spiritual
profession
family
AIMS IN THE NEXT YEAR
Category:
Aim:
Category:
Aim:
Category:
Aim:
Category:
Aim:
Category:
Aim:
AIMS IN THE NEXT TEN YEARS
Category:
Aim:
Category:
Aim:
Category:
Aim:
@
or(else) vs. otherwise
You should call your mother and tell her happy birthday. Otherwise,
you’ll feel bad.
You should call your mother and tell her happy birthday, or (else) you’ll
feel bad.
(Otherwise/or (else) = If you don’t call your mother)
• Otherwise and or (else) mean the same; both express the idea that “if the
opposite is true, then there will be a certain result.”
• Otherwise is a transition word, therefore it must start a new sentence.
• Or (else) is a conjunction, which means that it combines two sentences into
one by connecting them.
126
- exercise 1: otherwise or or else?
Rewrite each sentence using the phrase in parentheses.
1. You can’t leave the country unless you have permission from Migration.
(otherwise)
________________________________________________________________________
2. If I don’t leave on time I will be late. (or else)
________________________________________________________________________
3. You need to take English 101 before English 301. (otherwise)
________________________________________________________________________
4. If I don’t find a job soon I am going to leave the country. (or else)
________________________________________________________________________
5. If you don’t take care of your health, you may not live as long. (or else)
________________________________________________________________________
6. If you smoke while pregnant, the baby could experience health problems.
(otherwise)
________________________________________________________________________
- exercise 2: otherwise
Make sentences with the same meaning using otherwise. The first two
sentences are started for you.
1. Unless you have a ticket, you can’t see the exhibit.
You need a ticket. Otherwise, ______________________________________.
2. If you don’t do some laundry tonight, you won’t have anything to wear
tomorrow.
You must do some laundry tonight. Otherwise, __________________________.
3. If I don’t study for the test, I will probably fail.
________________________________________________________________________
4. You can only get that job if your native language is English.
________________________________________________________________________
5. If Tom doesn’t see a doctor, his cough may develop into something
worse.
________________________________________________________________________
6. She would have gone to Mindo this weekend if it hadn’t rained.
________________________________________________________________________
7. If Natalie hadn’t broken her leg, she would have been able to compete in
the marathon.
________________________________________________________________________
8. Cindy would move to Baños if the volcano were less active.
________________________________________________________________________
127
- exercise 3: implied conditions-review
Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
I was sick, or else I ____________________ (go) to class yesterday.
I slammed on the brakes. Otherwise, I ____________ (hit) the dog.
It isn’t Saturday. Otherwise, I ____________________ (go) with you.
Yesterday Jeff explained to Tom how to choose a major. Without his
advice, Tom ___________________ (know, neg.) what to do.
5. Martha knew the answer. If not, she ____________________ (tell) me.
6. Yesterday only one student came to class. With more students, the
teacher ___________________ (cancel) class.
7. In case you ______________ (be) in a car accident, here is the insurance
card.
8. Providing that Erica gets paid this week, she ________________ (pay) you
back.
- exercise 4: rewriting sentencesimplied condition review
Rewrite the if-clause in each sentence using the expression in parentheses.
1. I would have been depressed all day without your phone call. (if-clause)
________________________________________________________________________
2. If I had realized that she was lying, I wouldn’t have given her any
money. (or else)
________________________________________________________________________
3. If there were more people in class, we could have a party. (with)
________________________________________________________________________
4. If she had been in class, we wouldn’t have had to worry. (otherwise)
________________________________________________________________________
5. The question remains as to whether she saw the murderer or not. If she
did see the murderer, she should testify in court. (if so)
________________________________________________________________________
6. Angie would have finished college, but she got pregnant her last year of
school. (provided that)
________________________________________________________________________
7. If all goes as planned, our company expects to raise salaries next year.
(providing that)
________________________________________________________________________
8. If there is an earthquake, stand under the doorjamb. (in the event)
________________________________________________________________________
9. If you get cold, wear my jacket. (in case)
________________________________________________________________________
10. It’s not clear whether Jim knows something about her breakup. If he
doesn’t know anything, you had better apologize for spreading rumors
about him. (if not)
________________________________________________________________________
128
11. If you hadn’t had Melissa’s permission, you wouldn’t have been able to
get away with that. (without)
________________________________________________________________________
12. She won’t tell you who stole your wallet if you don’t promise not to get
mad. (unless)
________________________________________________________________________
V
!
linking
Listen.
Jeremy, your jacket is on the floor. Please pick it up (pi ki tup).
I found item number one. We can check it off (che ki toff) the list now.
Turn it up (tur ni tup). I can’t hear.
• Linking consists of borrowing sounds from the end of words and
using them at the beginning of words, thus creating a “link” between
words.
• In linking, the ends and beginnings of words blur together into one
sound.
• Linking usually occurs between ending consonant and beginning
vowel sounds.
• Linking occurs, of course, in the spoken language; it can obscure
meaning for language learners.
• Linking is necessary in order to make your speech sound more
natural.
!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Listen. Connect the linked sounds.
Take an example like Alice’s arrogant employees.
There are far too few police officers in our city and on our streets.
Diane and her brother have never eaten the famous egg salad at
this restaurant.
I am not exactly sure when this opera begins.
I need you to take out the garbage after you finish your homework.
She isn’t so beautiful when you see her close up.
129
G
vocabulary
__________________learn, discover
__________________certain or sure to
__________________visit without an invitation
__________________constantly
__________________feel able to do something
__________________cannot stand or tolerate anymore
__________________stop attending (such as a class)
__________________not move as quickly as others
__________________become friendly and like each other at a first meeting
__________________obvious, not needed to be pointed out
After reading the letter below, decide what definition best fits each
idiomatic expression. Write the expression next to the definition.
Dear Lucy,
Hi. How are you? Guayaquil is great. It goes without saying that things are
so different from Quito. I mean, it is obvious since the two cities are complete
opposites. Things at the university are going well. My roommate’s name is
Jessica. We hit it off right away; I think we are going to be good friends. My
major is pretty difficult, however. I have to work really hard, day in and day
out, just to keep up with my studies. If I miss one class, I fall behind. Then I
might not have time to finish everything. But I don’t want that to happen.
The worst thing would be if I couldn’t get good grades and would have to drop
out of the university. Well, if I work hard and take my classes seriously, I am
bound to do well in school.
The only thing that I can’t stand about this city is the weather. I am fed up
with the muggy heat. It’s impossible to walk around the city without getting
heat stroke.
I am sorry it took me so long to write. With so much homework each night, I
haven’t been feeling up to writing a long letter. I plan to visit Quito over
Christmas vacation, so I’ll be sure to drop in on you when I do.
Love, Marge
P.S. If you ever find out what happened on the last episode of Friends, please
call me. I can’t believe I missed it! I had been waiting to see it for weeks.
130
§
writing
Do you agree or disagree with the statement below?
There is nothing that young people can teach older people.
What three things would you do or say to try to convince someone who
disagrees with your opinion that you are right?
ø
internet
Have you ever wondered what your life expectancy will be? If you are
curious about how long you have to live, take the quiz at
www.livingto100.com. Answer questions about your family’s health, your
habits such as eating and smoking, how well you handle stress, etc. At the
end of the quiz you may calculate your life expectancy and find out what you
can do to improve it and why you were given that age.
. Calculate your life expectancy by answering the questions in the quiz.
When you have finished, read the suggestions you are given and write a
paragraph about how you could live longer.
131
[]
crime
When is it OK to break the law?
What crimes do you think will increase in the future?
Which ones will decrease? Why?
Make the law fit the crime!
How would you punish the following crimes?
shoplifting
corporate
criminals
stealing a car
u
n
i
t
8
kidnapping
murder
Nei
ghb
ors
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[]
corporations
Make a list of large multinational corporations.
How do you feel about these corporations? Check (√) the column that
best represents your belief.
AGREE
STATEMENT
DISAGREE
help local economies by providing jobs and
promoting economic stability
help promote international peace
have ethical and moral responsibilities to
improve local communities
produce cultural homogenization
are a fact of life which we must accept and
have no control over
create a sense of community across
international boundaries
raise standard of living
contaminate nature and deplete local natural
resources
are too big and have little interest in the
individual or local culture/community
give political power and capital to outside
interests
In pairs, present your arguments to the class. One person should
represent the interests of a multinational trying to get into the local
market, and the other should represent the interests of the
community that is worried about what this might mean for their
future.
133
G
vocabulary
Choose the best definition for each idiomatic expression, based on the context in each
sentence.
1. All of our plans for the weekend have gone down the drain because of the rain. How can we
go hiking and have a picnic if it’s raining cats and dogs?
a) wasted, lost, disappearing
c) in an improved condition
b) famous, well-known
d) substitute for
2. Their projects are always good ideas, but they never get off the ground. They never finish them!
a) start, put in motion
c) fly
b) stop
d) become famous
3. Although this book claims to be the sequel to Gone with the Wind, it’s a far cry from the
original. I didn’t really like it much.
a) not similar to or as good as
c) depend on
b) improvement
d) introduce a topic
4. My mother always goes overboard when shopping. She buys more than she can afford, and
sometimes she can’t even fit everything in her car.
a) does too much
c) becomes crazy
b) go to extremes
d) goes somewhere by car
5. I have decided to stop smoking for good. I will never try a cigarette again.
a) permanently
c) for the right reason
b) for good luck
d) sometimes
6. As a matter of fact, I am pretty busy right now. I was just about to go to the market. Can
you call me back in a couple of hours?
a) eliminate
c) almost ready to
b) cause to happen
d) not ready to
7. What she said doesn’t add up. If she was at home last night, how did she know that we were
at the bar?
a) come to a total
c) have an end
b) summarize
d) make sense
8. Now that Tom is walking, it is very difficult to keep track of him. Sometimes I have no idea
where he is!
a) know where something or someone is
b)understand
c) play a game with
d) believe
9. The teacher asked me to hand out the correct papers. I had to give one to each student.
a) distribute
c) take
b) finalize
d) explain
10. If I tell you what this expression means, I’ll be giving away the answer.
a) give as a gift
c) reveal
b) answer
d) put in a safe spot
134
@
participial phrases
There is no end to the problems facing an only child.
Running down the stairs, Anna fell.
The statement issued by the Department of Homeland Security was false.
The package damaged during shipment is insured.
• Participial phrases modify or describe nouns (they act like adjectives).
• They consist of a participle (-ing or -ed verb) and an object.
• Participial phrases are set off from the sentence by a comma when they are
introductory (at the beginning of the sentence) or nonessential information.
Pulling the rabbit from the hat, the magician looked out at his audience.
Sliding out of control, the car flew down the hill and hit a fire hydrant.
Throwing rocks at passing cars, Kate accidentally hit a pedestrian.
• Present participials end in the suffix -ing .
• They show active meaning, where the subject is doing the action.
• They may be used when two things happen at the same time.
He almost choked while eating the shrimp scampi.
Harold broke his ankle skiing.
When taking a multiple choice test, always be sure to answer every question.
• When one action occurs d u r i n g another, present participial phrases
replace the longer action.
• They can also occur after when and while.
Having finished her test, the student got up and left.
Having already opened the presents, the child became bored and restless.
Taking a calculator from his front pocket, he quickly added the four columns.
• When one action happens b e f o r e another in the past, use the expression
having (done) for the first action.
• The word having is not necessary if the action occurred immediately after
the first.
135
- exercise 1: present participles
Combine the sentences by rewriting the underlined words as a present
participial phrase
1. The rule should be revised. It allows a player to participate in a game
even though he does not attend practice.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Any student who does not want to attend the seminar should speak to
the dean first.
________________________________________________________________________
3. The people are not very neat. They live in this apartment.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. She is holding the report which consists of twenty-nine pages.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. The boy is my son. He is playing in right field.
_________________________________________________________________________
6. A group of students marched down the street this morning. They were
waving the flag of the country.
______________________________________________________________
7. Penny is a good student, which is why she did well on the test.
________________________________________________________________________
8. Anyone who follows our religion is welcome to come.
________________________________________________________________________
9. Every one of his friends was invited to go to Vegas. I was included with
his friends.
________________________________________________________________________
10. Tom is the oldest in the family. He will make the decisions now that
Father has passed away.
________________________________________________________________________
- exercise 2: combining sentences with
participial phrases
Combine the sentences by changing the underlined sentence into a present
participial phrase.
1. John washed the dishes. He thought about how much he hated
housework.
2. Jenny was eating very fast. She choked on her food.
3. Loni finished her homework. Then she went to the movies.
4. He took some money from his wallet. He told us that he was treating.
5. Jack walked around the room. He spoke to every one of his guests.
6. We stood under the awning. We waited for hail to stop.
7. I attempted to start up a conversation. I made a remark about the
assignment.
8. I went to the bank. I now had money to pay off my credit card bill.
136
[]
don’t be so negative!
Divide the class into two groups: the optimists and the pessimists. One
of each get into pairs. The optimist starts by saying a positive
statement, such as, “Quitting smoking can raise your life expectancy.”
The pessimist must say something pessimistic about the optimist’s
statement, such as,”But anyway we are breathing contaminated air.”
If the pessimist cannot provide a pessimistic remark, the statement is
put on the board for the other pessimists to try.
Variation: Halfway through, the pessimists can start the conversation
with a pessimistic statement, such as “Cars produce too much
pollution.”
[]
refund!
CEC has made a large profit this cycle, and has decided to give each
class $40 back. The only catch is that everyone in the class must be
satisfied with how the money is spent, without talking to each other.
On a piece of paper write your suggestion. Pass it around the class.
Each person will give it a rating of 1 to 3, 1 being the highest. When
all the papers have been passed around, the class president, along
with one other person of his/her choice, will decide which suggestion
is accepted.
137
®
feng shui
How do you create balance and harmony in your life?
Feng shui is one of the newest buzz words out there at this moment.
In Beverly Hills, the rich and famous hire feng shui experts to
design their homes. Fortune 500 companies hire feng shui
consultants to rearrange their offices in order to create an
environment that promotes good chi.
So what is all the hype about this method that the Chinese have
been practicing for probably the last five thousand years? Feng
shui, meaning wind and water in Chinese, is the art of placement.
It strives to create a sense of balance and harmony in an
environment. In feng shui, everything, whether living or
inanimate, has a life force. This energy is called chi. A badly
arranged room, for instance, can disrupt the chi by corrupting it
and making it destructive. A room that is properly arranged, on
the other hand, can improve one’s health, bring fortune and
success, promote creativity, and stimulate one’s professional life.
In feng shui, there are five elements which must be balanced: water,
wood, fire, earth, and metal. Each of these elements has a color,
shape or object associated with it. Good chi can be achieved,
therefore, by changing the colors of the wall, or adding a mirror,
fish tank, or potted plant. As long as the elements are balanced,
good chi will abound.
Although the principles of feng shui were not formally written
down until around 25 A.D. in the Han Dynasty, experts believe that
feng shui has been around for thousands of years.
COMPREHENSION
Write an article (50 words or less) from the point of view of someone who
believes in and practices feng shui, and an article (50 words or less) from
the point of view of someone who does not.
138
@
past participles
Founded in 1973, this high school has been operating for over twenty
years.
Understood by all, the law was implemented immediately.
We do not accept any bills ripped in the corner.
• Past participles show passive meaning.
• They end in the suffix -ed or the past participle of an irregular
verb.
• Notice that past participial phrases are simply reduced adjective
clauses.
Înote:
To make a participial phrase negative, add not
before the participle.
Not wanting to hurt her feelings, Scott said she looked nice in the green
dress.
not + participial phrase
h
grammar first aid
Participial phrases must be placed as close to the noun/pronoun they
modify as possible. Also, the noun/pronoun being modified by a
participial phrase must be clearly stated.
Incorrect placement
Deceived once again, divorce seemed like the only solution. (deceived
does not refer to divorce)
Wide and lined by trees, people use the Lexington Walkway as a bicycle
and jogging track. (wide and lined by trees does not refer to people)
Correct placement
Deceived once again, John knew that divorce was the only solution.
(deceived refers to John)
Wide and lined by trees, the Lexington Walkway is used as a bicycle and
jogging track. (wide and lined by trees refers to Lexington Walkway)
139
- exercise 1: past participles
Combine the sentences by rewriting the underlined words as a past
participial phrase.
1. Half of those who are arrested and put in this jail have murdered
someone.
________________________________________________________________________
2. The program is not installed in any of our computers. It was used to
create this graph.
______________________________________________________________________
3. Dean Keller is a young, aspiring poet who is known for his use of
metaphor.
________________________________________________________________________
4. The experiment provided evidence of life on other planets. It was
conducted at my university.
________________________________________________________________________
5. The man was contracted for the job. He never showed up.
________________________________________________________________________
6. The photographs showed the president with a woman resembling his
wife. They were published in the paper.
________________________________________________________________________
7. The pictures were stolen yesterday afternoon. They were posted on the
bulletin board.
________________________________________________________________________
8. The building was reconstructed within two months. It was set on fire by
an arsonist.
________________________________________________________________________
9. The answers are written at the back of the book. They are not correct.
________________________________________________________________________
10. The factory is located south of our school. It is shutting down in
August, leaving hundreds of workers without a job.
________________________________________________________________________
- exercise 2: participial phrases
Choose the letter of the answer that best completes each sentence. There is
only one possible answer for each.
1. ____ because of the slippery roads, she turned the corner.
a) Driven carefully
c) She drove carefully
b) Driving carefully
d) She drives carefully
2. ____, she was at the bus station for five hours.
a) Waiting for her friend to arrive
c) Waited for her friend to arrive
b) She waited for her friend
d) She was waiting for her friend
140
3. The wallet in last night was Fred’s.
a) turn
c) turning
b) that turned
d) turned
4. _____, some of our relatives were affected by the earthquake.
a) Lived in India
c) Live in India
b) Living in India
d) all of the above
5. ____ at the age of eighty-three, Carl plans to do some traveling.
a) Retired
c) Retires
b) Retiring
d) a and b
6. The people ____ rocks at the policemen are not our students.
a) throwing
c) thrown
b) being thrown
d) a and c
7. ____ , I cut my finger.
a) Dinner prepared
b) While prepared dinner
c) Preparing dinner
d) Prepared dinner
- exercise 3: participial phrases
Choose the best sentence. Then draw a line to the noun being modified.
1. a) The evening was very pleasant listening to the crickets.
b) Listening to the crickets, the evening was very pleasant.
c) The evening was very pleasant while listening to the crickets.
d) Listening to the crickets, we had a very pleasant evening.
2. a) Having just sat down, the teacher began to question him.
b) He sat down, the teacher began to question him.
c) Having sat down, he was questioned by the teacher.
d) The teacher began to question him having sat down.
3. a) Being in a hurry to get to the city before dark, we did not notice the
missing side-view mirror.
b) Hurrying to get to the city before dark, the side-view mirror was
missing.
c) Hurrying to get to the city before dark, we did not notice the missing
side-view mirror.
d) a and c
4. a) Arriving after midnight, the parents punished the teenager.
b) Arrived after midnight, the teenager was punished.
c) Arriving after midnight, the teenager was punished.
d) none of the above
141
5. a) Airing out the house, it was clear the carpet needed to be cleaned.
b) Airing out the house, I noticed that the carpet needed cleaning.
c) Airing out the house, I noticed that the carpet needed to clean.
d) Airing out the house, the carpet needed cleaning.
6. a) Damaged beyond repair, the fire destroyed all the electrical devices in
the house.
b) Damaged beyond repair, all the electrical devices in the house
destroyed the fire.
c) The fire destroyed all the electrical devices in the house, damaging
them beyond repair.
d) all of the above
- exercise 4: participial phrases (oral)
Why is each of these sentences incorrect? How should they be corrected?
1. Discouraged by low grades, dropping out seemed logical.
2. Walking down the beach, the ship was pulling into the harbor.
3. Instead of listening to her problem, the house was cleaned.
4. Having been released three months earlier, the police officer decided to
keep an eye on the thief.
5. When told the shocking news, not one word was spoken.
6. While visiting Greece, a poem by Harold McMahon was written about the
Parthenon.
- exercise 5: participial phrases-review
Find the errors in the sentences below and make the appropriate
corrections on the line provided.
1. Known about for years, scientists are only just beginning to understand
HIV.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Discovered almost a hundred years ago, the tourists visited Machu
Picchu.
________________________________________________________________________
3. Giving me permission, I took the Suzuki Jeep for a test drive.
________________________________________________________________________
4. While listening to the headphones, the bus stopped to let the boy get off.
________________________________________________________________________
5. Unable to hear the speaker, the usher asked the people in front of me to
be quiet.
________________________________________________________________________
142
[]
mr. blemish
Draw a stick figure below. Label the physical defects on the left on Mr.
Blemish’s body as your partner explains where they are and how he
got them.
mole
scar
bruise
corn
blister
pimple
dimple
wart
tattoo
birthmark
[]
miracle service
A group of experts from Miracle Services Inc. have asked for time to present
their services to your class. (Choose four volunteers in the class to represent
each person, or create their own.) After each presenter, write a list of the pros
and cons of contracting them for the class. As a class, decide who you would
like the services of.
Get Richquick
He will teach you the art of making instant money. You will never need to
work again.
E.S. Peese
She will give you the powers to foretell the future and read people’s minds.
You will have everything at your disposal.
Fame Ousse
He will make you an instant star, becoming popular with everyone and
getting you recognized around the world.
Livefor Ever
She will share her secret powers of youth, as well as the formula to longevity.
You will never grow old.
143
!
expert advice
If you had to call yourself an expert at something, what would you say?
Fill out the information about each of the seminars.
SPEAKER
QUALIFICATIONS
k
LOCATION
TIME
SUBJECT
proofreading
• Revising and proofreading your paper before submitting it to the
instructor is an important feature of writing.
• When doing in-class papers, always take the last few minutes to
revise your paper. When doing homework assignments, write a
first draft, then set it aside for a couple of hours, or if possible,
days, before going back to proofread it.
• Revising consists of focusing your attention on content and style.
When you revise, you are reading for meaning in order to
eliminate ambiguity or fallacies.
• Proofreading consists of focusing your attention on “manuscript”
form, or in other words, on punctuation, indentation,
capitalization, etc. Both are important for good writing.
• The checklist below will help you become a better writer. Follow
each step until all of them become automatic.
144
PROOFREADER’S CHECKLIST
Indentation: Is the first line of each paragraph indented? Are
quoted passages set off from the rest of the paragraph?
Sentences: Is each new sentence capitalized? Are there correct
end marks at the end of the sentences? Are there sentence
fragments or run-ons?
Spelling, mechanics: Are there any misspellings or “typos”
(errors in typing)? Are any words missing from the text? Do
verbs agree with their subjects?
Punctuation: Are commas used correctly? Are commas used as
the end marks of a sentence, instead of periods? Are there
superfluous punctuation marks, or any that are missing?
Word usage: Have you checked your papers for mistakes in the
denotation or connotation of words? Are there words used
incorrectly? Has the use of new words been compared to the
dictionary definitions?
Wordiness: Are the paragraphs too long? Are there passages
that could be made clearer by omitting words or phrases?
Exactness: Have words been chosen for their appropriate uses?
Are the words which you have selected the best choice in order to
convey your meaning?
• An important aspect of proofreading and revising is checking
your paper after the instructor has marked it.
• It is helpful to take note of the mistakes you have made, in order
to look for them on the next occasion.
- exercise 1
Imagine that you wrote the paragraph below.
making any necessary changes.
Proofread and revise it,
Since the age of for to nine months, your baby will begin to recognize the
difference between a familiar face and a stranger, he will seem like to
different baby. Their is a time when even the most loving parent feels. That
perhaps his/her parenting style is to blame for this, but this behavior is
actually a important emotional milestone for you baby. in about three
months, at around one year of age, you baby will become the sociable,
loving child you once new.
- exercise 2
Look over a paper you wrote for an earlier assignment during this level.
Then compare it with another paper you wrote at a later date. Are you
making some of the same mistakes? Fill in the categories below with the
corresponding information.
Grammar
Punctuation
Misspelled words
145
Diction
Other
§
writing
You have decided to give several hours of your time each month to
improve the community where you live. What is one thing you will do
during these extra hours? Why? Use specific reasons to explain your
answer.
ø
internet
Are you the type of person who likes to solve your own problems? The selfhelp industry has been growing steadily over the past few decades because
more and more people are trying to improve their lives by using selfreflection. If you would like information on how to deal with stress or
anxiety, how to conquer a phobia or handle aggression, go to the web site
www.mentalhelp.net/psyhelp, an online self help magazine.
.
Read one of the self help articles on the web site. Create a pamphlet
addressing the main points of the article and present it to the class.
146
'
irregular verbs
Base Form
Simple Past
Past Participle
arise
arose
arisen
awake
awoke
awoken
be
was,were
been
bear
bore
borne
beat
beat
beat / beaten
become
became
become
begin
began
begun
bend
bent
bent
bet
bet
bet
bite
bit
bitten
bleed
bled
bled
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
bring
brought
brought
build
built
built
burn
burnt / burned
burnt / burned
burst
burst
burst
buy
bought
bought
catch
caught
caught
choose
chose
chosen
cling
clung
clung
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
creep
crept
crept
cut
cut
cut
deal
dealt
dealt
dig
dug
dug
dive
dove / dived
dived
do
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
A1
a
p
p
e
n
d
i
x
Base Form
Simple Past
Past Participle
dream
dreamt / dreamed
dreamt
drink
drank
drunk
drive
drove
driven
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
feel
felt
felt
find
found
found
fit
fit/fitted
fit/fitted
flee
fled
fled
fling
flung
flung
fly
flew
flown
forbid
forbade / forbad
forbidden / forbade
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgive
forgave
forgiven
forgo
forwent
forgone
freeze
froze
frozen
get
got
gotten / got
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
grind
ground
ground
grow
grew
grown
hang
hung / hanged
hung / hanged
have
had
had
hear
heard
heard
hide
hid
hidden
hit
hit
hit
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
kneel
knelt / kneeled
knelt / kneeled
A2
Base Form
Simple Past
Past Participle
knit
knit / knitted
knit / knitted
know
knew
known
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
leap
leapt / leaped
leapt / leaped
leave
left
left
lend
lent
lent
let
let
let
lie (down)
lay
lain
light
lit / lighted
lit / lighted
lose
lost
lost
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
pay
paid
paid
prove
proved
proved / proven
put
put
put
quit
quit
quit
read
read
read
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
saw
sawed
sawed/sawn
say
said
said
see
saw
seen
seek
sought
sought
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
set
set
set
sew
sewed
sewn / sewed
shake
shook
shaken
shave
shaved
shaved / shaven
A3
Base Form
Simple Past
Past Participle
shear
sheared
sheared / shorn
shine
shone / shined
shone / shined
shoot
shot
shot
show
showed
shown / showed
shrink
shrank / shrunk
shrunk / shrunken
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
sit
sat
sat
slay
slew
slain
sleep
slept
slept
slide
slid
slid
sneak
sneaked / snuck
sneak / snuck
speak
spoke
spoken
speed
sped
sped
spend
spent
spent
spill
spilt / spilled
spilt / spilled
spin
spun
spun
spit
spat / spit
spat / spit
split
split
split
spread
spread
spread
spring
sprang
sprung
stand
stood
stood
steal
stole
stolen
stick
stuck
stuck
sting
stung
stung
stink
stank / stunk
stunk
strew
strewed
strewn
strike
struck
struck / stricken
strive
strove / strived
striven / strived
swear
swore
sworn
sweep
swept
swept
swim
swam
swum
A4
Base Form
Simple Past
Past Participle
swing
swung
swung
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tear
tore
torn
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
thrive
thrived / throve
thrived / thriven
throw
threw
thrown
undergo
underwent
undergone
understand
understood
understood
upset
upset
upset
wake
woke / waked
woken / waked
wear
wore
worn
weave
wove
woven
weep
wept
wept
win
won
won
wind
wound
wound
withdraw
withdrew
withdrawn
wring
wrung
wrung
write
wrote
written
'nouns that take a plural verb
pants
trousers
shorts
pliers
tongs
scissors
slacks
jeans
glasses
tweezers
pajamas
A5
'nouns that take a singular verb
physics
athletics
herd
flock
club
government
family
Congress
team
committee
crowd
public
group
jury
army
news
'
irregular plurals
Singular form
Plural form
alumna
alumnae
amoeba
amoebas, amoebae
analysis
analyses
antenna
antenna, antennae
appendix
appendices, appendixes
axis
axes
basis
bases
businessman
businessmen
businesswoman
businesswomen
calf
calves
child
children
crisis
crises
criterion
criteria
datum
data
deer
deer
dwarf
dwarfs, dwarves
elf
elves
fireman
firemen
fish
fish
A6
Singular form
Plural form
foot
feet
genus
genera
goose
geese
half
halves
knife
knives
leaf
leaves
life
lives
loaf
loaves
louse
lice
man
men
millennium
millenniums, millennia
moose
moose
mouse
mice
ox
oxen
person
people
phenomenon
phenomena
series
series
sheaf
sheaves
sheep
sheep
shelf
shelves
species
species
thesis
theses
tooth
teeth
wife
wives
woman
women
A7