#separator:tab #html:true What is the Code of Hammarubi?&nbsp;One of the earliest-known sets of written laws. Hammarubi had codified rules and penalites for every aspect of Babylonian life. The code had almost 300 laws. Many of his laws were based on retribution (an eye for an eye) type of justice. Many of them were excessive and cruel. However some of them were reasonable just. Compared to laws from the moderns times, it is not that different.&nbsp; What is mosaic law?&nbsp;One of the greatest influences on our law is biblical law, known as Mosaic Law. In the bible, God gave Moses the ten commandments. Some of the ten commandments were same as the basic principles of the Code of Hammarubi. Under Mosaic law, it is forbidden to commit murder, adultery, theft and to worship other godss What is Greek Law?&nbsp;The first-born form of democracy was born in Ancient Greece. Although it is vastly different from today, only the athenian peoples had political rights. Voting was a major responsibility for them. Women on trial were not allowed to speak. The greek had the jury system.&nbsp; What is Roman Law?&nbsp;"There were 2 principles of Roman Law. <br>1) The law must be recorded <br>2) Justice could not be left to judges alone - first time ""lawyers"" were involved in court.<br>Romans law were codified which meant they were written in an orderly arrangement to be revised as new laws need to be.&nbsp;<br>The law was patriarchal and women were not considered people.&nbsp;" What is Justinian's CodeOver time, Roman law became even more complex and Emperor Justinian I decided to reform and clarify the law. The code inspired the modern concept of <b><u>justice</u><i>&nbsp;</i></b><u>served as an important basis of law.&nbsp;</u> What is the Napoleonic Code?&nbsp;The Napoleonic Code became popular because it is non-techicnal style. The code regulated civil matters such as property, family law, things that weren't criminal law, contracts, will and estates.&nbsp; What is retribution?&nbsp;"Retribution comes from principle of vengence and revenge. ""An eye for an eye.""&nbsp;" What is restitution?&nbsp;Restituion is the restoration of something lost or stolen. E.x&nbsp;<b>The offender must repay the victim for goods stolen, damaged, or lost, or otherwise make amends for the wrong committed</b>. What is the difference between a rule and law?&nbsp;<u><b>Rules</b></u>: set by an individual, group, organisation or a business. more flexible, and have lighter consequences when broken. e.x rules at home are not the same as laws.&nbsp;<br><u><b>Laws</b></u>: legal variation of rules, enforced by the courts and police. made by the govt. must go through certain processes to become laws, including a voting process. laws have harsher consequences than rules (imprisonment, penalities, etc...) Why do we have laws?&nbsp;Laws provide a way to resolve disputes peacefully. Laws help to ensure a safe and peaceful society and to protect society against chaos and danger.&nbsp; What are the functions of law?&nbsp;Law affects nearly every aspect of our daily lives. We have laws that deal with crimes like robbery and murder. And we have laws that governs activites like driving a car, getting a job and getting married. Laws give us rules of conduct that protect everyone's rights. The Canadian Legal System respects individual rights and ensures that our society is orderly.&nbsp; What are the 3 different trials of Early British Law?&nbsp;"<div style=""""><b><ul><li><div><sup><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Trial by Ordeal: was about judging if someone was guilty or innocent by subjecting them to a painful exprience. However in this trial you are sometimes hurting innocent people&nbsp;</span></sup></div></li><li><div><sup><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Trial by Oath helping: The method that required people who knew the accused to swear an oath on the bible that he/she was innocent. In this type of trial it was very easy for people to lie.&nbsp;</span></sup></div></li></ul><ul><li><div><sup><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Trial by Combat: This trial involved two parties in dispute having to duel. Many people who were weaker and possibly blameless were killed.</span></sup></div></li></ul></b></div>" Explain the Feudal System&nbsp;Feudalism was the first unified legal system in England. William the Conqueror divided Great Britain into parcels of land and each parcel was controlled by a nobleman. Everything within the parcel- the land, animals and peasents belonged to the nobleman. Essentially this system made society derive from owning land, this is not treat people equally or let them move up in society.&nbsp; What is the Magna Carta?&nbsp;The Magna Carta (The Great Charter) was the first step in establishing individual rights for the people of England. It recognized the principle known as Rule of Law. This meant that everyone was given equal rights before the law. In other words, it established that no one, even the King nor Government was above the law.&nbsp; What is international law?&nbsp;Law that governs relations between independent nations. Today, this law is an attempt to resolve issues and conflicts between nations without resorting to war. E.x when a country commits genocide, crimes against humanity and other atrocities, this would be an example of international law.&nbsp; What is domestic law?&nbsp;"<span style=""color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"">Law that governs activity within a nation's borders. Domestic law includes both statute law and case law. If you break the law in another country, there is little that government of Canada can do to help you. E.x laws in some Middle-Eastern countries prohibit drinking alcohol and if you are Canadian and breaking that law, Canada will not do anything to help you.&nbsp;</span>" What is substantive law and procedural law?&nbsp;Substantive law is law that defines the rights, duties and obligations of the citizens and governments.&nbsp;<br>Procedural law is the law that prescribes the methods of enforcing rights and obligations of substantive law.&nbsp;<br>E.x murder is a criminal offense (substantive law) while the rules to be followed in prosecuting that criminal is referred to as procedural law.&nbsp; What is Public Law?&nbsp;Public Law is law that relates to the relationship between individuals and state. Substantive law can be divided into categories of public and private law. Public law regulates the relationship between the government and its citizens. All public laws are subject to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. E.x public law would be when someone steals from a store, that's theft. It violates public law because it affects other people.&nbsp; What is administrative law?&nbsp;This law relates to the relationship between people and government departments, boards and agencies. E.x the Liquor Control Board determines where and when you can buy or consome alcohol.&nbsp; What is Criminal Law?&nbsp;The law that identifies crimes and indicts punishments. Criminal law prohibits and punishes behaviour that causes harm to others such as murder, robbery, assault. All crimes are described in the Criminal Code of Canada. E.x Criminal Law that is broken is not only against an individual but against society as a whole, thus harming both public safety and society.&nbsp; What is Private Law?&nbsp;Private Law is the law that governs relationships between private individuals, between individuals and organizations and organizations between organizations.&nbsp; What is the Statute?&nbsp;A law that is passed by the legislative branch of a government. (e.x passed by the federal, provinicial and terrorial legislatures)&nbsp; What is Habeas Corpus?&nbsp;This is the fundamental right in the Consitution that protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment. Upon application, the individual is brought before a judge who will determine whether the detainment is lawful.&nbsp; What is the precedent?&nbsp;"Precedent refers to a court decision that is considered as authority for deciding cases involving identical, similar and past facts or past legal issues. The ""pre"" in precedent refers to the ""before"".&nbsp;" What is codification?&nbsp;The action or process of arranging law or rules according to a system or plan. (e.x the Code of Hammarubi.)&nbsp; What is the Crown Attorney?&nbsp;Crown attorneys are the prosecutors in the legal system of Canada. They represent the Crown and act as proceedings under the Criminal Code and various other statues.&nbsp; What is the plaintiff?&nbsp;A person who brings a case against another person in a court of law. This person initiates a lawsuit before a court.&nbsp; What is the defendant?&nbsp;An individual, company, or institution that is sued (civil law) or accused (criminal law) before a Court of Law.&nbsp; What is the significance of water in transportation?Transport in the body and cells is predominantly water-based. Substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, sugars, amino acids, and salt readily dissolve in water. What is the specific heat capacity of water?The specific heat capacity of water is high, meaning it takes a lot of energy to heat up water and it can hold/store a lot of energy as well. This property allows water to provide a stable environment for cellular processes. What are the important properties of water?Water remains a liquid over a large temperature range, dissolves most substances used in living processes, and changes temperature gradually. Why is water considered important?Water is important because it is the most abundant molecule in any cell, comprising 65 to 90% of the cells mass, and it is also over 70% of the Earths surface. What makes water capable of having all these properties?Water has all these properties because it is a polar molecule. When electrons are shared unequally in a covalent bond, a molecule can become polar, meaning it has slightly positive and negative ends. What makes water a polar molecule?Water is a polar molecule because electrons are shared unequally in a covalent bond, creating slightly positive and negative ends. What is the significance of waters high specific heat capacity?Waters high specific heat capacity means it takes a lot of energy to heat up water and it can hold/store a lot of energy as well. This property allows water to provide a stable environment for cellular processes. What happens to substances used in living processes when they are dissolved in water?Substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, sugars, amino acids, and salt readily dissolve in water. What percentage of a cells mass can water comprise?Depending on the cell, water can comprise 65 to 90% of the cells mass. How much of the Earths surface is water?Over 70% of the Earths surface is water. What is the significance of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes?Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes allows for genetic diversity through the recombination and mixing of genetic material from two parent organisms. This helps to increase the adaptation and survival of the species in changing environments. What are the differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms?Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell, while multicellular organisms are made up of multiple cells. Unicellular organisms can reproduce asexually, while multicellular organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Multicellular organisms also have specialized cells and tissues that perform specific functions. While unicellular organisms do not.&nbsp; What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?Prokaryotes are very primitive cells with no nucleus, organelles, or internal structures/organization. They tend to be smaller in size and reproduce asexually. They include bacteria and archaea. Why do unicellular organisms tend to be smaller in size?Unicellular organisms are smaller in size because they consist of a single cell that needs to perform all necessary functions for survival. Being smaller allows for a greater surface area-to-volume ratio, which is important for exchanging nutrients, gases, and waste with the environment. What are the characteristics of eukaryotes?Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes and are larger and more complex. They have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular and reproduce sexually. They include protists, plants, fungi, and animals. How did mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve in eukaryotic cells?Mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have evolved through endosymbiosis, where ancient eukaryotic cells engulfed free-living bacteria or cyanobacteria that were capable of aerobic respiration or photosynthesis, respectively. Over time, these engulfed bacteria became integrated into the host cell and formed a symbiotic relationship, eventually developing into mitochondria and chloroplasts. How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?Prokaryotes are simpler and smaller than eukaryotes. They lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have both. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, while eukaryotes can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Eukaryotes are also more complex in terms of cellular organization and structure. What are some examples of eukaryotic organisms?Examples of eukaryotic organisms include protists (e.g., amoebas, algae), plants, fungi (e.g., mushrooms, yeasts), and animals (e.g., humans, dogs, birds). How do viruses reproduce?Viruses recognize host cells by surface proteins on cells, attach themselves to the host cell, inject their DNA or RNA into the host cell, reprogram the host cell to produce new viral cells, and then the host cell bursts open, releasing the new viral cells to infect new cells. How does the lytic cycle work?In the lytic cycle, the virus attaches to the host cell and injects its DNA. It takes over the host cells metabolism and reprograms it to produce viral DNA and proteins. The viruses then assemble in the host cell, the host cell bursts, and the new viruses infect other cells. What are the characteristics of viruses?Viruses contain DNA or RNA, are surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid, have no cytoplasm, organelles, or membranes, do not carry out respiration or metabolism, do not grow or divide by mitosis, and are totally dependent on a host. What is the origin of viruses?Viruses must have evolved after the first cells because they rely on their hosts to survive. However, some scientists argue that due to their simplicity, viruses may have come first. How does the lysogenic cycle work?In the lysogenic cycle, the virus attaches to the host cell and injects its DNA. The viral DNA gets incorporated into the hosts cells and DNA. Each time the hosts cells undergo replication, the viral DNA gets copied as well. Lysis of the host cell is not needed in this cycle. How do vaccines work?Vaccines help your body develop an immune response to a virus. Your immune system produces antibodies that are specific to each pathogen it can ward off. Vaccines can contain dead or weakened viruses or focus on parts of a virus to help your body recognize the real pathogen if it ever enters your body. What are the two types of viral cycles?The two types of viral cycles are the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. Why are viruses not considered to be alive?Viruses are not considered to be alive because they have zero metabolism, lack cellular structures, and cannot reproduce by themselves. What is the function of surface proteins on host cells in viral reproduction?Surface proteins on host cells in viral reproduction help the virus recognize and attach to the host cell. What is the role of antibodies in the immune response to viruses?Antibodies play a key role in the immune response to viruses by binding to viral particles and marking them for destruction by other immune cells. They can also block viral entry into host cells and neutralize viruses, preventing them from causing further infection. What is the difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle?The lytic cycle involves the immediate replication and release of viral particles, causing cell lysis. The lysogenic cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host cells genome, which can remain dormant for some time before switching to the lytic cycle. Why are vaccines effective in treating viral infections?Vaccines are effective in treating viral infections because they help your body develop an immune response specific to the virus. This allows your immune system to quickly recognize and neutralize the virus if you become infected in the future. How do viruses reprogram host cells?Viruses reprogram host cells by injecting their DNA or RNA into the host cell, which then instructs the host cell to produce new viral cells. What is viral latency?Viral latency is a period of inactivity or dormancy in the life cycle of a virus. During this stage, the virus may temporarily stop replicating and remain dormant within the hosts cells. This allows the virus to evade the immune system and may contribute to recurrent infections. What is viral specificity?Viral specificity refers to the ability of a virus to infect specific host cells or tissues. Different viruses have varying degrees of specificity, with some being able to infect a wide range of cells, while others are highly specific and can only infect certain types of cells. What is cell lysis?Cell lysis refers to the bursting or rupturing of a host cell, typically as a result of viral replication. During the lytic cycle, the host cell becomes filled with newly synthesized viral particles, and eventually, the cell membrane ruptures, releasing the viruses to infect other cells. What is the role of reverse transcriptase in viral replication?Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that allows certain viruses, such as retroviruses, to convert their RNA genome into DNA. This DNA can then be integrated into the host cells genome and serve as a template for the production of new viral RNA and proteins. Reverse transcriptase is essential for retroviral replication and is often targeted by antiviral drugs. What is a capsid?A capsid is a protective protein coat that surrounds the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of a virus. It provides structural integrity to the virus and helps protect its genetic material from damage. What is viral evolution?Viral evolution refers to the process by which viruses undergo genetic changes over time. This evolution can occur through genetic mutations, genetic recombination, or reassortment of genetic material. Viral evolution is driven by selective pressures, such as host immune responses or changes in the environment, and can result in the emergence of new viral strains or the acquisition of new traits. What is the structure of a virus?The structure of a virus typically consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses may also have an outer envelope composed of lipids. The genetic material carries the information necessary for viral replication, and the capsid provides structural support and protection. lasdasdyurrrrr Transport in the body and cells is predominantly water-based. Substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, sugars, amino acids, and salt readily dissolve in water.What is the significance of water in transportation? The specific heat capacity of water is high, meaning it takes a lot of energy to heat up water and it can hold/store a lot of energy as well. This property allows water to provide a stable environment for cellular processes.What is the specific heat capacity of water? Water remains a liquid over a large temperature range, dissolves most substances used in living processes, and changes temperature gradually.What are the important properties of water? Water is important because it is the most abundant molecule in any cell, comprising 65 to 90% of the cells mass, and it is also over 70% of the Earths surface.Why is water considered important? Water has all these properties because it is a polar molecule. When electrons are shared unequally in a covalent bond, a molecule can become polar, meaning it has slightly positive and negative ends.What makes water capable of having all these properties? Water is a polar molecule because electrons are shared unequally in a covalent bond, creating slightly positive and negative ends.What makes water a polar molecule? Waters high specific heat capacity means it takes a lot of energy to heat up water and it can hold/store a lot of energy as well. This property allows water to provide a stable environment for cellular processes.What is the significance of waters high specific heat capacity? Substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, sugars, amino acids, and salt readily dissolve in water.What happens to substances used in living processes when they are dissolved in water? Depending on the cell, water can comprise 65 to 90% of the cells mass.What percentage of a cells mass can water comprise? Over 70% of the Earths surface is water.How much of the Earths surface is water? Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes allows for genetic diversity through the recombination and mixing of genetic material from two parent organisms. This helps to increase the adaptation and survival of the species in changing environments.What is the significance of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes? Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell, while multicellular organisms are made up of multiple cells. Unicellular organisms can reproduce asexually, while multicellular organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Multicellular organisms also have specialized cells and tissues that perform specific functions. While unicellular organisms do not.&nbsp;What are the differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms? Prokaryotes are very primitive cells with no nucleus, organelles, or internal structures/organization. They tend to be smaller in size and reproduce asexually. They include bacteria and archaea.What are the characteristics of prokaryotes? Unicellular organisms are smaller in size because they consist of a single cell that needs to perform all necessary functions for survival. Being smaller allows for a greater surface area-to-volume ratio, which is important for exchanging nutrients, gases, and waste with the environment.Why do unicellular organisms tend to be smaller in size? Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes and are larger and more complex. They have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular and reproduce sexually. They include protists, plants, fungi, and animals.What are the characteristics of eukaryotes? Mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have evolved through endosymbiosis, where ancient eukaryotic cells engulfed free-living bacteria or cyanobacteria that were capable of aerobic respiration or photosynthesis, respectively. Over time, these engulfed bacteria became integrated into the host cell and formed a symbiotic relationship, eventually developing into mitochondria and chloroplasts.How did mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve in eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotes are simpler and smaller than eukaryotes. They lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have both. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, while eukaryotes can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Eukaryotes are also more complex in terms of cellular organization and structure.How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ? Examples of eukaryotic organisms include protists (e.g., amoebas, algae), plants, fungi (e.g., mushrooms, yeasts), and animals (e.g., humans, dogs, birds).What are some examples of eukaryotic organisms? Viruses recognize host cells by surface proteins on cells, attach themselves to the host cell, inject their DNA or RNA into the host cell, reprogram the host cell to produce new viral cells, and then the host cell bursts open, releasing the new viral cells to infect new cells.How do viruses reproduce? In the lytic cycle, the virus attaches to the host cell and injects its DNA. It takes over the host cells metabolism and reprograms it to produce viral DNA and proteins. The viruses then assemble in the host cell, the host cell bursts, and the new viruses infect other cells.How does the lytic cycle work? Viruses contain DNA or RNA, are surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid, have no cytoplasm, organelles, or membranes, do not carry out respiration or metabolism, do not grow or divide by mitosis, and are totally dependent on a host.What are the characteristics of viruses? Viruses must have evolved after the first cells because they rely on their hosts to survive. However, some scientists argue that due to their simplicity, viruses may have come first.What is the origin of viruses? In the lysogenic cycle, the virus attaches to the host cell and injects its DNA. The viral DNA gets incorporated into the hosts cells and DNA. Each time the hosts cells undergo replication, the viral DNA gets copied as well. Lysis of the host cell is not needed in this cycle.How does the lysogenic cycle work? Vaccines help your body develop an immune response to a virus. Your immune system produces antibodies that are specific to each pathogen it can ward off. Vaccines can contain dead or weakened viruses or focus on parts of a virus to help your body recognize the real pathogen if it ever enters your body.How do vaccines work? The two types of viral cycles are the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle.What are the two types of viral cycles? Viruses are not considered to be alive because they have zero metabolism, lack cellular structures, and cannot reproduce by themselves.Why are viruses not considered to be alive? Surface proteins on host cells in viral reproduction help the virus recognize and attach to the host cell.What is the function of surface proteins on host cells in viral reproduction? Antibodies play a key role in the immune response to viruses by binding to viral particles and marking them for destruction by other immune cells. They can also block viral entry into host cells and neutralize viruses, preventing them from causing further infection.What is the role of antibodies in the immune response to viruses? The lytic cycle involves the immediate replication and release of viral particles, causing cell lysis. The lysogenic cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host cells genome, which can remain dormant for some time before switching to the lytic cycle.What is the difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle? Vaccines are effective in treating viral infections because they help your body develop an immune response specific to the virus. This allows your immune system to quickly recognize and neutralize the virus if you become infected in the future.Why are vaccines effective in treating viral infections? Viruses reprogram host cells by injecting their DNA or RNA into the host cell, which then instructs the host cell to produce new viral cells.How do viruses reprogram host cells? Viral latency is a period of inactivity or dormancy in the life cycle of a virus. During this stage, the virus may temporarily stop replicating and remain dormant within the hosts cells. This allows the virus to evade the immune system and may contribute to recurrent infections.What is viral latency? Viral specificity refers to the ability of a virus to infect specific host cells or tissues. Different viruses have varying degrees of specificity, with some being able to infect a wide range of cells, while others are highly specific and can only infect certain types of cells.What is viral specificity? Cell lysis refers to the bursting or rupturing of a host cell, typically as a result of viral replication. During the lytic cycle, the host cell becomes filled with newly synthesized viral particles, and eventually, the cell membrane ruptures, releasing the viruses to infect other cells.What is cell lysis? Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that allows certain viruses, such as retroviruses, to convert their RNA genome into DNA. This DNA can then be integrated into the host cells genome and serve as a template for the production of new viral RNA and proteins. Reverse transcriptase is essential for retroviral replication and is often targeted by antiviral drugs.What is the role of reverse transcriptase in viral replication? A capsid is a protective protein coat that surrounds the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of a virus. It provides structural integrity to the virus and helps protect its genetic material from damage.What is a capsid? Viral evolution refers to the process by which viruses undergo genetic changes over time. This evolution can occur through genetic mutations, genetic recombination, or reassortment of genetic material. Viral evolution is driven by selective pressures, such as host immune responses or changes in the environment, and can result in the emergence of new viral strains or the acquisition of new traits.What is viral evolution? The structure of a virus typically consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses may also have an outer envelope composed of lipids. The genetic material carries the information necessary for viral replication, and the capsid provides structural support and protection.What is the structure of a virus? yurrrrrlasdasd What is the BNA Act?&nbsp;The BNA Act meant that Canada is not totally independent because Britain controlled Canada's foreign affairs. Canada could not make treaties with other countries. If Britain declared war, Canada was automatically at war.&nbsp; What are some of the Federal Government Powers?&nbsp;<ul><li>Citizenship&nbsp;</li><li>Criminal law</li><li>Employment insurance</li><li>Postal services</li><li>Indigenous lands and rights</li><li>Immigration</li><li>Oceans and fisheries</li></ul> What are some of the PROVINCIAL government's powers?&nbsp;<ul><li>property rights</li><li>marriage and divorce</li><li>police forces</li><li>highways and roads</li><li>provinical jails</li><li>hospitals and health care</li><li>education</li></ul> What are some of the MUNICIPAL government's powers?&nbsp;<ul><li>waste collection</li><li>emergency services</li><li>building permits</li><li>water services</li><li>night-time noise</li></ul> What is the Statute of Westminster?&nbsp;The act that gave Canada control over its foreign affairs.&nbsp; What is the definition of a species?A species can be defined as a group of organisms that can freely breed with each other under natural conditions or by shared physical characteristics. What are the seven taxa in taxonomy?"The seven taxa in taxonomy are: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,Family,Genus andSpecies.&nbsp;<img src=""Taxonomic_Rank_Graph.svg"">" What is the purpose of the hierarchy in taxonomy?The hierarchy in taxonomy allows for a systematic classification of organisms, starting from broader groups (kingdoms) to more specific groups (species) How are organisms named in taxonomy?Organisms are named using a system called binomial nomenclature, which consists of two words. The first word represents the genus and starts with a capital letter, while the second word represents the species and does not start with a capital letter. What is the purpose of using an universal naming system?The purpose of using an universal naming system is to eliminate confusion and provide a standardized way to identify and track organisms. What is taxonomy?Taxonomy is the practice of classifying organisms into hierarchical groups. What is binomial nomenclature?&nbsp;Binomial nomenclature is the system of using two name words for each species. Their names are based on greek or latin words. (e.x felis domesticus) What are hyphae?Hyphae are specialized structures in fungi that resemble roots in appearance and can exchange genetic material. How do fungi obtain nutrients?Fungi digest food outside their bodies by secreting enzymes and then absorb the small molecules. Are fungi photosynthetic?No, they are not photosynthetic. What is the main component of the cell walls of fungi?Chitin What are the two main classifications of plants?The two main classifications of plants are non-vascular plants and vascular plants. How do fungi reproduce asexually?Fungi can reproduce asexually through fragmentation, budding, binary fission, and spores. How do fungi reproduce sexually?Fungi can reproduce sexually through the exchange of genetic material between hyphae or through the formation of specialized reproductive structures. What are the characteristics of non-vascular plants?Non-vascular plants do not have an internal transport system for water and nutrients. What is the role of fungi in the ecosystem?Fungi are important decomposers and can also be aggressive plant parasites or form symbiotic relationships with algae or plants. How do fungi differ from animals and protozoans in terms of feeding?Fungi do not consume food like animals and protozoans. They digest food outside their bodies by secreting enzymes and then absorb the small molecules. What is binary fission?&nbsp;Binary fission is when an organism splits into two identical individual organisms. This is a form of asexual reproduction since no sex is taking place.&nbsp; What are the two types of body symmetry in animals?The two types of body symmetry in animals are:<br>- Radial: based on circles, where the organism can be divided into multiple equal halves.<br>- Bilateral: the organism can be divided into two equal halves. What are the major characteristics of animals?The major characteristics of animals include: <br>- Body organization: closed vs. open systems, with more complex inner structures such as cells organized into tissues and organs.<br>- Body layers: ectoderm (outer layer), endoderm (inner layer), and mesoderm (middle layer).<br>- Body symmetry: radial or bilateral.<br>- Digestive tract or gut: one opening (multifunctional) or two openings (intake and outward release).<br>- Coelom: fluid-filled body cavity that allows for the development of more complex organ systems. Name eight phyla in the animal kingdom that will be covered in this course.The eight phyla covered in this course are: <br>1) Porifera<br>2) Cnidaria<br>3) Platyhelminthes<br>4) Annelida<br>5) Mollusca<br>6) Arthropoda<br>7) Echinodermata<br>8) Chordates What is a coelom and why is it important?A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity found in animals. It allows for the development of more complex organ systems. What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome in terms of digestive tract development?In terms of digestive tract development, the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome is:<br>- Protostome: the mouth opening develops first.<br>- Deuterostome: the anus develops first, which is more advanced. What are the two broad groups in the animal kingdom?Invertebrates and Vertebrates.<br><br>Invertebrates do not have a backbone, while vertebrates have a notochord (spine) for at least part of their life cycle. What are three body layers in animals and what do they form?The three body layers in animals are ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. <br>- Ectoderm forms the outer layer, including the skin and nervous system. <br>- Endoderm forms the inner layer, lining the body cavity. <br>- Mesoderm forms the middle layer, including the circulatory system. What is the process of sexual reproduction in bacteria called?The process of sexual reproduction in bacteria is called conjugation. It involves the transfer of pieces of DNA of various lengths from one bacterium to another through a structure called a pilus. How do archaea reproduce?Archaea reproduce by means of binary fission, similar to bacteria. What are bacteria?Bacteria are unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms found in every habitat on Earth. They form much of the Earths biomass and can move with the aid of cilia or a flagellum. Bacteria can be classified according to their shape, cell wall, and food sources. What are the two types of bacterial cell walls?The two types of bacterial cell walls are gram-positive and gram-negative. They are named after their ability to hold an identifying stain called Gram, which is due to the thickness of a polymer called murein in their cell walls. How can bacteria be classified by shape?Bacteria can be classified into different shapes, including cocci (round), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilli (spiral-shaped). How does bacteria reproduce?Bacteria can reproduce via asexual and sexual means. Asexual reproduction is done through binary fission, in which the parent cell divides into two new identical cells. Bacteria have a single strand of circular DNA and undergo repeated doubling called exponential growth. What is the distinguishing feature of Kingdom Archaea?Kingdom Archaea is composed of unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms. Their distinguishing feature is the presence of special lipids in their cell walls that allow them to withstand very extreme conditions. What are the different colony arrangements of bacteria?Bacteria can have different colony arrangements, including diplo (cells arranged in pairs), strepto (cells arranged in chains), and staphylo (cells arranged in clusters). What are halophiles?Halophiles are a type of archaea that thrive in extremely salty environments. They have adapted to high salt concentrations and can survive and multiply in conditions where most other organisms cannot. What is the significance of photosynthetic protists in aquatic ecosystems?Photosynthetic protists, also known as algae, are primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. They carry out photosynthesis to convert sunlight into energy, and in the process, they produce oxygen and serve as food sources for other organisms in the ecosystem. What are psychrophiles?Psychrophiles are a type of archaea that are adapted to live in unusually cold temperatures, such as polar regions. They have specific enzymes and cellular structures that allow them to function in extremely cold environments. What are some examples of parasitic protists?There are several examples of parasitic protists, including Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, and Giardia, a cause of gastrointestinal infections. These protists rely on a host organism for survival and reproduction. What is binary fission?Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction in bacteria and archaea, where the parent cell divides into two new identical cells. It is the primary method of reproduction for these microorganisms. What is the role of plasmids in bacteria?Plasmids are circular DNA molecules found in bacteria. They contain genes that may provide advantages to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to produce certain chemicals. Plasmids can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation. What are thermoacidophiles?Thermoacidophiles are a type of archaea that thrive in extremely acidic and hot environments, such as volcanic springs or deep-sea hydrothermal vents. They have unique adaptations that allow them to withstand these harsh conditions. What are the characteristics of methanogens?Methanogens are a type of archaea that live in environments such as swamps and sewage. They can produce methane as a waste product. Methanogens are unique in their ability to survive in anaerobic (oxygen-free) environments. What are the different food sources of bacteria?Bacteria can have different food sources. <br>They can be autotrophs, which use photosynthesis to obtain energy from light, <br>They can be heterotrophs, which actively feed off of organic compounds. (humans and animals are heterotrophs) What are some examples of different types of archaea?Some examples of different types of archaea include: <br>methanogens, which live below swamps and sewage and give off methane as waste; <br>halophiles, which love salty environments; <br>thermoacidophiles, which love acids and heat; <br>psychrophiles, which live at unusually cold temperatures. How are protists classified?Protists are classified into three major groups based on their type of nutrition: <br>protozoa (animal-like protists), <br>algae (plant-like protists), <br>slime and water molds (protists with characteristics of fungi, protozoa, and plants). What are protists?Protists are eukaryotes that can be unicellular or multicellular. <br>They have various feeding methods and most are aerobic, requiring oxygen. <br>They play a significant role as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, and photosynthetic protists are considered precursors to plants. Terrestrial protists must live in moist conditions, and many are parasites. What are the two types of evidence from the past?&nbsp;"<ul><li><span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;"">Primary source documents: evidence that comes from the time of the events. (e.x artifacts, written accounts, fossils, bones.)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;"">Secondary source documents: evidence that has been produced after the events and is based on primary evidence. (e.x translations of ancient works, documentaries, articles.)&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></li><li><a href=""https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPv6lJL7oZOI&amp;psig=AOvVaw0NUlXEeckS67Pnute4SKW_&amp;ust=1695414548520000&amp;source=images&amp;cd=vfe&amp;opi=89978449&amp;ved=0CA4QjRxqFwoTCJiH-cLFvIEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD"" style=""font-size: 16.6667px;""><img alt=""Primary vs. Secondary Sources - YouTube"" src=""maxresdefault.jpg"" style=""float: left;""></a></li></ul>" What is Archaeology?&nbsp;The study of past human life and culture by the recovery and examination of inorganic remains such as graves, tools, buildings and pottery.&nbsp; What is anthropology?&nbsp;The study of anatomical and mental makeup of humanity by examining historic and present geographial distribution, cultural history, acculturation and racial classifcation.&nbsp; What is palentology?&nbsp;The study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric times as represented by the fossil of plants, animals and organisms.&nbsp; What is paleopathology?&nbsp;The study of ancient diseases and their origins. Understanding the origins and spread of infectious diseases.&nbsp; What is ethnology?&nbsp;The science that deals with the racial or national division of humanity through comparison and analysis of origin distribution, relations and societies.&nbsp; What is stratigraphy?&nbsp;The study of the layers (stratal of archaelogial remains of a site.) It is based on the principle that most recent materials are found at or just belows the surface.&nbsp; What is osteology?&nbsp;A detailed scientific study of composite structure of human bomes, exploring the basic skeletal frame, teeth, diagnosis of disease, classifcation, dealing with sex, age, size, development and termination of the original living person.&nbsp; What are the four different types of bone identification?&nbsp;Long Bone: found in arms, legs, (femur, tibia, humerus, radius)&nbsp;<br>Short bone: similar to long bones but found in metacarpals, metarsals, phalnges of hands + feet.&nbsp;<br>Flat bone: thin, broad-surfaced bones (ribs, sternum, scapula)&nbsp;<br>Irregular Bone: anything not covered above.&nbsp; "<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pottery"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the most common of all archaelogical finds and has been for over 10,000 years.&nbsp;""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pottery</span> is the most common of all archaelogical finds and has been for over 10,000 years.&nbsp;<br> " What are creationists?&nbsp;Creationism stems from the belief in the literal translatin of the Bible as described in the Book of Genesis where God created the earth.&nbsp; What are evolutionists?&nbsp;People who believe in the theory of evolution.&nbsp; What is natural selection?&nbsp;Species which had certain characteristics and were able to survive and breed whereas others would die before reproduction thereby not passing on their incapable characteristics.&nbsp; "<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Missing&#x20;Link"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp; - Term used by scientists&nbsp;<br><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Transitional&#x20;Fossil"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> - term used by creationists- imples a time before the evolutionary process.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><a href=""https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffavpng.com%2Fpng_view%2Fsocially-present-neandertal-human-evolution-homo-sapiens-transitional-fossil-png%2FX5zxa9nG&amp;psig=AOvVaw0xik83KjWfeubB2dAtkdHi&amp;ust=1695415406034000&amp;source=images&amp;cd=vfe&amp;opi=89978449&amp;ved=0CA4QjRxqFwoTCJCDrtzIvIEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI""><img alt=""Neandertal Human Evolution Homo Sapiens Transitional Fossil, PNG, 1690x600px, Watercolor, Cartoon, Flower, Frame, Heart Download Free"" src=""neandertal-human-evolution-homo-sapiens-transitional-fossil-png-favpng-5vzg3REwZHHbR01ytp6aWsA3e.jpg""></a>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Missing Link</span>&nbsp; - Term used by scientists&nbsp;<br><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Transitional Fossil</span> - term used by creationists- imples a time before the evolutionary process.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><a href=""https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffavpng.com%2Fpng_view%2Fsocially-present-neandertal-human-evolution-homo-sapiens-transitional-fossil-png%2FX5zxa9nG&amp;psig=AOvVaw0xik83KjWfeubB2dAtkdHi&amp;ust=1695415406034000&amp;source=images&amp;cd=vfe&amp;opi=89978449&amp;ved=0CA4QjRxqFwoTCJCDrtzIvIEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI""><img alt=""Neandertal Human Evolution Homo Sapiens Transitional Fossil, PNG, 1690x600px, Watercolor, Cartoon, Flower, Frame, Heart Download Free"" src=""neandertal-human-evolution-homo-sapiens-transitional-fossil-png-favpng-5vzg3REwZHHbR01ytp6aWsA3e.jpg""></a><br> " "<b><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hominids"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: the family of mankind and his or her relatives</span></div></b>""<b><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hominids</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: the family of mankind and his or her relatives</span></div></b><br> " "<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bi&#x2D;pedalism"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: the ability to walk upright on two feet being the fundamental importance in the evolution of humanity because it freed the hands, allowing a multitude of tasks like carrying, tool-making and intricate manipulation of objects.</span></b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Bi-pedalism</span><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: the ability to walk upright on two feet being the fundamental importance in the evolution of humanity because it freed the hands, allowing a multitude of tasks like carrying, tool-making and intricate manipulation of objects.</span></b><br> " "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" What were some of the punishments mentioned in the Code of Hammurabi?The Code of Hammurabi mentioned various punishments for offenses, including the loss of body parts such as hands or breasts for careless actions, as well as death as a sentence for certain crimes. What were some of the professions or occupations mentioned in the Code of Hammurabi?The Code of Hammurabi mentioned various professions or occupations, such as barbers, doctors, bankers, artisans, merchants, builders, physicians, farmers, and people in service and slaves. What were some of the characteristics of the Code of Hammurabi?The Code of Hammurabi had several characteristics, including: a sense of being merciful, the protection of children born by a prostitute, a hierarchy of social classes, the presence of prostitution and slavery, and the worth of an unborn child. What did the Code of Hammurabi reveal about the social structure of ancient Mesopotamia?The Code of Hammurabi revealed a hierarchical social structure in ancient Mesopotamia. At the top of the hierarchy was the palace or king, followed by artisans, merchants, builders, physicians, farmers, and people in service and slaves. How did the people in ancient Mesopotamia record information?The people in ancient Mesopotamia recorded information using a writing system called cuneiform. They used symbols that represented objects or elements of their environment and used clay tablets to record information. They would press or stamp the symbols onto the clay using reeds as a stylus. What were walls and towers like in Jericho?Walls and towers in Jericho were 12 feet high, 9 feet thick, and had 25 foot towers. What is the significance of Catalhöyük?Catalhöyük is significant because ritual sites dating back to 9000 BCE have been found there. What is a Tell?A Tell is a building covered with later structures. What have been found in Jerichos rectangular stone houses?Rectangular stone houses in Jericho have plaster floors. What is the estimated radiocarbon dating of Jericho?The estimated radiocarbon dating of Jericho is 9000-12000 BCE. Where were the burials placed in Catalhöyük?Burials in Catalhöyük were placed under the floors and in between the walls, although they were not found in all houses. What are some archaeological finds of the first civilizations in the Near and Middle East?Some archaeological finds of the first civilizations in the Near and Middle East are Jericho, Catalhöyük, Ur, and Nineveh. What significant findings were made at the burial site in Ur?The significant findings at the burial site in Ur were the inclusion of ritual objects like pots or cups with the buried dead. What is the Fertile Crescent?The Fertile Crescent is the region located in the Middle East between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where there is evidence of early plant cultivation and animal domestication. What cult or ritual was suggested by the decorations of bull horns and bulls in wall art at Catalhöyük?The decorations of bull horns and bulls in wall art at Catalhöyük suggest a cult or ritual involving bulls. Who conducted the excavation at Ur in the 1920s?British archaeologist Leonard Woolley conducted the excavation at Ur in the 1920s. Were there burial goods found with the deceased in Jericho?No burial goods were found with the deceased in Jericho, indicating no proof of belief in an afterlife. What type of wheat is believed to have been cultivated in Catalhöyük?Based on archaeological digs, it is believed that the civilization in Catalhöyük relied on Einkorn wheat or single grain wheat. What luxury items were found in the tombs at Ur?Objects like jewelry, precious metals like lapis lazuli, and other luxury items were found in the tombs at Ur. What were the characteristics of the buried bodies in Jericho?The bodies in Jericho often did not have their skulls, and the skulls that were found were decorated with inlaid eyes and decoration on the plaster of the face. What are some characteristics of the rectangular stone houses in Catalhöyük?The rectangular stone houses in Catalhöyük also had plaster, similar to Jericho. What was the significance of the royal tomb of Queen Pu-abi in Ur?The royal tomb of Queen Pu-abi in Ur was significant because it was carefully excavated and contained valuable objects. What does the presence of imported metals in the tombs at Ur indicate?The presence of imported metals in the tombs at Ur indicates that trade and commerce were evident at this time. What were some of the clay figures found at Catalhöyük?Clay figures found at Catalhöyük often represented women and were believed to represent fertility. Where were burials found in Jericho?Burials in Jericho were found under the floors, between walls, under other household structures, and even in the tower.