FIRE & EXPLOSION RISK ASSESSMENT
Roslinormansyah
EHS Manager PT. Alstom Power ESI
Outline of Lecture
1. Understanding Fire and Explosion
2. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion
Hazard
3. Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk
Control
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Understanding Fire and Explosion
History of Fire and Explosion Incident
Carbide
Industries,
Fire & Explosion
March , 2011
Understanding Fire and Explosion
History of Fire and Explosion Incident
Kleen Energy,
Explosion
June, 2009
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Definition
1. Fire : A slow combustion that significant without
overpressure
2. Explosion : A release of energy that causes a blast
3. Flammability Limit : The minimum (lower,LFL) and
maximum concentration of combustible vapor in
air that will propagate a flame
(source : Guidelines CPQRA, AIChE, 2000)
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Basic Philosophy
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Philosophy of FERA
Objective of FERA
Flammability Limits
range
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Flammability Limits (FL)
Flammability Limits (FL) = ƒ (suhu, tekanan, inert gas)
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Philosophy of Combustion
Combusation = ƒ (FL, Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE), Surface Area)
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Fire occurance step
1.
2.
3.
4.
Jet Fire
Flash Fire
Pool Fire
Fireball
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Explosion occurance step
Explosion
Physical
Explosion
1.
2.
3.
4.
Overpressure
BLEVE - Fireball
RPT
UVCE/CVE
Chemical
Explosion
1. Runway reaction
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Physical Properties Key Factor of Flammable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Boiling Point
Vapor Pressure
Flash Point
Autoignition
Enthalphy of Combustion (ΔHc)
MIE
Density
Conductivity of material
Size of material
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Environmental Properties Key Factor of Fire /Explosion
1. Operational Parameter (Pressure, Flowrate, Temp, etc)
2. Lay-out of unit process/equipment
3. Installation (congested, confined, etc)
4. Source of heat (open fire, conductive heat, static electric, etc)
5. Meteorogical condition (Wind speed, direction, etc)
6. Leakage dimension (bore, rupture, hole, etc)
Understanding Fire and Explosion
Impact of Fire & Explosion
1. Breakage the molecular bond
2. Heat Flux / Heat Radition
3. Poisonous Gas
4. Blast Wave/Shock Wave
5. Debris trajectory/projectile
Framework of Risk Assessment on
Fire and Explosion Hazard
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Overall Risk Assessment
Process
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Detail Risk Assessment
Process
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 1 – Describe system and identify hazards
Scenario Development
Screening Method
Credible Scenario
Potential Accident Scenario
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 1 – Describe system and identify hazards
Scenario Development
– Merupakan “critical step”
dalam FERA
- Key word : Loss of Containment
- Tool yang umum dipergunakan
 What-If
 HAZOPs
 FMEA
 Incident Analysis
 Tie-Bow Analysis
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 1 – Describe system and identify hazards
Screening Method
– Mencari scenario yang memiliki tingkat “rangking/index” yang
besar
- Umumnya berbagai scenario tersebut dibandingkan
- Metode yang umumnya dipergunakan :
 Kualitatif : Risk Rating, Expert Adviser
 Semi-kuantitatif : TNO-Purple Book Method, DFEI, DCEI
AHP (expert judgement), SWeHI,
MaxCred Method
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 1 – Describe system and identify hazards
Credible Scenario

Merupakan scenario yang akan dianalisis lebih lanjut tingkat
“consequences” dan “probability”-nya

Merupakan model yang memiliki tingkat “kemiripan” yang
tinggi bila terjadi accident

Tidak menggambarkan secara keseluruhan (each system has
particular credible scenario)
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 2 – Determination of frequency and consequences
Frequency

Menggambarkan tingkat “failure” setiap peralatan yang
terlibat dalam Credible Scenario

Memiliki satuan (……../waktu)
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Step 2 – Determination of frequency and consequences
Frequency
Fault Tree Analysis
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Frequency
Event Tree Analysis
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Frequency
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion
TNT Method
BST Method
TNO Method
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion
TNT Method
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion
TNO Method
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion
BST Method
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire
Fire Ball Effect
Jet Fire Effect
Pool Fire Effect
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire
Fire Ball Effect
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire
Pool Fire Effect
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire
Jet Fire Effect
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Estimating the Risk Analysis
Explosion Frequency
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Estimating the Risk Analysis
Fire Ball Frequency
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Estimating the Risk Analysis
Pool Fire Frequency
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Estimating the Risk Analysis
Individual Risk Calculation
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Estimating the Risk Analysis
Societal Risk Calculation
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Risk Criteria
Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards
Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment Result
Selection safeguard for Fire and
Explosion’ s Risk Control
Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control
Startegy Prevention and Mitigation
Prevention
Barrier
Mitigation
Barrier
Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control
Prevention Barrier
1.
2.
Inherently Safe Practice Principles
 Minimize: Reducing the amount of hazardous material present at
any one time
 Substitute: Replacing one material with another of less hazard
 Moderate: Reducing the strength of an effect
 Simplify: Designing out problems rather than adding additional
equipment or features to deal with them
Engineering consideration
 Hazardous Area Zone Classification (IEC/EN 60079, NFPA
479, API 500)
 Heating Venting Air Circulation (HVAC) system
 Electric Static Discharge (ESD) system
 Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) Design
 Emergency Shut Down Valve (ESDV) System
 Lay-out facility (lokasi, jarak, dll)
 Mechanical Protection (Material, Coating, dll)
 Inerting System
Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control
Prevention Barrier
3.
Operation Consideration
 Preventive Maintenance Program (inspeksi rutin, testing
peralatan, dll)
 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) (operating parameter
controlling, alarm system, dll)
 Housekeeping
 Kompetensi Personel
 Implementasi Sistem Manajemen Pengendalian Kerugian
(Manajemen resiko)
 Permit System
 Storage and handling management system
 Cooling system (Deluge water system, vessel cooling system,
dll)
 Accident Investigation and Lesson Learned
 Electrical Connection System (Lighting Protection, Grounding,
dll)
Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control
Mitigation Barrier
1.
Engineering Consideration
 Hydrant & Sprinkle System
 Purging system (PSV, Rupture Disc, Flare System, dll)
 Dikes Network
 Water Curtain System
 CO2/Inert Gas Suppression System
 Blast-Wall
Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion’ s Risk Control
Mitigation Barrier
2.
Operation Consideration
 Fire Extinghuisers (APAR)
 Foam system
 Emergency Response Plan (assembly area)
 Personal Protective Equipment (APD)
 Community Emergency Response
Question ?