--OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY--
SKELETAL SYSTEM
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
-The skeletal system
supports the body and
provides a framework that
the skeletal muscles use
to cause movement.
ANATOMY:
•The study of structure and shape of the body
and body parts and their relationships to one
another.
• Gross anatomy vs microscopic anatomy
• body structure
• means to dissect
PHYSIOLOGY:
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
•Study of how the body and its parts work or
function
- The muscular
system, composed of
skeletal muscles,
provides mobility to the
body.
• processes, functions
• systemic physiology
•cellular physiology
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
•The highest level of structural organization,
the organismal level, is made up of 11 organ
system.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
-The nervous system is
the body’s fast-acting control
system.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
-The integumentary system is the external
covering of the body or the skin.
ENDOCTRINE SYSTEM
- The endocrine glands
produce chemical molecules
called hormones that
regulate other
structures/organs.
CARBOAVASCULAR SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
-The primary
organs of the
cardiovascular system
are the heart and blood
vessels. The heart acts
as blood pump,
propelling blood
through the blood
vessels to all body
tissues.
-The urinary
system (often called
the excretory system)
removes the nitrogencontaining wastes from the
blood and flushes from the
in urine.
body
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
-The organs of the
lymphatic system
include the lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes,
the spleen, and
tonsils.
-The
reproductve
system exst
prmarily to
produce
offspring.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-The primary
function of the
respiratory system s to
keep the body
constantly supplied with
oxygen and to remove
carbon dioxide.
ANATOMICAL POSITION
-The body is
erect with the feet
parallel and the
arms hanging at the
sides with the palms
facing forward.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
-The role of the
digestive system s to
break down food and
deliver the products to the
blood for dispersal to
the body cells.
ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
• Abdominal – anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
• Acromial – point of shoulder
• Antecubital – anterior surface of the elbow
• Axillary – armpit
• Brachial – arm
• Buccal – cheek area
• Carpal – wrist
• Cervical – neck region
• Coxal – hip
• Crural – leg
• Digital – fingers, toes
• Femoral – thigh
• Fibular – lateral part of the leg
• Inguinal – area where thigh meets body trunk;
groin
• Nasal – nose area
• Oral – mouth
• Orbital – eye area
• Patellar – anterior knee
• Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
• Pubic – genital region
• Sternal – breastbone area
• Tarsal – ankle region
• Thoracic – chest
• Umbilical – navel
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
• Section – “cut”
• When a section is made through the body
wall or through an organ, it is made along an
imaginary line called a plane.
SAGITTAL SECTION
POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
• Calcaneal – heel of foot
• Cephalic – head
• Deltoid – curve of shoulder formed by large
deltoid muscle
• Femoral – thigh
• Gluteal – buttock
• Lumbar – area of back between hips
• Occipital – posterior surface of head
• Olecranal – posterior surface of elbow
• Popliteal – posterior knee area
• Sacral – area between hips
• Scapular – shoulder blade region
• Sural – posterior surface of lower leg; the calf
• Vertebral – area of spine
• Plantar – sole of the foot
- A sagittal section is a cut made along the
lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of the body,
dividing the body into right and left part If the cut
is made down the median plane of the body and
the right and left parts are equal, it is called a
midsagittal, or median section
FRONTAL/CORONAL SECTION
CENTRAL BODY CAVITY
Frontal section is a cut made along a
lengthwise plane that divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts.
Like the
dorsal body
cavity, the ventral
cavity is
subdivided.
body
Thoracic
cavity –
separated from
the rest of the
ventral cavity by
a dome-shaped
muscle called the
diaphragm. It
encloses the
heart and the
lungs.
TRANSVERSE/CROSS SECTION
-Transverse section is a cut made along a
horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into
superior and inferior parts.
BODY CAVITIES
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
The dorsal
body cavity has
two
subdivisions: the
cranial cavity is
the space inside
the bony skull,
and the spinal
cavity that
extends from
the cranial
cavity and
nearly to the
end of the
vertebral column.
Abdominopelvic cavity – is subdivided into
a superior abdominal cavity, containing the
stomach, liver, and the intestines, and an
inferior pelvic cavity, that houses the
reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.
ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS AND
REGIONS
ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
• Umbilical region – centermost region,
surrounding the umbilicus.
• Epigastric region – superior to the
umbilical region
• Abdominopelvic regions
• Hypogastric region – inferior to the
umbilical region
• Right and left iliac region – lateral to
the hypogastric region.
• Right and left lumbar region – lateral to
the umbilical region.
• Right and left hypochondriac region –
lateral to the epigastric region.
CHAPTER I: THE HUMAN ORGANISM
PHYSIOLOGY:
1.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
-Study of how the body and its parts work or
function.
ANATOMY:
-The study of structure and shape of the body
and body parts and their relationships to one
another.
- body structure
- means to dissect
TYPES OF ANATOMY
1.
Developmental studies the structural
changes that occur between conception
and adulthood.
• Embryology a subspecialty of
developmental anatomy, considers
changes from conception to the end of
the eighth week of development.
• Cytology examines the structural
features of cells
• Histology examines tissues, which are
composed of cells and the materials
surrounding them.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Gross anatomy study of structures that
can be examined without the aid of a
microscope, can be approached either
systemically or regionally.
Systemic: a group of structures that have
one or more common functions, such as
the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory,
skeletal, or muscular systems. In systemic
anatomy, the body is studied system by
system.
Regional the body is studied area by area.
Within each region, such as the head,
abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied
simultaneously. The regional approach is
taken in most graduate programs at
medical and dental schools.
Surface involves looking at the exterior of
the body to visualize structures deeper
inside the body. For example, the sternum
(breastbone) and parts of the ribs can be
seen and palpated (felt) on the front of the
chest.
Anatomical imaging:
using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound,
MRI)
- often examines systems rather than regions
because a particular function can involve portions
of a system in more than one region.
TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGY
1. Cell physiology examines the processes
occurring in cells.
2. Systemic physiology considers the
functions of organ systems.
3. Neurophysiology deals with the heart
and blood vessels.
4.Exericise physiology focuses on the
changes in function and structure caused by
exercise.
IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Understand how the body:
-Responds to stimuli
- Environmental changes
- Environmental cues
- Diseases
- Injury
- maintains stable, internal conditions
despite continually changing environment
1.2 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION
Six levels from chemical to organism:
1. Chemical:
-The chemical level involves interactions
between atoms, which are tiny building blocks
of matter
- atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
2. Cell:
- cells: basic units of life; Cells are the basic
structural and functional units of plants and
animals.
- compartments and organelles
- smallest unit capable of reproduction
e.g., mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes,
cytoplasm
3. Tissues:
- group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substances they
release.
- There are only four distinct types of tissue in
an adult human:
Epithelial They form the covering of all
body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow
organs, and are the major tissue in glands.
They perform a variety of functions that
include protection, secretion, absorption,
excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory
reception. The four major classes of simple
epithelium are: 1) simple squamous; 2)
simple cuboidal; 3) simple columnar; and 4)
pseudostratified.
Connective supporting organs and cells,
transporting nutrients and wastes, defending
against pathogens, storing fat, and repairing
damaged tissues. Connective tissue is
composed primarily of an extracellular
matrix and a limited number of cells. There
are four classes of connective tissues:
blood, cartilage, bones, and connective
tissue proper.
Muscular a specialized tissue in animals
which applies forces to different parts of the
body by contraction. It is made up of thin
and elongated cells called muscle fibers. It
controls the movement of an organism. The
cytoplasm in the muscle fibers is called
sarcoplasm. The three main types of muscle
include skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
Nervous found in the brain, spinal cord, and
nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and
controlling many body activities. It stimulates
muscle contraction, creates an awareness
of the environment, and plays a major role in
emotions, memory, and reasoning. Brain,
Spinal Cord, and nerves are composed of
nervous tissue, they are specialized for
being stimulated to transmit stimulus from
one to another part of the body rapidly.
4. organs:
- Units made of multiple tissues that perform
an independent function
-two or more tissue types acting together
to perform function(s)
- e.g., stomach, heart, liver,
ovary, bladder, kidney
5. organ system:
- group of organs contributing to some
function
e.g., digestive system, reproductive system,
cardiovascular system
6. organism:
- A single living thing made of multiple organ
systems, organs, tissues and cells
- All organ systems working together
- Includes associated microorganisms
such as intestinal bacteria
1.3 CHARACTERISTIC OF LIFE
six essential characteristics of life:
1.
Organization functional interrelationships
between parts of an organism and how
those parts interact to perform specific
functions.
2.
Metabolism sum of all chemical and
physical changes sustaining an organism;
ability to acquire and use energy in
support of these changes.
3.
Responsiveness is an organism’s ability
to sense changes in its external or internal
environment and adjust to those changes.
4.
Growth refers to an increase in the size or
number of cells, which produces an overall
enlargement of all or part of an organism.
An increase in the materials surrounding
cells can also contribute to growth.
5.
Development includes the changes an
organism undergoes through time,
beginning with fertilization and ending at
death. The greatest developmental
changes occur before birth, but many
changes continue after birth, and some go
on throughout life. Development usually
involves growth, but it also involves
differentiation and morphogenesis.
• Differentiation involves changes in a
cell’s structure and function from an
immature, generalized state to a
mature, specialized state.
• Morphogenesis is the change in
shape of tissues, organs, and the
entire organism.
6.
Reproduction is the formation of new
cells or new organisms. Without
reproduction of cells, growth and
development are not possible. Without
reproduction of organisms, species
become extinct.
1.4 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
The area of science is devoted to the study of the
processes of life, the prevention and treatment of
disease, and the genetic and environmental
factors related to disease and health.
set points for some variables can be temporarily
adjusted depending on body activities, as
needed:
Purpose: looks for ways to prevent and treat
diseases that cause illness and death in people
and in animals.
body temperature
Example of biomedical study: growing embryos
for IVF, 3D-printing a heart, or finding a new
medicine to fight cancer.
blood pressure
Difference between medical and biomedical
research: Medicine is about diagnosing diseases
and treating patients, while biomedical science is
about research for treatment. Both these fields
are related to improving human life and saving
humans from deadly diseases. However, the
paths these fields take are different.
1.5 HOMEOSTATIS
Homeostasis is the existence and maintenance
of a relatively constant environment within the
body. To achieve homeostasis, the body must
actively regulate conditions that are constantly
changing.
variables: measures of body properties that
may change in value
Examples of variables:
Body temperature
Blood glucose levels
Heart rate
Blood cell counts
Blood pressure
Respiratory rate
set point: normal, or average value of a
variable.
normal range: normal extent of increase or
decrease around a set point.
Example: over time, body temperature
fluctuates around a set point of about
98.6o
examples
common cause of change
fever
heart rate,
respiratory rate
exercise
ASSESS YOUR PROGRESS
1. How does the study of anatomy differ from
the study of physiology?
2. What is studied in gross anatomy? In
surface anatomy?
3. What type of physiology is employed when
studying the endocrine system?
4. Why are anatomy and physiology normally
studied together?
5. From simplest to complex, list and define
the body’s six levels of organization.
6. What are the four basic types of tissues?
7. What are the six characteristics of living
things? Briefly explain each.
8. How does differentiation differ from
morphogenesis?
9. Why is it important to recognize that
humans share many, but not all,
characteristics with other animals?