ART APP 1: FINALS
Lesson 1.2: Classic to Gothic
Architecture
Ancient Egyptian Architecture
Most important buildings in ancient Egypt were
temples, tombs, and palaces.
- Royal tombs and pyramids
were of elaborate
structures with important religious purposes
- The tombs for the elite members of Egyptian society
were less elaborate than royal tombs, but they were
nevertheless impressive.
- Temples were built as houses for the gods, where the
gods could appear on earth.
- Focal point of any temple was a sanctuary area that
contained a cult statue of the god.
- In about 1250 bc Ramses II, pharaoh of Egypt, built two
sandstone temples at Abū Simbel in southern Egypt.
Entrance doorway to the site’s main temple shows four
seated statues of Ramses II.
- Temple at Luxor, The ancient Egyptian temple at Luxor
on the east bank of the Nile River was built to honor the
gods
Egyptian Architecture
- Developed since 3000 BC
- Characterized by :
>> Post and lintel construction
>> Massive walls covered with hieroglyphic and pictorial
carving
>> Flat roofs
>> Structures included as the mastaba, obelisk, pylon and
the Pyramids
>> Houses were built of clay or baked bricks
Greek Architecture
- Greek life was dominated by religion.
- Temples of ancient Greece were the biggest and most
beautiful.
- They also had a political purpose.
- often built to celebrate civic power and pride
- offer thanksgiving to the patron deity of a city
for success in war.
- Greeks developed three architectural systems, called
orders, each with its own distinctive proportions and
detailing.
- Doric
- Ionic
- Corinthian
Doric style
- is rather sturdy and its top (the capital), is plain.
- This style was used in mainland Greece and the
colonies in southern Italy and Sicily.
Ionic style
- is thinner and more elegant.
- Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a
volute).
- This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands.
The Temple of Athena Nike
- Built about 300 BC.
- design of the temple was known as dipteral, a term that
refers to the two sets of columns surround ing the
interior section.
Corinthian style
- is seldom used in the Greek world, but often seen on
Roman temples.
- Its capital is very elaborate and decorated with
acanthus leaves.
- Most ornate of the classical order.
Basic Parts of a Column
- Cornice, Frieze, Architrave, Capital, Shaft, Base
Entablature
- the structure which lies horizontally above columns and
which is composed of the architrave, frieze and cornice.
Pediment
- the triangular space above the entablature at the short
sides of a temple. Often richly decorated with sculpture in
the round.
Tympanum
- the area enclosed by a pediment, whether triangular or
segmental
Ancient Greece
- Setting for performance comprised three areas:
- Orchestra (where action took place)
- Skene (low architectural façade to which
painted scenery could be fitted)
- Semi circular auditorium cut into the hillside
ART APP 1: FINALS
Roman Architecture
Roman Architecture - Theater
- Art and architecture of ancient Rome and its empire,
which at its height extended from the British Isles to the
Caspian Sea
- Semicircular in plan and consisted of a tall stage
building abutting a semicircular orchestra and tiered
seating area (cavea).
- Unlike Greek theaters, which were situated on natural
slopes, Roman theaters were supported by their own
framework of piers and vaults
- Could be constructed in the hearts of cities.
Roman Architecture- Forum
- Open area bordered by colonnades with shops
- Functioned as the chief meeting place of the town.
- Focal point of the city
- Usually situated at the center of the city
- Intersection of the cardus and the decumanus.
Roman Town Planning
- The plan of the city was based on the camp
- It had two main axes
- Cardeus E-W
- Decumanus N-S
- Where the two converged was the forum
- The rest of the space was divided into squares in which
insulae or blocks of flats were built
Roman Architecture - Basilica
- Large structure in ancient Roman, usually built on a
rectangular design
- used for law courts or for commerce
Roman Architecture - Capitolium
- Chief temple of a Roman city, generally located at one
end of the forum.
- Standard Roman temple was a blend of Etruscan and
Greek elements;
- rectangular in plan
- had a gabled roof
- a deep porch with freestanding column
0-frontal staircase giving access to its high plinth, or
platform.
Pantheon in Rome
- one of the most famous buildings in the world
- It was commissioned by Hadrian in 118 and completed
in 128.
- Interior of the Roman Pantheon with the Oculos or
opening at the center of the ceiling
Colosseum in Rome (70-82)
- Best known for its multilevel system of vaults made of
concrete.
- Real name is the Flavian Amphitheater.
- It was used for staged battles between lions and
Christians, among other spectacles,
- one of the most famous pieces of architecture in the
world
Roman Architecture – Public Baths
- Large cities and small towns alike also had public
baths (thermae)
- Generally made up of a suite of dressing rooms and
bathing chambers with hot- , warm- , and cold-water
baths (caldaria, tepidaria, frigidaria) alongside an
exercise area, the palaestra.
- Under the empire these comparatively modest
structures became progressively grander
Roman Architecture - Infrastructure
most noteworthy public building projects of the
Romans:
- network of bridges and roads that facilitated
travel throughout the empire
- Aqueducts that brought water to the towns
from mountain sources .
Roman Architecture - Residences
- Domus Italica, or early Republican house for upper
middle class, consisted of:
- an entrance corridor (fauces)
- a main room (atrium) open to the sky with a
central basin for the collection of rainwater
- a series of small bedrooms (cubicula)
- an office area (tablinum)
- a dining room (triclinium)
- a kitchen (culina)
- perhaps a small garden (hortus)
ART APP 1: FINALS
Roman Architecture – Residences (Villas)
Early Christian/Byzantine Architecture
Had grand reception halls, public dining areas,
fountains, and a garden in the form of a stadium, in
addition to a residential wing
- Suburban Villas
- Often incorporated fields, lakes, shrines, and
thermal complexes.
- For the wealthy Romans
- Insula
- multistory brick and concrete structures
strikingly similar to modern apartment houses.
- City dwellers of the imperial period who could
not afford private residences lived here.
- Art works and buildings produced between the 3rd and
7th centuries for the Christian Church.
- Buildings were of two types:
- Longitudinal hall, or basilica
- Centralized building, frequently a baptistery or
a mausoleum
- Early Byzantine art and architecture falls within the reign
(527-65) of the emperor Justinian, a prolific builder and a
patron of the arts.
Mosaic
- Throughout the empire, mosaics were used when an
opulent effect was desired.
Roman Architecture - Concrete
- Material invented by the Romans
- (opus caementicium),
artificial building material
composed of an aggregate, a binding agent, and water.
- Aggregate is essentially a filler, such as gravel, chunks
of stone and rubble, broken bricks, etc.
- revolutionized the history of architecture
- permitted the Romans to put up buildings that were
impossible to construct with the traditional stone
post-and-lintel system
- Stone post-and-lintel construction, lintels, or beams are laid horizontally across the tops of posts, or columns;.
- In arch, vault, and dome construction, the spanning
element is curved rather than straight.
Concrete Construction
Barrel Vault
- extension of a simple arch creating semi-cylindrical
ceiling over parallel walls
Groin Vault
- Formed by the intersection at right angles of two barrel
vaults of equal size
Triumphal Arches
- original purpose of such monuments was solely to
support honorific statuary
- Under Augustus and succeeding emperors, arches
became more elaborate.
- Covered with extensive series of relief panels
advertising the victories and good deeds of the
emperors.
- Reliefs often recounted specific historical events, but
frequently allegorical scenes were also
Hagia Sophia
- Built in Constantinople, in five years by Justinian and
consecrated in 537
- Unadorned exterior masses build up to an imposing
pyramidal complex
- As in all Byzantine churches it is the interior that counts.
- Vast central dome, which rises some 56 m (185 ft) from
the pavement, is dramatically poised over a circle of light
radiating from the cornea of windows at its base.
- Four curved or spherical triangles, called pendentives,
support its rim and are in turn locked into the corners of a
square formed by four huge arches.
- From a Christian Church, Hagia Sophia was converted
into Muslim mosque in the mid-15th century when the
Ottomans conquered the Byzantine Empire.
- Four towers called minarets, typical feature of mosques,
were added.
- The Pantocrator was originally painted on the interior of
the dome. It was superimposed with Islamic art design.
- This beautiful apse mosaic, depicting of the enthroned
Virgin and Child, is the oldest of the surviving mosaics in
Hagia Sophia.
Minaret
- tall, round towers used to call the faithful to prayer
Pendentive
- a spherical triangle which acts as a transition between
a circular dome and a square base on which the dome is
set
ART APP 1: FINALS
Gothic Architecture
- Style of architecture, sculpture, and painting that
developed from Romanesque and became predominant
in Europe by middle of the 13th century
- Produced in Europe during the latter part of the Middle
Ages (5th century to 15th century)
- Religious and secular buildings
- Sculpture
- Stained glass
- Illuminated manuscripts
- other decorative arts
- Originally the word Gothic was used by Italian
Renaissance writers as a derogatory term for all art and
architecture of the Middle Ages
- They regarded such works as comparable to the works
of barbarian Goths
- Gothic Age ended with the advent of the Renaissance in
Italy about the beginning of the 15th century.
- Gothic Age is now considered one of Europe’s
outstanding artistic eras
- Dominant expression of the Gothic Age.
- Continued well into the 16th century in northern Europe,
long after the other arts had embraced the Renaissance
- Church was most prolific builder of the Middle Ages.
- Gothic architecture evolved and attained its fullest
realization
- Aesthetic qualities of Gothic architecture depend on a
structural development: the ribbed vault
- Medieval churches had solid stone vaults (structure
that supports ceiling or roof).
- In turn, walls had to be heavy and thick enough to bear
weight of stone vaults
- Pressure could be counteracted readily by narrow
buttresses and by external arches, called flying
buttresses.
- Consequently, thick walls of Romanesque architecture
could be largely replaced by thinner walls with glass
windows
- Interiors could reach unprecedented heights.
- A revolution in building techniques thus occurred
- Long three-aisled nave intercepted by a transept and
followed by a shorter choir and sanctuary
- Gothic harmonic facade, surmounted by twin towers,
reiterates in its triple portals and in its threefold vertical
division
- In France, late Gothic architecture is known as
flamboyant, from the flamelike forms of its intricate
curvilinear tracery
- Chapel of King’s College (begun 1443), Cambridge,
achieves a majestic homogeneity through use of the fan
vaulting
- Because they are attached to colonnettes by which
they are supported, they are known as statue-columns
Buttress
- Masonry structure that supports a load-bearing wall
Abutment
- Masonry structure on which a flying buttress rests to
transfer the weight of the vault
Pinnacle
- Pyramidal or conical crown on an abutment.
Flying Buttress
- Masonry structure in the shape of a partial arch
- It supports a wall by transferring the pressure of the
vaults onto an abutment.
Transept Spire
- Tapering part in the shape of a pyramid that surmounts
the tower located at the transept crossing.
Tracery
- Arrangement by which panels or windows are divided
into parts or different sizes by means of molded stone
bars or ribs
Rose Window
- Large circular stained glass windows found in Gothic
churches
Colonnette
- Small column, baluster or slender circular shaft
- Small, thin columns, often used for decoration or to
support an arcade.
Rayonnant style
- named for its radiating spokes
- Center circle depicts Virgin and Child, surrounded by
figures of prophets.
- Second circle shows 32 Old Testament kings, outer
circle depicts 32 high priests and patriarchs.
Beauvais Cathedral
- Emphasis on verticality and in attenuation of supports.
ART APP 1: FINALS
- Word Rayonnant is derived from the radiating spokes,
like those of a wheel, of enormous rose window
- Spirit of the Rayonnant, best represented by
Sainte-Chapelle, a spacious palace chapel built by Louis
IX
Lesson 7.1: Art & Religion
Didactic
- To teach, to inform
Liturgical
- Rite or body of rites for public worship
Devotional
- aid Christians in their religious devotion.
Art & Religion
- Both transcend rational limits of human mind
- Both depend heavily on possibilities of symbolic
representation of spiritual reality
- Man can feel himself to be in communication with the
inexpressible infinite
Aesthetic Presentation
- Religious paintings
Symbolic
- used to convey concepts concerned with humanity's
relationship to the sacred or holy
Venus of Willendorf
- Upper Paleolithic female figurine found in 1908 at
Willendorf, Austria.
- Believed to be a fertility figure, a good-luck totem, a
mother goddess symbol.
Stonehenge
- Prehistoric stone circle monument, cemetery, and
archaeological site located on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire,
England
- Stands as an icon for all that is mysterious and
awe-inspiring about humanity’s prehistoric past.
Lascaux Cave Paintings, France
- The 15,000- to 17,000-year-old paintings, consisting
mostly of animal representations
- Among the finest examples of art from the Upper
Paleolithic period.
Art
- Essentially concerned with beauty
- A work of art is not judged by any religious or ethical
standards
Religion
- Offers coherent whole on which man can base his
present existence and his hereafter.
- Not judged by criteria of beauty
Functions of Religious Art
- Didactic, Liturgical, Symbolic, Devotional, Aesthetic
Artist’s Primary Elements
- Color, Composition, Form
Color
- Evokes emotion (Response within the viewer)
- Beautifies the surface
- Symbolic meaning associated with colors such as white
for innocence and purple for royalty are culturally
conditioned.
Gargoyle
- grotesque carved human or animal face or figure
projecting from the gutter of a building
- typically acting as a spout to carry water clear of a wall.
Composition
- Presentation and arrangement of elements within the
painting’s boundaries or frames
- Early Christian art – minimal in figuration with little or no
detail.
- The linear or circular pattern of composition of
elements within the picture’s frame delineated both the
direction of the viewer’s eye and action within the
depicted story.
ART APP 1: FINALS
Form
- Presentation of figures in either a representational or
an abstract way
- Presentation of human figure in a naturalistic manner
not found in Christian painting until late Medieval or Early
Renaissance
- Naturalistic Manner- recognizable body appropriate in
size, shape and proportion to the categories of the
society of its time
Renaissance
- Human Body rendered in naturalistic fashion
- Transformed Christian understanding not simply of the
human but of the incarnation
- Human figures became entry points into the:
- Work of Art
- Interpretation of the Depicted Story
Subject Matter
- Scriptural
- Legendary
Iconography
Lesson 7.2: Art History Timeline
Romanesque 1000 CE – 1150 CE
- sculpture, painting, embroidery, and stained glass
would act as adornments and decorations for churches.
Gothic – 1140 CE – 1600 CE
- developed the use of flying buttresses and decorative
tracery between stained glass windows thus creating
interior spaces that dwarfed worshippers and dazzled
their senses.
Renaissance 1400 CE – 1600 CE
- elevated the concepts of aesthetic beauty and
geometric proportions historically provided by classical
thinkers
Mannerism 1520 CE -1600 CE
works
presented
individuals
or
scenes
in
non-naturalistic settings, oftentimes without any
contextual basis, inviting the viewer into a more
philosophical experience rather than a literal reading of
the work.
- The study of subject matter in art
- Meaning is conveyed through specific object chosen by
the artist
- emphasized sensual richness, dramatic realism, intense
emotion, and movement.
Function
Rococo 1720 -1760
- Liturgical
- Didactive
Patronage
- Church
- Others
Baroque 1600 -1725
- carried a strong sense of theatricality and drama,
influenced by stage design.
- Theater's influence could be seen in the innovative
ways painting and decorative objects were woven into
various
environments,
creating
fully
immersive
atmospheres.
Early Christian Art
Neoclassicism 1770-1840
- Christian symbolism invests objects or actions with an
inner meaning expressing Christian ideas
- It brought about a general revival in classical thought
that mirrored what was going on in political and social
arenas of the time, leading to the French Revolution.
Sacrilege
- Irreverent treatment of sacred person, object, or place.
Iconoclasm
- rejection or destruction of religious images
Romanticism 1800-1850
- embraced individuality and subjectivity to counteract
the excessive insistence on logical thought.
- Artists began exploring various emotional and
psychological states as well as moods.
ART APP 1: FINALS
Realism 1840-1870
Expressionism
- Concerned itself with how life was structured socially,
economically, politically, and culturally in the mid-19th
century.
- Encouraged the distortion of form and the deployment
of strong colors to convey a variety of anxieties and
yearnings.
This led to unflinching, sometimes "ugly" portrayals of
life's unpleasant moments and the use of dark, earthy
palettes that confronted high art's ultimate ideals of
- Employed swirling, swaying, and exaggeratedly
executed brushstrokes in the depiction of their subjects.
- Techniques were meant to convey the turgid emotional
beauty.
state of the artist reacting to the anxieties of the modern
world.
Pre-Raphaelite 1848 - 1854
- detailed study of nature by the artist and fidelity to its
appearance, even when this risked showing ugliness.
- It also named a preference for natural forms as the
basis for patterns and decoration that offered an
antidote to the industrial designs of the machine age.
Victorian Classicism – 1848 - 1854
- contained bright and cheerful colors and a stark
attention to very small details within the scene
Art Nouveau
- Aimed at modernizing design, seeking to escape the
eclectic historical styles that had previously been
popular.
- Artists drew inspiration from both organic and
geometric forms, evolving elegant designs that united
flowing, natural forms resembling the stems and
blossoms of plants.
Cubism
Impressionism
- Getting away from depictions of idealized forms and
perfect symmetry
- They concentrated on the world as they saw it, which
was imperfect in a myriad of ways.
Naturalism
- Emphasized particular locations in which the artists
were deeply and intimately familiar.
- Helped to democratize art, making its subjects
comprehensible and familiar to a larger viewership.
Post-Impressionism
- Painting transcended its traditional role as a window
onto the world and instead became a window into the
artist's mind and soul.
- Rather than merely represent their surroundings, they
relied upon the interrelations of color and shape to
describe the world around them.
Symbolism
- Suggested ideas through symbols and emphasized the
meaning behind the forms, lines, shapes, and colors
- Emphasis on emotions, feelings, ideas, and subjectivity
rather than realism.
- Used multiple vantage points to fracture images into
geometric forms.
- Rather than modelled forms in an illusionistic space,
figures were depicted as dynamic arrangements of
volumes and planes where background and foreground
merged.
Futurism
- Sought to sweep away traditional artistic notions and
replace them with an energetic celebration of the
machine age.
- The group developed a number of novel techniques to
express speed and motion, including blurring, repetition,
and the use of lines of force.
Dadaism
- Focus of the artists was not on crafting aesthetically
pleasing objects but on making works that often
upended bourgeois sensibilities
- Generated difficult questions about society, the role of
the artist, and the purpose of art.
Precisionism
- Described a "cool art" in the sense that it established an
objective distance between the work of art and the
viewer.
- Passed over scenes of individual human activity, were
connected through a "cool" level of detachment
ART APP 1: FINALS
Art Deco
- Modern art style that attempts to infuse functional
objects with artistic touches.
- Reflective of the relative newness and mass usage of
Lesson 7.3: Art Conservation
Art Conservation
machine-age technology rather than traditional crafting
methods to produce many objects.
Surrealism
- Sought to channel the unconscious as a means to
unlock the power of the imagination
Abstract Expressionism
- Encouraged artists’ interest in myth and archetypal
symbols
- Shaped artists’ understanding of painting itself as a
struggle between self-expression and the chaos of the
subconscious.
Pop Art
- Art movement of the late 1950s and ’60s that was
inspired by commercial and popular culture
- Although it did not have a specific style or attitude, it
was defined as a diverse response to the postwar era’s
commodity-driven values.
Op Art
- Employs abstract patterns composed with a stark
contrast of foreground and background - often in black
and white for maximum contrast - to produce effects
that confuse and excite the eye.
Minimalism
- Characterized by extreme simplicity of form and a
literal, objective approach.
Photorealism
- Created highly illusionistic images that referred not to
nature but to the reproduced image
Contemporary Art
- “the art of today,” more broadly includes artwork
produced during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
Conservation
- Preserve and or restore to ensure
- SAFETY
- SECURITY
- SURVIVAL
- Don’t put to waste
- All acts that prolong the life of cultural heritage.
- All the processes of looking after a place so as to retain
its cultural significance.
- Place
– site, area, land, landscape, building or other
work, group of buildings or other works, and may
include components, contents, spaces and views.
- refers to all the processes and measures of maintaining
the cultural significance of a cultural property
- includes but not limited to, preservation, restoration,
reconstruction,
protection,
adaptation
or
any
combination thereof;
Cultural Significance
- aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for
past, present or future generations.
Preservation
- prevent, slowdown, or stop deterioration (as is)
- maintain the fabric of a place in its existing state and
retard deterioration
- Fabric
– all physical material of the place including
components, fixtures, contents, and objects.
Restoration
- Bring back to original shape and form.
- Return the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier
state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing
components without the introduction of a new material.
Reconstruction
- return a place to a known earlier state by the
introduction of new material into the fabric.
ART APP 1: FINALS
Maintenance
Principles of Conservation
- continuous protective care of the fabric and setting of a
place.
- Minimum Intervention (Minimalist), Compatible Stability,
Reversibility
Setting
Minimum Intervention (Minimalist)
- the area around a place which may include visual
catchment.
- “The less you touch the better”
- Must not be an imitation, falsification, or attempt to
Renovation
compete with the original
- Must not alter the way the structure was originally
made
- It is better to preserve that to restore, to restore than to
reconstruct
- adaptation and possible “beautification” of a structure.
- Renovation not considered conservation activity
Reversibility
Repair
- involves restoration or reconstruction.
- Whatever is added must also be removable
Remodeling
- Drastic renovation without regard to its original state,
authentic whole, or past. (not a conservation activity)
Monument
- a single structure or group of buildings with one or more
of the following attributes:
1. Historical value associated with important
historical event or being the first structure.
2. Socio-cultural value
depicting values of the
people
3. Artistic/architectural value bearing strong foreign
or local influence of a certain style or period.
4. Uniqueness expressing distinct characteristics
not seen in other structures such as architecture
originality.
Reconstruction
- Return a place to a known earlier state by the
introduction of new material into the fabric.
Causes of Conservation Problems
Intrinsic Causes
- inherent to object (e.g. substandard material)
Extrinsic Cause
- external to the object (e.g. photographic flash,
ultraviolet rays)
Types of Conservation Intervention
- Preventive (Indirect) , Curative (Direct)
Compatible stability
- How long can you control?
Scope of Conservation Program
- General and Specific Areas
- Complexities
- Economic Constraints
- Explosion of Object in all forms
- Technological Changes
- Role of Government
- Role of Private Sector
Conservation in the New Century
- Conservation Transforms Heritage from Neutral to
Critical Case of Interpretation
- Evolves as an increasingly Complex Process
- Internal Complexity
- Practice
- Science
- Technology
- External Complexity
- Shared responsibility (authorities, collectors,
conservator, tourists)
- Is a CHALLENGE to balance different values in:
- Tourism
- Technical & scientific matters
- Professional ethics
- Generally accepted practices
ART APP 1: FINALS
associated with important beliefs, practices, customs
and traditions, periods and personages. (RA 4846)
Ethics and Policy
- Respect for past
- Respect for all concerned
- Re-examine professional views and practices
- Re-evaluate education, distance learning
information technology
ARTIFACTS
and
Procedures in Restoration
Documentation
- Get as much information on the object, structure or
place (both primary and secondary data)
- For structures, measure and draw the existing
architectural plans, elevations, sections
- Photograph or draw as much as one can on the existing
object or structure
Planning
- Evaluate the condition of the structure and consult the
checklist formulated immediately
- Formulate first-aid measures based on checklist
- Decide on the appropriate restoration technique
History of Modern Conservation
- Dr. Friedrich Rathgen in 1888 of the State Museum of
Berlin codified the methods of modern conservation
practice
- Dr. R.E.M. Wheeler established the University of London
Institute of Archaeology in 1936.
- One aspect of the training given at the institute was the
cleaning and restoration of the archaeological artifacts
- From 1924 to 1959, Dr. Harold Plenderleith was head of
the British Museum Research Laboratory.
- In 1959 he was appointed as the founding Director of
ICCROM, then known as the 'Rome Centre'.
- His objective of integrating both the art historical and
the scientific aspects of restoration became the guiding
philosophy of the developing 'Centre'.
ANTIQUES
- Cultural properties found locally which are one hundred
years old or more in age or even less but their production
having ceased, they have, therefore, become rare or are
becoming rare. (RA 4846)
RELICS
- Cultural properties which, either, as a whole or in
fragments, are left behind after the destruction or decay
of the rest of its parts and which are intimately
- Articles which are products of human skills or
workmanship, especially in the simple product or
primitive arts or industry representing past eras or
periods. (RA 4846)
HISTORICAL SITE
- Any place, province, city, town and/or any location and
structure which has played a significant and important
role in the history of our country and nation. (RA 4846)
National Cultural Treasure
- A unique object found locally, possessing outstanding
historical, cultural, artistic and or scientific value which is
highly significant to the country and nation.
- shall refer to a unique cultural property found locally,
possessing outstanding historical, cultural, artistic and/or
scientific value which is highly significant and important
to the country and nation, and officially declared as such
by pertinent cultural agency.
CULTURAL PROPERTIES
- Works of art such as paintings, sculptures, carvings,
jewelry, music, architecture, sketches, drawings, or
illustrations in part or in whole;
- Works of industrial art such as furniture, pottery,
ceramics, wrought iron, gold, bronze, silver, wood or other
heraldic items, metals, coins, medals, badges, insignias,
coat of arms, crests, flags, arm, and armor; vehicles, or
ships or boats in part or in whole.
Historical Landmarks
- shall refer to sites or structures that are associated with
events or achievements significant to Philippine history
as declared by the National Historical Institute (RA 10016)
Historical Monuments
- shall refer to structures that honor illustrious persons or
commemorate events of historical value as declared by
the National Historical Institute.(RA 10016)
Nationally Significant
- shall refer to historical, aesthetic, scientific, technical,
social and/or spiritual values that unify the nation by a
deep sense of pride in their various yet common
identities, cultural heritage and national patrimony.
ART APP 1: FINALS
Historical Shrines
- shall refer to historical sites or structures hallowed and
revered for their history or association as declared by the
National Historical Commission.
Lesson 8.1: Art Fraud
Art Fraud
- Deliberate false representation of the artist, age, origins,
or ownership of a work of art in order to reap financial
gain.
Types of Fraudulence
- Forgery, Plagiarism, Piracy, Misattribution, Art theft
Forgery
- making a work or offering one for sale with the intent to
defraud, usually by attributing it to an artist whose works
command high price.
Plagiarism
- false presentation of another’s work as one’s own.
Piracy
- unauthorized use of someone else’s work without the
permission of the author.
Misattribution
- falsely asserting the artist, age or origin of a work of art
for the purpose of making a greater profit, or simply
mislead the public.
Art theft
- resale of a stolen work of art
Methods of Forgery
- Exact Copy
- Composite of Parts
- Work Done in the Style of an Artist or Period and Given a
Deliberately False Attribution
Forgery in the Visual Arts
Michelangelo di Ludovico di Lionardo di Buonarroti
Simoni: (1475-1564) Italian
- It's widely believed that the worlds greatest sculptor
Michelangelo as a student, forged an "antique" marble
cupid for his patron, Lorenzo de' Medici.
- Michelangelo aso produced many replicas of the
drawings of Italian painter Domenico Ghirlandajo
(1449–1494) which were so good that on seeing them
Ghirlandajo thought they were from his own hand.
- “He also copied drawings of the old masters so
perfectly that his copies could not be distinguished from
the originals, since he smoked and tinted the paper to
give it an appearance of age. He was often able to keep
the originals and return the copies in their stead.” Vasari
on Michaelangelo
Approaches in Detecting Forgeries in Visual Arts
- Stylistic Analysis, Technical Analysis
Stylistic Analysis
- Subjective
- Unique to the Artist
- May undergo changes in Artist’s Career
- Variations in elements will arouse suspicion:
- Choice of Color
- Type of Composition
- Subject Matter
- Brushwork
Détrempes
- a water soluble paint using egg-yolk or glue size as a
binder.
- Used mostly for flat indoor wall decoration.
gouache
- a heavy, opaque watercolor paint, sometimes called
body color, producing a less wet-appearing and more
strongly colored picture than ordinary watercolor
Craquelure
- fine pattern of cracks formed on old paintings.
- sometimes used to detect forged art.
- a hard-to-forge signature of authenticity.
- precise pattern of depends upon where the picture was
painted.
- There appear to be distinct French, Italian and Dutch
"styles”
- can furnish a record of the environmental conditions
the painting has experienced during its lifetime
- can reveal details about the painting's history of
handling, transportation, and restoration.
ART APP 1: FINALS
Patina
X-ray diffraction (the object bends X-rays)
- a sheen or coloration on any surface, either unintended
and produced by age or intended and produced by
simulation or stimulation, which signifies the object's age.
- Villafranca defines patina as “being that general
darkness which time causes to appear on paintings and
which often enhances them” and which, upon treatment,
should remain subordinated to the image.
- “from an aesthetic point of view, patina is that
imperceptible muting placed on the materials that are
compelled to remain subdued within the image”
- normal effect that time has on the materials over time
- should also be analyzed from an art critic's point of
view, given that “no restoration could ever hope to
re-establish the original state of a painting”.
- is used to analyze the components that make up the
paint an artist used, and to detect pentimenti..
Technical Analysis
- Objective approach involving equipment and tests
- Sometimes artists will legitimately re-use their own
canvasses, but if the painting on top is supposed to be
from the 17th century, but the one underneath shows
people in 19th century dress, the scientist will assume the
top painting is not authentic.
pentimento (plural pentimenti)
- is an alteration in a painting, evidenced by traces of
previous work, showing that the artist has changed his
mind as to the composition during the process of
painting.
X-ray fluorescence
- bathing the object with radiation causes it to emit
X-rays
Radiocarbon dating
- is only effective for objects and fossils that are less than
10,000 years old. However, scientists can look at the
decay of other elements in these objects allowing them
to date them up to 2.2 billion years.
Dendrochronology
- is used to date a wooden object by counting the
number of tree rings present in the object.
- This is of limited use, though, as to date the piece
accurately the wood needs to have about 100 rings.
Thermoluminescence (TL)
- is used to date pottery.
- TL is the light produced by heat, older pottery produces
more TL when heated than a newer piece.
Carbon dating
- is used to measure the age of an object up to 10,000
years old.
Stable isotope analysis
- can be used to determine where the marble used in a
sculpture was quarried
"White Lead" Dating
- is used to pinpoint the age of an object up to 1,600
years old.
Lesson : Musical Instruments – Regular
Orchestra
Conventional X-ray
Bowed Strings
- can be used to detect earlier work present under the
surface of a painting
- Violin, Double Bass, Cello, Viola
Violin
x-rays
- Also can be used to view inside an object to determine
if the object has been altered or repaired.
- can reveal if the metals in a metal sculpture or if the
composition of pigments is too pure, or newer than their
supposed age. Or reveal the artist’s (or forger’s)
fingerprints.
- Smallest and highest-pitched member of the string
family.
- Held under the chin and rests on the player’s left
shoulder
- Carries the melody in an orchestral work as its brilliant
sound carries easily over many of the other instruments
ART APP 1: FINALS
Viola
Flute
- Duplicates the violin’s three lower strings, but its fourth
string is tuned another fifth lower than the lowest violin
string.
- It has a warmer tone quality than the violin and often
plays harmony to support the violin’s melody.
- Narrow metal tube about two feet long, with a row of
holes covered by keys.
- The player blows air across the small hole in the
mouthpiece to produce a sound that can be either soft
and mellow or high and piercing.
- May often carry the melody line as it is easy to hear
Cello
above the other instruments.
- Plays notes that are only an octave (8 notes) lower than
the viola, but it is much larger.
- Due to its size, the cellist sits in a chair and rests the
cello between his or her knees.
- It has an end pin that rests on the floor to help support
the instrument’s weight.
- It can play the part of a supportive, reliable bass
instrument at one moment, and rise to reproduce the
notes of a lovely tenor voice at other times.
- Wooden instrument which produces a fluid sound when
air is blown between a single reed and the mouthpiece.
- As air passes through, the reed vibrates and creates
sound. It has a large range of nearly four octaves so is a
very versatile instrument.
- The tone quality can vary greatly depending on the
musician, the instrument, the mouthpiece, and the reed
Double Bass
Piccolo
- Largest and lowest-pitched bowed stringed instrument,
an octave lower than the cello.
- It may also have 5 strings rather than 4 with the
addition of a lower string.
- Because of its size (taller than the performer), the
bassist stands or sits on a tall stool to play the
instrument, which rests on the floor.
- Made from metal or wood, is like a small flute.
- Because the length of the instrument is shorter than the
flute, the pitch is higher, but it operates the same way.
- It is more of a specialty instrument, used when the part
to be played is especially high.
Woodwind
- Tuba, Brass horn, Trumpet, Trombone, Bassoon, Oboe,
Clarinet, Flute, Tenor Saxophone, French Horn, Piccolo
Tuba
- Lowest-sounding member of the brass family.
- The concert tuba generally has four or five valves and
is held upright in the player’s lap.
Horns
- Consists of about twenty feet of narrow tubing wound
into a circle with a large flared bell at the end.
- It has a clear, mellow sound, and is played with the bell
pointing away from the audience, providing contrast to
the other brass instruments.
- The player produces different notes on the horn by
pressing valves with the left hand and by moving the
right hand inside of the bell.
Clarinet
Oboe
- Does not have a mouthpiece like the flute and the
piccolo.
- It is a double-reed instrument, with two reeds tied
together for the mouthpiece.
- When the player places the reeds between her or his
lips and blows air through them into the oboe, the reeds
vibrate and produce the sound
- Made of wood. It has a more mellow sound than the
flute, but still has a bright treble sound and is often
expected to carry the melody in an orchestral work.
Bassoon
- Large double-reed instrument with a sound that is
deeper than the other woodwind instruments.
- When the player blows air between the reeds, the
vibrating column of air inside the instrument travels over
nine feet to the bottom of the instrument, then up to the
top where the sound comes out.
- There is a complex key work system to allow this large
instrument to utilize its three-octave range with
considerable agility.
ART APP 1: FINALS
Saxophone
- Actually a woodwind instrument.
- It uses a single-reed mouthpiece much like the clarinet.
- It is more powerful than most woodwinds, and more
versatile than most brass instruments.
- The saxophone is used extensively in jazz, as well as in
military, marching, and concert bands.
Trumpet
- The highest-sounding member of the brass family and
was often used for signaling/sending messages and
religious purposes in the early days as the sound is very
bright and clear.
- Air travels through six and a half feet of tubing bent into
an oblong shape.
- The modern trumpet has three valves to change
pitches, added in the early 19th century.
Trombone
- Has a more mellow sound than the trumpet. Instead of
valves or keys
- Uses a slide with seven positions to change the length
of its approximately nine feet of tubing in order to reach
different pitches.
- The longer the column of air, the lower the pitch.
- It also has a short tuning slide to adjust intonation.
Bass Trombone
- Identical in length to the tenor trombone but has a
wider bore and a larger bell to create a fuller tone in the
low register.
- It also has one or two valves which can lower the key of
the instrument.
- There is usually at least one bass trombone in a
symphony orchestra.
Keyboard
- Piano, Accordion, Organ, Harpsichord, Celeste
Piano
- Keyboard instrument that produces sound when the
player presses the keys with her or his fingers, causing
small padded hammers to strike the strings.
- The sound is stopped by a damper when the key is
released, though pedals can sustain the note a bit longer.
- It can produce a great variety of dynamics (soft to
loud), based on how hard or softly the pianist hits the
keys.
- There are 88 keys (52 white and 36 black) on a
standard piano!
HARPSICHORD
- double piano
Accordion
- keyboard that is played by extending / stretching it
Guitar or Plucking
- Guitar, Banjo, Ukelele, Lute, Harp
Harp
- Tall, triangular-shaped instrument with about 45
vertical strings.
- The strings are plucked or strummed with the player’s
fingers while seven pedals at the bottom of the harp
adjust the length of the strings to produce additional
notes.
- The harpist sits in a chair with the back of the harp
between his or her knees, in order to be able to reach the
strings and use the foot pedals that can change the pitch
of the harp by one or two half-steps.
Banjo
- Guitar that has a drum shape
Percussion
- Bass Drums, Tympani, Gong, Xylophone, Cymbals
Tympani
- Known as kettle drums, are large copper bowls covered
with calfskin or plastic stretched over the top.
- Pitched instruments, tuned to a specific pitch that fits
into the key of the composition being played.
- The performer strikes the top of the instrument with
wooden sticks or mallets to produce the note.
- The larger the drum, the lower or deeper the sound
Bass Drum
- Large tuned percussion instrument with a calfskin or
plastic drum head that covers both sides of the hollow,
wooden cylinder.
- Has a deep or low sound.
- Mounted on a stand because of its size, and the player
strikes either side with felt-covered mallets.
ART APP 1: FINALS
Lesson : Modern Architecture
Modern Architecture
- Bauhaus, Internationalism, Expressionism, Brutalist, New
Formalism
Bauhaus
- Famous German school of design that had inestimable
influence on modern architecture, the industrial and
graphic arts, and theater design.
- Later known as Internationalist style
- Founded in 1919 by the architect Walter Gropius in
Weimar as a merger of an art academy and an arts and
crafts school.
- Bauhaus derived from the German “house of building”
- Depended on the more forward-looking principles that:
- modern art and architecture must be
responsive to the needs and influences of the
modern industrial world
- characterized by harmoniously balanced geometric
shapes and an emphasis on function.
- based upon
ideals of simplified forms and unadorned functionalism
Brutalism
- characterized by their massive, monolithic and ‘blocky’
appearance with a rigid geometric style and large-scale
use of poured concrete.
New Formalism
- carefully organized hierarchy of space
- emphasis is placed on the structural grid of the building
- single volume structure is preferred
- Buildings are often separated from nature by being set
on a raised podium or base.
Internationalism
- Rectilinear forms
- Light, taut plane surfaces
- Completely stripped of applied ornamentation and
decoration
- Open interior spaces
- Visually weightless quality engendered by the use of
cantilever construction.
Rectilinear
- contained by, consisting of, or moving in a straight line
or lines.
Cantilever
- a long projecting beam or girder fixed at only one end
Expressionist Architecture
- used materials such as brick, concrete and glass to
create novel sculptural forms and massing, sometimes
distorted and fragmented to express an emotional
perspective.
Postmodernism
- eclectic, colorful style of architecture and the
decorative arts that appeared from the late 1970s and
continues in some form today.
- Bright Colors, Playfulness, Classical Motifs, Variety of
Materials and Shapes
Deconstructivism - Defining Stylistic Features
- Postmodern architectural style characterized by the
idea of fragmentation and the manipulation of a
structure’s surface.
- Unrelated forms.
- Abstract nature.
- Smooth exterior surfaces.
- Contrast of shapes and forms.
- Large expanses of a single material (glass, metals,
masonry, etc.).
- Window frames often hidden in the walls.
- Simple metal frame doors.
- Exposed materials.